𝕿𝖊𝖈𝖍𝖗𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙𝖘 Bulletin for Sunday, May 02, 2021 ┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅ Generated Mon 3 May 02:40:23 BST 2021 Created by Dr. Roy Schestowitz (𝚛𝚘𝚢 (at) 𝚜𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚣 (dot) 𝚌𝚘𝚖) Full hyperlinks for navigation omitted but are fully available in the originals The corresponding HTML versions are at 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈 Latest in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕 and older bulletins can be found at 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕-𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 Full IPFS index in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔 and as plain text in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔/𝒕𝒙𝒕 Gemini index for the day: gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/05/02/ ╒═══════════════════ 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐒 ════════════════════════════════════╕ Previous bulletins in IPFS (past 21 days, in chronological order): Qmas3NxQ3mG3EhFrXQz9DGgH2g9SGY3iD1qUNUiY4LWzQQ QmR2aXCjFqinb5CLi2pSDWhp73xYd1eDTKczhT8jkehzYf QmW31SLGEz9drV7JSSER5kLtYFUA5cLhknY97hdnEjZioV QmeQXjcSNHGJsBoGy8uRLzXK3V9ajbWm4LoDbJMLu7W8ra QmbxfxQ8MP4wrNDfaJBaeWJ17wb6BBqDdLHDukQHp6mutQ QmSYuqJ9P8hSgdb5oVAzvtokT9bBSBWf33LBVJ2vDRkSNy QmRTzFTNKEua6GFu6EGuCeFpTxGtxKYvWkRpj6TC3HrkTp QmVQoeVwK2yhvvMWpLk1tJMvfibbhaMY4nFtuHBimEHW5T QmXNafXd5axgJbMSTJDBhpdahEES6VKHAfwY34G9rygpDN QmPQ7oG2Nj8FKAyQ85RrJktFVMurxCh3Pe3zvDx8rKMAUz QmRgCEHd5HvVtPhazUG8oVowda1vKyqEHfDS2witn4LgH5 QmNs8Lnd17CYyanMLrKZsJMxLpza6WZrFkBe5tLkqLDkZ5 QmTfYRsV88Nc6VUbdnHpsCrRY3CxAQgSjidMgNNrwavfRx QmTioizfonQmkmQZVpk7dZZ67X2Xig8ph9BLmioTxksWXg QmSQttceGFrFU7TmHNANAptaGSCcvan1Eq3QWESem6xe39 QmSZTG3h8A6U3zGFDJ43S48r7L4PQHNWePgtDfg9ttnbbM QmWWQB7dKfFykk9hqcajpXdEzfDGRmtj3BBEk4pp1nMBkN QmQzNpWJQMoFCuyskw5nkucHrWaXPe418yjdFXQCtD7zDD QmZGwB2dwoXTCA8Y8CWe2HqGrE5YtaUwPz4gUmyf4oWnxU QmUMo7d8dgF7XmqoeEHu1xfKy8iTPL8RkLquhWVGyB4HRH Qma8WdxzNkr8wRWABL5YE3twryLeQmmYM1S2TZp8zaGjj4 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐗 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⦿ Audacity for Audio Editing With Free Software Only (GPL) | Techrights ⦿ The Coup Against Free Software is Not Over | Techrights ⦿ Richard Stallman: “Google Can Forcibly Impose Software Changes and the User Can’t Say No.” | Techrights ⦿ IRC Proceedings: Saturday, May 01, 2021 | Techrights ⦿ It’s Not About Richard Stallman | Techrights ⦿ Microsoft-Centric “Ransomware Task Force” | Techrights ⦿ TechBytes Episode 90: “Big Brother That Would Give Mr Orwell Nightmares.” | Techrights ⦿ Why TechBytes Was on a Break and What Will be Covered Now That It’s Back | Techrights ䷼ Bulletin articles (as HTML) to comment on (requires login): http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/audacity-sound-editor/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/free-software-coup/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/google-software/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/irc-log-010521/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/not-about-rms/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/ransomware-task-force/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/techbytes-episode-90/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/why-techbytes-is-different/#comments ䷞ Followed by Daily Links (assorted news picks curated and categorised): http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/landlock-in-linux-5-13/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/new-ghostbsd-iso/#comments ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 69 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/audacity-sound-editor/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/05/02/audacity-sound-editor/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 05.02.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Audacity_for_Audio_Editing_With_Free_Software_Only_(GPL)⠀✐ Posted in Free/Libre_Software, Review at 11:26 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Video_download_link http://techrights.org/videos/audacity-in-a-nutshell.webm Summary: Audacity is still our software of choice for audio editing; it had a new stable release just 10 days ago (GPL-licensed) THE TechBytes audiocast uses Mumble (instance we self-host with Murmur at the back end) for recording and Audacity for editing. A decade or more ago we had used all sorts of applications, including several SIP-based ones, but for multi-user chats Mumble is fantastic and we warmly recommend it. It doesn’t do video, but it copes with audio very well and it’s very easy to use. Some time in the future we’ll try to introduce more people to it. “The licence is GPLv2 and the project will turn 21 later this month.”The above video focuses on Audacity and how it can generally be used (by virtually anybody). It’s Free/libre software with many developers involved (they_welcome more), it still has new releases (very active project; last_release_10_days ago,_according_to_Wikipedia), and it runs across platforms with standardised formats. There’s no vendor lock-in and anyone can use it. The learning curve is not steep (especially for people who edited sounds before) and it’s not as monstrous as proprietary counterparts, weighing at 65.6 MB for Windows, 86.0 MB for macOS, and for GNU/Linux it varies depending on the distribution. The licence is GPLv2 and the project will turn 21 later this month. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Audacity logo⦈ I’m not new to audio editing, so Audacity was very easy for me to learn. It’s the only application I’ve ever used to edit TechBytes and it keeps getting better all the time. It’s also very stable in my experience. It case of crashes it can (and does) recover data. Here’s where_to_download_the_software. █ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣴⠶⠶⠶⣤⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⡾⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⢷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⡇⡄⠀⠀⢠⠀⡄⠀⢠⠀⠀⢠⢸⣇⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⡄⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⡇⡇⢠⢸⣾⣿⣿⣷⣾⣀⠀⣼⢸⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⣸⡟⣿⡇⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⣀⣀⢸⣿⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⡀⠀⢀⣉⡁⠀⣀⣿⣇⣀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⣇⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢠⣿⠃⠸⣿⡀⠀⢹⣿⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⣾⡟⠙⢻⣿⠀⠘⠛⠉⢻⣿⡀⢠⣾⠏⠙⣿⡆⠘⢿⣷⠀⠉⣿⡏⠉⠀⢿⣧⠀⢠⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⡇⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣾⣿⣶⣶⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⠀⣠⣾⠛⢻⣿⡇⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠸⣿⡄⣼⡟⠀⡠⣒⡢⡀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⡇⡇⠙⠛⠟⠻⡿⠛⠻⠹⠀⢻⢸⣿⠟⠀⠀⢰⣿⠁⠀⠀⠘⣿⡆⠸⣿⣶⡾⢿⡇⠀⢿⣷⣤⠾⣿⠀⠻⣷⣤⡼⣿⡇⠈⢿⣧⣤⣴⠄⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⢿⣷⣤⠀⠀⢻⣧⣿⠃⠀⢇⡃⣃⠇⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣼⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 136 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/free-software-coup/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/05/02/free-software-coup/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 05.02.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ The_Coup_Against_Free_Software_is_Not_Over⠀✐ Posted in Deception, Free/Libre_Software at 2:20 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Video_download_link http://techrights.org/videos/coup-not-over.webm Summary: The people who work hard (on monopoly salaries) to overthrow Free software luminaries and undermine the Free software movement aren’t done yet; they’re still out there, plotting and scheming at the behest of their sponsors As we noted last night, 6,600_people_had_signed_a_petition_in_support_of_the FSF (that number has increased since then, as the video points out and shows). This is very important because, to quote this_page: “In the wake of the events of September 2019 that led to the resignation of Richard Stallman from MIT and the FSF, a large part of the community felt hurt by what they saw as an injustice to Stallman that caused damage not only to him, but to the entire free software movement as well. After Stallman announced his return to the FSF Board of Directors on March 21, 2021, a tsunami of virulent attacks to him and the FSF reached unprecedented proportions risking to destroy the very roots of the free software movement.” 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Anon conflict⦈ The slanderous accusations (and gross mischaracterisations) have since then been weaponised to silence more people, whose public recognition is far from Stallman’s, which means they’re more vulnerable targets (we_know_the_endgame). We’re being warned that more “cancel mob”-type attacks are looming and in fact the attacks on Stallman were largely foreseen. We need to prepare for the next wave of monopolistic_trolling, sponsored by monopolies (e.g. OSI) and media that they sponsor (to control). The video above sheds some light on our ongoing investigations, which will certainly yield some reports in the coming days or weeks. █ ⠀⠀⣠⠤⣸⡆⣤⡄⣤⣤⣤⣤⣠⣤⣠⢼⠠⣄⠀⠀⢠⣀⣴⡦⣄⡤⡄⠀⠀⣤⡄⣤⠄⠀⠀⢼⠀⢴⠤⠀⠀⠠⡦⢠⢠⢠⡤⢤⢤⣀⣤⠄⠀⢀⡤⡄⡄⡄⢴⠄⠀⠀⣄⣠⢠⣤⢠⡤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠉⠓⠋⠛⠛⠃⠛⠛⠛⠘⠙⠛⠙⠚⠘⠉⠀⠀⠘⠛⠛⠃⠋⠓⠃⠀⠀⠓⠃⠚⠃⠀⠀⠘⠒⠘⠒⠀⠀⠀⠓⠘⠚⠘⠃⠘⠘⠓⠛⠃⠀⠈⠓⠃⠓⠃⠘⠂⠀⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠐⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡇⣤⡄⢻⠀⣤⠄⡤⣄⠀⠀⢴⠤⢠⣤⢠⠤⢠⢤⢠⣤⡠⡦⢀⣤⣄⠤⡇⠀⠀⡧⡄⡄⡤⠀⠀⣤⢤⡠⢤⢸⡆⠘⡇⢠⢠⠀⠀⢠⢼⣦⣤⡄⠀⢰⡧⡄⢻⠀⣤⡄⡤⣄⡤⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠿⠏⠓⠃⠘⠂⠚⠃⠓⠋⠀⠀⠘⠒⠛⠚⠘⠀⢸⣺⠘⠛⠂⠓⠘⠛⠛⠒⠃⠀⠀⠓⠃⡹⠁⠀⠀⠛⠘⠑⠚⠈⠓⠀⠓⢨⠏⠀⠀⠘⠚⠛⠛⠃⠀⠘⠓⠃⠘⠂⠓⠃⠃⠛⠓⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⣠⠤⣰⡆⣤⡄⣤⣤⣤⣤⣠⣤⣠⢼⠠⣄⠀⠀⢠⣀⣴⡦⡄⢼⠀⡤⠄⡧⡄⠀⠀⣄⣠⢤⣄⢠⡤⠀⠀⢠⢤⢠⡤⢠⢤⡠⡾⠀⣦⠠⣶⠄⣤⡄⡧⡄⢻⠀⣤⣄⠀⠀⢴⠤⣠⢤⠀⠀⢸⢤⢠⣤⡀⡤⠄⠀ ⠀⠀⠉⠓⠋⠛⠛⠃⠛⠛⠛⠘⠙⠛⠙⠚⠘⠉⠀⠀⠘⠛⠛⠃⠃⠘⠂⠓⠂⠃⠃⠀⠀⠛⠋⠛⠛⠚⠛⠀⠀⢸⠚⠘⠀⠘⠚⠁⠃⠀⠙⠂⠛⠊⠓⠃⠓⠃⠘⠂⠛⠓⠀⠀⠘⠒⠙⠚⠀⠀⠘⠘⠘⠛⠀⠃⠀⠀ ⣿⡇⡤⠄⣤⡄⣤⠤⣤⣄⣠⣤⢠⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠿⠇⠓⠂⠓⠃⠛⠀⠛⠓⠛⠛⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⣠⡤⣰⡆⣤⡄⣠⣤⣤⣤⣠⣤⣠⢼⠠⣄⠀⠀⠠⣇⠠⡦⠄⠀⠀⣤⡄⢻⠀⣤⠄⡤⣄⠀⠀⣶⢤⣠⣤⠘⡇⢠⢤⢠⣤⣠⢴⡆⠀⢀⡤⡄⡧⡄⣤⠄⡤⠄⡄⣤⢠⠤⣠⣤⠀⠀⢠⣤⢠⢤⢠⢼⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠉⠓⠋⠛⠛⠃⠛⠛⠛⠘⠙⠛⠙⠚⠘⠉⠀⠀⠀⠛⠂⠓⠂⠀⠀⠛⠃⠘⠂⠺⠃⠓⠋⠀⠀⠛⠘⠙⠟⠀⠓⢸⠚⠙⠛⠘⠚⠃⠀⠈⠓⠃⠓⠃⠚⠃⠓⠂⠳⠛⠘⠀⠛⠛⠀⠀⠙⠛⠘⠘⠘⠞⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣇⡤⡇⣤⡄⢴⠇⢻⠀⣠⣄⣠⠤⢴⠤⠀⠀⠠⡦⢸⢤⣠⣤⡀⠀⠠⣾⠆⣤⡄⡤⠄⢴⠄⠀⠀⢴⠤⣶⢤⢠⣤⢴⡦⠀⠀⢠⡤⢸⢤⣀⣤⡀⠀⢠⢀⡤⣤⡄⣤⠄⠀⠀⡧⣄⢤⣤⢤⢠⠠⡇⢠⢤⢠⢤⠀⠀ ⣿⡏⠓⠃⠻⠃⠘⠀⠘⠂⠛⠛⠙⠖⠘⠒⠀⠀⠀⠓⠘⠘⠛⠛⠃⠀⠀⠛⠈⠛⠃⠳⠂⠘⠂⠀⠀⠘⠂⠛⠘⠛⠛⠈⠓⠀⠀⠐⠟⠘⠘⠛⠛⠃⠀⠈⠛⠃⠛⠃⠺⠃⠀⠀⠃⠛⠛⠛⠘⠃⠀⠓⠘⠘⢘⣺⠀⠀ ⣿⡇⢤⡄⡤⡄⠀⠀⢤⣄⢴⠧⢴⠷⢠⣤⠠⡆⢠⡤⠀⠀⢠⡀⡄⣶⠠⡦⠄⡦⡄⠀⠀⡤⠄⡦⡄⢠⠤⢰⡆⢠⠤⠀⠀⠘⡆⠠⣤⢠⡤⣴⡤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠿⠟⠛⠃⠃⠃⠀⠀⠻⠛⠘⠀⠘⠀⠛⠛⠀⠓⠘⠀⠀⠀⠘⠛⠁⠛⠂⠓⠂⠃⠃⠀⠀⠓⠂⠃⠃⠘⠀⠈⠓⠘⠛⠀⠀⠀⠓⠘⠟⠘⠃⠛⠒⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⣀⡤⣰⡆⣤⡄⣠⣄⣤⣤⣠⢤⣠⢴⢠⣄⠀⠀⢠⡀⣴⡦⡄⢤⡤⣶⠄⠀⠀⢴⠀⣤⣤⠀⠀⣠⢤⣠⢤⠠⡦⠠⡦⠠⡆⢠⢤⣀⠤⡄⠀⠀⢤⡄⢴⠄⠀⠀⡦⣄⡠⢄⢠⠤⣠⢤⠀⠀⠠⡆⢠⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠉⠓⠋⠛⠛⠃⠓⠛⠛⠘⠙⠟⠙⠚⠘⠉⠀⠀⠘⠛⠛⠃⠛⠛⠃⠙⠂⠀⠀⠘⠂⠛⠘⠀⠀⢙⡺⠙⠟⠀⠓⠀⠓⠀⠓⠘⠘⠛⣒⠇⠀⠐⠛⠃⠘⠂⠀⠀⠃⠛⠛⠟⠘⠀⠙⠟⠀⠀⠀⠓⠐⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡧⣶⠄⡦⡄⢤⡄⢴⠄⠀⠀⢴⠤⢰⢤⢠⢤⢠⠤⢠⢤⡀⠀⠠⢤⡀⣶⠀⢲⠀⠀⠀⢴⠀⡤⡄⡄⣠⣠⢄⢰⡆⢤⢠⢠⢤⠀⠀⢀⠤⢀⠤⣀⡤⡀⡤⠄⡤⡆⢴⠀⡤⡄⢤⣄⢴⠤⣠⢤⣠⢴⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡇⠛⠂⠃⠃⠻⠓⠘⠂⠀⠀⠘⠒⠘⠘⠙⠟⠐⠟⠘⠿⠃⠀⠘⠟⠃⠛⠂⠘⠂⠀⠀⠘⠂⠃⠃⠘⠃⠓⠞⠈⠓⠘⠋⠙⠟⠀⠀⠘⠲⠘⠖⠛⠳⠃⠃⠈⠳⠃⠘⠂⠃⠛⠻⠛⠘⠒⠙⠟⠙⠞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡇⡦⡄⡤⡄⡦⡄⢤⣄⣄⣠⢰⡆⣠⢤⢠⢠⢠⡤⢠⠤⠀⠀⠠⡶⠆⡤⠄⡤⣤⣤⡄⠀⠀⡤⣄⡠⢄⣠⢄⢠⢤⠐⡆⢠⢤⠀⠀⠠⣤⡐⡆⠀⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡇⠳⠃⠻⠇⠃⠃⠻⠛⠘⠃⠘⠳⠙⠞⠘⠞⠘⠀⠐⠟⠀⠀⠀⠃⠀⠃⠈⠳⠛⠛⠛⠀⠀⡷⠏⠻⠟⠳⠞⢸⠞⠀⠳⠙⠿⠀⠀⠘⠟⠃⠳⠀⠛⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡇⣤⡄⡤⡄⡤⡄⡤⣄⣠⠤⢴⡆⢠⣤⢴⡦⢠⢤⣠⢴⡆⠀⢠⣀⡄⣶⠠⣶⢴⡦⡄⠀⠀⢴⠤⣦⣄⣠⢤⠀⠀⢠⢤⢠⣤⢠⣤⣤⢤⡀⠀⢠⣤⡄⣤⣄⡤⡄⢴⡆⡤⣄⣠⠤⢴⠤⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⢿⠟⠿⠇⠿⠇⠿⠇⠳⠟⠻⠖⠘⠷⠻⠿⠘⠷⠸⠿⠹⠾⠃⠀⠘⠿⠃⠹⠆⠻⠞⠇⠇⠀⠀⠸⠆⠇⠿⠻⠿⠀⠀⠸⠿⠺⠿⠺⠟⠟⠿⠃⠀⢸⡷⠃⠇⠈⠷⠇⣸⠇⠻⠟⠳⠖⠘⠶⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 209 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/google-software/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/05/02/google-software/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 05.02.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Richard_Stallman:_“Google_Can_Forcibly_Impose_Software_Changes_and_the_User Can’t_Say_No.”⠀✐ Posted in Google, Interview at 6:57 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz First published_a_decade_back Summary: “This is the same thing that Microsoft has in Windows,” Stallman told me, “so Microsoft can also impose software changes. Any malicious feature that’s not in the program today could be remotely installed tomorrow.” I think in practice one of the issues is many of the browsers these days have actually got some surveillance built in and one of the usual excuses these days is security, so they try to prevent phishing scams and things like such that are absolute; I think since Internet Explorer version 7 and Google Chrome and other browsers by default they will track the users and leave a trail, or at least provide the corporate maker of the browser, with a list with pages you visit, so the other releases… “…Google can forcibly impose software changes and the user can’t say no.”Richard Stallman: Those are non-Free programs. Internet Explorer is non- Free and Google Chrome is non-Free. Not only that, Google Chrome has a universal back door, which is another way of saying auto-update; basically it means that Google can forcibly impose software changes and the user can’t say no. This is the same thing that Microsoft has in Windows, so Microsoft can also impose software changes. Any malicious feature that’s not in the program today could be remotely installed tomorrow. So, once a program has a universal back door, you must consider it not merely malware but universal malware. █ Download: 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Ogg_Theora⦈_ As embedded (HTML5): Your browser does not support the audio element. ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢒⠄⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣬⣤⣬⣦⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢑⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 307 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/irc-log-010521/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/05/02/irc-log-010521/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 05.02.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ IRC_Proceedings:_Saturday,_May_01,_2021⠀✐ Posted in IRC_Logs at 2:55 am by Needs Sunlight 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_HTML5 #boycottnovell_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_HTML5 #techbytes_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_text #boycottnovell_log_as_text 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_text #techbytes_log_as_text Enter_the_IRC_channels_now =============================================================================== § IPFS Mirrors⠀➾ CID Description Object type IRC log for  QmfHmZtaodpgTH5gYWhiVT9wBoPaxH1Xi1mBPQaz6Qy9QV #boycottnovell 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #boycottnovell  Qmck3U5JohSDUtz8cCJF3tVHEzhXWGqc4eZKMQF9YpSnTg (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for #boycottnovell-  QmfCkMuxkYPrtbRoHhvcyhnSocvLFVaARc17SLNuVwwUKC social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #boycottnovell-  QmeKy4Yc6trFng4GyZQrcRLWrYdXFCUbTLo9eNyL6e4JdL social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ (full IRC log as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for  Qmbvmnuoybb1gDzumiM3TvpTJ41GqMdN3XNZ3ns6odXA8J #techbytes 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #techbytes  QmegtE5ELgzhBKvhGK9SfxH9Av6diMY81QNtBk9M3tu8cm (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for  QmQ3DmqnDJtNDn5yGE85Jednvjp2RWEjKkrNcSqZXEspgq #techrights 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #techrights  QmR9Vpbu8zjWMaXFtneWdDhFwSaJ2YvGt1bTJab5j229wr (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇IPFS logo⦈ § Bulletin for Yesterday⠀➾ Local_copy | CID (IPFS): Qma8WdxzNkr8wRWABL5YE3twryLeQmmYM1S2TZp8zaGjj4 ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 421 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/not-about-rms/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/05/02/not-about-rms/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 05.02.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ It’s_Not_About_Richard_Stallman⠀✐ Posted in Free/Libre_Software, FSF at 6:48 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇No GPL⦈ First they came for the Founder And I did not speak out Because I was not an FSF employee Then they came for the GPL And I did not speak out Because I was not into copyleft, let alone a coder 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Let's wrestle with the community. Take them down to our level...⦈ Then they came for the activists And I did not speak out Because I was not among their targets Then they came for the community And I did not speak out Because I was salaried by IBM Then they came for me And there was no one left To speak out for me █ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⠅⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠐⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠂⠤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣤⠞⠁⡦⢹⣀⢠⠀⢀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣦⣤⣄⠀⢸ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣶⣿⣿⣿⣦⣤⣤⣠⣀⣠⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢃⣹⣷⡾⠿⠿⢿⢿⣿⡿⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣠⣴⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣀⠀⠀⣆⢀⣴⠉⢉⠋⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⢸⠈⠛⠛⠉⠟⠿⡿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣀⣢⣶⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣀⢀⠀⠁⠔⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢰⡀⠸⠋⡄⣿⠚⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠻⠿⠏⢿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢡⠀⠀⢐⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⣌⡤⠊⠀⠀⢀⣔⣒⣾⣷⣷⣧⠀⠀⢔⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡋⠀⢐⠂⠪⣰⡉⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣵⣶⣶⠒⡛⠿⡿⢿⣿⣟⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣺ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⡘⠀⠀⣘⣶⣶⣉⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣗⣁⢈⠀⣹⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣀⣐⠋⢀⠠⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡊⠿⡛⠻⠉⣠⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣁⠄⠐⠒⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⣢⣽⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⢿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠚⠙⢉⢠⣀⣴⣖⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⠟⢹ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣠⠠⠰⢺⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡯⡺⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡟⠉⠉⢹⣿⣿⣿⣦⣄⡀⠀⠀⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠈⢼⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢋⡛⣀⠃⣛⣿⡻⢓⡊⣿⣟⣄⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣽⢿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⡎⣘⣛⢛⣛⡛⣛⢛⡛⢸⣷⣿⠀⣿⢸⣿⢸⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⡿⢻ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡭⠉⠀⣿⣽⣽⡧⠇⣿⢸⡇⢸⡟⣿⠀⣿⣸⣿⢘⡃⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣾ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠀⠀⠉⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠛⠚⠛⠃⠀⠛⠚⢃⣬⣥⣭⣴⣬⣭⠁⠈⠁⣀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⢟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⢀⣽⣾ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠻⠛⠫⠉⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⡦⠶⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣥⠀⠰⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠋⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠈⣿⢻ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣀⠀⠀⣸⣽⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⢀⣼⣿⣾ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣄⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⢾⣿⣿⡧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡤⢀⡀⣀⣀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⢴⣶⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⢿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣻⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠋⠁⣠⣄⣽⣿⣿⣿⣶⣥⣮⠀⢰⣶⣦⠆⠀⠈⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠈⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠁⠀⠀⠀⠋⠋⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠁⣨⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣬⣋⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣧⢀⣼⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣀⣀⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣍⣀⣀⠈⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⠟⠯⠶⣷⣏⠉⠁⠀⠉⠀⠛⠋⠁⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣴⣴⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣠⣀⣠⣿⣯⣀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⣤⠀⣤⠄⢤⡤⢤⣠⢤⡄⢠⡍⣭⣍⡍⣭⢭⡉⣭⠍⣭⣭⠩⣭⠍⣤⠉⣤⠅⠀⣤⣠⡌⣭⣥⠩⣭⡭⣭⢩⡝⡫⣭⡭⣭⢩⡍⣭⠭⠿⣩⢭⡝⣭⢭⣩⣭⢩⣭⢩⣭⣩⡍⣭⢩⡍⣭⢩⣭⣭⢭⣭⢭⣍⡍⣿ ⠀⠀⣿⠀⣿⠆⢸⡇⠀⣙⢷⡄⠀⣷⡿⣿⡇⣿⢺⡅⣿⠆⣻⣦⠀⣿⠀⣿⠀⣿⠆⠀⣿⡿⣧⡏⣿⠀⣿⠀⣿⢾⡇⡟⢸⡇⣿⢾⡇⣿⠆⡇⣿⢈⡁⣿⢸⣿⡟⣿⣿⢸⣿⡟⡇⣿⢸⡇⣿⣾⣿⣿⢾⡇⠎⣿⢳⣿ ⠀⠀⠛⠃⠛⠃⠘⠃⠀⠘⠚⠃⠀⠛⢃⠛⢃⣛⣘⣃⣛⠃⣛⣛⣤⣛⡀⠛⠃⠛⠓⠀⠛⠃⠛⠃⠛⣠⣛⠀⡛⣘⣣⡇⠘⠃⡛⠘⢃⡛⣛⣤⣙⠚⠁⠛⠚⠙⢃⣋⣛⣜⣛⣃⣃⣝⣚⣁⢛⣙⣛⣛⡘⣃⣤⣛⣼⣿ ⠀⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣀⣭⠀⢸⠻⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠿⠿⠆⠀⠿⠿⢷⢤⣼⣇⣀⣸⣃⣚⣋⣃⣀⣀⣤⣠⣤⣤⣭⣯⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⢒⡿⠀⢸⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⢠⠠⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡆⡆⣒⡆⣶⡄⣰⡇⣰⡇⣶⣶⣶⡄⣌⢨⢀⠀⣤⣤⣆⣦⡆⡆⠀⣰⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠁⠀⠀⠈⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⢡⡏⢣⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⡇⡇⡟⣿⣷⡟⢸⢸⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣧⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⠀⢨⣷⡠⣿⢠⣿⡇⣿⣿⠁⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⢀⢸⣿⢸⣿⢻⣿⠁⣿⢻⡄⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢸⡷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⠀⡼⢸⠘⢸⣿⢸⣿⢠⣿⢸⠧⣾⣿⡜⠿⠟⠛⠓⠘⠈⠈⠈⠀⠀⢸⢇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢺⠀⡷⣾⠀⢸⡟⢸⣿⢸⡿⣸⡏⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠁⠼⠀⠰⠇⠈⠏⠸⠀⠘⠃⠈⢉⣀⣀⣶⣄⣹⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣭⣽⣭⣭⣭⣟⣛⣒ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣠⡺⠟⠉⠙⠛⠻⠿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠄⣀⣔⣀⡀⠀⠁⠀⠉⠙⢻⣿⣿⡻⣘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⡿⢻⠿⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠻⠁⢀⣤⣶⣶⣶⣿⠁⠈⠛⠻⠿⠶⣶⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⡇⠸⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣠⣤⣀⣔⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢾⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠂⡀⢤⢀⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣀⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⢠⣶⣤⣶⣤⡀⠘⠻⣿⣶⣶⣾⡦⢀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⢉⣓⣀⣤⣠⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⢯⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⢣⣿⠟⣛⣋⣛⡻⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⢀⣾⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢯⡿⣽⣯⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⢿⣿⣿⣷⣯⣶⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠁⠘⣱⣿⡿⣛⠿⣿⣦⠀⠀⢀⡤⣀⢫⣿⠀⣿⡏⢻⣿⡿⠋⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⡙⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣻⣟⣾⣿⣟⣿⣻⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡂⠀⣺⣿⣿⡀⢨⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠉⠀⠀⠁⠀⣿⣿⠸⣿⡷⣹⣿⢮⣦⣄⣤⡽⠮⣴⢧⠋⢀⠘⠁⢠⢒⡒⣦⣄⠙⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣯⣾⣷⢟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⡠⠀⠘⢿⠇⣾⡔⣿⢟⣼⣿⣯⡯⠈⣩⡹⡛⠀⠉⠀⣤⡘⠠⠀⣼⣿⣧⠈⠻⣿⣯⢛⢿⣿⣠⣤⣬⣉⣻⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⠏⡝⠉⠻⠟⠏⣲⠃⠀⠀⠀⢀⣰⣿⣶⣶⣾⣄⣼⣿⣷⡴⢻⣿⡏⢻⣿⣏⣻⣌⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣄⠀⠈⡿⡿⢞⠀⠙⢿⡏⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢻ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⠝⢽⠻⠟⠿⡿⠿⣽⣿⠀⢸⣿⣧⡄⠭⢨⠉⠋⣂⢀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠈⠁⢀⣤⣺⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣟⠿⡿⠿⠿⡿⡿⢿⢿⣷⣷⣄⠀⠿⠯⠁⢀⠀⠀⠀⢺⣯⡗⣶⡠⠟⢹⣿⣿⣆⢠⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⢋⠈⠉⣈⢉⡁⠍⣀⠍⠉⣿⣿⡿⠟⣼ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣶⣶⣦⣀⣶⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠔⢺⢻⡮⠟⠑⠂⢸⣿⣴⣾⣿⠟⠻⡿⠿⠳⠢⡓⣶⣷⣼⣷⣿⣥⣴⣿⠟⠁⠀⢘⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣤⣤⣤⣬⣠⣖⣦⣾⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⢀⠶⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⡠⣘⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⣴⣶⢿⣿ ⢀⡤⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠢⢿⣿⠋⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠹⠋⢸⡿⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣻⣿⣿ ⣋⣀⠶⣶⠆⣰⣶⡆⣶⣦⡶⢰⡶⠆⠀⢶⣶⠆⣶⢰⣶⢰⡶⠆⣶⡆⣶⡆⣿⢰⡖⣶⢩⣾⢳⡆⣶⢰⣶⢰⡆⣶⡄⣶⣿⡰⣶⢶⢰⡟⣶⢨⢡⣾⢳⡆⣶⣶⣶⢰⡖⣶⢠⡆⣶⠈⣶⡶⢰⣦⣴⡆⣶⠶⢰⡆⣏⣿ ⣿⣿⡇⣿⠀⣿⣸⡇⣿⣿⣇⢸⡟⠃⠀⢸⣿⠀⣿⢻⣿⢸⡟⠃⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⢸⡇⣿⢸⣿⢸⡇⣿⣼⢻⣼⡇⣿⢿⣿⢛⡇⣿⢸⢿⡇⣿⢸⢸⣿⢸⡇⣿⣿⣿⢸⡟⣿⠘⠁⣿⠀⣿⡟⡘⣿⣿⠃⣿⢛⢸⡇⢹⣿ ⣿⣿⣇⣛⡀⠛⠙⠛⠛⠋⠛⠘⠛⠃⠀⠘⠛⡀⠛⡘⢛⠘⠛⢃⢛⡘⣙⢃⡉⠘⠓⠛⠈⠛⠞⣣⣘⣛⣜⣛⣣⣛⣘⣛⣼⣇⣛⣸⣜⣳⣛⣴⣌⡛⠞⣣⣙⣿⡋⣘⢃⠛⡀⠀⣛⣓⡛⠛⢂⢛⣛⣄⡛⢛⢘⡛⢫⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢡⢔⣂⢑⡶⣅⣀⣥⣷⣿⣏⣴⣟⢋⣣⣼⣿⣦⣼⣾⣯⣯⣽⠀⢀⣀⣔⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣩⣾⡿⢿⣴⣾⣿⡏⣀⣬⣴⣿⣿⣻⡟⣭⣩⠁⠉⠛ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 526 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/ransomware-task-force/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/05/02/ransomware-task-force/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 05.02.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Microsoft-Centric_“Ransomware_Task_Force”⠀✐ Posted in Deception, Microsoft, Security at 3:37 am by Guest Editorial Team Original_by_Mitchel_Lewis, republished with permission 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Microsoft_ransom⦈_ Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/701020/major-operating-systems- targeted-by-ransomware/ Summary: Mitchel Lewis, a former Microsoft employee, takes a look at Microsoft- connected or Microsoft-controlled ‘think tanks’ in ‘task force’ clothing Although most platforms have had their flare-ups with ransomware, it’s well- known that Microsoft’s legacy architecture has a hyper-monopoly with respect to ransomware infections that consequently renders all other platforms into negligible outliers in comparison. In fact, there’s nothing in this world that Microsoft monopolizes better than ransomware attacks at the moment. Depending on who you ask, anywhere from 85–99% of ransomware attacks occur on Microsoft architecture, often via well-known vulnerabilities. Because of this common denominator, most working within the ransomware space daily would find it supremely difficult gloss to over the vulnerability of Microsoft’s architecture as being a key component in the rising prominence of ransomware and this is especially true if they were asked to write an 80-page report on the matter. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Taskforce_ransom⦈_ A “venerable” who’s who of the ransomware field. Recently though, a team of more than 60 lawyers and supposed experts that no one has ever heard of before from software companies, cybersecurity vendors, government agencies, non-profits, and academic institutions came together with the Institute for Security and Technology, an institute that no one has ever heard of before, and achieved the irrational by developing a “comprehensive framework” attempting to tackle the modern threat of ransomware. To no surprise and in true Dunning-Kruger fashion whenever expertise is proclaimed, these experts managed to accomplish the unconscionable by overlooking Microsoft’s blatant complicity in the ransomware space and the fundamental importance of modern infrastructure in the face of IT security and prevention of ransomware in an 81-page report. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇ZDNet_ransom⦈_ This wasn’t even a revelation in December for anyone with half of an ass in the field of assessing root cause. To be fair, the task farce rightfully highlighted the rise of cryptocurrency as a motivational force behind ransomware attacks and further dubbed ransomware to be a threat against our national security, this is nothing new; even my stupid ass has been talking about this for 6 months now. Many of their suggestions are relevant too and might help to some degree, but they’re reactionary and ancillary at best in comparison to an architectural shift away from Microsoft solutions; the single best preventative measure that a company can take to defend itself against various attacks plaguing industry throughout the world, ransomware or otherwise. Hell, their whole article only mentioned prevention 3 times. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Safety_Detectives⦈_ Source: https://www.safetydetectives.com/blog/ransomware-statistics/ With the exception of Hafnium, most attacks are rudimentary at best and exploit well-known vulnerabilities throughout the Microsoft ecosystem and the ignorant companies refusing to mitigate these vulnerabilities in favor of convenience. More often than not, ransomware infections are a direct consequence of phishing campaigns, poor password complexity, poor lockout policies that embolden brute force attacks, poorly trained users, no MFA, no VPN, and admins ignorantly exposing RDP to the WAN, etc. All of which are fundamental no-no’s in the world of IT security that are amazingly easy to prevent and almost all of which are targeted exclusively at Microsoft cloud and server solutions hosted on-premise by their clientele. And a task force of supposed experts would have acknowledged this if they were actually experts in ransomware or IT security. Given all of this, it seems as if Microsoft is just as much of a threat to our national security as ransomware itself; you can’t have one without the other. Although many of these attacks are preventable and much can be done to supplement Microsoft architecture to harden against said attacks, it’s becoming increasingly evident that it’s impossible for most teams to account Microsoft’s entire threat surface, ransomware or otherwise, and that it’s simply too complex, costly, and cumbersome for most IT staff to manage. As such migrating away from the Microsoft ecosystem entirely is the single most viable way to reduce your threat surface against ransomware and pretty much every other form of attack; the drastic reductions in IT ownership costs and improved employee morale are nice too I hear. This is not easy though. On top of being notorious for ransomware, Microsoft is notorious for optimizing their solutions for lock-in, addiction if you will, which makes them incredibly difficult and costly to migrate away from. The benefits are immediate to those with the grit to migrate though. But instead of highlighting any of this, the task farce appears to be operating under a false pretense that ransomware is somehow a platform-agnostic affair and that architecture is irrelevant while further ignoring the important role that architecture plays in preventing ransomware and neglecting to showcase Microsoft for being a common denominator that it is; bungling it massively if you will. This is so much the case that they only mentioned the word architecture once in their entire report. If anything, they appear to be adopting Microsoft’s “assume_breach” approach which is just their way of shifting blame to the people who support and manage their unsupportable and unmanageable solutions. All of which forces me to question the degree of their expertise and their intentions. As harsh as this may seem at first, questioning their expertise is fair when there seems to be no focus on preventative measures and devoid of even the most obvious architectural recommendations; no acknowledgment that most ransomware attacks are preventable, no acknowledgment that not all architectures are equal, and no acknowledgment that they often occur when fundamentals are abandoned or forbidden. More often than not, there’s an IT nerd saying, “I told you so.”, to their change-averse management post-mortem with emails to back it up and this just isn’t something that experts can simply ignore when trying to prevent ransomware. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇_Katie_Nickels_with_context⦈_ Recommendations given, no response as expected. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Katie_Nickels⦈_ To say the least, the IST report would look markedly different if boots on the ground were at least consulted with beforehand, hence why I began to question it so flagrantly as someone that has dealt with ransomware and its prevention for half a decade now. In an effort to clarify their expertise, I reached out to Katie Nickels, one of the task farce members, and she didn’t argue or lambast me with credentials proving otherwise and merely asked for my recommendations; a low-key admission of my expertise concern having merit if you’re into that whole social engineering thing. Unsurprisingly and rather than supplying ransomware experts that could provide action items for people that actually work against ransomware on a daily basis which Microsoft has an abundance of, Microsoft instead supplied their digital diplomacy team comprised of Kemba Walden, Ginny Badanes, Kaja Ciglic, and Ping Look, which is curious because none of these people get wake-up calls when ransomware is dominating the infrastructure of their clientele. So far as I can tell, none of them seem to have even gone on the record about ransomware prior to this task farce being formed and it’s hard to see their role in the task farce and the absence of Microsoft’s complicity in their report as a coincidence. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Katie_Nickels'_reply⦈_ When combining these oversights, the dominant presence of Microsoft spin artists within their task farce, and the high likelihood of a sizable donation from Microsoft to the Institute for Security and Technology though, none of this should come as a shock to you. As shown with fraud of dolphin-safe labeling/oversight, we live in a world where industry has a penchant for hijacking its own watchdogs with massive donations and further installing people throughout their ranks that are sympathetic to the plight of starving investors; all of which Microsoft has been accused of before which appears to be the case with the #ransomwaretaskforce. Roy Schestowitz refers to this approach as entryism and it may be time to pay more attention to these nefarious approaches in the tech space. In summary, trying to cull ransomware via decree alone is only viable in comparison to throwing virgins into a volcano. Given Microsoft’s monopoly on ransomware attacks, the single best thing that any organization can do to prevent ransomware from ravaging your IT infrastructure is to migrate far, far away from Microsoft architecture entirely. Once that is accomplished, companies can implement multi-factor authentication, complex password requirements with password managers, and spare no expense on user training to further reduce their exposure to ransomware and other attacks that leverage these very same threat vectors. And companies can do this while reducing their ownership costs by a factor of 3 conservatively as showcased by IBM when they standardized on the Apple ecosystem; those less efficient at managing PCs at scale than IBM stand to see greater reductions. You’re welcome to disagree and stay on Microsoft architecture or believe that approaching ransomware via bureaucracy- laden decrees is viable. It’s your funeral. But if you find yourself in this precarious position of deferring to lawyers and people that have never been on the hook to remove ransomware before, it may be a sign that you should do more reading and less talking about the matter instead. █ ⣟⠟⠛⡋⢻⠟⡟⢻⠟⠟⡟⠛⠟⠟⢿⠟⠛⡟⢿⡏⢻⠟⠟⡟⠟⢿⢻⠻⠻⢿⢻⡿⢻⠛⡿⢻⠛⢿⣿⠛⠟⠹⠻⠟⠟⠻⠻⠟⢹⡏⠻⢻⢻⠛⡟⢻⠟⡿⢻⠛⡟⠻⠻⠟⠟⠟⠿⠿⠛⡛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣴⣤⣧⣿⣤⣤⣽⣥⣔⣸⣤⣯⣦⣼⣧⣧⣧⣼⣧⣿⣤⣴⣼⣤⣾⣃⣦⣥⣮⣼⣧⣴⣤⣦⣼⣼⣼⣿⣼⣼⣧⣤⣬⣥⣥⣤⣬⣼⣧⣥⣂⣿⣼⣧⣼⣼⣤⣼⣬⣦⣧⣿⣴⣴⣤⣤⣿⣤⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢟⣛⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣙⡛ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡷⣿⡟⠇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠛⢻⣿⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⡛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢻⡇⢿⡦⢼⠇⠀ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣴⡶⣶⡆⠇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢿⣥⣼⡇⠀ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣉⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣤⡤⣤⡄⠆ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠤⠤⠼⠿⢿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢿⣦⣼⡇⠀ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣠⣤⣤⡄⠆ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣇⣤⣼⣿⣭⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢿⣤⣼⡇⠀ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣠⣤⣤⡄⡆ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢿⣦⣼⡇⠀ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⠄⣿⣧⣤⣼⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣇⣠⣤⣤⡄⡆ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢉⡙⣩⡉⠏⠩⡝⢉⡉⢋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣿⣅⣸⡇⠀ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⡿⠿⢿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣧⣈⣡⣎⣀⣤⣈⣁⣼⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣷⣌⣉⣉⣠⡆ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣤⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢿⣿⡿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⡿⡿⠿⠿⢿⢿⢿⠿⠿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡿⡿⡿⠿⢿⢿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠛⠛⠛⠀⠘⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢻⣿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣉⣛⣙⣛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣍⣙⣋⣛⣛⣏⣛⣛⣻⣿⣏⣙⣋⣛⣛⣏⣛⣛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣏⣙⣋⡉⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣙⣋⣛⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⡉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣙⣉⣋⡙⣏⢋⣉⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣏⣉⣉⣏⣉⣿⡇ ⠘⣿⡟⢙⠛⠛⠛⠛⡛⢻⠛⠙⠛⠛⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⢻⠛⠛⡛⢛⠙⣿⡇ ⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣹⣝⣹⣉⣭⣫⣉⣉⠉⣯⣫⣙⡛⣹⣉⣙⣋⣉⣉⣋⣍⣟⣉⣏⣙⣹⣉⣋⣙⣙⣉⣉⣛⣋⣉⣻⣉⣉⣛⣏⣏⣫⣙⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠈⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣦⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠜⣧⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠈⠹⡏⠉⣹⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠿⣿⡟⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡋⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⣸⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠂⠀⢿⢿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⠘⢠⡤⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠻⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣩⡥⠳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠛⡀⠀⠀⠉⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⡤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠁⠀⠀⢀⣠⣾⠏⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠠⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⡿⠟⠋⠁⠈⠀⡄⢀⠽⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣠⣐⣷⣰⣇⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣿⣷⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣿⣁⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⢿⡿⣿⣿⢿⠿⢿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣵⣴⣦⣼⣬⣤⣦⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣄⣤⣴⣯⣴⣴⣦⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣥⣤⣴⣥⣤⣼⣴⣤⣤⣄⣤⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣦⣷⣦⣤⣤⣤⣤⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣴⣤⣶⣯⣼⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣬⣭⣤⣤⣤⣿⣌⣴⣥⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣯⣭⣤⣵⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣬⣤⣾⣶⣥⣥⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣌⣍⣈⣭⣫⣧⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣡⣁⣌⣽⣝⣍⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠟⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠋⠀⠀⠀⠉⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣋⣀⠀⠀⠈⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⢀⣤⣤⡀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣴⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣾⣿⡋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣹⡄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⢰⡦⢤⠇⢄⡀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠁⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠈⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣇⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠸⣤⣭⣄⠸⠅⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠖⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣧⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠁⠍⠁⠀⠀⠀⠘⠻⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠾⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⣿⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⣿⣿⠿⠛⠉⡄⠀⠁⠀⢀⣴⡿⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣦⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣿⣥⣤⣤⣤⣬⣦⣤⣾⣧⣽⣧⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⠛⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⠿⠿⠿⡟⠻⠟⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠻⠛⠿⠻⠿⠿⡟⠻⠿⠟⠿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⡿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠻⠿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣷⡶⢶⠾⠶⡶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡶⠶⠶⣶⠷⢷⢶⠿⡶⡾⡿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢶⠶⠶⢷⢶⢶⢷⠶⡶⢶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣾⡶⠦⣾⢶⣶⢾⣶⡮⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣦⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⡶⢿⣾⣷⣷⠶⣷⣿⣾⡷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡾⡵⣶⣶⣿⣾⣷⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣧⣤⡤⢴⣤⢮⣮⣼⢧⣦⣼⣴⣷⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡤⣤⣯⣧⣯⣦⣼⣤⣼⢵⣤⣿⣧⣤⣿⣿⣿⣴⣤⣦⣾⣯⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣯⣧⣥⣤⣤⣤⣶⣅⣲⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣤⣤⣦⣬⣤⣤⣤⣼⣦⣤⣬⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⢟⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⡻⣿ ⡏⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠛⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡏⡍⠁⠈⠉⢨⠉⠁⡇⠉⠉⠉⠀⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠄⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⠛⠻⠛⠋⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣷⣄⡀⠀⢀⣠⣾⣷⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⡇⠁⠏⡌⣤⢸⡇⢸⡇⡄⠇⢡⠉⠁⡍⢹⡇⡌⠡⢁⢃⢫⡇⡌⠈⢠⠉⠈⠡⠉⡌⡌⠈⠉⠁⢹⡍⠈⣿⠁⡅⡅⠁⠉⠥⠀⠉⠈⣿⠈⠻⢿⠉⠌⠉⠈⠡⢸⠅⠁⠉⡌⠡⠍⠈⣧⠄⡍⠋⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣾⡿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⡷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣷⣿⠛⠚⣿⣾⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣾⣷⣿⣷⣤⣿⣾⣷⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⡃⢈⠒⢀⢡⠀⡀⡆⠐⣇⠂⡆⣿⠐⡁⡆⢱⠐⣀⠂⢂⠐⢀⠃⣷⣶⠀⠀⡆⡑⢠⢁⡎⣼⡏⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⢋⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣦⡹⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⢸⣿⠁⠀⠈⣿⢉⢉⠙⠙⠙⠛⢹⠉⠈⢹⡟⠉⠫⡉⡍⠛⠋⠛⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⢸⣿⣦⣤⣤⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣾⣶⣴⣾⣷⣤⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⢸⣿⠁⢠⢠⠡⢙⡋⢹⣥⠩⠹⠉⡝⠅⠉⢉⣿⠉⠉⢩⡍⠉⢩⠉⠝⠉⠩⣿⠉⠍⡇⢠⢋⠉⣯⢋⠉⠉⢩⠉⣷⢩⢹⠩⠉⠈⠙⠍⢩⢹⠀⠍⢹⡇⠉⠹⢉⠉⢝⠉⢩⠈⡙⠍⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⢸⣿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠛⡿⠿⠿⠻⢿⡿⠿⢿⡿⠿⠿⠻⠛⠛⣛⣛⠟⠻⡛⢻⣾⠻⢿⢿⠛⠻⠿⠿⠾⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⢸⣿⣼⣤⣿⣤⣤⣵⣧⣴⣤⣦⣤⣦⣼⣼⣤⣼⣤⣤⣼⣧⣥⣭⣥⣷⣤⣬⣧⣴⣿⣿⣦⣬⣤⣬⣽⣬⣦⣿⣤⣴⣤⣤⣼⣤⣨⣤⣤⣤⣤⣮⣦⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣧⣙⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣋⣼⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⡟⣿⠟⡟⢻⡟⠛⠿⢻⢿⣟⡻⠻⠟⣿⡛⣿⠛⠛⢛⠛⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡍⣍⢻⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣧⣷⣦⣦⣼⣷⣦⣶⣼⣾⣧⣴⣤⣬⣿⣼⣼⣤⣥⣤⣬⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣅⣩⣾⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⡟⣍⡩⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣭⡍⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡋⣻⣿⣟⠛⠛⠟⠛⡛⢿⢛⠛⠻⢻⣟⠛⠿⠟⠟⠛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣧⣿⣿⣿⣮⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣥⣥⣿⣷⣴⣾⣶⣶⣷⣾⣶⣶⣶⣴⣿⣾⣶⣦⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠟⢻⠟⠻⠟⠛⠛⢻⠿⠛⠟⠻⠛⡟⠻⠻⠟⡿⠛⠟⢻⢻⡟⠻⠻⠛⠛⠛⠛⡟⠻⠛⠿⠛⢿⠟⢻⡿⠻⠟⠛⣿⠛⢿⠛⡿⢻⢻⠛⠿⠛⢿⠻⠟⡟⠟⡟⡟⢻⠛⠻⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⣠⣸⣘⣠⣂⣸⣀⣿⣌⣓⣘⣠⣠⣰⣀⣀⣀⣇⣃⣄⣂⣸⣇⣀⣀⣐⣺⣀⣇⣆⣠⣙⣀⣘⣠⣂⣸⣄⣃⣄⣴⣿⣠⣈⣠⣀⣠⣸⣂⣁⣙⣀⣀⣀⣇⣠⣠⣠⣈⣀⣘⣐⣺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠛⠟⠛⣛⠛⡻⢛⣛⢛⠛⠛⡛⠛⠟⡟⢛⡟⠛⠻⢻⡟⠛⠻⢛⠛⠛⢛⠛⡛⠟⢻⡟⢻⠛⠟⢻⢛⡛⡛⡟⠟⣛⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⣰⣄⣀⣾⣀⣠⣉⣽⣸⣀⣌⣡⣄⣄⣇⣠⣇⣀⣠⣸⣇⣆⣠⣉⣤⣠⣸⣠⣇⣆⣸⣡⣄⣠⣠⣸⣀⣀⣆⣇⣦⣉⣠⣄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠻⠻⠟⠻⠟⠟⠛⠛⠛⠻⠟⠟⠿⠛⠛⠻⠻⠛⠻⠿⠛⠿⠿⠻⠟⠻⠻⠟⠟⠛⠟⠛⠟⠿⡟⠛⠻⠛⠿⠟⠛⠿⢻⠛⠟⠻⠛⠟⠟⠛⠛⡟⠻⠛⠿⡟⠻⠛⠿⠻⠻⠿⠛⠿⠛⠟⠟⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣶⣷⣿⣶⣾⣷⣾⣿⣾⣷⣶⣿⣾⣶⣶⣾⣾⣿⣾⣾⣾⣷⣶⣷⣶⣶⣾⣾⣶⣷⣷⣿⣾⣷⣾⣾⣷⣷⣿⣷⣿⣾⣶⣿⣶⣾⣷⣶⣷⣶⣿⣿⣶⣷⣷⣿⣶⣾⣾⣿⣾⣷⣷⣶⣶⣷⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣧⣷⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢨⣭⣯⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⣯⣯⣽⣭⣯⣯⣽⣽⣭⣯⣽⣽⣭⣯⣯⣽⣽⣭⣯⣽⣽⣭⣯⣯⣽⣭⣯⣯⣽⣽⣭⣯⣯⣽⣭⣯⣯⣽⣽⣭⣯⣽⣽⣭⣯⣯⣽⣽⣭⣯⣽⣽⣭⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠟⠛⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢨⣭⣯⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⣯⣿⣽⣽⣦⣦⣼⣴⣬⣯⣿⣽⣭⣯⡿⠽⠽⠯⢯⣿⣽⣭⣯⣿⣽⣽⣯⣯⣽⣽⣭⣯⣿⣽⣽⣯⣯⣽⣽⣯⣯⣿⣽⣭⣯⣯⣽⣽⣯⣯⣿⣽⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣤⣡⣦⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣸⣠⣆⣄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⠋⠋⠋⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠋⠏⠋⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢰⣶⣷⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣷⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⣾⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣾⣶⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣷⣶⡾⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⣷⣶⣾⡶⠷⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⢾⣾⣶⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⠿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠿⠻⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⣿⣿⣿⠛⠛⠟⠻⠛⠟⢻⣿⣿⠛⠛⠻⠛⠛⠻⠛⠛⢟⡟⠻⠛⠛⠿⡟⠛⠛⠻⠿⢻⣿⣿⠟⠛⠛⠻⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣋⣁⣉⣹⣿⣶⣿⣿⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣈⣉⡉⣿⣏⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⡉⣉⣉⣉⣹⣿⣿⡋⣉⣁⣉⢉⣿⣿⣿⣉⣉⣉⣉⣙⣍⣉⣉⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡟⠻⠿⠿⢿⠻⠟⠿⠻⠿⠟⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠿⠿⢻⠿⠿⠟⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠙⢻⣿⠿⣿⠿⡿⣿⡿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣏⣉⣉⣈⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣋⣉⣉⣙⣉⣙⣉⣏⣉⣉⣉⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣘⡃⢼⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣄⣤⣥⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣤⣬⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠋⡉⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠐⠁⠀⠠⠈⣿⣤⣮⣤⣇⣦⣆⣔⣧⣧⣅⣦⣌⣦⣆⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣴⣿⣿⣤⣽⣿⣿⣧⣼⣷⣼⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣆⣿⣛⢿⣿⣿⠿⡿⠿⣿⡟⣿⡿⢻⣿⠿⣿⡿⡻⡿⡿⡿⡿⠿⢿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢿⢿⢿⣿⡿⡿⣿⠿⣿⠿⣿⡿⢿⣿⢻⣿⠿⣿⡟⡿⢿⣿⠿⡿⡟⣿⢿⣿⢿⣿⡿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣀⣁⣀⣤⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣾⣷⣾⣿⣷⣿⣷⣾⣧⣷⣿⣷⣿⣶⣿⣷⣷⣾⣷⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣾⣶⣾⣿⣼⣷⣿⣷⣿⣶⣿⣾⣾⣿⣾⣿⣶⣾⣶⣾⣶⣿⣶⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣾⣿⣶⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢭⣹⣋⣉⣹⢍⣹⣉⣹⣏⣍⣏⢹⣿⣉⢿⣈⢽⣍⢿⣟⣝⣉⣯⣉⢟⢏⣹⡏⡹⣿⣈⣉⡻⢹⣹⣍⣹⡯⣯⢻⢍⡹⣿⣫⡩⣿⣩⡻⣍⣛⢯⣹⡏⣉⢿⢏⣿⠏⣀⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⠿⢿⠿⢿⡿⠿⢿⡿⠿⡿⢿⢿⡿⠿⡿⠿⣿⠻⡿⠿⠿⢿⡿⡿⢿⡿⢿⠿⢿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⢿⠿⡿⠿⣿⠿⡿⡟⠿⡿⠿⣿⡿⡻⣿⣿⠿⡿⡿⢿⠿⠿⣿⠿⠿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣦⣿⣥⣯⣧⣤⣽⣧⣿⣤⣼⣧⣾⣤⣿⣤⣿⣤⣯⣤⣿⣼⣧⣤⣿⣧⣼⣧⣶⣼⣧⣽⣧⣼⣷⣤⣿⣤⣿⣥⣦⣧⣬⣿⣦⣯⣷⣵⣭⣿⣥⣧⣄⣱⣴⣥⣿⣤⣼⣬⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡍⠫⣻⢩⡝⠉⣯⠉⣟⠝⢩⣿⠩⣧⡏⢩⠋⢹⡯⢽⡝⠉⡝⠋⢽⡝⢹⡹⠉⣯⠛⢝⣙⡟⣝⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⢛⡟⠉⣽⠙⢹⠙⢩⡛⠙⠉⢋⡋⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⣤⣼⣦⣼⣿⣥⣿⣿⣤⣧⣧⣿⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣧⣤⣿⣴⣥⣿⣮⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⢾⣿⣟⣫⣾⡢⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡻⢿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⠀⣸⣟⢻⢗⡩⠂⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠻⢿⢿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠿⣟⡛⠦⣽⣿⣦⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣀⠐⠠⢰⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⣾⣿⡹⣯⠈⣅⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣾⠟⠁⠀⠀⢀⣤⣤⣶⣾⣿⣷⣦⡀⠈⠉⠑⠒⠛⢿⣿⣦⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠁⠀⠀⠙⢿⣧⡀⢠⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡇⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠈⠑⠒⢚⣛⣤⣤⣀⠀⡀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢛⡿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⡉⠉⠉⠀⣿⣿⣾⡇⠀⠀⢤⣾⣿⣿⡧⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⠀⠀⠀⠀⡤⠀⠉⢻⣿⣧⡐⠋⠙⢿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠂⣋⡿⣟⡇⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⡯⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠄⠀⠀⢀⣀⡀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣦⣴⣶⣶⣿⣿⡇⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢐⡀⠙⠄⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠋⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠠⠂⠈⠁⠀⠀⠰⣂⠀⠀⢀⣤⣻⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡇⢀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠏⠃⣉⣉⣉⣠⣶⣤⡼⠟⠛⠛⠛⠶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠌⢙⣈⣺⣿⣿⡿⣿⠇⠀⠀⢐⣿⣿⡇⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠐⠋⣉⣉⣤⣼⠏⠀⢀⣄⡀⠀⠀⠈⢷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠴⣿⡿⣿⣿⣯⡟⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠸⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⡄⡄⠘⠋⠉⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣶⠄⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣇⣾⣐⣒⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⢿⣿⣿⠿⢿⡄⠀⠘⠿⠋⠁⠀⠀⣼⣧⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣏⠛⠹⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⢸⣿⣽⢤⣤⣴⣦⡍⠀⠀⠀⠙⢦⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⢾⣧⣾⣿⣿⣶⣠⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠠⣾⣿⣿⣾⣷⣶⣤⣄⣉⣉⣛⣵⣾⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠍⠉⡩⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠩⠻⠽⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⢛⣹⣿⣟⣛⣛⣛⢿⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⢹⣿⣿⣿⡉⢻⣿⣿⡿⠿⠟⠋⠀⠙⢿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡏⢹⡛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⡟⣷⣶⣾⣿⣶⣶⣿⣄⣴⣧⡀⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢼⣿⠀⠈⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣧⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣼⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⢉⣹⣯⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠈⠻⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣾⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⣈⣉⢻⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⠈⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⢠⡏⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢠⢀⡄⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣟⡀⠀⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢷⣿⣿⠞⠻⣿⣿⡇⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠈⣷⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣾⣶⣽⣋⣿⣿⣿⣻⣾⣿⣿⢿⣷⣾⣿⣿⡇⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣻⡏⡸⣿⣿⡋⠉⠉⢻⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣧⣼⣯⣤⣤⣿⣷⣬⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣾⣤⣤⣤⣼⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⢻⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⠿⣿⡿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡁⠂⣠⣇⣎⣇⣠⣧⣀⣿⣬⣀⣕⣆⣼⣠⣸⣠⣿⣿⣾⣧⣼⣽⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⡿⠿⣿⠿⣿⡿⣿⣿⠿⡿⡿⣿⢿⢿⢿⣿⢿⡿⡿⣿⡿⡿⢿⠿⣿⢿⢿⡿⠿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣵⣤⣼⣿⣸⣿⣼⣮⣤⣧⣧⣿⣬⣼⣽⣼⣯⣦⣥⣷⣽⣸⣤⣼⣧⣿⣧⣼⣧⣼⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡉⢙⢹⡟⢻⢛⠟⣿⡟⣿⠟⡻⢻⡟⣿⣿⠟⣿⠏⠏⣻⢻⣿⢻⢻⣻⢹⡟⢿⡏⡟⡟⡋⣿⡻⢻⡿⢛⣿⢹⢿⢻⢻⢛⢻⠛⣿⡏⣿⡟⢻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⣴⣿⣤⣿⣧⣼⣿⣸⣼⣤⣿⣴⣥⣧⣴⣧⣵⣬⣿⣦⣷⣧⣿⣤⣿⣧⣮⣿⣧⣵⣏⣾⣼⣧⣼⣿⣤⣿⣴⣿⣯⣯⣿⣬⣷⣧⣧⣴⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡛⣻⣛⢻⡟⠟⢻⡛⣿⣿⣛⢻⠛⢿⢿⠛⣻⡟⣛⢿⠟⣛⣟⢛⣿⢛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠯⠟⣿⡋⣿⡏⡻⣟⡟⡟⣻⡟⢛⣟⢻⣿⡛⣿⡟⢛⣟⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣷⣿⡶⣿⣷⣿⣾⣶⣿⣿⣾⣷⣾⣿⣷⣾⣾⣿⣿⣾⣶⣿⣶⣷⢷⣿⣾⣿⣿⣷⣿⣶⣿⣾⣿⣾⣿⣷⣾⣾⣷⣿⣾⣿⣾⣿⣿⣶⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⣀⣗⣃⣻⣆⣰⣳⣀⣰⣑⣰⣃⣨⣺⣆⣰⣗⣂⣕⡅⢲⣳⣗⣸⡆⢚⣇⣃⣁⣾⣸⣂⣷⣀⣤⣻⣀⣸⣀⣼⣈⣂⣯⣛⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⠀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠈⠀⠠⠀⠈⠁⠳⠜⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣇⡀⢈⣹⢸⠉⡎⡇⣏⡱⢨⣹⠈⡁⡇⠈⢹⢸⣝⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠒⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡗⣎⢨⣹⢸⠉⡆⣫⡅⣏⡇⡇⢱⢹⠘⡘⢦⠁⣍⡆⡇⢰⣉⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠛⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⢯⠀⢀⢣⠀⠀⠈⣿⣈⣏⣉⣏⣩⣿⣜⣏⣉⣈⣏⣅⣍⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡈⠀⠈⡾⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⢿⠻⢻⢿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⡀⠀⠀⣀⣼⣿⣿⣾⣶⣾⣾⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡹⠋⣏⢙⢻⡛⠟⣿⣟⡟⡻⢛⡿⡛⣟⣛⢻⢛⣛⡟⡻⢛⢻⣛⢹⠛⣛⢻⣛⠟⡛⡟⣻⡿⡛⡟⡻⣿⢿⡛⡛⣿⣿⣟⡋⣛⡟⢛⢻⢟⣿⡟⣻⣛⡟⡻⢿⣿⠹⡋⣿⢙⣻⢛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣧⣾⣼⣼⣾⣽⣤⣿⣿⣯⣽⣮⣷⣵⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣷⣽⣼⣾⣬⣤⣥⣯⣾⣭⣦⣧⣯⣼⣷⣵⣧⣵⣿⣢⣷⣵⣯⣿⣿⣴⣿⣷⣼⣼⣷⣿⣯⣼⣿⣷⣵⣮⣾⣴⣥⣿⣮⣽⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⢻⢻⠛⣟⢻⣻⢻⢻⠛⣟⡟⡟⡟⢹⠻⠛⡏⣿⣿⢸⢻⢿⡏⣿⣻⣻⡛⡟⢻⣿⠙⡏⣿⠿⢻⣻⠙⡏⣟⡟⢟⡻⢛⠟⣿⢻⡛⡟⣿⣿⢻⣿⢻⡟⡟⢻⢻⢻⡟⠟⢻⢻⣻⡻⣯⢏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣾⣾⣶⣶⣷⣾⣾⣴⣶⣶⣷⣷⣶⣾⣾⣶⣶⣿⣷⣾⣾⣶⣶⣿⣷⣷⣷⣷⣷⣾⣶⣷⣿⣾⣾⣶⣶⣶⣿⣷⣾⣾⣶⣷⣿⣧⣷⣷⣷⣾⣾⣿⣶⣷⣷⣾⣾⣶⣷⣷⣾⣾⣿⣶⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⠿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣯⣽⣽⣷⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣷⣾⣷⣾⣯⣽⣵⣽⣧⣷⣽⣭⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣫⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣴⣽⣿⣷⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣧⣿⣾⣼⣿⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣋⢀⣴⡆⠉⢻⡟⢿⡿⢿⠿⢿⡿⢿⣿⡟⠿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⠇⢸⣿⡐⠀⢐⣷⣿⣶⣿⣶⣿⣿⣾⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠈⠻⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⣟⣿⢹⢿⡿⣿⣿⡿⡿⢿⡻⣟⣿⣻⢻⡟⣿⢿⠟⡟⣿⣻⡛⣟⣿⣻⠟⡿⡿⣿⣿⣻⣻⣿⣻⡻⡿⢻⢻⡟⣟⣻⠛⡟⡿⣿⡿⣻⣟⣟⣻⣿⡏⢿⣻⡏⡿⢿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣾⣶⣷⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣷⣿⣿⣾⣷⣿⣾⣷⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣿⣾⣷⣷⣿⣿⣿⣾⣾⣿⣧⣷⣷⣿⣾⣷⣿⣿⣶⣷⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣾⣷⣿⣾⣷⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⡟⣿⢻⢻⡏⡿⣯⢽⣽⡍⣯⣻⣛⡭⣿⢹⢹⠿⡟⣽⣯⢯⢿⣭⡿⣿⢘⡭⣿⢯⡿⡇⣫⢽⣝⣝⣟⢿⡿⣿⢿⣫⢿⡿⣯⣿⢯⡯⣝⢹⢛⡽⣻⢻⡟⡟⣟⢿⣫⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⢩⡌⠛⠛⢿⡿⠿⡿⢿⢿⠿⡿⣿⡿⡿⣿⡿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢌⠈⡓⠿⣿⣼⣧⣿⣷⣾⣽⣶⣮⣿⣷⣮⣷⣾⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠈⣠⣀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣽⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⢿⡿⢿⠿⢿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣇⣷⣾⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣻⣇⣝⣾⣺⣽⣨⣽⣇⣿⣟⣏⣿⣸⣱⣙⣏⣿⣺⣁⣾⣗⣇⣱⣾⣷⣏⣏⣷⣿⣸⣶⣽⣇⣿⣾⣸⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣜⣼⣿⣧⣞⣾⣏⣇⣞⣥⣟⣿⣘⣤⣛⣟⣻⣻⣣⣃⣟⣹⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⡿⡿⢿⢿⡿⡿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⡿⢿⢿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢿⠿⡿⡿⢿⢿⣿⣿⢿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣼⣿⣯⣿⣿⣤⣧⣿⣾⣽⣧⣧⣿⣾⣽⣿⣿⣧⣯⣵⣿⣧⣯⣿⣼⣿⣯⣷⣼⣼⣽⣇⣧⣾⣽⣿⣽⣿⣽⣦⣧⣿⣼⣼⣼⣿⣯⣾⣽⣦⣧⣧⣧⣧⣷⣿⣼⣼⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣟⡏⠿⢻⣻⡟⣿⣻⠟⡟⡿⣻⣿⠟⣟⣿⢻⢹⡏⣿⣿⢻⣟⣟⡏⣿⠛⣿⣿⢻⢿⣻⣿⡏⡟⣿⡟⡟⢿⣻⣿⡏⡟⡿⢻⢻⣟⣟⢿⣻⣿⣿⡟⢿⢻⠻⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣷⣿⣿⣾⣷⣿⣾⣶⣷⣿⣿⣷⣷⣿⣿⣾⣾⣷⣿⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣿⣶⣿⣿⣾⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣿⣷⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣿⣾⣾⣿⣼⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⣽⣟⣽⢫⢻⣽⡏⡝⢫⢹⣯⡇⡝⢫⣽⡏⣽⣯⡝⢨⢫⢟⣿⣭⠋⡏⣯⢽⡟⣽⢫⣽⣯⣯⣿⣝⢸⣯⣽⡏⡟⢿⣯⢯⣿⢨⠋⣿⢫⣻⡇⢹⣯⡏⢻⣽⣽⣿⡟⢿⣭⠋⡏⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⠿⡉⣏⢿⡹⣽⣯⣫⣻⡇⣿⣿⣿⢾⣿⡿⢿⢹⣿⣏⢯⣿⣽⢹⠿⣇⡹⣽⣋⡿⢿⡹⣭⢟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⡖⠙⡟⣻⣟⡟⣿⢛⣿⡻⡟⢛⡿⡻⣻⣟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣥⣾⣷⣿⣿⣾⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣾⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⡟⣿⣿⢻⣿⢻⣿⠛⣿⡯⢹⣿⠋⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⡻⣿⣟⢟⣿⢹⣿⠋⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣛⡿⣻⡟⡻⣻⣿⣿⡿⣻⡟⣿⢻⣿⣿⢻⣿⣻⣻⣿⡛⣿⡟⣻⣿⣿⣿⠯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣧⣿⣯⣾⣾⣿⣽⣿⣼⣿⣼⣿⣮⣿⣯⣿⣷⣼⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣧⣼⣿⣼⣯⣼⣿⣿⣽⣿⣼⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣷⣭⣿⣷⣾⣿⣯⣼⣽⣿⣼⣿⣦⣿⣧⣼⣿⣮⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⢻⣿⡟⣻⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⠛⣿⡏⠛⣿⡟⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⠻⣟⣿⢻⣿⣟⣻⣿⠙⡿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⢯⣻⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣟⡟⣿⡻⣿⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⣼⣿⣯⣿⣧⣼⣽⣧⣼⣿⣤⣾⣿⣧⣿⣧⣾⣿⣧⣾⣏⣾⣽⣿⣼⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣿⣯⣿⣽⣿⣼⣿⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⢀⡀⢀⢀⣀⢀⣀⠀⡀⡀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠿⠟⠨⠼⠿⠾⠟⠷⠇⠂⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠅⠁⡃⣏⢸⢈⣿⠅⠀⠀⠚⡣⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠉⠉⣴⢲⣰⡖⡖⢲⢸⠒⡆⣒⣲⢸⡗⣶⢰⠲⡆⣖⡮⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠋⠘⠊⠈⠃⠃⠘⠘⠑⠁⠑⠙⠈⠃⠙⠘⠀⠃⠷⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣛⡶⠠⢤⠀⡤⣄⣠⠤⢠⠤⡀⡤⣤⢤⢠⣀⣄⣠⠠⢤⢠⡤⢠⢤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠈⠃⠺⠙⠂⠃⠛⠸⠟⠘⠶⠃⠃⠛⠘⠀⠛⠘⠃⠻⠙⠘⠃⠘⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⣀⡄⠀⠀⡀⢀⠀⢀⢠⣀⠀⠀⡀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡀⠀⢀⠀⠠⠀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡁⠁⠀⡀⠁⠃⠀⠁⠁⠀⠀⠁⠉⠁⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠁⡀⠈⠁⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠑⠀⠙⠃⠃⠓⠀⠀⠈⠛⠙⠀⠀⠈⠃⠀⠀⠈⠀⠈⠀⠀⠘⠘⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠡⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠢⠒⠴⠂⠀⠠⠀⠐⠘⠀⠃⠔⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠋⠘⠛⠉⠈⠛⠊⠃⠘⠘⠓⠁⠛⠙⠃⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1000 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/techbytes-episode-90/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/05/02/techbytes-episode-90/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 05.02.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ TechBytes_Episode_90:_“Big_Brother_That_Would_Give_Mr_Orwell_Nightmares.”⠀✐ Posted in TechBytes at 10:11 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇TechBytes 2021⦈ Direct_download_as_Ogg (1:51:13, 55.5 MB) | High-quality_MP3 (73.0 MB) Summary: An episode which focuses on the impact of COVID, privacy implications, games, and so-called ‘cancel culture’ In this episode: Roy and Tim (TechBytes hosts) § Show notes 02/05/2021 (by Tim)⠀➾ =============================================================================== 1. Welcome back – summary of years since TechBytes last aired. Goals and intentions of future shows. * Tim elaborates on the last few years including his move of 260 miles to the North East of the UK. 2. Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill 2021 – Why you should be concerned. * What is it? We look at the reasons why the bill is being introduced (according to the Government) and ask the question of why it’s needed in light of previous protests in UK history. * What powers does it give police? We consider the ambiguity of the wording used and briefly look at who is in control of these powers and the implications. Use of wording is highlighted, meaning that scope of interpretation is vast. * Why is it being implemented? Is this legislation required? Recent events are highlighted and its questioned as to “Why now?” * Why should we be concerned? Roy and myself look at what could come from this bill and the fact that it will not be removed, merely added to in the years to come. 3. YouTube – Big brother that would give Mr Orwell nightmares. * The state of YouTube today for those earning a living from its platform. How things in YouTube have changed, including the prevalence of self- censorship. * What YouTube seems to want to promote. The de-listing of content creators in favour of sponsorship-supported media. * Brief discussion over YouTube victims and alternatives. How YouTube can effectively hold creators to ransom with threat of de- monetising and removal from the platform. 4. Microsoft Gamepass – future implications. * A great idea with a Microsoft sting in the tail. Microsoft purchases and the Gamepass platform – you never own the downloads or streamed content. * Implications for gamers. What this could mean for gamers – we already see evidence of other console platforms being left out of titles. Could Microsoft be playing the long game in an effect to bring the majority to their platform? 5. Appeal to listeners for contribution/comment and intention to bring guests onto the platform * We would love to hear from listeners and would welcome contributions to the show. We explain what we hope to include in future shows and the general direction of the show. We hope you will join us for future shows and consider_subscribing_to_the_show via_the_RSS_feed. You can also visit our_archives for past shows. As embedded (HTML5): Your browser does not support the audio element. Download: 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Ogg_Theora⦈_ (There_is_also_an_MP3_version) ⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢒⠄⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣬⣤⣬⣦⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢑⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1171 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/05/02/why-techbytes-is-different/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/05/02/why-techbytes-is-different/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 05.02.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Why_TechBytes_Was_on_a_Break_and_What_Will_be_Covered_Now_That_It’s_Back⠀✐ Posted in Site_News, TechBytes at 1:47 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Video_download_link http://techrights.org/videos/techbytes-is-back.webm Summary: Today, May 2nd, TechBytes comes back after 6 years THIS morning we’re reassembling everything for recording, with ever-so- optimistic hopes of more regular releases of episodes. The show will cover topics quite different from what my personal videos cover. “How frequently episodes are to be released depends on availability of several people, so it’s a bit unpredictable.”TechBytes covers legal issues and general tech affairs, including Microsoft’s demise, the gaming scene, and intersections between law and tech. Tim is more specialised than myself, so the breadth of scope is widened a lot. It’s not likely to cover EPO_affairs for instance. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Sound System⦈ The production will be self-hosted over encrypted (end-to-end encryption) connection and all the software will be Free- as-in-freedom software. How frequently episodes are to be released depends on availability of several people, so it’s a bit unpredictable. We hope you will join us for future shows and consider_subscribing_to_the_show via_the_RSS_feed. You can also visit our_archives for past shows. █ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Recording Studio⦈ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠛⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⢉⣠⣴⣶⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠁⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠈⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣻⣤⡶⠇⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠙⠛⠛⢷⣧⠤⠀⠀⠀⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠄⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣴⣆⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠛⠁⠀⢀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠿⠿⠟⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⢀⡀⠘⠛⠛⠁⠀⠉⠉⠓⠒⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠠⠤⡄⠀⠀⠛⠋⠋⠀⠈⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠢⡤⠀⠀⠀⠤⠤⠤⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡤⣤⣤⣀⣹⠉⠈⢀⣴⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡦⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣇⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⣤⣄⣉⠛⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣀⣀⣀⠀⠐⠀⠈⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣦⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣤⣤⣄⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣤⣤⣄⣀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⢴⠀⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠈⠂⠀⠀⠀⠒⠀⠈⠀⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠂⠠⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡄⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⢠⣶⣶⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠃⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠘⠓⠈⢑⣿⣿⠀⠙⠂⠹⠕⠘⠂⠀⠀⠀⠂⠘⠿⠀⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠐⢶⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⢠⡄⠀⠀⠀⣠⡀⢠⣄⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⢠⣤⢀⣸⣿⣿⠀⣀⠀⣀⣄⠀⢸⣿⣷⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠉⠀⠉⣀⣀⡀⠈⠁⠀⠚⠀⣙⣿⣿⠀⠙⠃⠘⠿⠙⣻⣿⣿⠈⠛⠈⠻⠊⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⠂⠻⠓ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⠀⣀⣿⣿⡃⢀⡀⢠⣤⡄⣸⣿⣿⠂⣀⡀⢤⣤⢀⣿⣿⣿⠀⡀⠠⣄⡈⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣀⡀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⣿⣿⡃⠀⠀⠘⠛⠃⢸⣿⣿⡃⠀⠉⠚⠛⠉⣿⣿⣿⠀⠉⠙⠛⠋⣻⣿⣿⡇⠈⠀⠻⠋ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣠⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣶⡀⣀⣿⣿⡇⠀⣄⠐⣶⡄⣸⣿⣿⣃⢀⣀⢰⣶⣄⣿⣿⣿⡄⣀⡀⣤⡄⣹⣿⣿⡇⢀⡀⣤⣄ ⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣾⣿⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⣶⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠁⢰⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠈⠋⠃⢨⣿⣿⡷⠀⠀⠘⠛⠁⣽⣿⣿⡃⠀⠈⠛⠋⢸⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠛⠋ ⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⢠⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⡄⢸⣿⣿⣯⠀⢤⠀⣶⢦⢬⣿⣿⡇⠠⣤⠰⣶⡆⣼⣿⣿⡇⢠⡄⣶⣦⢸⣿⣿⣿⢠⡄⣶⣶ ⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣹⣿⣿⣿⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣶⣶⣆⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⣿⣿⣯⠀⠀⠈⠉⠁⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢉⠉⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠈⠉ ⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠠⣦⠀⢈⣿⣿⣯⠀⠀⠀⣶⡆⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠤⠀⣶⣦⠠⣿⣿⣯⠠⠤⢈⣿⣇⢼⣿⣿⣇⠠⠄⣻⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⠰⠦⢼⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣯⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⢰⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⣾⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⢸⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣁ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠀⠀⠀⣄⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢠⣤⡀⢼⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⠠⣿⣿⣿⡄⠠⠄⣴⣷⠀⣾⣿⣿⠀⠲⠤⣿⣷⠺⣿⣿⣷⠐⠶⠺⣿⠗⣿⣿⣿⠆⠒⠺⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⡀⡀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢀⣀⡀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣠ ⠀⠀⠀⢘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣯⠀⠀⠀⣤⡄⢸⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⢶⣶⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠰⠆⢸⣿⠖⠿⣿⣿⡆⠒⠂⢿⢯⠐⢿⣿⣿⠀⠓⠸⠿⠇⠻⣿⣿⠇⠙⠙⠿ ⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⠿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠛⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡄⠀⠀⠀ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1306 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 05.02.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Links_2/5/2021:_“Landlock”_in_Linux_5.13,_Comics,_Patents_Catch-up⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 1:03 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o ⚓ I_put_all_of_my_comics_online!⠀⇛ There are 273 comics right now which is a lot, so I’ve added a very simple search using list.js. Here’s what it looks like. It searches based on the title and also a few keywords I manually added, which is why “authoritative nameservers” matches the search “dns”. I wrote a small custom search function that only matches starting at the beginning of the word, so that the search “tar” doesn’t give you “start”. It feels pretty good to use. If you want to read the pages from the Bite Size Linux sequel I mentioned that I started writing 2 years ago and never finished, you can search for “linux2”. [...] But I felt a bit worried about making all the comics more easily available online because – what if I put them online and then nobody wants to buy the zines anymore? I decided this week not to worry about that and just do it because I’m really excited about being able to easily link any comic that I want. The zine business is going really well in general so I think it’s a lot nicer to operate with a spirit of abundance instead of a spirit of scarcity. o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ This_Week_in_Linux_149:_Linux_5.12,_Fedora_34,_elementary OS_6,_openSUSE_Leap,_RHEL_8.4,_Pine64⠀⇛ On this episode of This Week in Linux, we’re going to check out the latest release of the namesake of this show, the Linux Kernel with Linux 5.12 being released. This episode is just stacked with Distro news with the release of Fedora Linux 34, the Release Candidate of openSUSE Leap 15.3, elementary OS 6 Beta has been released, and we’ll check out version 21 of Calculate Linux. That’s not all for Distro news, I did say it was stacked . . . we also got some Enterprise Distros to discuss with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 aka RHEL then we’ll check out the CentOS alternatives with AlmaLinux 8.4 Beta & Rocky Linux 8.3 RC. We’ve got some cool mobile hardware news this week with updates from Pine64 about the PinePhone Keyboard Addon and the PineTime SmartWatch. There’s just so much good news this week but there’s also a new Linux Backdoor Malware that was found being named RotaJakiro so we’ll talk about that. All that and much more on Your Weekly Source for Linux GNews! o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # ⚓ Linus_Torvalds_Reflects_In_New_Interview_on_Linux’s Earliest_Days⠀⇛ Linus Torvalds gave a long new email interview to Jeremy Andrews, founding partner/CEO of Tag1 (a global technology consulting firm and the second all-time leading contributor to Drupal). Torvalds discusses everything from the creation of Git, licenses, Apple’s ARM64 chips, and Rust drivers, to his own Fedora-based home work environment — and how proud he is of the pathname lookup in Linux’s virtual filesystem. (“Nothing else out there comes even close.”) # ⚓ Intel_Proposes_Calibrated_Timestamps_As_It_Works_Towards Vulkan_Video_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ Since the publishing of the provisional Vulkan Video specification last month, the only driver on Linux to have exposed any early Vulkan Video support is NVIDIA’s Vulkan beta Linux driver. But it would appear that Intel’s open-source developers are working at least towards eventually handling this video acceleration API. Given how well Intel has been maintaining their open-source “ANV” Mesa Vulkan driver for Linux systems, it shouldn’t come as much of a surprise that they would likely be supporting Vulkan Video too. While they don’t yet have any public implementation to showcase, a new Vulkan extension proposal this week seems to indicate they are working in that direction. # ⚓ New_Realtek_Audio_Support,_VirtIO_Sound_Driver_Ready_To Play_On_Linux_5.13⠀⇛ While PipeWire continues garnering interest this year for improving Linux sound in user-space, the kernel’s sound drivers continue to be improved upon as well and tacking on support for new devices. On Friday the Linux 5.13 sound updates were sent out and subsequently merged to mainline. For this next kernel version there is the introduction of a VirtIO Sound driver that complies with the new VirtIO sound device specification that is part of this I/O virtualization standard. The VirtIO sound is intended for use-cases where audio is needed but device pass-through or emulation is not available or preferred. o § Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ 6_Best_Password_Managers_For_Linux_Desktop_(_for_2021_)⠀⇛ KeePassXC is a free and open-source password manager. It started as a community fork of KeePassX (itself a cross-platform fork of KeePass). It is built using Qt5 libraries, making it a multi- platform application which can be run on Linux, Windows, and macOS. # ⚓ Connectagram_1.3.1_released⠀⇛ Added CMake buildsystem for Qt6 # ⚓ Tanglet_1.6.1_released⠀⇛ FIXED: Did not load entire English word list FIXED: Tabs had scroll buttons Added CMake buildsystem for Qt 6 Word list updates: French # ⚓ Tanglet_1.6.1.1_released⠀⇛ FIXED: Mimetype not installed with CMake o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ How_To_Install_Centrifugo_on_Ubuntu_20.04_LTS⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install Centrifugo on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. For those of you who didn’t know, Centrifugo is a scalable real-time messaging server in a language-agnostic way. It can use as a free alternative to pusher.com services. Centrifugo supports WebSocket and SockJS. Websocket or SockJS connections from application clients (from web browsers or other environments like iOS/ Android apps). When you need to deliver an event to your clients in real-time you publish it to Centrifugo API and Centrifugo then broadcasts the event to all connected clients interested in this event (i.e. clients subscribed to the event channel). In other words – this is a user-facing PUB/SUB server. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you through the step-by- step installation of Centrifugo on an Ubuntu 20.04 (Focal Fossa) server. You can follow the same instructions for Ubuntu 18.04, 16.04, and any other Debian-based distribution like Linux Mint. # ⚓ 5_ways_to_use_the_move_command_in_Linux_–_LateWeb.Info⠀⇛ In this article, you will learn 5 common uses of mv command in Linux. The mv command is not only used for moving files but also for renaming files. However there’s more that you can do with this utility command. # ⚓ Docker_Commands_for_Managing_Container_Lifecycle_ (Definitive_Guide)⠀⇛ Knowing the various states of the Docker Container is essential for any serious Docker user. I’ll explain the container lifecycle and then show the Docker commands for each stage of the lifecycle. But before you learn all those things, let’s revisit the concept of the container once more. # ⚓ Delete_UEFI_boot_entry_–_Remove_Unwanted_UEFI_Entries_on Linux_using_efibootmgr⠀⇛ This is quick guide howto remove unwanted UEFI entries on Linux using efibootmgr. Sometimes just efibootmgr commands are enough to remove UEFI entries, but some UEFIs need EFI System partition modifications or all UEFI entries are regenerated on reboot. # ⚓ How_to_select_all_text_in_qutebrowser_using_Ctrl+A_|_Hund⠀⇛ This is really not a complicated thing to do, but it took me a while to figure out how to bind the command vvG to a key like Ctrl+A. o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ Steam_on_Linux_Gaming_Marketshare_Steady_For_April⠀⇛ For those curious about the Steam on Linux gaming marketshare always as we begin a new month, Valve published their April 2021 figures overnight. In March the Steam on Linux gaming marketshare was 0.85%… Pretty much since Steam Play came out for running Windows games on Linux, the marketshare grew and has consistently held in the 0.8~0.9% range. It’s flirted with 1% but hasn’t been above that threshold in years since Steam on Linux first came out and had around a 2% marketshare albeit with a smaller overall Steam customer base at that time. # ⚓ The_Sunday_Section_is_here_for_Linux_and_gaming_fans⠀⇛ Another week down, plenty of items missed that we couldn’t fit in. Here’s your Sunday Section going over a few random bits of news. Grab a coffee and enjoy. How about some Linux distribution news? siduction, the distribution based on Debian unstable/sid wrote a blog post to announce the death of Axel Beu. Someone who not many will know but Beu was important to siduction, as their major sponsor that made the project actually sustainable. As a result, they now need to take outside donations so they’ve setup a spot on Open Collective – one for the EU and the US. R.I.P Axel Beu. Solus, the home-grown distribution with its own Budgie desktop environment has a new development blog post up, which highlights that they’ve now: released Budgie 10.5.3 with plenty of bug fixes, introduced support for the GNOME 40 stack, lots of quality of life changes have also been made along with upgrades to KDE Framework 5.81.0 and Plasma 5.21.4 as well. # ⚓ Running_Steam_and_Windows_Games_on_Slackware_Linux_without Multilib⠀⇛ Few years ago, i was quite lucky to get 3 free games from Ubisoft Holiday Bundle, Assasin Creed IV: Black Flag, World in Conflict: Complete Edition, and Watch Dogs. I played Assasin Creed IV for a while under Windows in my spare time, but later on, i rarely login to my Windows machine (it’s only available on my laptop, not in my other machines), so it’s kinda abandoned. The arrival of Steam under Linux does give some inspiration, but it also comes with it’s own problems. In order to install/use Steam you need to have 32 bit libraries installed. This can be achieved in Slackware by using multilib provided by Eric Hameleers, but you must be really careful when using Slackware-Current since changes in -current can break your multilib. It’s not officially supported by Slackware, so you must rely on community to help your issues if you encountered them. Many people have been using this approach and it worked just fine for them. I didn’t install multilib on my machines because i’m not really a hard core gamers. I just play games on my spare time and it’s not my highest priority. # ⚓ How_To_Install_Steam_on_Linux_Desktop_|_Play_Your_Favorite Games⠀⇛ If you are a gaming and Linux enthusiast, you have probably been pondering for a long time about how to play professional games in a Linux environment. No wonder earlier gaming was a daydream on Linux distributions. But with the development of Steam, you can now smoothly play games on Linux. Steam had become available for Linux in 2013; since then, the popularity graph of Steam has been increasing. Even if you are not a gamer, you would not mind giving Steam a shot to check how it works on Linux. Well, how smooth and good Steam is on Linux? Can it utilize the GPU cores as Widows or Mac can? Do games buffer on Steam? If you are a newbie in Steam, a lot of questions are playing around your head. All the answers are about to end, only if you stay with the post till the end. o § Distributions⠀➾ # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾ # ⚓ Rocky_Linux_8.3_RC1_–_CentOS_Replacement_Brings_First Release_Candidate⠀⇛ The first pre-release of Rocky Linux is here. It is immediately available for download and for you to test. # ⚓ 15_unusual_paths_to_tech_|_Opensource.com⠀⇛ The lives we led before we arrived where we are now sometimes feel like a distant land full of memories we can’t quite recall. And sometimes we have lived experiences that we’ll just never forget. Many times those experiences teach us and help us appreciate where we are today. We may even wish for those days as we recount our past lives. What did you do before tech? Tell us in the comments. I did janitorial work in the university cafeteria after it closed every day, and I got extra pay cleaning it up after live gigs held there (which happened about 4 times a year). We started to clean up for the following morning after the venue was vacated about 4 am, and had to get it cleaned and set up for opening the following morning at 7 am. That was fun. I worked summers in a livestock mart in the West of Ireland, running the office, keeping the account books, minding the cash that came through. I also had stints as a barman, lecturer, and TA at a local university while I was a post-grad, and once spent a few days stocking a ship with boxes of frozen fish in a Dutch port. —Dave Neary I was a musician in the Marine Corps, but being a bassoonist in the Corps means that you’re mostly playing bass drum. After burning out, I changed to data comms for my second enlistment. —Waldo # § Debian Family⠀➾ # ⚓ Debian_Have_Re-elected_Jonathan_Carter_As_The_Leader Of_The_Project⠀⇛ Developers of the Debian Linux distribution have re-elected Jonathan Carter as the leader of the free operating system project. Jonathan Carter is a South African based in Cape Town who works part-time for the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, where he does system administration work on the institutional network that it uses in its centers across Africa. He has served as the Debian Project Lead since April 2020 and was re-elected for another year. Carter had only one opponent, Sruthi Chandran. She contested the elections in 2020 as well, but was unsuccessful that year too. Carter received 421 votes while Chandran was backed by 312 developers. The project has more than 1000 developers spread all over the globe. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ Stephen_Michael_Kellat:_Starting_May_2021⠀⇛ I’ve got my Raspberry Pi 4 upgraded to 21.04. So far I am liking what I am encountering. Since this is a production machine I am not willing to shift it to testing Impish Indri. # ⚓ Allwinner_D1_RISC-V_processor_SDK_&_Documentation⠀⇛ We published information about Allwinner D1 SBC and processor a few weeks ago. The news was pretty interesting as it’s the first RISC-V processor from the company, and one of the first affordable RISC-V SBC. But all we had at the time was hardware information from a leak, or rather from China-only Allwinner developer website. But now the company has added more information to its open-source development website with the release of documentation, now only in Chinese, as well as the Allwinner D1 Tina SDK. # ⚓ ‘It’s_your_device,_you_should_be_able_to_repair_it’⠀⇛ The law doesn’t yet cover smartphones and tablets that she says are getting harder to fix. One problem is keeping older devices updated with new software. But she hopes that some repair requirements for such devices will be introduced by 2023. # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Android_12_redesign:_How_do_you_feel_about_it?_[Poll] –_9to5Google⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_Discover_appears_to_be_getting_a_facelift_in Android_12⠀⇛ # ⚓ Motorola_One_Hyper_gets_Android_11_in_the_US_– comments⠀⇛ # ⚓ Lemfo_LEM15:_An_Android_smartwatch_with_two_cameras, 4_GB_of_RAM_and_128_GB_of_storage_–_NotebookCheck.net News⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_Play_Store_warning:_Android_users_must_avoid fake_PS4,_PS3_apps_|_Express.co.uk⠀⇛ o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ CVE-2021-31799:_A_command_injection_vulnerability_in RDoc⠀⇛ There is a vulnerability about Command Injection in RDoc which is bundled in Ruby. It is recommended that all Ruby users update RDoc to the latest version that fixes this issue. [...] RDoc used to call Kernel#open to open a local file. If a Ruby project has a file whose name starts with | and ends with tags, the command following the pipe character is executed. A malicious Ruby project could exploit it to run an arbitrary command execution against a user who attempts to run rdoc command. # ⚓ HowTo:_Using_a_Pager_in_the_21st_Century_|_by_Dmitrii Eliuseev_|_May,_2021_|_Medium⠀⇛ In the 90th I was a student and the pager for me was something like a Star Trek Communicator, a piece of the cutting edge technology. It is fun to remember it because now I know that technologically the paging protocol is very straightforward. From the encoding perspective, the pager is not so different from the wireless doorbells that are selling now for 5$ in Aliexpress. [...] Bits are encoded with a frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation using 9 kHz bandwidth and 1200 bits per second speed, all this message is transmitting in about 0.5s. Looks simple, and it really is. I will skip the details, those who are interested can read the protocol specification. It is even easy to draw all these bits with pen and paper — these protocols were simple in the past, I think nobody can do it with modern GSM or WiFi. In POCSAG messages there is no authentication, no security keys — all messages to all paging company customers are available on-air “as is”, and by the way, can be easily decoded with PC software like PDW. How customers are receiving their messages? Every pager has its own unique ID, called CAP — Channel Access Protocol or RIC — Receiver Identification Code. All pagers from the paging provider are listening to the same frequency, let’s say, 164 MHz. If the message code is equal to the pager code, the pager saves the message and makes the loud “beep”. That’s it. It’s a one-way communication, there is no confirmation sending back, the pager has only the receiver and no transmitter at all. The logic and hardware are extremely simple, and because of that, the pager can work for more than a month from a single AAA battery. Interestingly, pagers are still in use in some countries even now — in the hospitals or emergency services, where it is important to have a portable and lightweight device with long battery life. * § Leftovers⠀➾ o § Hardware⠀➾ # ⚓ UVA_Engineering_Computer_Scientists_Discover_New Vulnerability_Affecting_Computers_Globally⠀⇛ A team of University of Virginia School of Engineering computer science researchers has uncovered a line of attack that breaks all Spectre defenses, meaning that billions of computers and other devices across the globe are just as vulnerable today as they were when Spectre was first announced. The team reported its discovery to international chip makers in April and will present the new challenge at a worldwide computing architecture conference in June. The researchers, led by Ashish Venkat, William Wulf Career Enhancement Assistant Professor of Computer Science at UVA Engineering, found a whole new way for hackers to exploit something called a “micro-op cache,” which speeds up computing by storing simple commands and allowing the processor to fetch them quickly and early in the speculative execution process. Micro-op caches have been built into Intel computers manufactured since 2011. # ⚓ Computer_scientists_discover_new_vulnerability_affecting computers_globally⠀⇛ Because all current Spectre defenses protect the processor in a later stage of speculative execution, they are useless in the face of Venkat’s team’s new attacks. Two variants of the attacks the team discovered can steal speculatively accessed information from Intel and AMD processors. “Intel’s suggested defense against Spectre, which is called LFENCE, places sensitive code in a waiting area until the security checks are executed, and only then is the sensitive code allowed to execute,” Venkat said. “But it turns out the walls of this waiting area have ears, which our attack exploits. We show how an attacker can smuggle secrets through the micro-op cache by using it as a covert channel.” o § Health/Nutrition⠀➾ # ⚓ CDC_Finds_Anxiety_Was_Cause_of_Many_Adverse_Responses_to J&J_Vaccine⠀⇛ # ⚓ Opinion_|_Who’s_Controlling_the_COVID_Vaccine:_10_Myths_and Misdirections⠀⇛ The only way these big pharmaceutical corporations and rich governments will move is by being shamed into it. # ⚓ Opinion_|_UK_Accused_of_‘Trump_Tactics’_After_‘Devastating’ Slashing_of_Family_Planning_Aid⠀⇛ Millions of the world’s poorest women and girls will ‘pay the price’ of the UK government reneging on its commitments, say aid workers # ⚓ She_called_out_health_care_misinfo_on_TikTok._Then,_the trolls_found_her.⠀⇛ “In the past, I have been a little more reserved with how aggressive I have gone after these people, but the longer this pandemic went on, and the more and more misinformation we started seeing as health care workers on social media, the less I started caring about my tone and coming across a certain way,” Sparks said. This has earned her a massive following on TikTok. Her account has more than 467,000 followers and her videos rack in hundreds of thousands — and sometimes millions — of views. Sparks said she is not only looking for the removal of health care misinformation on the platform, but she also wants accountability. o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # ⚓ Apple_captures_42%_share,_Samsung_largest_smartphone OEM_globally⠀⇛ Riding on the success of its iPhone 12 series, Apple captured 42 per cent market share (by value) in the global smartphone market that posted a record $113 billion in sales for the first time in the first quarter (January-March) this year, according to a new report. # ⚓ Basecamp_implodes_as_employees_flee_company, including_senior_staff⠀⇛ After a controversial blog post in which CEO Jason Fried outlined Basecamp’s new philosophy that prohibited, among other things, “societal and political discussions” on internal forums, company co-founder David Heinemeier Hansson said the company would offer generous severance packages to anyone who disagreed with the new stance. On Friday, it appears a large number of Basecamp employees are taking Hansson up on his offer: according to The Verge contributing editor Casey Newton’s sources, roughly a third of the company’s 57 employees accepted buyouts today. As of Friday afternoon, 18 people had tweeted they were planning to leave. # § Security⠀➾ # ⚓ “Landlock”_Lands_In_Linux_5.13_For_Unprivileged Application_Sandboxing⠀⇛ Going back about a half-decade has been the Landlock Linux Security Module (LSM) as a means of allowing even unprivileged processes to create “powerful security” sandboxes. After a number of rounds of reviews and revisions over the year, Landlock has finally been mainlined for Linux 5.13! The Landlock LSM pull request was submitted earlier in the week and wasn’t acted upon right away leaving us to wonder if it would be another cycle where it’s left out… But on Saturday night Linus Torvalds went ahead and merged it. # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ Google’s_FLoC_is_Based_on_the_Right_Idea, but_With_the_Wrong_Implementation⠀⇛ FLoC (Federated Learning of Cohorts) is a new technology that aims to solve the privacy concerns associated with cookies. Unlike the old way of using 3rd party cookies to build an advertising ID, FLoC uses data from your searches to place you into a predefined group (called a cohort) of people interested in similar topics as you. Advertisers can then serve the same ads to the group of people that are most likely to purchase their product. Because FLoC is built into Chrome, it can collect much more data than third-party cookies. For the average consumer, this should be a huge concern. In simple terms, if cookies were bad, then FLoC is down-right evil. o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ In_2018_the_US_Was_at_War_With_Uyghur_Terrorists._Now_It Claims_They_Don’t_Even_Exist⠀⇛ In the dying months of his administration, President Donald Trump removed from the United States terrorist list a little-known paramilitary organization called ETIM, an acronym that stands for either the East Turkestan Independence Movement or the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, depending on whom one asks. The group is also sometimes known as the [East] Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP or ETIP). # ⚓ Opinion_|_Bottom-up_Politics:_Grassroots_Activism_Behind Pro-Palestine_Shift_in_the_US⠀⇛ A decisive US public opinion shift must also not be ignored, as it is empowering voices within the Democratic Party to speak out more freely without jeopardizing their political careers. # ⚓ Oregon_Lawmaker_Who_Opened_State_Capitol_To_Far-Right Protesters_Faces_Charges⠀⇛ The decision to charge Nearman follows a monthslong investigation by state police that began Dec. 21. As lawmakers met in a special legislative session to take up COVID-19 relief that day, surveillance footage showed Nearman exiting the locked Capitol building into a throng of protesters who were trying to get inside the statehouse. In doing so, he appeared to purposefully grant entrance to far right groups demanding an end to ongoing restrictions related to COVID-19. o § Environment⠀➾ # § Energy⠀➾ # ⚓ Biden_toots_horn_for_Amtrak_and_future_of_US_rail travel⠀⇛ President Joe Biden — he’d probably be just as happy with his nickname Amtrak Joe — celebrated the national rail system’s 50th anniversary Friday by urging huge funding increases as part of a $2.3 trillion US infrastructure makeover. Dubbed the passenger rail system’s best customer, Biden became famous for daily commutes between Washington and his Delaware home during the 36 years he was a senator. o § Finance⠀➾ # ⚓ Graduate_Workers_at_NYU_Are_on_Strike_for_Living_Wages_and Cop-Free_Campuses⠀⇛ o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾ # ⚓ Manchin_Comes_Out_Against_Yet_Another_Proposal_From_the Democrats:_DC_Statehood⠀⇛ # ⚓ Progressive_Groups_Mark_May_Day_With_Rallies_Urging_Passage of_PRO_Act⠀⇛ “The fight for the PRO Act is a fight for a future of dignity for all workers,” said Democratic Rep. Jamaal Bowman of New York. # ⚓ Opinion_|_President_Biden’s_First_100_Days_Have_Shown_That We_Must_Have_the_Courage_to_Ask_for_More⠀⇛ The strength of the progressive movement nationwide has pushed this administration further than what many of us expected. But we cannot accept these moves as enough—they are only the beginning. # ⚓ Biden_Urged_to_Stand_‘On_the_Side_of_Humanity’_and_Back Waiver_for_Covid_Vaccine_Patents⠀⇛ The continued calls come amid India’s “tsunami” of Covid-19 cases. # ⚓ Popular_American_YouTuber_obtains_Taiwan_Employment_Gold Card⠀⇛ Well-known American YouTuber Hailey Jane Richards (莫彩曦) has been granted an Employment Gold Card by the Taiwanese government for her promotion of Taiwan through online videos and foreign media. In a released statement on Tuesday (Feb. 16), the National Immigration Agency (NIA) announced that it has approved Richards’ application for an Employment Gold Card (就業金卡) filed last year. It said the 23-year-old San Francisco native has helped spread a positive image of Taiwan and increased the country’s visibility on the global stage. # ⚓ Conservatives_claim_to_hate_“cancel_culture”_—_but_it’s_the heart_of_the_right-wing_agenda⠀⇛ There are, however, two modest constraints on meaning we can observe: the notions that cancel culture is something new, and that it comes exclusively from the left. The reality is exactly the opposite. For as long as culture has been changing, conservatives have tried to stop it by suppressing or demonizing anything that challenges their worldview. Not all conservatives, of course, and not in all ways. But this has been a central thrust of conservative thought, not just in the modern political era, when the terms “liberal” and “conservative” emerged, but as far back as ancient Greece, as Eric Alfred Havelock showed in “The Liberal Temper in Greek Politics.” o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾ # ⚓ China_blocks_mention_of_Oscar-winner_Chloé_Zhao⠀⇛ What happened? The answer is a form of nationalist backlash that is increasingly common. Soon after Ms Zhao won the Golden Globe, internet-users dug up comments she had made in 2013, saying China is “a place where there are lies everywhere”. Censors pounced, removing any mention of her from the Chinese internet. Nationalist [astroturfers] have long been intolerant of speech they deem critical of China. The government is now endorsing these attacks, perhaps for fear of looking weak if it doesn’t. It has intervened to cancel the distribution of “Nomadland” in China. Ms Zhao is not the first to be dealt with in this way. In June last year Hao Haidong, a Chinese footballer who is the country’s top scorer and now lives abroad, said that the Communist Party’s rule “has caused horrific atrocities against humanity”. Chinese websites swiftly deleted his name. # ⚓ Indigenous_activist_in_Brazil_says_accused_of_‘slandering’ Bolsonaro⠀⇛ A leading indigenous activist in Brazil said she has been summoned to appear before police after being accused of “slandering” the government of far-right president Jair Bolsonaro. Other Bolsonaro critics have been interrogated by police in recent months, part of what one newspaper called an “intimidation campaign” by the government. “I was summoned by the Federal Police in connection with an investigation into the Maraca series,” Sonia Guajajara, the coordinator of the Association of Brazil’s Indigenous Peoples (APIB), said Friday on Twitter. o § Freedom of Information/Freedom of the Press⠀➾ # ⚓ Repressive_Laws_Trigger_Massive_Press_Freedom_Decline_for Malaysia⠀⇛ Since the new leader, Muhyiddin Yassin, was sworn in on March 1, 2020, press freedom has come under attack, with the government relying on pre-existing laws, and a new “anti-fake news” decree targeting journalists, media experts say. These measures introduced during the pandemic, along with cases of journalists being questioned or raided by police over their coverage, led to an 18- point decline for Malaysia on the annual World Press Freedom Index. Released by media watchdog Reporters Without Borders (RSF), the index ranked Malaysia 119 out of 180 countries, with 1 being the most free. o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ On_May_Day,_Gig_Workers_Are_Organizing_an_Intersectional Movement⠀⇛ # ⚓ The_Child_Care_Industry_Was_Collapsing._Mrs._Jackie_Bet Everything_on_an_Impossible_Dream_to_Save_It.⠀⇛ Jackie Thomas pulled up to her child care center, Damion’s Place, picked up the mail and stretched out beside a baby on a giraffe-printed playmat. She opened a letter from state regulators who had sent over a motion in their case to shut her down. In the chaos of the past year, they’d found Jackie’s center in Overland Park, Kansas, out of compliance in small ways, like having a trash can without a lid, and larger ones, like being understaffed. A hearing was scheduled for Feb. 17, three weeks away. As Jackie held the letter, a teacher delivered more bad news: She was planning to leave for nursing school, adding herself to the long list of staff Jackie had lost. Jackie ran a separate day care in her home, just across the border in Lee’s Summit, Missouri, but she relied on employees to operate Damion’s Place. If she didn’t hire new teachers fast, she’d be down to only one who was approved by the state: her 71-year-old mom, Bonnie, who’d stepped in to help. # ⚓ If_Mumia_Abu-Jamal’s_Case_Is_a_‘Non-Issue,’_Why_Have_Media Gone_to_Such_Lengths_to_Silence_Him?⠀⇛ Philadelphia public broadcaster WHYY (4/24/21) was one of the few outlets to report on an April 24 rally seeking the release from prison of Mumia Abu- Jamal. The story included important information on Abu-Jamal, who is serving a life sentence for the 1981 killing of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner. # ⚓ My_Child_Is_Incarcerated._One_Second_in_This_Unjust_System Is_Too_Much.⠀⇛ # ⚓ Many_So-Called_“Alternatives”_to_Mass_Incarceration_Are 21st-Century_Shackles⠀⇛ o § Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾ # ⚓ The_Guilbeault_Interview⠀⇛ o § Monopolies⠀➾ # ⚓ Opinion_|_Tim_Cook,_Apple,_and_Runaway_Limitless_Corporate Greed⠀⇛ People must push Congress to address this injustice. # ⚓ Washington_keeps_close_eye_as_Apple_antitrust_fight_goes_to court⠀⇛ Apple will head to federal court in California on Monday to defend itself in an antitrust trial with Epic Games, a case that is expected to be closely watched in Washington as lawmakers and regulators crack down on the market power of Silicon Valley giants. Epic Games is suing Apple over claims of anti- competitive behavior. The dispute stems from Apple’s decision in August to kick Epic’s popular Fortnite game out of its app store after the developer set up its own payment system in an attempt to avoid the 30 percent commission fees charged by Apple. The trial comes amid a backdrop of federal and state-led antitrust lawsuits against tech giants, including Facebook and Google, and as Congress weighs steps to revamp antitrust laws after a House Judiciary panel released a blockbuster report alleging Apple and other companies stifled competition. # ⚓ Apple’s_App_Store_Had_78%_Margin_in_2019,_Epic_Expert Says⠀⇛ Apple Inc.’s App Store had operating margins of almost 78% in fiscal year 2019, according to testimony from an Epic Games Inc. expert witness based on documents obtained from the iPhone maker. The figure comes from Ned Barnes, a financial and economics researcher, who said he obtained documents “prepared by Apple’s Corporate Financial Planning and Analysis group and produced from the files of Apple CEO Tim Cook.” # ⚓ Explain-away_exercise:_mention_of_antisuit_injunction_case in_negotiations_may_lead_to_Munich_anti-antisuit_injunction_ (IP_Bridge_v._Huawei)⠀⇛ It’s antisuit time again. The related case law is evolving in ever shorter intervals, and I’ll give a talk about that topic on May 19 in a European Commission (specifically, DG GROW) webinar, entitled Enforcement of Standard-Essential Patents — current bottlenecks and possible solutions. I’ll be one of the three panelists on antisuit injunctions, and I’m looking forward to providing an overview of extraterritorial issues in standard- essential patent (SEP) litigation and their interdependencies. I’ll talk about developments in multiple jurisdictions on three continents and make a specific proposal for a way out without having to agree on a new international treaty. Access will be free, but typically those webinars have only a limited window for sign-up. Subsequently to my little contribution to the event, I’ll upload my slide deck to Scribd and post something to this blog. Both the European Commission and the Munich I Regional Court are aware of my occasional criticism of their COVID and/or patent policies, yet I know they completely accept that I exercise (within reason, of course) my freedom of speech, and I don’t feel unwelcome in those institutions. # ⚓ UKIPO’s_quest_to_become_world-beater_‘must_strike_right balance’⠀⇛ In-house and private practice lawyers say UKIPO transformation plans are welcome but should be balanced with a focus on education and data sharing # § Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ How_bundling_patents_with_other_benefits_can_seal licensing_deals [Ed: This perpetuates the lie that patents are "rights" (they are not) and patent extortion of euphemised as "licensing deals"]⠀⇛ Sources from two companies, two universities and two law firms reveal why know-how can be just as valuable as the patent rights themselves # ⚓ IPO_Webinar_on_Compulsory_Licensing_and_Other Government_Actions⠀⇛ The Intellectual Property Owners Association (IPO) will offer a one-hour webinar entitled “Compulsory Licensing and Other Government Actions: To Use or Not To Use?” on May 5, 2021 from 2:00 pm to 3:00 pm (ET). Colene Blank of 3M Innovative Properties Co., Thomas A. Brown of Dell Technologies, and Sharon Reiche of Pfizer will explore the extent to which governments should assume patent licensing powers to make crucial medical related supplies available, and discuss the voluntary IP licensing initiatives taken by companies in the pharmaceutical, medical device, and IT industries in meeting the challenges of the current pandemic. # ⚓ IDEA_Act_(S.632) [Ed: Instead of classifying patents with terms like "for monopolist" or "for trolls" they resort to racism and want us to fight each other over identity politics (corporations prefer it that way)]⠀⇛ I previously mentioned the IDEA Act (S.632) that is pending before the Senate. The proposal would have the PTO collect demographic information about patent inventors. This includes “including gender, race, military or veteran status, and any other demographic category that the Director determines appropriate.” The information is to be kept confidential and away from the application file (so that examiners are not biased).The proposal states that the collection is “voluntary . . . [information] related to each inventor … may be submitted voluntarily by that inventor.” # ⚓ Beyond_“pay-for-delay”_–_the_EU-Commission’s investigation_into_patent_filing_practices_and communication_measures⠀⇛ On 4 March 2021, the European Commission (Commission) opened a formal investigation into alleged anti-competitive conduct by the pharmaceutical company Teva. The Commission suspects Teva of having deployed a strategy with the intention of delaying the market entry of generic drugs that competed with Teva’s originator drug Copaxone. This may have amounted to an abuse of a dominant position prohibited under Art. 102 TFEU, the Commission states in its press release. While the Commission has sanctioned patent settlements that delay the market entry of generic drugs (“pay-for-delay”) in a number of cases, with this new investigation, the Commission is exploring two novel “theories of harm”. The authority is concerned that Teva’s patent filing practices – namely the filing and selective withdrawal of divisional patents – and communication measures impeded the market entry of generic drugs. [...] Teva’s drug Copaxone is used to treat multiple sclerosis and contains the active ingredient glatiramer acetate. In 2015, the patent protection for glatiramer acetate expired and generic drugs entered the market, driving Teva’s sales down. Teva responded by introducing a three-times-per-week version of the drug with a different dosage (40 mg/ml instead of 20 mg/ml daily) combined with a potential communication campaign that the Commission says may have created a false perception of health risks associated with competing generic drugs. Further, Teva filed various divisional patents that related to the 40 mg/ml three- weekly dosage regimen of Copaxone and withdrew at least one of the patents at the European Patent Office (EPO) during the course of opposition appeal proceedings and before the EPO’s Technical Board of Appeal issued its preliminary opinion on the validity of the patents. Teva also enforced its patents and, inter alia, successfully sought a preliminary injunction against Mylan in Germany; it also unsuccessfully challenged decisions by regulatory authorities to authorise generic versions of Copaxone in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. # ⚓ Canopy_v_GW_is_new_cannabis_case_everyone’s_watching [Ed: Only fanatics funded by litigation firms would celebrate patents on cannabis]⠀⇛ With UCANN v Pure Hemp dead in the water, counsel are turning to a CBD case in the Western District of Texas for answers on cannabis patent law # ⚓ Top_Drugs_Losing_Patent_Exclusivity_in_2021⠀⇛ Earlier this month, Eric Sagonowsky reviewed the top ten drugs in the U.S. (in terms of sales) losing patent exclusivity in an article published by Fierce Pharma. These drugs are Lucentis (Genentech/Roche), Bystolic (AbbVie/Allergan), Vascepa (Amarin), Nothera (Lundbeck), Narcan (Emergent Biosolutions), Brovana (Sunovion), Sutent (Pfizer), Saphris (AbbVie/Allergan), Amitiza (Mallinckrodt), and Feraheme (Amag Pharma). The nature of these losses and consequences thereof can be seen from the article, synopsized here. Lucentis (ranibizumab), Roche’s drug for macular degeneration, is a humanized mouse monoclonal antibody fragment specific for vascular endothelial growth factor A. It is related to Roche’s Avastin (bevacizumab) product, having been modified for injection into the vitreous humor of the eye for the treatment of wet age-related forms of the disease (AMD). # ⚓ Naked_TM_Licensing_Allowed,_even_if_Insufficient establishing_TM_Rights⠀⇛ The Federal Circuit has denied en banc rehearing in the interesting case of Authentic Apparel Group, LLC v. US. In the case, the court enforced an agreement that was pretty-dang-close to a naked trademark license — holding that use of a mark for decoration on clothing still counts as a trademark-use for licensing purposes. [...] I see this as a very interesting issue for the US Supreme Court, but the briefing and setup of the case has not been 100% top notch. # ⚓ ‘Put_your_competition_hat_on’:_pay-for-delay_post- Lundbeck⠀⇛ With the CJEU signalling the end of reverse payment settlements, sources advise how pharma can avoid making contracts that conflict with competition law # ⚓ Pharma_innovators_commit_to_use_IP_differently_in poorer_nations [Ed: Publicity stunts with misnomers. They try to make it look like a generous act when they seek monopolies and then claim to give away "property"]⠀⇛ In a move that includes the pharma industry’s largest-ever commitment to approach intellectual property differently in poorer countries, 26 companies this week pledged to follow 10 principles that commit them to using IP in ways that deliver value to patients and societies. The pledge, called IP Principles for Advancing Cures and Therapies (IP PACT), was launched on World IP Day on Monday, April 26, by innovator companies including Novartis, Pfizer and UCB, and supporting trade associations such as IFPMA and EFPIA. # ⚓ Five_lessons_learned_from_Albright’s_early_trials [Ed: This court is self-rigging for the sole purpose of money; why aren't those sites blasting it? Because they're owners and control but those who profit from it...]⠀⇛ The scope of rebuttals is broader in the Western District of Texas, and local witnesses may help secure victories # ⚓ BOE_Technology’s_patent_portfolio_explosion_gives_it a_lot_of_firepower⠀⇛ The Chinese display giant wants an arsenal of IP to allow for offensive and defensive manoeuvres. As its presence in hot tech areas grows, its investment seems justified # ⚓ World_IP_Day_2021:_SMEs_in_the_spotlight [Ed: Twisted propaganda with a misnomer ("IP") wants you to believe monopolies are beneficial to small businesses]⠀⇛ # ⚓ Affinor_Growers_Files_for_Patent_Protection_in_Eleven Additional_Countries⠀⇛ # ⚓ Patent_Applications_Hit_Record_High_in_2020;_SeproTec CEO_on_Growth_Drivers [Ed: "Sponsored Content" mans sales; now the EPO 'news' is paid for spam and that overlooked the aspect of reduced patent quality]⠀⇛ International patent applications continued to grow even as the world plunged deep into the pandemic. Patent filings at the World Intellectual Property Office (WIPO) actually reached “the highest number ever” at 275,900 applications in 2020, an increase of 4% over the previous year. Even more remarkable given the estimated 3.5% contraction in global GDP. Leading filers, the US and China, also showed a growth in patent applications as reported by the WIPO in March 2021. According to SeproTec’s Juan Julián León, since China has steadily risen up the ranks of the world’s top patent filers, taking over the No. 2 spot from Japan after 2016, “we have seen more organizations taking control of their patent translations not only in China, but globally, by centralizing their translation needs.” # ⚓ UKIPO_affirms_end_of_temporary_fee_cuts⠀⇛ # ⚓ BASF_targets_Carpmaels_in_€1bn_row_over_missed_patent deadline⠀⇛ German company BASF is facing off against Carpmaels & Ransford at the England and Wales High Court in a billion-euro dispute following the attorney firm’s “admitted negligence” in missing an appeal deadline. According to written opening submissions seen by Managing IP, Carpmaels’ failure to file an appeal against an EPO revocation decision resulted in BASF missing out on a lucrative monopoly. In a skeleton argument filed with the court this month, BASF alleged that the total “loss of profits” it suffered was €1.05 billion ($1.2 billion). The trial began on April 16. # ⚓ IP_Forecast:_PTAB_Fee_Bias_Claims_&_Uggs_At_The_Fed. Circ.⠀⇛ The Federal Circuit plans to turn its attention to the latest constitutional challenge against Patent Trial and Appeal Board judges, another patent battle between Apple and Qualcomm, and an Australian apparel company’s argument that “ugg” is generic — plus all the other major intellectual property matters on deck for the coming week. While the Supreme Court has yet to issue its much-awaited ruling on whether or not PTAB judges are properly appointed in U.S. v. Arthrex, the Federal Circuit will hear an argument Monday that claims patent judges are encouraged to rule against patent holders because of the structure of their… # ⚓ Substantive_Examination_of_Patent_Applications According_to_The_Angolan_Patent_Law⠀⇛ This study aims to provide an approach of the topics followed by a patent examiner when a patent application is processed by a Patent Office during the substantive examination phase, in the context of the Angolan Patent Law (APL). As a matter of comparison, the same topics are evaluated according to the European Patent Convention (EPC), wherein we focus on the main differences between the two legal frameworks. Angola is a Member State of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) since 1985, a member of the Paris Union for the Protection of Industrial Property since 2007, and a member of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) since 2007. Moreover, Angola is a member of the World Trade Organization, and consequently of the Agreement On Trade- Related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS) since 1996. Angola establishes the provisions regarding the protection of Industrial Property by means of the Industrial Property Law of February 28, 1992. On the other hand, the European Patent Convention (EPC) is in its 16th edition, which is in force since July 1st, 2020. # ⚓ Jörg_Thomaier:_“A_company_must_have_the_right_to_show up_at_the_EPO” [Ed: This is actually illegal, but the EPO doesn't care because there's no rule of law over there]⠀⇛ Jörg Thomaier: Bayer is being very vocal against the compulsory part of it, because we don’t see there being any power from the authorities to force everyone into video conferencing. We have the right to be heard, according to the European Patent Convention, and the right to be heard does not mean just calling in. Of course, on one level video conferencing is more than just being on the phone. But it’s still not the same as having a live discussion. [...] But if you are the attacking party and you lose at the Board of Appeal, in almost all countries you can still go to the regular court and try to attack the patent again. Nothing lost. So I expect the voluntary ratio of full video hearings will not be as high as the EPO would like, because of the importance specifically it has for patentees. But from my perspective the EPO should live with it because their obligation is to have full, fair proceedings and processes to end up with validly-executed and examined patents. Patent attorneys have put video conferencing under scrutiny for a lack of data security. Is this a worry for Bayer? It was never a worry for us, as almost all patent proceedings are public. So even if someone comes in, then that’s OK. But data security falls under the title of a technical issue which parties can resolve. In MS Teams, the initiator can block the recording option for anyone. If the EPO issue the invites, which they should do if it’s a hearing, they can ensure that participants are not recording. So, it’s very rare that they are still in the prosecution period and still not published and secret. What are your expectations for the outcome of next month’s G 1/21 proceedings? It’s very difficult. After seeing how the Enlarged Board of Appeal decided on Rule 28, nothing is impossible. I have the impression that the corrective means for which the Enlarged Board of Appeal is in the European system did not work for Rule 28. Because, from my perspective, the EPO definitely overstepped what they could do, because they changed the law by regulation. But we are convinced that it would not be OK for the EPO to force people into video conferencing. # ⚓ Brexit:_implications_for_holders_of_intellectual property_and_domain_names [Ed: "The Unitary Patent System has yet to come into force," but says, but actually it is dead; law firms that say something else are just lying for profit. Lots of loaded and misleading statements there.]⠀⇛ Brexit has no effect on European patents designating the UK that are currently in force. This is because the European Patent Convention and the European Patent Office (the EPO) that manages it are independent of the EU and in any event, have always had a number of non-EU members such as Switzerland, Norway and Turkey. The UK remains part of the European Patent Convention as a similar non EU European member. The filing and prosecution of European applications, whether directly at the EPO or via the Patent Co-operation Treaty route, is also entirely unaffected by Brexit. New and pending applications can continue to designate the UK where so required. At the grant stage, the applicant can opt for national protection in the UK and other countries, exactly as at present. Applicants who have filed for patents in the UK can still claim priority for that application in other countries. UK-based European patent attorneys will continue to represent clients at the EPO, as at present. [...] The Unitary Patent System is intended to provide patentees with an option to apply for a single pan-EU unitary patent alongside benefitting from a Unified Patent Court, which would hear and determine patent disputes on an EU-wide basis. The Unitary Patent System has yet to come into force (and it is currently being challenged in the German courts), and the UK’s inclusion in the scheme remains uncertain as it is subject to negotiation with the EU – so the question of whether a unitary patent covering the UK will become available for businesses, is very much up in the air. # ⚓ Being_Aware_Of_How_Inventive_Step_Is_Determined_in Japan._Part_1 [Ed: It's the wrong way to assess patents; it's also a loophole for false patents that weren't ever meant to be granted in the first place.]⠀⇛ Inventive step is the most formidable hurdle among patent registration requirements. # § Software Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ Want_an_Eligible_Patent:_Explain_the Technological_Advance_in_Sufficient_Detail⠀⇛ The district court dismissed WhitServe’s patent infringement complaint with prejudice — finding the claims ineligible as a matter of law. On appeal, the Federal Circuit has affirmed. WhitServe is the brainchild of patent attorney and inventor Wesley Whitmyer of Whitmyer IP Group. The patent at issue here. U.S. 8,812,437. [...] a client data request, sent from at least one client computer via the Internet to said central computer, the client data request comprising a request for a backup copy of at least one of the plurality of data records; software executing on said central computer to receive, via the Internet from the at least one client computer, the request for a backup copy of at least one of the plurality of data records including the internet-based data in the at least one of the plurality of data records that has been modified by said data processing software; and software executing on said central computer to transmit the backup copy of the at least one of the plurality of data record including the internet- based data in the at least one of the plurality of data records that has been modified by said data processing software to the client site for storage of the internet-based data from the at least one of the plurality of data record in a location accessible via the at least one client computer; wherein the location is accessible by the at least one client computer without using the Internet. # ⚓ IPLAC_Panel_Discussion_on_Section_101 [Ed: Iancu uses former job at USPTO to become like a lobbyist for software patents now, very much like Kappos (IBM)]⠀⇛ The Intellectual Property Law Association of Chicago (IPLAC) Corporate Committee will be presenting panel discussion entitled “Patent Focus: Section 101″ on May 6, 2021 from 11:00 am to 12:00 pm (CT). A. Christal Sheppard, Professor, University of Nebraska College of Law, and Distinguished Fellow, NGCT – Nebraska Governance and Technology Center will moderate a panel consisting of Andrei Iancu of Irell & Manella; Rob Sterne of Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox; Gwilym Roberts of Kilburn & Strode LLP. # ⚓ Patenting_visual_effects_inventions_in_Europe [Ed: More fake patents like software patents disguised as something they're not]⠀⇛ Many of us will have seen Queen Elizabeth II apparently delivering an improbable dance as part of an address to the nation or, perhaps, even tuned in to a very unusual phone call seemingly taking place between former US Presidents Obama and Trump. These are just some examples of so-called “deepfakes”, in which the face of one person in a video is convincingly replaced with that of another using sophisticated machine learning technology. Deepfakes are gaining in popularity and, while the technology has raised some existential questions about the threats of misinformation on our democracies, it has also found its uses in the film industry. # § Trademarks⠀➾ # ⚓ [Older]_Unified_Patents_moves_into_brands_to_take_on online_infringers_for_SMEs⠀⇛ Unified Patents made its name by fighting hard against NPE’s at the PTAB. Now it has launched Unified Brands, a venture aimed squarely at counterfeiters. Trevor Little, editor of IAM’s sister publication World Trademark Review, spoke to COO Shawn Ambwani to find out more # ⚓ First_thoughts:_‘Monopoly’_case_may_shift_onus_on_bad faith⠀⇛ Trademark lawyers and brand owners may have been keeping at least one eye on the EU General Court last week in the hope that it might provide some clarity on bad-faith registrations. However, the court may have instead thrown another spanner in the works, while also providing an interesting lesson in the importance of expert witness testimony. [...] In a judgment handed down on Wednesday, April 21, in Hasbro v EUIPO, the court found that toy company Hasbro’s re-filing strategy related to the board game Monopoly was designed to avoid having to prove genuine use. According to the court, the company’s 2011- registered EU trademark (EUTM) for ‘Monopoly’ covered identical goods and services to earlier ‘Monopoly’ EUTMs stretching back to 1998. The General Court affirmed a 2019 decision by the EUIPO’s Boards of Appeal (BoA) to invalidate Hasbro’s EUTM for goods and services in classes 9, 16, 28 and 41, which include games and entertainment. Croatian board game seller Kreativni Događaji sought to invalidate the ‘Monopoly’ mark in 2015. Under EU Regulation No. 207/2009 (Community trademark regulation), EUTMs can be invalidated if the owner cannot prove genuine use five years after registration. # ⚓ BioVaxys_Broadens_Intellectual_Property_Portfolio Commercial_Trademark_Application_Filed_for_CoviDTH Diagnostic⠀⇛ BioVaxys Technology Corp. (CSE: BIOV) (FRA: 5LB) (OTC: BVAXF) (“BioVaxys” or “the Company”), the world leader in haptenized antigen vaccines for antiviral and cancer applications, announced today that it has filed with the United States Patent & Trademark Office (“USPTO”) an intent-to-use application to register the mark CoviDTH®, it’s novel disposable T-cell immune response diagnostic for SARS-CoV-2. # § Copyrights⠀➾ # ⚓ A_Military_Career_in_Jeopardy_For_TV_Piracy:_Fair Punishment_or_a_Step_Too_Far?⠀⇛ After almost two decades of lawsuits and criminal cases against pirates of all kinds, no one should be surprised that supplying infringing content has the potential to end badly. Nevertheless, it’s a risk that some people are still prepared to take, sometimes with life-altering consequences. Don’t do the crime if you can’t do the time? Perhaps, but there are real lives at stake here too, let’s not forget that. ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 3262 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 05.02.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Links_2/5/2021:_OpenIndiana_Hipster_2021.04_and_New_GhostBSD_ISO⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 12:33 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ RBW:_A_BitWarden_CLI_That_Is_Actually_Useful⠀⇛ The official Bitwarden CLI client is frankly terrible so someone decided to make a 3rd party Bitwarden client that actually has a sensible interface while it’s not perfect I still think it’s much better than the alternative. # ⚓ My_First_Look_At_Fedora_34_(and_GNOME_40)⠀⇛ Fedora 34 is officially here. And being that Fedora is such an important Linux distribution, I just have to take a look at it. Also, Fedora ships with GNOME 40 by default, so this will also be my first look at GNOME 40. # ⚓ THIS_TABLET_RUNS_LINUX?!_Microsoft_Won’t_buy_Discord,_and GUI_Linux_apps_on_Windows_–_Linux_News⠀⇛ This time, we have the release of Ubuntu 21.04, graphical linux apps on windows, Discord refusing to be bought by Microsoft, and a good looking potential new Linux tablet. o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # ⚓ AMD_Begins_Prototyping_CRIU_Support_For_ROCm_Compute_– Phoronix⠀⇛ As part of AMD’s growing HPC focus and maturing of their Radeon Open eCosystem GPU compute stack, they ended out this week by making public a prototype implementation of CRIU support for ROCm. AMD’s Radeon open-source graphics software developers are working on Checkpoint/Restore In Userspace (CRIU) handling for ROCm. CRIU allows the ability to freeze a running process and archiving it to disk that can then be thawed/restored later on. This user-space-based solution is, of course, much more tricky when it comes to handling processes interacting with the GPU. # § Graphics Stack⠀➾ # ⚓ Nouveau_Working_On_Bringing_Up_Some_OpenGL_Compute Shader_Support_For_NV50_Era_GPUs⠀⇛ Open-source “Nouveau” driver developers have been working on at least partial support for OpenGL compute within the NV50 Gallium3D driver that is used by the NVIDIA GeForce 8 series through GeForce 300 series graphics cards. Longtime Nouveau contributor Ilia Mirkin has been working recently on compute support for NV50 Gallium3D driver for pre-Fermi GPUs. The focus with this compute support seems to be about working towards OpenGL ES 3.1 requirements where ARB_compute_shader is mandated. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ How_to_Secure_WordPress_Installation_with_Bedrock_–_Google Cloud⠀⇛ How to Secure WordPress Installation with Bedrock on Google Cloud Platform. Bedrock is a WordPress boilerplate with a different improved directory structure and easier configuration. It is more secure by isolating the web root and limit access to non-web files and more secure passwords using wp-password-becrypt which replaces the MD5 hashing with modern bcrypt method. # ⚓ EasyOS:_Recompile_in_OE_for_aarch64_target⠀⇛ Have done a complete cross-compile in OpenEmbedded, host system EasyOS Dunfell version 2.7.2 x86_64 CPU, target aarch64 (ARM64). These are the same packages as in Easy 2.7.x on a x86_64 PC. Great, it went right through, except for ‘flsynclient’ package — will tackle that later. # ⚓ Full_Circle_Magazine_#168⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_To_Change_Timezone_on_CentOS_8_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to change the timezone on CentOS 8. For those of you who didn’t know, By default, when a server is provisioned a default timezone will get configured automatically with the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). On CentOS, the system’s timezone is set during the install, but it can be easily changed at a later time. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you through the step-by- step setting of the correct timezone on a CentOS 8. # ⚓ Raspberry_PI_Parking_Sensor_with_HC-SR04_and_LED_Bar⠀⇛ Park assistants were optional in older cars but soon it became a common component in recent car models. A DIY parking sensor system can be created with Raspberry PI and a few, cheap, electronic parts In this tutorial I’m showing you how to configure and create a simple parking sensor with Raspberry PI, visually measuring proximity distance with ultrasonic sensor HC SR04 and showing it on a 10 segment LED Bar. # ⚓ How_To_Backup_And_Restore_MySQL/MariaDB_Database_In_A Proper_Way⠀⇛ If you are using MySQL or MariaDB Databases it is very important for you to understand how to take backup and restore data. In addition, you need to keep regular backups of the database and this will help you to restore your data if your application crashes or the data is corrupted by any system failure. MySQL and MariaDB include command-line tools that you can use to quickly and easily backup and restore databases. The mysqldump tool is used to export the contents of a database to a text file, while the mysql client can be used to import data from a text file into a MySQL/MariaDB database. # ⚓ How_to_Configure_the_Firewall_in_Ubuntu_With_UFW⠀⇛ The Linux operating system is one of the most robust and secure operating systems that you can get your hands on. But that does not mean it is not prone to security breaches at all. When it comes to information security, it is important to take a proactive approach to avoid data breaches. This guide shows you how to add an extra level of security by enabling and configuring the firewall on your Ubuntu Linux system. o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ Imperator:_Rome_from_Paradox_is_put_on_hold_to_focus_on other_projects⠀⇛ Paradox Interactive have announced that they’ve put Imperator: Rome effectively on hold for all of 2021. As probably their least popular modern full game, Imperator: Rome struggled from the moment it was released. Paradox have tried to overhaul parts of it with some free updates, and some DLC for true fans but it appears all their work so far just hasn’t been enough to turn it around in players eyes and in a business sense. [...] In other Paradox news, unfortunately for them it looks like the recent Europa Universalis IV: Leviathan expansion has become one of the most negatively reviewed DLC on Steam. Ouch. Paradox Tinto are currently in charge of that one and they’re trying to fix it up. o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾ # ⚓ March/April_in_KDE_PIM⠀⇛ Since the last report two month ago we saw the 21.04.0 release of Kontact, and again integrate more than 1400 changes by more than 30 contributors. Here are some of the highlights. Kontact A large focus remains preparing the upcoming migration to Qt6 and KF6. This mainly consists of porting away from deprecated functionality in Qt and KDE Frameworks, as well as language features that are incompatible with C++17. While not having any visible impact right now, this will allow for a smoother transition down the line. Not only code needs to be updated, Carl also updated and extended a tutorial on how to develop Akonadi-based applications from the KDE4 era. # ⚓ Dotfiles,_Stow,_i3,_aerc_–_a_quick_look⠀⇛ I have been running Manjaro as my main Linux distribution for some time now, and until recently never had an issue. This week though, after a major update to KDE Gear 21.04, things broke and I could not log into KDE Plasma anymore. What happened was that I ended up with a mix of proper latest release KDE packages and a couple of (outdated?) git- based community packages, so libraries mismatched. I suspect the root cause was that I seem to have installed some git packages earlier that now received a proper release and the versions got mixed up. PEBKAC, as usual oJO. The up-side was that I was forced to spend some time outside my belowed Plasma and KDE Gear, and went back to basics with a leaner set-up for a few days. Anyway, I fixed my botched-up KDE update, but thought my fall-back set-up might still be worth blogging about. o § Distributions⠀➾ # ⚓ OpenIndiana_Hipster_2021.04_is_here⠀⇛ After another 6 months have passed we are proud to announce the release of our 2021.04 snapshot. The images are available at the usual place. As usual we have automatically received all updates that have been integrated into illumos-gate. This release’s most notably changes are # ⚓ OpenIndiana_Hipster_2021.04_Released_For_This_Solaris/ Illumos-Based_OS⠀⇛ While the popularity of Solaris may be waning, OpenIndiana continues ticking in 2021 as the open- source platform based on Illumos that was born out of the former OpenSolaris state. OpenIndiana Hipster 2021.04 is the new six-month update to this Illumos platform. With OpenIndiana Hipster 2021.04 there are a number of new packages including the latest Firefox and Thunderbird ESR releases, updated NVIDIA drivers through the 460 series, OpenSSL 1.1.1 is now available, and updated Python packages. For using OpenIndiana on the desktop, the laest MATE desktop packages are available. # ⚓ It’s_Been_10_+1_Years_Now!⠀⇛ Today, while I was wearing it, I realized that tomorrow is the anniversary of my blog. So, after 11 years, I am still a Linux user. Who would have thought? My walk started almost by accident, with a modest Asus Eee PC with Xandros preinstalled (The legendary MiniMe!) I never thought that such a humble machine with change the way I use computers in such a profound way. I was re-reading the first entry that I posted on this blog and a bitter-sweet wave of memories made me smile. So much has changed since then! [...] Yet, I am glad that I can rely on my Linux computers, just in the same way like the day I quit Windows. Linux has truly made my work easier and less worrisome… (Boy! I’ve been online without an antivirus for 11 years!) # § BSD⠀➾ # ⚓ Wayland_on_FreeBSD_with_AMDGPU⠀⇛ In the category of ever-more-specific niches for blog posts, here’s some notes today where I switched my main workstation – FreeBSD 13, nVidia GT730, KDE Plasma – over to KDE Plasma Wayland. # ⚓ “Hotfix”_GhostBSD_21.05.01_ISO’s_are_now_available⠀⇛ It was reported that when using the partition editor to install GhostBSD was resulting in those 2 errors below: EXITERROR: ERROR: Invalid file system specified on disk0-part=Z EXITERROR: ERROR: Invalid file system specified on disk0-part=U I made a new ISO with the fix for that issue. # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾ # ⚓ Fedora_Vs_Red_Hat:_Which_Linux_Distro_Should_You_Use and_Why?⠀⇛ Fedora and Red Hat. Both Linux distributions belong to the same organization, both use RPM package manager and both provide desktop and server editions. Both Linux distributions have a greater impact on the operating system world. This is why it is easier to get confused between the two similar distributions. In this article, I will discuss the similarities and difference between Red Hat and Fedora. This will help you if you want to choose between the two or simply want to understand the concept of having two distributions from the same organization. # § Debian Family⠀➾ # ⚓ South_African_tech_expert_re-elected_as_Debian Project_Lead⠀⇛ Developers of the Debian Linux distribution have re-elected Jonathan Carter as the leader of the free operating system project. Carter is a South African based in Cape Town who works part-time for the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, where he does system administration work on the institutional network that it uses in its centres across Africa. He has served as the Debian Project Lead since April 2020 and was re-elected for another year. Carter is the first South African elected to the post. Debian is an important player in the global free software and open-source ecosystems. Besides being a popular operating system on servers and desktop computers in its own right, Debian is also used as the foundation of several other widely used Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu (founded by Mark Shuttleworth, also a South African) and its many derivatives. # ⚓ Sparky_news_2021/04⠀⇛ The 4th monthly Sparky project and donate report of 2021: – Linux kernel updated up to version 5.12.0 – added to repos: Ventoy, Yad based Ventoy- GUI, Sunflower twin panel’s file manager, Google Messages for Desktop, Rocket.Chat Desktop, ProtonMail Bridge, uGet Integrator, KGet Integrator – some preps to a next point release 5.15 “Nibiru” # § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾ # ⚓ Ubuntu_21.10_(Impish_Indri)_Daily_Builds_Are_Now Available_to_Download⠀⇛ Matthias Klose was, once again, the one to announce a couple of days ago that the Ubuntu 21.10 (Impish Indri) is officially open for development, revealing the fact that the goal for the next major Ubuntu release is to ship GCC 11 as default system compiler, introducing C++17 by default, a change that’s planned for July. And now that the development cycle is official open and the toolchain was uploaded, the time has come for the Ubuntu developers to publish the first daily build ISO images for Ubuntu 21.10 (Impish Indri), which you can download right now from the main download servers. # ⚓ Ubuntu_21.10_“Impish_Indri”_Now_Open_For Development⠀⇛ Development on Ubuntu 21.10 ‘Impish Indri’ has now officially begun and the daily builds are now available for the download. Ubuntu 21.10 is due to be released on October 14, 2021. Part of an announcement from the Matthias Klose: We’re pleased to announce that impish is now *open for development*. auto-sync has been enabled and will run soon. As usual, we expect a large influx of builds and autopkgtests in this initial period, which will cause delays. # ⚓ Ubuntu-based_elementary_OS_6_‘Odin’_Beta_Linux_distro now_available_for_download⠀⇛ Why don’t more desktop computer users run Linux-based operating systems? Well, software compatibility aside, there is fear of change and the unknown. For a user to switch from Windows, it need to be a fairly simple affair. For years, just installing a Linux distribution was a daunting task. These days, it can be faster and easier than installing Windows 10 — depending on the distro, of course. For beginners, once installed, their chosen Linux distro should be easy to use with an intuitive desktop environment. I’m a big fan of GNOME, but understandably, not all folks like it — especially Linux novices. One particular Linux-based desktop operating system has been focusing on accessibility to all — elementary OS. This distribution is polished and focuses on being easy to use. It is a good choice for both experts and beginners alike. And now, elementary OS 6, code-named “Odin,” has officially achieved Beta status. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # ⚓ DR8072A_embedded_router_board_offers_dual_2.5_GbE,_WiFi_6 connectivity_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛ We’ve previously found Qualcomm IPQ8072A quad-core Cortex-A53 networking processor in WPQ873 embedded SBC with support for WiFI 6, three GbE ports, one 2.5GbE port, and support for 5G M.2 modems. The design was adapted from Qualcomm HK09 reference design, and now another company, Wallys Communications, has launched another board based on HK09. DR8072A embedded router board is somewhat similar to WPQ873, but does come with two 2.5GbE ports instead of just one, one extra Gigabit Ethernet port, among other smaller changes. # ⚓ Crowdfunding_campaign_to_launch_JingPad_A1_Linux_tablet_now live⠀⇛ Remember JingPad A1, the world’s first Linux- powered 5G tablet that hit headlines back in March? Now, the tablet is back in the news again, this time with reports of the company behind it, Jingling launching a crowdfunding campaign to bring the device to the market. Also, we have had Linux tablets in the past though JingPad A1’s claim-to- fame is that it is the first Linux-based tablet to boast of 5G connectivity. The tablet with an ARM chip at its core along with 6 GB of RAM and 128 GB of storage will be running the company’s JingOS which is an Ubuntu-based Linux platform. The tablet is expected to be ready for prime-time action starting June 2021 though the crowdfunding campaign on IndieGoGo has already been live for about a week now. Those interested can register their interest and collect a coupon to procure the device when it is launched. The JingPad A1 will have an 11-inch AMOLED panel having 2K resolutions. The display will have a 4: 3 aspect ratio. That again is considered the best aspect ratio for reading books and magazines. In fact, while the effect might not be too noticeable when reading books, magazines are a much better fit on a 4:3 display than it is with displays having a 16:10 aspect ratio. Besides, the display will also have stylus support with 4096 levels of pressure sensitivity. # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ Channel_your_inner_Wolverine_with_these_3D-printed, muscle-controlled_bionic_claws_|_Arduino_Blog⠀⇛ n the fictional Marvel Universe, Wolverine has sets of claws that pop out of his hands as if they were natural parts of his body. While a seemingly fantastic concept, myoelectric sensors are able to pick up on muscle movements in order to illicit a response. YouTuber MERT Arduino & Tech decided to take this concept and build a pair of forearm-mounted claws. The wearable device senses muscle activation via a MyoWare muscle sensor, which sends information on to an Arduino Nano on a custom carrier board. Depending on the signal, it’s able to extend or retract claws, with the help of a servo motor and linkage system. # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Give_your_Android_phone_a_tuneup_this_weekend:_5 simple_things_to_change_–_CNET⠀⇛ # ⚓ 2022_Honda_Civic_adds_wireless_connections_for CarPlay,_Android_Auto⠀⇛ # ⚓ 5_Android_apps_you_shouldn’t_miss_this_week_–_Android Apps_Weekly⠀⇛ # ⚓ 5_Inspiring_Android_Apps_for_Creating_Motivational Quotes⠀⇛ # ⚓ 8_Great_Features_of_Google’s_Phone_App_on_Android⠀⇛ # ⚓ Best_New_Android_Games_this_Week:_Sixit,_Summoners War:_Lost_Centuria,_Santorini,_and_More_–_Droid Gamers⠀⇛ # ⚓ Report:_Roblox_Has_Numerous_Potential_Security_Issues on_Android⠀⇛ # ⚓ This_minimalist_Android_home_screen_helps_cut_the clutter_and_reduces_your_screen-time_|_Yanko_Design⠀⇛ # ⚓ Best_Free_Android_Apps:_Tor_Browser_–_stay_safe_while browsing⠀⇛ # ⚓ 10_Best_Equalizer_Apps_For_Android_|_Must-have_For Stereo-quality_Sound⠀⇛ # ⚓ Buying_your_first_Android_wearable?_Here’s_what_you need_to_know⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_is_fixing_one_of_Android’s_biggest_problems_— here’s_how_|_Tom’s_Guide⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_Play_cracking_down_on_misleading_Android_apps –_9to5Google⠀⇛ # ⚓ Another_blow_for_Huawei_as_Google_Android_ban continues_to_bite_|_Express.co.uk⠀⇛ # ⚓ 2022_Honda_Civic_adds_wireless_connections_for CarPlay,_Android_Auto_|_Engadget⠀⇛ # ⚓ Redmi_10X_5G_receives_Android_11_update_almost_a_year after_its_launch⠀⇛ # ⚓ 5_of_the_Best_Video_Player_Apps_for_Android⠀⇛ he default Android apps have matured in recent years, and the video app is no different. However, each manufacturer has its own idea of how a video app should act and what formats it should play. That’s what makes third-party apps so attractive, as they will offer vastly more features, formats and functions. Let’s take a look at some of the best video players for Android you should download today. o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # § Comms⠀➾ # ⚓ Ingo_Juergensmann:_The_Fediverse_–_What_About Ressources?⠀⇛ Today ist May, 1st. In about two weeks on May, 15th WhatsApp will put their changed Terms of Service into action and when you don’t accept their rules you won’t be able to use WhatsApp any longer. Early this year there was already a strong movement away from WhatsApp towards other solutions. Mainly to Signal, but also some other services like the Fediverse gained some new users. And also XMPP got their fair share of new users. So, what to do about the WhatsApp ToS change then? Shall we go all to Signal? Surely not. Signal is another vendor lock-in silo. It’s centralistic and recent development plans want to implement some crypto payment system. Even Bruce Schneier thinks that this is a bad idea. Other alternatives often named include Matrix/Element or XMPP. Today, Don di Dislessia in the (german) Fediverse asked about power consumption of the Fediverse incl. Matrix and XMPP and how much renewable energy is being used. Of course this is no easy answer to this question, but I tried my best – at least for my own server. [...] Overall, and my personal impression, is that Matrix is really bad in regards of ressource usage. Given that I’m the only active user it uses exceptionally many ressources. When you also consider that Matrix is using a distributed database for its chat rooms, you can assume that the ressource usage is multiplied across the network, making things even worse. Friendica is using a large database and many disk accesses, but has a fairly large user base, so it seems ok, but of course should be improved. Mastodon seems to be quite good, considering the database size, the number of log lines and the user count. XMPP turns out to be the most efficient contestant in this comparison: it uses much less CPU cycles and database disk I/O. # § FSF⠀➾ # ⚓ Despite_backlash,_Free_Software_Foundation_reaffirms decision_to_reinstate_Richard_Stallman [Ed: We seem to have missed that at the time]⠀⇛ # § Programming/Development⠀➾ # § Perl/Raku⠀➾ # ⚓ Perl_Weekly_Challenge_110:_Valid_Phone_Numbers and_Transposed_File⠀⇛ These are some answers to the Week 110 of the Perl Weekly Challenge organized by Mohammad S. Anwar. # ⚓ EV_charge_pricing_per_State_in_US⠀⇛ Continuing from my previous post ( http://blogs.perl.org/users/ itcharlie/2021/04/calculating-ev- battery-charge-with-perl.html ) I learned that residential electricity charges are calculated using an electricity supply rate per kWh and a electric delivery rate per kWh which actually increases the total EV charge prices that I have calculated in my previous post. My current bill states that my electric supply rate is at 6.9057 cents per kWh and my delivery rate is 11.1785 cents per kWh making it a total of 18.0842 cents per kWh which is 5 cents more than my original post at $ 0.13 cents per kWh. # § Rust⠀➾ # ⚓ Niko_Matsakis:_[AiC]_Vision_Docs!⠀⇛ The Async Vision Doc effort has been going now for about 6 weeks. It’s been a fun ride, and I’ve learned a lot. It seems like a good time to take a step back and start talking a bit about the vision doc structure and the process. In this post, I’m going to focus on the role that I see vision docs playing in Rust’s planning and decision making, particularly as compared to RFCs. Vision docs frame RFCs If you look at a description of the design process for a new Rust feature, it usually starts with “write an RFC”. After all, before we start work on something, we begin with an RFC that both motivates and details the idea. We then proceed to implementation and stabilization. But the RFC process isn’t really the beginning. The process really begins with identifying some sort of problem1 – something that doesn’t work, or which doesn’t work as well as it could. The next step is imagining what you would like it to be like, and then thinking about how you could make that future into reality. We’ve always done this sort of “framing” when we work on RFCs. In fact, RFCs are often just one small piece of a larger picture. Think about something like impl Trait, which began with an intentionally conservative step (RFC #1522) and has been gradually extended. Async Rust started the same way; in that case, though, even the first RFC was split into two, which together described a complete first step (RFC #2394 and RFC #2592). The role of a vision doc is to take that implicit framing and make it explicit. Vision docs capture both the problem and the end-state that we hope to reach, and they describe the first steps we plan to take towards that end- state. * § Leftovers⠀➾ o ⚓ Red_Carpet_at_the_Picket_Line⠀⇛ o ⚓ Philip_Roth_and_His_Defensive_Fans_Are_Their_Own_Worst_Enemies⠀⇛ A committed atheist, Philip Roth feared only one form of posthumous punishment: being trapped for all eternity in a hostile biography. In 2007, Roth, echoing a similar quip from Oscar Wilde, said, “Biography gives a new dimension of terror to dying.” Roth’s had already been the subject of a harsh and unforgiving portrait in Leaving a Doll’s House (1996), the memoirs of his former wife, the actor Claire Bloom. As John Updike noted in The New York Review of Books, “Claire Bloom, as the wronged ex-wife of Philip Roth, shows him to have been, as their marriage rapidly unraveled, neurasthenic to the point of hospitalization, adulterous, callously selfish, and financially vindictive.” This crisp summary ended Roth’s friendship with Updike, even after Updike made clear he was recapping Bloom’s book and not affirming its accuracy. o ⚓ The_Legal_Showdown_at_Hanna_Flats⠀⇛ Nonetheless, the Forest Service’s Hanna Flats logging project included clearcutting 1,109 acres, commercial logging on 734 acres, 360 acres of pre-commercial logging, and 149 acres of prescribed burning to supposedly protect the “wildland-urban interface” from wildfire. It’s worth noting the clearcutting was strongly opposed by local residents who cherish this area for its natural beauty and abundant recreational opportunities. Fortunately, the federal court in Idaho saw through the ruse and on April 27th, handed down a decision that found Trump’s Forest Service violated federal law when it “categorically exempted” this commercial timber sale from the environmental analysis requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the Healthy Forest Restoration Act (HFRA). o ⚓ All_Dressed_Up_for_the_Oscars_and_Nowhere_to_Go⠀⇛ The retro furniture brought in by the show’s producer, Steven Soderbergh, was meant to conjure the glamor of Hollywood’s Golden Age, the most obvious visual difference being the large proportion of stars of color among the nominees and presenters. Union Station was finished in 1939, also the year that the first Black actor was nominated for—and won—an Oscar: Hattie McDaniel for her portrayal of Mammy in Gone With The Wind. That “classic” was pulled from HBO soon after George Floyd’s murder, but was made available again after being fitted with a disclaimer rejecting the movie’s whitewashing of “the horrors of slavery.” It would be twenty years before another Black actor was nominated by the Academy. When Union Station opened most Black people seen in the building were either shining shoes or were members of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first union led by African Americans. Their duties included attending to Hollywood stars as they travelled in style between Los Angeles and New York. Given the reduced numbers of attendees at this year’s Oscars, Hollywood’s supposed commitment to racial diversity was on full display right from the get- go—Regina King’s long walk into the building through the Ticket Hall, DJ-ed to her mark with power-groove elegance by the genial Questlove, who later got in a pitch for his forthcoming Summer of Soul documentary about the Harlem Cultural Festival of 1969. o ⚓ Disney_Got_Itself_A_‘If_You_Own_A_Themepark…’_Carveout_From Florida’s_Blatantly_Unconstitutional_Social_Media_Moderation_Bill⠀⇛ Earlier this year, we noted that a wide variety of states (mostly those controlled by angry, ignorant Republicans) were looking to pass blatantly unconstitutional bills that sought to force social media companies to host all speech and not moderate. As we noted in that article, Florida seemed to be leading the way, and now both houses of the Florida legislature have passed the bill that is blatantly unconstitutional, and will only serve to waste a large amount of taxpayer dollars to have this law thrown out in court. o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # § Security⠀➾ # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ Boris_Johnson’s_Phone_Number_Leaks:_Turns Out_He_Uses_End-To-End_Encryption…_While Trying_To_Ban_It_For_Everyone_Else⠀⇛ Well, look at that. The gossip newsletter Popbitch revealed UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s personal phone number (in a somewhat hilarious way). The latest edition included this up at the top: o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ Bone_Rooms:_How_Elite_Schools_and_Museums_Amassed_Black_and Native_Human_Remains_Without_Consent⠀⇛ Revelations the University of Pennsylvania and Princeton hold the remains of a child killed by Philadelphia police in the 1985 MOVE bombing are the latest development in a conversation about demanding respectful treatment of African American remains in museum collections, especially those of the enslaved. The Penn Museum also apologized last week for holding more than 1,000 stolen skulls of enslaved people in its Morton Collection, and the president of Harvard University issued a letter in January acknowledging the 22,000 human remains in its collections included 15 from people of African descent who may have been enslaved in the United States, vowing review of the school’s ethics policies. “This is a really vast problem,” says historian Samuel Redman, author of “Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums,” who also describes the repatriation of Native American remains after Congress passed the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act in 1990. “There are individual instances like this that are horrific and we need to pay attention to, but it is a symptom of this much larger problem.” o § Environment⠀➾ # ⚓ The_Green_Brief:_The_US_is_back._Should_Europe_rejoice?⠀⇛ After four year of Trumpism, the United States made its big comeback on the green diplomacy stage last week by organising a virtual climate summit in Washington. As expected, the summit’s mainstay was the announcement of America’s new 2030 climate target. President Joe Biden proclaimed that the world’s largest economy will cut emissions by 50-52% by 2030 compared with 2005 levels, roughly doubling Barack Obama’s previous pledge to cut emissions by 26-28% by 2025. “The cost of inaction keeps mounting. The United States isn’t waiting,” Biden said. So is this good news for Europe? The short answer is yes. After four years of climate scepticism fuelled by the Trump administration, America’s return to the table means Europe is no longer isolated among Western powers when it comes to climate action on the global stage. # § Wildlife/Nature⠀➾ # ⚓ Scottish_zoo_celebrates_being_able_to_welcome_back visitors_after_lockdown⠀⇛ THE adorable northern rockhopper penguin chick wasn’t the only new arrival at Edinburgh Zoo in the past week as Scotland’s showpiece zoo was finally able to open its doors to visitors from across the UK. As Scotland’s Covid restrictions lifted, borders reopened and ­people were allowed to travel beyond their regions then visitor attractions breathed a sigh of relief. And Edinburgh Zoo’s keepers rolled their sleeves up in anticipation of old friends returning from across the island and spreading out across the 82 acres of wooded hillside to visit the more than 2500 endangered animals. o § Finance⠀➾ # ⚓ Don’t_Let_Wall_Street_Get_Rich_Off_of_Our_Water⠀⇛ Everyone knows that water is “invaluable” — it’s literally life, requiring a constant intake by each of us, or we quickly die. But the Wizards of Wall Street want to reduce potable H2O from its environmental, humanitarian, and spiritual essence to just another perishable economic good that they can market-price and sell to the highest bidder — turning our water into speculators’ gold. This contrivance has opened the door for financial manipulators who’ve quietly been devising razzle- dazzle schemes to allow rich global investors to play in water. They’re now pushing water futures, automated split-second trading, “water grabbing” ventures, hedging schemes, and other financialization hustles to maneuver the monetary value of this essential resource. o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾ # ⚓ Biden_Administration_Poised_To_Give_Comcast_Lobbyist Canadian_Ambassador_Spot⠀⇛ While the Biden administration still hasn’t fully staffed the gridlocked FCC, it does appear to be ready to reward a top Comcast lobbyist and key Biden fundraising ally with a cushy new post. # ⚓ Awards_Are_Political⠀⇛ Cary Grant never won an Oscar despite being a consistently popular leading man (over 30 years, 1930s-1960s), and big money-maker for the studios and theater chains. He retired in 1966, was given an Honorary Oscar (you know, an ‘Ooppsie’) in 1970, and died in 1986. All awards (Oscars, Nobels, etc.) are political. Albert Einstein won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921 (100 years ago), for his discovery in 1905 of the law of photoelectric effect (which is an aspect of CCD devices today, like solar cells and digital cameras). But pointedly NOT for his revolutionary theories of relativity (the special theory related to light, speed and time; and the general theory that includes the effects of mass and gravity, and the law of mass-energy equivalence that is the basis of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion). Einstein’s papers on relativity were all published before 1917, the first in 1905. Einstein’s 1921 Nobel was an Ooppsie. # ⚓ What_Do_the_Women_With_Jim_Jordan_Want?⠀⇛ At first blush it would seem that Marjorie Taylor Greene and Lauren Boebert have an insurmountable lead if recent actions by those two women are the measuring stick.  They both serve in the United States House of Representatives and seem to be engaged in a competition to see which of them can come up with the most effective way to demonstrate their stupidity.  Their records, of course, set a low bar. Prior to entering the House, Rep. Greene had a legacy that some might have believed gave her an insurmountable lead. Commenting on the Las Vegas mass shooting in which 58 people were killed she said the event might have been staged in order to help those in favor of anti-gun legislation.  Describing the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting that resulted in the death of 20 children,she called it a hoax. She said the killing of 14 students at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School was staged. In February 2019 she said that two of her House Colleagues who were sworn in without their hands on the Bible were not “really official” members of congress.  They are both Muslim and Rep. Greene said:  “They really should go back to the Middle East.” Those comments standing alone should have given her the clear lead over any of her colleagues.  It was not to be.  Lauren Boebert entered the fray. # ⚓ Voter_Fraud_and_the_Myth_of_E_Pluribus_Unum⠀⇛ Until recently, the power of the secretary of state had eluded me.  Like most American voters, I had simply assumed that the system had two parts: popular vote and Electoral College.  They don’t necessarily work together. For instance, in 2000, Al Gore won the national popular vote against GW Bush, but he lost the Electoral College vote. (Had he won his home state of Tennessee, the Electoral College votes there would have gone to him instead of Bush and he’d have won the presidency.) On election night, the MSM, though it tallies individual state popular and electoral college voting, rarely provides insight into how individual states handle votes, of what counts as a valid vote, who determines validity, and what the number of votes tossed away are. Turns out this individual determination of vote validity is crucial in presidential elections. I didn’t fully understand or appreciate the full significance of such state-by-state determination of vote counts until I read Greg Palast’s How Trump Stole 2020, which I reviewed several months before the election. Palast lays bare the What and How of voter disenfranchisement, and shows specifically how states have manipulated votes and helped determine who would win the presidential election since at least 2000.  How do they manipulate? By tossing votes away — literally and by “technicalities” that hardly ever hold up to scrutiny. During the 2016 presidential election, Palast reckons that, despite all the distractions about DNC hacking and FBI interference, Hillary Clinton won the election — not only the popular vote, but also the Electoral College vote had all the tossed votes, in swing states, been counted. o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ What_Chinatown_Can_Teach_Us_About_Community⠀⇛ This May, Asian American History Month, it’s worth taking a look at what we can learn from them. During the first wave of Chinese immigration in the mid-1800s, Chinese workers came to the U.S. to build the transcontinental railroad, search for California gold, and improve their lives. These Chinese laborers were paid less than white workers and were often blamed for driving down pay and taking jobs. Hate crimes against Chinese immigrants were prevalent. # ⚓ This_Black_Life_Must_Matter!_MLK’s_greater_message_to America⠀⇛ In a 1965 sermon, King explained that the “majestic words” of the Declaration of Independence penned by Thomas Jefferson, that “all men are created equal,” were the cornerstone of the civil rights movement. On April 4, 1967, he delivered a speech in Riverside Church in Manhattan of a kind never heard before from any American political leader. It was addressed to the American people, not the government. It called upon us to open our eyes and our minds to evils inherent in the American capitalist hegemonic system. He denounced the United States government, stating “…I knew that I could never again raise my voice against the violence of the oppressed in the ghettos, without having first spoken clearly to the greatest purveyor of violence in the world: my own government.” He had a radical democratic vision committed to trying “to make America what it ought to be.” (Final Speech, Memphis, TN, April 3, 1968) That speech is, Beyond Vietnam — A Time to Break Silence, and you can read it here: https:// kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/ beyond-vietnam. Time magazine later called the speech “demagogic slander that sounded like a script for Radio Hanoi.” The Washington Post called it “sheer inventions of unsupported fantasy” declaring that King had “diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, and his people.” The New York Times wrote an editorial entitled “Dr. King’s Error”, and even the NAACP objected to it. # ⚓ We_Need_a_Trauma-Informed_Legal_System⠀⇛ Now there’s a movement underway to change that. In university law classes and training programs for established attorneys, trauma awareness is gaining traction in law practices across the country. At its root, trauma awareness is about “assessing trauma and trauma symptoms in all routine practices and then asking: ‘What happened to you?’ not ‘What is wrong with you?’” said Deeya Haldar, co-author of The Pedagogy of Trauma Informed Lawyering. o § Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾ # ⚓ Canadian_Government_Wants_To_Regulate_Social_Media_Like Broadcast⠀⇛ It’s Canada’s turn in the carousel of attempts at terrible internet regulation around the world. The ruling Liberal party, which professor and internet law researcher Michael Geist has called the most anti-internet government in Canadian history for its wide variety of planned new internet laws, has been working for months on a bill to amend the Broadcasting Act and greatly broaden its scope, giving the CRTC (Canada’s counterpart to the FCC) authority over all kinds of online video and audio. o § Digital Restrictions (DRM)⠀➾ # ⚓ San_Jose,_California_Federal_Jury_Convicts_Former_Netflix Executive_of_Receiving_Bribes_and_Kickbacks_from_Companies Contracting_with_Netflix,_DOJ_Reports⠀⇛ “Not only did Mr. Kail deprive Netflix of its money and resources by abusing his position as VP of IT Operations, he created a pay-to-play environment whereby he stole the opportunity to work with an industry pioneer from honest, hardworking, Silicon Valley companies,” said FBI Special Agent in Charge Craig D. Fair. “Bribes and kickback schemes, such as those facilitated by Mr. Kail, undermine the fabric of competition in Silicon Valley, and the FBI will aggressively pursue anyone who attempts to criminally exploit their position for personal gain.” “High-ranking corporate officials hold positions of trust not only in their companies, but also in the eyes of the public,” said Michael Daniels, Acting Special Agent in Charge IRS Criminal Investigation. “That trust is broken when such officials abuse their power and commit crimes to unjustly enrich themselves.” According to the evidence presented at trial to the federal jury, Kail, 49, of Los Gatos, was employed at Netflix as the Vice President in charge of IT Operations from 2011 until July 2014. In this position, Kail owed Netflix his honest services. Netflix prohibited conflicts of interest by its employees in its Code of Ethics and its “Culture Deck,” which required disclosure of actual or apparent conflicts of interest and reporting gifts from people or entities seeking to sell to the company. As Netflix’s Vice President of IT Operations, Kail approved the contracts to purchase IT products and services from smaller outside vendor companies and authorized their payments. The evidence demonstrated that Kail accepted bribes in ‘kickbacks’ from nine tech companies providing products or services to Netflix. In exchange, Kail approved millions of dollars in contracts for goods and services to be provided to Netflix. Kail ultimately received over $500,000 and stock options from these outside companies. He used his kickback payments to pay personal expenses and to buy a home in Los Gatos, California in the name of a family trust. o § Monopolies⠀➾ # ⚓ FOSS_Patents:_Apple_raised_its_effective_App_Store commission_rate_in_certain_geographic_markets_to_ (respectively)_31.4%,_32.1%,_and_35.25%_in_September⠀⇛ After this post, I’ll (have to) take a break from blogging about App Store antitrust matters for a few weeks or maybe even months, as I’ll explain further below. Before I do that, I’m going to share several thoughts and pieces of information in this post. [...] The ability to increase prices without losing market share is characteristic of a monopolist. Sometimes, monopolies are identifiable just on that basis. In those cases where a monopolist could have increased prices, but did not do so, a SSNIP test is performed by economists on a hypothetical basis (such as by conducting a survey): Small but Significant Non-transitory Increase in Price. Generally, “small but significant” means 5%-10%, and plaintiffs often argue that they can establish even greater market power than what it takes to command a 10% increase. Epic’s examples all make sense. It’s true that Apple extended the scope of applicability of the 30% commission (the Small Business Program just came recently for antitrust reasons and has nothing to do with market dynamics whatsoever) to other types of payments, as the testimony in this case confirms. Search Ads are indeed another indirect price increase, as many app developers pay for the discoverability of their apps on the App Store by promoting their apps above the organic search results that may favor a competitor–which in turn often forces the affected competitor to place Search Ads only to maintain the top spot. # § Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ Judicial_Court_of_Paris_halts_SPC_battle_between_MSD and_generics [Ed: EPO patents against generics or against access to medicines (which nihilists hate, they just want more monopoly and predatory pricing)]⠀⇛ In France, MSD is currently battling against Mylan, Sandoz, Teva, Biogaran and EG Labo. Recently, the Judicial Court of Paris issued four decisions. For now, the battle between MSD and the generics companies is on hold. All patent disputes are based on the national SPC for basic patent EP 07 20 599. The SPC protects the combination of ezetimib and simvastatin, on which MSD’s cholesterol- lowering drug Inegy is based. Meanwhile the SPC (FR05C0040) has expired. The dispute, therefore, focus mainly on the question of damages. [...] In all cases, MSD relied on Allen & Overy partner Laetitia Bénard, who is known for pharma litigation. Mylan and Sandoz both counted on Denis Schertenleib, who is regularly active in pharma litigation on the side of generic companies. Biogaran is a regular client for mixed firm Casalonga. Biogaran not only relies on the team’s litigators in such disputes, but also hires its renowned patent attorneys for EPO filing and oppositions. # ⚓ French_bill_proposal_authorizing_the_granting_of_an ex_officio_patent_license_in_the_interest_of_public health_in_the_event_of_an_extreme_health_emergency⠀⇛ In my last post I deciphered several fake news, which spoil the public debate about compulsory licensing, I then mentioned a bill proposal, introduced by Mr. Ronan Le Gleut in the Senate on April 8, 2021, whose I thought important to translate, so that it can feed the international debate on compulsory licensing following the current health crisis. It should be noted that the translated text takes up the proposals made as early as May 2020 in a Report issued by the de Boufflers Institute, and then those that were also made by a Collective Tribune of specialists in patent law and property law published in March 2021. # ⚓ Suspending_IP_Protection:_A_Bad_Idea_(That_Won’t Achieve_Its_Desired_Goals) [Ed: The patent profiteers misframe patents as "IP" and basically call for the bodies to pile up higher (COVID casualties) for the sake of corporate profits from monopoly pricing. How do they sleep at night?]⠀⇛ Demagogy is never pretty. When coupled with a species-threatening pandemic, the propensity for the pundit class is to be susceptible to solutions that sound reasonable only to the uninformed. To make matters worse, some of those “solutions” are proposed by actors creative in using the crisis to advocate positions that benefit their constituencies under the cover of (and preying on) the humanitarian impulses of global elites comfortable in both their privilege and ignorance. This is particularly dangerous where positions promoted under the cover of beneficence mask long-felt and deep-seated resentments over encouraging, perhaps heavy- handedly, a global trade regime mandating recognition of intellectual property rights in countries adverse to them and that have been successful in chipping away at them for the past 20 years. # ⚓ World_IP_Day_–_our_take_on_patent_trends_and developments [Ed: Conflating patents with WTO/WIPO propaganda like "IP", which is a harmful misnomer championed by monopolists and their lawyers]⠀⇛ WIPO member states designated the 26th April as World IP Day, to commemorate the day on which the WIPO Convention came into force in 1970. On a day set to allow consideration of the role of intellectual property (IP) in encouraging innovation, we reflect on current and upcoming trends in the patent litigation space. How has the patent litigation sector fared during the pandemic? Patent actions respond to long term commercial objectives and patent actions have remained stable in the UK patents court/ European courts, in spite of the pandemic. # ⚓ IP_protection_in_the_Southeast_Asia_region:_What_EU SMEs_should_know [Ed: Advancing the old lie that EUIPO and EPO work for SMEs. They just misuse the term to mislead the masses.]⠀⇛ Why is IP (intellectual property) protection important for European Union SMEs? Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of the EU economy. They represent 99 percent of all businesses in the EU, account for more than half of Europe’s gross domestic product (GDP) and employ about 100 million people. The positive association between economic performance and ownership of intellectual property rights (IPRs) is particularly strong for SMEs. SMEs that own IPRs generate 68-percent higher revenue per employee than SMEs that do not own any IPRs at all, according to the latest study published in 2021 by the European Patent Office (EPO) and the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) on IPRs and firm performance in the EU. As the study shows, IPR protection has become crucial to the success of SMEs, and it is thus key for SMEs to be aware of the value of intellectual property and of the best ways to benefit from it. # ⚓ Patent_prosecution:_FAQs⠀⇛ The Norwegian Industrial Property Office (NIPO) (known as ‘patentstyret’ in Norwegian) handles all administrative (formal and substantive) aspects of the grant procedure in Norway. The NIPO grants patents from Norwegian national applications and validates European patents granted by the European Patent Office (EPO) (for further details please see ” How are European patents validated in Norway?” below). The NIPO generally processes Norwegian national applications relatively swiftly, issuing a search report and written opinion (known as ‘realitetsuttalelse’ in Norwegian) within five to seven months from the filing date. In the written opinion, the NIPO… # ⚓ The_Public_Private_Nature_of_Patents [Ed: If a patent isn't legitimate, it should be thrown out, regardless of any private agreements.]⠀⇛ Patent law is a quirky mix of private and public law. Individual inventors and their assigns are granted private property rights and the freedom-of-contract to license those rights as they see fit. But, patents are designed to serve a public purpose, and the courts have occasionally struck-down private agreements that go too-far — especially agreements that frustrate the invalidation or cancellation of wrongfully issued patents. In Kannuu Pty Ltd., v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Fed. Cir. 2021), the question on appeal is whether an agreement between parties can enforceably prohibit the filing of an Inter Partes Review (IPR) petition. In the case, Kannuu and Samsung entered into an NDA that included a forum selection clause — choosing NYC Courts (Federal or State) as the sole arena for litigating actions or proceedings relating to the agreement. Kannuu shared substantial information about its patent porfolio. Samsung decided not to pursue any license agreement but did (allegedly) adopt the disclosed navigation/ search functionality Samsung Smart TVs. Kannuu then sued (6 years later) after several of its patents had issued in NYC Federal Court. In response, Samsung filed a batch of IPR petitions. The PTAB granted 2 of 5. Although Kannuu raised the forum-selection argument to the PTAB, the PTAB did “declined to consider the merits of whether the FSC barred Samsung’s petitions.” Kannuu brief. Back in court, the district court refused to issue an anti-IPR injunction — holding that the forum selection clause did not exclude IPR filings. # ⚓ Number_Of_Cannabis_Patents_Granted_In_Europe_&_UK Growing_At_A_Quick_Pace [Ed: Patents are like drugs to stoned lawyers who never in their lives saw something that they did not wish to litigate over]⠀⇛ The worldwide explosion of the recreational and medical cannabis markets, and submarkets, appears that it will continue for years to come. New industries have been born, new mega-companies are growing and other new worldwide players will undoubtedly emerge. When new industries with almost unlimited revenue growth rates appear, the companies need an edge on their competition to survive the consolidations and mergers, to come out on top. Sometimes that edge is having and protecting their IP… with patents. An article from a UK and European Patent and Trade Mark Attorney firm discussed the view from the UK. It said: “Following high profile legalisation in territories around the world (for example Canada, some states in the US and limited medicinal allowability in the UK), industry and financial institutions are recognizing the commercial potential of cannabis… And where there is commercial potential, there will be a demand to protect innovations made to capitalize on the market. A quick search on a global patent database indicates over 7000 granted patents which include the word cannabis, including over 1000 in Europe and UK. However, given that recreational cannabis is presently illegal in many places (for example, most places in Europe and federally in the US), can you patent something which is illegal? Additionally, since cannabis is natural and has been known since ancient times, can you patent something which is so well known?” Active companies in news today include: Nextleaf Solutions Ltd. (OTCQB: OILFF) (CSE: OILS), GW Pharmaceuticals plc (NASDAQ: GWPH), MediPharm Labs Corp. (OTCQX: MEDIF) (TSX: LABS), Canopy Growth Corporation (NASDAQ: CGC) (TSX: WEED), The Valens Company Inc. (OTCQX: VLNCF) (TSX: VLNS). # ⚓ PATROLL_Success:_Defeating_Low_Quality_Patents [Ed: Many software patents being thrown out at PTAB owing to crowdfunded challenges]⠀⇛ In 2020, Unified Patents launched several strategic relationships with prior art vendors to increase the quality of the submissions for PATROLL. These vendors, Apex Standards, Techson IP, Amplified, Traindex, InQuartik, IPscreener, and now Google, have led to not only more submissions but high- quality prior art being announced against NPEs on a monthly basis. In 2018, there were 337 total submissions for various PATROLL contests. In 2019, that number dropped to 282. However, in 2020 that number climbed back up by nearly 40% to 389 submissions. [...] Of these 40 submissions, nearly half of them came from one or several of the prior art reports provided by the various vendors. By establishing these relationships with the vendors, it aided our searchers in finding high-quality art to defeat low-quality patents. PATROLL is just one of many tools that Unified provides in helping to improve patent quality. # ⚓ Unified_Urges_Federal_Circuit_to_Reverse_Western District’s_Prejudged_Blanket_Rule_Denying_Contested Stay_Motions [Ed: Look what a mess Texas has made of patent law; those cowboys are the best weapon against the legitimacy of the status quo, discrediting the notion patents are about justice, innovation, etc.]⠀⇛ On April 26, 2021, Unified, along with The Computer & Communications Industry Association (CCIA) and CableLabs, filed an amicus brief in re Vulcan Industrial Holdings, a petition for mandamus of a denial of a stay by Judge Albright in light of an instituted PGR (PGR2020-00065). In the brief, amicus argued Judge Albright has clearly abused his discretion by openly adopting a rule against stays that “smacks of prejudgment.” Here, Vulcan diligently filed a PGR two and a half months after the patent grant and just one and a half months after the complaint was filed, but the Court found even that aggressively early filing was dilatory, ignored the certain simplification of issues that the USPTO instituted on all claims, and applied an erroneous legal test despite clear guidance from the Federal Circuit and myriad district court rulings. # ⚓ EPO_oral_proceedings_by_videoconference:_44_amicus curiae_briefs_in_case_G_1/21 [Ed: EPO breaks the law, then rigs_the_courts_that_decide_on_it. People not happy…]⠀⇛ The ‘new normal’ at the EPO and more particularly plans to allow oral proceedings by videoconference even if parties don’t want it, have been leading to extensive debate over the last weeks. No less than 44 amicus curiae briefs were filed with the Enlarged Board of Appeal in case G 1/21, where the crucial referral question will be answered: “Is the conduct of oral proceedings in the form of a videoconference compatible with the right to oral proceedings as enshrined in Article 116(1) EPC if not all of the parties to the proceedings have given their consent to the conduct of oral proceedings in the form of a videoconference?” [...] In a ‘preliminary brief’, the Institute of Professional Representatives before the European Patent Office epi writes it: “considers that the question under consideration in G 1/21, concerning oral proceedings under Article 116 EPC, is very important. epi also notes that a number of questions have been raised about the operation of the EPO and the Boards of Appeal, not least in complaints to the German Constitutional Court. It is therefore, in epi’s view, essential for the European patent system to show that the Enlarged Board not only is but also appears to be a proper judicial body. (…) In Article 24(3) EPC, it is made clear that, if a member is suspected of partiality, this is a possible reason for exclusion. (…) In this respect, it is pointed out the President of the Boards of Appeal (…) and some other members of the Panel were involved in the drafting of new Article 15a RPBA and it is this involvement which gives rise to a suspicion of partiality.” The criticism is also voiced, in stronger words, in an anonymous brief by ‘A. Schauinsland’: “Manifest partiality of the president of the boards of appeal in case G 1/21 The president of the boards of appeal, Mr Josefsson, has decided to put himself as chair in G 1/21. The succession of facts mentioned above would impose that Mr Josefsson deports himself in G 1/21. Not only he is chairing the case, has contributed to the drafting of Art 15aRPBA2020, but at the same time he has contributed in rushing the whole affair by abiding to the bare minimum foreseen under R 115 when summoning to oral proceedings. In view of his attitude, there is not even the perception that Mr Josefsson would be not prejudiced, he actually is.” Apart from the preliminary document, epi also filed a ‘substantive brief’: “As explained in detail below, a thorough application of the methods of interpretation usually applied by the Enlarged Board of Appeal to construe legal provisions of the EPC leads to the conclusion that the conduct of oral proceedings by videoconference without the consent of the parties is not in conformity with Article 116 EPC: epi is therefore of the opinion that the answer to the question of law should be negative.” # ⚓ This_week_in_IP:_Albright_trial_lessons_revealed, Coke_diversity_policy_on_ice,_Senate_passes_IDEA_Act [Ed: A think tank of patent trolls is whitewashing a rigged court of Albright, whose sole objective is attracting patent trolls and not justice]⠀⇛ On Thursday, April 29, Managing IP revealed the top lessons learned by litigators while watching Judge Alan Albright’s first four patent trials at the US District Court for the Western District of Texas. Albright, who took up his position at the court in 2018, has fast become the busiest judge for patent cases in the US. Last year, 855 cases were filed in his court, 124 more than in the Delaware district court, the next busiest venue. One of the five key lessons that lawyers have taken away is that they need to give careful thought to how they prepare (and select) their witnesses. Syed Fareed, partner at Baker Botts in Austin, says the first thing to note is that Albright wants witnesses to actually answer questions in cross-examinations. “Judge Albright is very keen on experts and witnesses answering the questions that they’re asked because the jury learns through them, and if they’re not answering the questions, they’re doing a disservice to the jury.” Beyond that, private practice lawyers and in- house counsel tell Managing IP that parties should understand how to approach disputes that are broken down into multiple trials, and learn how to take advantage of Albright’s approach towards dispositive motions, among other things. # ⚓ Fed._Circ._Told_Albright’s_Comments_‘Smack_Of Prejudgment’ [Ed: In Texas the patent law/s or the legal system was reduced to a joke; it's not about justice at all, just aggression for profit]⠀⇛ Unified Patents LLC and others are urging the Federal Circuit to review Western District of Texas Judge Alan D. Albright’s refusal to pause patent cases during Patent Trial and Appeal Board reviews, saying that the judge’s statements “smack of prejudgment.” Filed Monday, the amici curiae brief backs Vulcan Industrial Holdings LLC’s April 15 mandamus petition arguing that Judge Albright created an “impossible barrier” for getting a stay granted after Vulcan had secured a post- grant review of Kerr Pumps Co.’s patent. Judge Albright said that he had based his decision on whether he could hold a trial before the PTAB issues its… # ⚓ 04/27/2021_Universities_are_the_most_successful_in patenting [Ed: Funded by the public to create private monopolies; this doesn't tell the full story and instead it misleads the public to manufacture consent for injustice]⠀⇛ In 2020, a total of 7,470 patents were granted or validated by Czech and foreign entities by the Industrial Property Office of the Czech Republic (IPO CR). Foreign applicants held 93% of them, and the remaining 7% belonged to Czech entities, that is, 525 patents. Among the foreign applicants, entities from Germany have long dominated, with 1,838 patents validated or granted in 2020. The United States of America ranked second with 1,304 patents. Among the Czech applicants who were patented by the Industrial Property Office of the Czech Republic, companies have long dominated. Last year, they obtained half of all patents granted to Czech applicants. This is followed by public universities that have obtained less than a third of the domestic patents and about one-tenth of the patents belong equally to public research institutions and natural persons. “Among the patents granted to companies, two-thirds of the patents granted were to domestic companies. Then the remaining third was the property of foreign companies.”Caryl Elias of Statistics Department says about CZSO’s R&D and Information Society. # ⚓ German_patent_firm_alliance_opposes_compulsory_video oral_proceedings [Ed: This intentionally overlooks the major blunder or scandal; the practice is illegal and the_tribunal_has_been_stacked_or_rigged_to_pretend otherwise; it’s an assault on the law itself]⠀⇛ For the European Patent Office and the Boards of Appeal, oral proceedings by video conference are an opportunity to conduct hearings without health risks during coronavirus. Furthermore, they are a way to prevent a severe case backlog. Initially, however, video hearings were only possible with full party consent. However, at the beginning of the year, the EPO and the Boards of Appeal changed this practice. In their view, too many hearings failed to take place, as too often one party did not agree to the video conference solution. G 1/21 referral to Enlarged Board A Board of Appeal has referred the dispute Andrew AG vs. Rohde & Schwarz to the Enlarged Board of Appeal. Now, the new policy is subject to a judicial review by the EPO’s highest judicial body. The court will clarify whether compulsory oral hearings by video conference are compatible with the European Patent Convention. The EBO will hear the submission on 28 May 2021, via video conference. Therefore, interested members of the public can also watch via video link. The parties involved had until 27 April to submit comments on the much-debated issue. A total of 22 companies, law firms, individuals as well as professional and industrial associations used the opportunity. In addition to well-known corporations like Bayer, Siemens, BASF, Philips and Hoffmann La Roche, various patent attorney associations also filed amicus curiae briefs. Among them are the associations of European, German and Swiss patent attorneys. For example, the Patentanwaltskammer (Chamber of Patent Attorneys), BDPA (Federal Association of Patent Attorneys), Vespa, the Institute of Professional Representatives before the European Patent Office (epi) and the European Federation of Intellectual Property Agents in Industry (FEMIPI). Numerous patent attorney firms also submitted comments, including Christian Menges from Munich-based firm Diehl & Partner, and French firm Plasseraud. # ⚓ Clean_energy_patenting_is_outpacing_fossil_fuels,_but experts_warn_it’s_not_enough [Ed: Well, patents do not solve climate problems and this EPO propaganda_in_the form_of_puff_pieces distracts and misleads the public for greenwashing purposes of a deeply corrupt institution⠀⇛ A new report from the International Energy Agency and the European Patent Office tracks the upward march of clean energy patent applications worldwide — and warns that it’s not enough. Driving the news: The report shows a resumption in clean energy patenting after a slump in recent years, and that innovation in these technologies is outpacing fossil fuel- related patenting. Why it matters: While aggressively deploying existing tech is a huge part of the climate puzzle, the report says that significant evolution and invention is also needed. # ⚓ Osteopore_collars_European_patent_for_next_generation bone_regenerative_implant_technology⠀⇛ The patent EP 3218019 A4 covers Osteopore’s process which involves combining a soluble magnesium salt filler with a suitable polymer to produce “smart” 3D biomimetic scaffolds without solvents or heat. # ⚓ Taking_Advantage_of_the_New_Purple_Book_Patent Requirements_for_Biologics [Ed: Completely missing the point and the societal harm of such patents]⠀⇛ New federal legislation will take effect this year that will require a reference product sponsor to submit to the FDA a list of any patents identified to a biosimilar applicant during the patent dance. The FDA is required to list these patents in the Purple Book. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)—and others in the industry—can take advantage of this new source of information by using it to identify (i) potential partnerships for licensing of existing IP; (ii) targets for IPRs; or (iii) design around opportunities for the development of new technology. The Consolidated Appropriations Act was signed into law on December 27, 2020. While perhaps most newsworthy for its provisions related to COVID-19 relief and spending, the Consolidated Appropriations Act (the longest bill ever passed by Congress) included several provisions on biosimilars. One of these provisions, Section 325 of Division BB, is directed to “Biological Product Patent Transparency.” This section requires a reference product sponsor to provide to the FDA a list of any patents identified to a biosimilar applicant as part of the patent dance (subsections (l)(3)(A) or (l)(7)), not later than 30 days after those patents were identified to the applicant. The FDA is then required to “include such information for such biological product” in a searchable, electronic format. # § Software Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ GE_Video_Compression_patent_challenged⠀⇛ On April 30, 2021, continuing in the ongoing efforts in the SEP Video Codec Zone, Unified Patents filed an ex parte reexamination against U.S. Patent 6,795,583 owned by GE Video Compression LLC (GEVC). The ‘583 patent is purportedly essential to the H.265 and AV1 standards and is part of the HEVC Advance patent pool as well as SISVEL’s video codec patent pool. # ⚓ Esmé_Swindells_Q&A:_the_future_of_medical software_patenting [Ed: Resurgence of the old scam wherein patents on algorithms are sought by misportraying_them_as_something_“medical”]⠀⇛ Covid-19 has rapidly accelerated the development and deployment of medical software as routine procedures were forced to go remote – but how can the developers of these platforms protect their intellectual property? Potter Clarkson senior associate patent attorney Esmé Swindells discusses how digital health founders can patent their inventions and her predictions for case law changes over the next five years. [...] ES: Work very closely with patent attorneys. For some of our clients we’ll have quarterly meetings and we’ll run through all of their current portfolios to see where their projects are at, but also importantly talk through other research programmes. Obviously patent attorneys know the law better, so they’ll pick up on things that might be patentable, bits of data that sound interesting. It’s a case of making sure, before you file your application, that you assess what the technical feature is and have data that supports this. It wouldn’t be enough in the application to just say ‘look, we’ve used this AI algorithm’, you need to demonstrate the medical technical effect. Data is key for getting patents through in the medical field. Something that’s obviously come out of AI is the in silico data, where algorithms are used in the drug discovery phase to target a particular disease. At the moment it’s a fine line between when you file your patent application based on in silico data and when you’re going to get in vivo data. We typically say to applicants not to solely rely on in silico data, and we try and get in vivo data before filing the main application. If you’ve got in vivo data in your application, the patent is very likely to go through to grant, whereas in silico data is unlikely to hit the sufficiency requirements at the moment. # ⚓ Use_Of_Artificial_Intelligence_Attracts Legislative_And_Regulatory_Attention_In_The_E.U., U.S.,_And_Israel [Ed: Software patents agenda and/or patent maximalism wrapped up in "hey hi" (AI) hype]⠀⇛ The European Commission is proposing new legislative rules aimed to promote excellence and trust in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The new proposal of EU regulation lays down: (a) harmonized rules for the use of artificial intelligence systems in the EU; (b) prohibitions of certain particularly harmful AI practices; (c) specific requirements for high-risk AI systems and obligations for operators of such systems; (d) harmonized transparency rules for AI systems intended to interact with individuals, such as emotion recognition systems, biometric categorization systems, and AI systems used to generate or manipulate image, audio or video content; and (e) rules on market monitoring and surveillance. The proposal’s declared purpose is to lay down a balanced and proportionate regulatory approach between the minimal requirements to address the risks and problems linked to AI, without unduly constraining or hindering technological development or otherwise disproportionately increasing the cost of placing AI solutions on the market. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Federal Trade Commission has offered business guidance on AI and algorithms, and how companies can manage the consumer protection risks of AI and algorithms. The FTC emphasizes that the use of AI tools should be transparent, explainable, fair, and empirically sound while fostering accountability. The FTC says that the use of AI technology to make predictions, recommendations, or decisions has great potential to improve welfare and productivity. However, it also presents risks, such as the potential for unfair or discriminatory outcomes or the perpetuation of existing socioeconomic disparities. # § Trademarks⠀➾ # ⚓ Amazon_offers_IP_Accelerator_to_Canadian_SMB_owners [Ed: Amazon trying to distract from its role in trademark dilution]⠀⇛ Amazon has launched its Intellectual Property Accelerator (IP Accelerator) programme for small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) in Canada. IP Accelerator will help SMBs secure trademarks and protect their brands in Amazon’s stores and in the wider marketplace. The programme connects sellers directly to a network of participating Canadian law firms, including Bereskin and Parr, Clancy PC, JZC Intellectual Property Law, Brouillette Legal, Chari Prenol Slaney and Turco, Kestenberg Siegal Lipkus, Palmer IP, and Ridout and Maybee. # ⚓ Amazon_Launches_IP_Accelerator_in_Canada_to_Help Small_Businesses_Secure_a_Trademark_and_Protect_Their Brands⠀⇛ Today, Amazon launched the Intellectual Property Accelerator (IP Accelerator) in Canada, making it easier and more cost effective for small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) to obtain trademarks, protect their brands and tackle infringing goods both in Amazon’s stores and the broader marketplace. # ⚓ A_titanic_appeal_sunk_by_an_ice_cube;_miniscule_use supports_an_EU_registration_and_UK_common_law_rights⠀⇛ Don’t be fooled: decision O/050/21 is not just another unsuccessful appeal to the UK Appointed Person (approximately 85% of such appeals are unsuccessful). Underlying the decision of the UK IPO O/315/20 are miniscule levels of use that can support a UK passing off claim and be used to maintain an EU trade mark registration, which should cause concern for anyone trying to clear a mark in the UK. Also, while in most cases where both registered and unregistered rights are pleaded, the decision on unregistered rights follows the decision on registered right, this decision did not follow that pattern. Belfast Gin Distillery Limited (Belfast Gin) registered the mark ‘Titanic Gin’ in relation to spirits and liquors and the service of distillery services. Danny Boy Label LLP (Danny Boy) applied to invalidate this registration based on a prior European registration of the mark TITANIC for ‘alcoholic beverages (except beer)’ and that the use of the mark would be contrary to the law of passing off. Belfast Gin put Danny Boy to proof of use, as the earlier registration was more than five years old at the date of the claim. It was not disputed that Danny Boy made genuine use if its mark, at least in relation to whisky, until 2011. At that point, the distillery supplying Danny Boy closed and Danny Boy had tried but failed to find an alternative supplier. # § Copyrights⠀➾ # ⚓ Go_forth_and_reimplement_your_APIs:_the_April_5th Supreme_Court_judgment_in_Google_v._Oracle⠀⇛ In 2010, when Oracle took over the failing Sun Microsystems and sued Google for USD 9 billion for copying parts of the Java API into Android, to many observers the very notion of copyrighting APIs was a novelty, if not purely absurd. Application Programming Interfaces could be likened to virtual terminals allowing programs to interact with each other. For languages like Java, this is crucial: they are only valuable if many programmers can freely use and improve them, and one cannot implement a language without the APIs. For this reason, Sun had taken no issue with Apache reimplementing Java and was similarly fine distributing for free its own open-source implementation. However, what may have been fundamental to software people, proved quite difficult to explain to lawyers. In his 2016 testimony in the Northern District of California, former Sun CEO Jonathan Schwartz attempted the following analogy: it was like having restaurants fight over rights to an arrangement of hamburgers on a breakfast menu, instead of competing on the product. Judge Alsup, despite having been a programmer himself, admitted the witness was making no sense at all. By the time Schwartz immortalized himself with the apparent belief that hamburgers belonged on breakfast menus, Oracle’s campaign had already been waged for four years – since the initial suit in 2010, it had seen a loss on grounds of patents, a loss on copyrightability, then a staggering win on copyrightability on appeal and now was being waged on the aspect of fair use. The jury sided with Google. The Federal Court again reversed on appeal, noting that verbatim copying of others’ work, to use it for the same purpose of function in a competing product, could not be deemed fair. The Supreme Court, already having refused once to hear the case after Oracle’s first successful appeal, this time granted certiorari to rule on the aspect of fair use. # ⚓ More_Fireworks_in_the_Copyright_World⠀⇛ The US District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania issued an injunction, on March 11, 2021, in PYROTECHNICS MANAGEMENT, INC. v. XFX PYROTECHNICS LLC and FIRETEK regarding the copyright protection of “command codes” in a fireworks system. Pyrotechnics Management filed suit July 24, 2019, alleging copyright infringement, tortious interference with prospective contractual relations, and unfair competition. fireTEK filed a motion to dismiss on October 15, 2019, and the motion was denied on October 15, 2019. Then, Pyrotechnics filed for an injunction. Pyrotechnics makes and sells digital pyrotechnics firing systems used to create complex fireworks displays, under the brand name “FireOne.” Those products incorporate the command and control protocols. ╘══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╛ ¶ Lines in total: 5781 ➮ Generation completed at 02:43, i.e. 173 seconds to (re)generate ⟲