𝕿𝖊𝖈𝖍𝖗𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙𝖘 Bulletin for Monday, July 19, 2021 ┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅ Generated Tue 20 Jul 02:39:58 BST 2021 Created by Dr. Roy Schestowitz (𝚛𝚘𝚢 (at) 𝚜𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚣 (dot) 𝚌𝚘𝚖) Full hyperlinks for navigation omitted but are fully available in the originals The corresponding HTML versions are at 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈 Latest in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕 and older bulletins can be found at 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕-𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 Full IPFS index in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔 and as plain text in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔/𝒕𝒙𝒕 Gemini index for the day: gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/07/19/ ╒═══════════════════ 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐒 ════════════════════════════════════╕ Previous bulletins in IPFS (past 21 days, in chronological order): QmTzjhticCFGYFAPo3w1Yq3BFKqFQ9wkJFVZpCGyhdTYVL QmYfnwQyndVxZ3RBdb3h4no9or9LCWC23rmnAoVKtd61oJ QmSYEW1u6GR4Sx7jgEkZS78bKjEJL8bqy2t755oHQ3bj9M QmSRn7cBREvv5Sqho2U2eunX9LJykgRJNP5fvyy2aQTNVf QmYbCajogMVPFtfaxpbYNPXsCH7YHu4RDrbTn1bwxoFpVL QmWmhZ87epJnat1eMJ4BeFyB6qzD9SSd15E66vFEpywPtq QmeUHDj1sX5kJUYKzH1rtAQ3jcDnWVSc1LmvbW2UUK6NTN QmePPsrpuxrE6PnrxmkA3jbTKbYiwWiedMUCPboaKPHHBs QmcRVoR1XjzcCzpn5UyNcwrYXdAFt3fqixYfrrAGViNk58 QmdBGK8LdfCQt4rspJT96gBBbngug2byT3KpFfQt6qa3UR QmY4VHLzjNBvzEEgkjf3doRJCKmAq2BLUG3gupEwUVi8Hs QmfNMqWu8z6BifWx7SHTnwkwPS8NvNcnUbt2GdTr6ZazWK QmU3szPaD1gndSfFaySqKiVtnfnnmYjzYaauJjTsoyYgQm QmRB1ZnRS2WAJMuiPnYoXVcJV7WtESbcBuRLpiE2o5MwDi QmcMy2eYQj3dYB5iBfncySYeUcrei7S78X54W21XPS5kLe QmNxnvJey55AAuFVenrZxVPSX76eF5wHTJH3VJBhafac33 QmTEc55i2525TPe47yzXhgGhNWewFBdj8FCkg3pJ7X8J9T QmYq2ZBtL883eCzUWS8dtrNRWXtEiJaBV5RgeXHMrp1Wqt QmZMMJb74WX7Ypaf2H127WPnDK2VpTcXakHN3ZXbrzvQya QmRGU5iwsjUHJB4EjXfazgsqgHzHK6412gKq55LburtW48 Qmd8WHahN5nzwDSCrEbZUPPxjJGgqkyDBtKNuMAVUn7FfC ╒═══════════════════ 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐗 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⦿ Chat Over Gemini:// and Potentially IRC or Document Drops | Techrights ⦿ Monopolies Cannot ’Decapitate’ a Movement | Techrights ⦿ [Meme] Web Sites and Capsules: Not Mutually Exclusive or Binary Choices | Techrights ⦿ IRC Proceedings: Sunday, July 18, 2021 | Techrights ⦿ Is Microsoft a National Security Threat? | Techrights ⦿ Planned Maintenance Tomorrow Morning (Short Downtime, Impacting Gemini Only) | Techrights ䷼ Bulletin articles (as HTML) to comment on (requires login): http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/advancing-gemini/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/decapitating-movements/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/gemini-and-http/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/irc-log-180721/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/microsoft-national-security/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/short-downtime/#comments ䷞ Followed by Daily Links (assorted news picks curated and categorised): http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/devuan-4-0-alpha/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/gnome-41-alpha/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/gnu-binutils-2-37/#comments ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 64 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/advancing-gemini/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/07/19/advancing-gemini/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 07.19.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Chat_Over_Gemini://_and_Potentially_IRC_or_Document_Drops⠀✐ Posted in Site_News at 7:05 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Video_download_link | md5sum e6ede34acb945e2a358e06b627e5537f http://techrights.org/videos/gemini-input.webm Summary: Today we take a look at means of communication over gemini:// or something that’s akin to Gemini ‘apps’; the protocol is sufficiently open-ended for some useful things that don’t overcomplicate or contribute to useless bloat Last month we explored the possibility of IRC participation over gemini:// (with our sights set on anonymous communication through my home server*). Someone has just paved the way towards this with a prototype at gemini:// chatroom.yysu.xyz/bin/chat0/, so we’ve decided to record a video and show how that works**. “Gemini isn’t hard. It just isn’t well known.”Here is the_announcement from the official mailing_list, along with project_code. Gemini isn’t hard. It just isn’t well known. █ _____________ * E-mails can be encrypted, but hiding source and destination of communications is harder (than PGP) and Tor isn’t something with a sufficiently low entry barrier (the NSA also tracks who downloads/installs it). ** Currently it feels more like a guestbook, not chat. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Chatroom⦈_ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⠛⠛⢿⣿⡿⠟⠏⠻⠟⠻⠻⠟⠟⢿⠟⠿⠻⠻⡟⢿⠻⡿⠻⢿⣿⢿⠿⠿⢿⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣇⣀⣀⣀⣿⣿⣘⣅⣇⣅⣸⣘⣸⣜⣤⣉⣄⣇⣇⣹⢄⣶⢠⣅⣨⣉⣈⣣⣌⢄⣆⣚⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡿⠟⠿⠻⠛⠛⠻⣿⡿⠟⠟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡿⠇⠀⣠⣤⣤⡠⠸⠿⣇⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣧⠀⠄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡟⣥⠄⠄⣭⣍⢻⣧⣤⠀⣿⠅⠄⠜⠻⠻⠛⠻⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⠟⠻⠻⢻⣿⣿⠃⠟⠄⠄⠟⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠟⠟⠟⠻⠻⣿⣿⣿⠛⠟⠛⠛⠟⠻⣿⣿⣿⠛⠟⠟⠛⠟⠟⣿⣿⠟⠻⠛⠟⠟⠟⠟⠻⠻⠛⠻⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⠆⠄⣿⣿⣌⣭⣅⡆⣿⡆⠀⢤⣤⣤⡤⠰⢻⡟⣧⣦⣤⣤⣤⣠⠐⠻⢃⣦⣤⠄⠄⣤⠀⣿⣿⣿⠃⠇⢤⣤⣤⣤⠰⠻⣿⠃⠀⢤⣤⣤⣤⠀⠻⣿⠃⠀⢠⣦⣤⣤⠠⠻⢫⡴⠀⢠⣄⣤⠄⠀⣤⣴⡤⠰⢻⣿ ⡇⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⡆⠀⢬⣭⢻⡇⠀⢸⣧⡭⠉⠉⠉⠛⠳⠀⠸⣬⡝⣿⠀⠀⣭⣼⣿⣿⢣⡆⠀⢬⣭⠹⣿⣴⢘⢫⡄⠀⢨⣭⡻⣿⠀⠰⢫⡆⠀⢨⣭⡛⣿⠀⠰⢸⡷⠀⢨⡝⣿⠆⠀⣭⢻⡇⠀⢸⣿ ⡇⣿⠀⠂⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠃⣿⠆⠂⣿⣿⢨⡇⠐⢸⡿⠃⠂⢤⣦⣴⡤⠐⢸⣿⡇⣿⠀⠂⣿⠟⠛⠛⢸⡇⠂⢾⣿⣧⣬⣤⣼⢸⡇⠀⢺⣿⡇⣽⠐⠰⢸⡗⠀⢺⣿⡇⣿⠀⠐⢸⡗⠐⢸⡗⣽⠆⠂⣿⢨⡇⠐⢸⣿ ⡇⣿⣦⠂⠙⠛⠛⠓⢰⠀⣿⠂⠂⢺⣿⢸⡗⠐⠘⣧⣦⠂⠈⠉⠛⠓⠐⠐⣿⡇⣿⣦⠂⠙⠐⠐⢐⢸⡇⠂⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣷⡆⠚⠛⠃⠛⠐⢐⢸⣷⡄⠚⠛⠃⠛⠐⢐⢸⡗⠐⢸⡇⣿⠂⠂⣿⢸⡗⠐⢸⣿ ⣧⡍⣿⣦⣶⣴⣴⣴⢠⡆⣿⣦⡆⣾⣿⢸⣷⣴⢠⡏⣿⣦⣦⣶⣶⣴⣴⢰⣿⣧⡍⣿⣦⣶⢄⣴⣾⢸⣷⡆⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣌⢿⣧⣦⣦⣦⣶⢄⣼⣜⢻⣷⣦⣦⣦⣦⠆⣼⢸⣷⣴⢸⡇⣿⣦⡆⣿⢸⣷⣴⢸⣿ ⣿⣧⣦⣴⣶⣤⣴⣤⣾⣧⣶⣶⣤⣿⣿⣴⣶⣦⣿⣿⣤⣴⣆⡴⠀⠒⠂⢘⠟⠛⠃⠀⣴⣶⣼⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣦⣤⣶⣶⣤⣼⣿⣿⣤⣴⣶⣴⣦⣴⣼⣿⣤⣶⣦⣿⣧⣦⣶⣼⣿⣴⣶⣦⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣼⣴⣶⣶⣶⣦⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 134 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/decapitating-movements/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/07/19/decapitating-movements/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 07.19.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Monopolies_Cannot_‘Decapitate’_a_Movement⠀✐ Posted in Deception, GNU/Linux, Microsoft, Novell at 5:30 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Monopolies will run out of money trying to kill off (or privatise) the movement 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Novell,_Microsoft,_Red_Hat⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Red_Hat,_IBM,_Debian_/_Ubuntu⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Canonical,_Microsoft,_Arch_/_Valve⦈_ Summary: Despite the ‘theft’ or the mass_plunder_of_projects (e.g. GitHub takeover), even at the expense of billions of dollars (with ongoing losses, both_financial and logistical), we keep coming back again and again like_a hydra “Microsoft is not a question of technology, since it is a_cult_backed_by politics,” an associate of ours asserted this morning. “Decisions to deploy Microsoft are not technological decisions. See Munich_as_one_of_many_large examples, but the same thing happens on a smaller scale, too. In Munich, Microsoft was able to override technological factors with politics and cult loyalty.” “15 years ago we wrote a lot about how Microsoft was infiltrating everything, including Novell/SUSE.”Alas, and in spite of all these setbacks, we’ve been making a lot of measurable progress over the years. 15 years ago we wrote a lot about how Microsoft was infiltrating everything, including Novell/SUSE. Microsoft had been doing this for about 20 years, so it’s nothing new! Half a decade ago it planted a flag inside the Linux Foundation. Over 10 years ago Apple joined the litigation club, in effect resorting to many lawsuits on several fronts. Oracle did the same. In 2014 we began focusing on the EPO (up until that time we mostly focused on the US) and a few years ago we explored the state of Free software amid corporate coups, including the 2018 announcement from IBM (taking over the largest GNU/Linux company). “Over 10 years ago Apple joined the litigation club, in effect resorting to many lawsuits on several fronts.”Last week Valve shook_things_up_a_bit and we’re cautiously optimistic about the future, seeing that some steps are made towards sharing, whereas reactionary steps are taken by dying companies that defraud their shareholders, violate the GPL, and try to own everything by unbridled aggression. It is a losing strategy. The community is a lot more agile and can endure these attacks, just like it endured SCO. There are some exciting projects and initiatives in the making. Some of them we’ve partly or fully embraced. Some we advocate regularly, Gemini for instance… The best weapon we have is patience and perseverance. We don’t have misled shareholders to appease every quarter; we don’t need to beg for government subsidies/bailouts, either. Keep morale high and keep coding. But still… know the enemy to understand the attacks. █ “Mind Control: To control mental output you have to control mental input. Take control of the channels by which developers receive information, then they can only think about the things you tell them. Thus, you control mindshare!” –Microsoft,_internal_document [PDF] ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⡤⠤⢤⣢⣴⣿⣹⣿⣤⣿⣿⡷⢬⠧⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡆⠩⡣⠫⠀⢼⡿⠿⣿⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢁⡔⢅⠈⠎⠙⠍⠉⠁⠀⠂⠀⡈⠊⢀⣀⠀⣲⠞⢫⣿⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡉⡡⡛⠈⠂⠀⢤⡤⠄⣀⠈⢓⠲⠄⠀⠠⡀⢀⠜⠁⢀⣿⣿⣸⡧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⢋⠾⠀⠀⡔⠁⢰⠎⠥⣀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣶⣾⣦⣅⣉⠁⠀⠛⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠙⠋⢠⠊⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣻⣿⣿⣿⡆⣀⣤⣤⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠜⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢂⠀⠸⢄⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣿⣟⣛⣿⣿⣿⣛⢹⣭⣽⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⡀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⢻⣿⠿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠈⠀⢈⣍⢀⣀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣯⣻⠿⠿⢛⣭⣾⣿⣯⣡⡨⢿⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠻⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣾⣿⣶⠿⠏⢁⠀⠀⠀⢀⡂⢏⣿⡄⠈⣿⣿⣷⣯⣭⣷⣷⣿⣾⣿⣾⣾⣿⣷⣄⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⢸⣿⡿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠛⠛⠻⢻⠲⠂⣀⣤⣶⣶⣝⣷⣳⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⣃⣔⢶⣾⣻⣦⠀⠀⣀⣀⡀⢠⣾⣷⣌⣩⣍⢀⣖⡀⢈⢻⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠨⠬⠭⠁⣨⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣷⣽⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣽⣾⣿⣿⡿⠿⠓⠀⠉⠉⠙⠛⠉⠀⠀⢹⣿⡾⢿⣿⣯⣿⠇⢟⡀⢀⣠⣟⠋⠙⣿⡏⢡⠾⠟⠛⠹⠟⠿⢤⢶⣂⡀⢴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢯⡻⣿⣿⣮⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠁⠀⠀⢄⠀⠀⡀⠀⡄⠠⠀⣸⣿⣶⢇⢟⣷⣷⡿⣟⠃⣰⠽⢿⠈⠸⠙⣄⠊⣴⣿⣴⣶⣿⣿⣷⣮⢠⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣫⣿⣿⣝⢿⣿⣟⣮⡻⣿⣿⢟⣇⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⣀⡀⠂⠀⠄⠘⠀⢙⠿⡏⣞⣎⢫⣷⣿⣿⠀⣴⢛⣆⢠⠀⣸⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣻⣿⣇⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⡶⣪⣝⡿⣿⣿⡿⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣝⣾⣿⣿⣮⣋⡆⠻⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠉⠁⠀⡀⣠⣴⡞⣾⣿⣿⡼⣾⣮⢿⣿⣿⣄⣮⣽⣿⣾⣧⣿⣿⡷⣶⣶⣴⣶⣾⣙⣹⣛⡻⢿⡎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣽⣿⣿⣿⢞⢟⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣽⣶⠶⣶⣝⣿⣷⠀⠀⠅⠀⢀⣠⣴⣾⣷⣿⣿⣟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡽⣿⣷⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣽⣟⣛⡿⣵⣿⣝⣿⠿⢏⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⢫⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣻⢿⣮⠟⠉⣀⣤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢟⣛⣛⣻⢿⣽⣿⣓⡙⣿⣿⡿⣟⣛⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠆⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠇⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣯⣥⣬⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣽⣿⢸⡿⠿⣿⡏⠃⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣻⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⡻⣿⣿⣞⢿⣜⣛⣛⣳⡿⠳⣯⣻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⡅⣶⡐⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹ ⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠈⠋⣰⣇⣿⣿⢰⣶⢰⣶⢈⣶⣿⣶⡴⣶⡆⣶⡶⣶⣶⠶⢰⣶⢸⢰⣶⠸⣿⣿⣯⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⠯⢅⣙⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡸⡇⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣸ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⣩⣭⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡇⠀⠀⢻⣿⢿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣇⣿⡇⣿⣿⣤⢸⣿⢨⢸⣿⢰⢹⣿⣿⣷⡩⣍⡭⣭⡅⢰⣿⣿⣿⣷⣮⣍⣛⡛⣛⣱⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣼⣿⢸⣿⢿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⢹⣿⣿⠃⣿⣿⣐⢸⣿⣘⢸⣿⣀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣧⣿⠇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠱⢿⣬⣭⣬⣭⣴⣭⣿⣭⣾⣬⡩⣍⣴⣭⣭⣭⣬⣭⣭⣬⣭⣭⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡼⣫⡆⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠛⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣿⣿⣿⡿⣥⣾⣿⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⣀⡠⣤⣤⣀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣀⠤⣀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⡬⠭⢭⠍⠭⠭⠭⠭⠭⠭⠁⠉⠉⠉⠉⢩⠉⠉⠩⠉⠁⠉⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⢡⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠁⠉⠀⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⡩⢊⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢋⡕⡳⡮⢈⢗⡼⠀⠙⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⣤⣼⡇⢠⣿⣿⡟⣿⣉⢁⡞⢠⣤⣿⣿⣧⠘⣿⣿⡿⣇⡻⠋⠖⠆⠁⣁⣊⢰⣼⣯⡤⠴⢦⠠⢶⢒⡄⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠻⣯⣵⣾⡿⢿⣧⢙⡕⡁⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣹⣿⣇⡾⢀⠀⠖⠀⠊⣎⠐⠸⠯⠙⣩⣋⣘⣭⣊⣙⣒⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⡅⠀⣿⣿⣿⣧⣼⣯⣮⣬⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⢛⢿⣿⣿⡿⢉⠄⣴⣷⠛⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣷⣄⣀⡀⡰⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠇⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⠉⠉⢁⡶⠃⣺⣿⢟⡵⡃⠀⢨⣷⠀⠃⠀⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢾⡿⠿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠠⡠⠊⣴⣭⣿⣿⣤⣶⡁⠐⠩⠿⡠⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣟⣛⣛⣳⣖⢲⡞⠿⠭⠅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣅⣼⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠐⠀⠡⢸⣩⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣚⣾⣚⣗⣵⡿⣿⡿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢙⡿⣿⣷⠫⠉⠃⠀⢠⣶⣧⢿⣾⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠅⣿⠷⣪⡃⠭⢹⠹⠿⢭⢑⡊⠼⠧⠾⠎⠤⠰⠊⠀⠉⢌⣴⣾⡿⣿⣿⣞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣶⣝⢿⣿⣧⢿⣿⣿⣞⢿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⡿⠛⠛⠁⠈⠉⠛⠛⠿⠿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⡔⢀⠂⡒⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡆⠀⢰⡤⣬⠅⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⡾⣿⣿⣞⣿⣿⣿⣯⡻⣿⣿⡿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠈⠀⠁⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⡷⡹⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⡞⣿⣿⣟⣵⣮⠟⡈⣾⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣞⣫⣾⣿⡿⡿⢣⣽⣃⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀⠀⠀⢀⠄⠀⣞⣛⣛⣛⢛⡻⣛⣛⢟⣛⣛⢟⣛⡻⣛⣓⠿⣘⣛⢕⣛⣃⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠇⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⣿⠻⢻⣯⣿⢸⣿⣿⠻⣮⣹⣿⣿⢸⣯⠉⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣭⣭⣭⢩⣭⣭⣭⣭⣥⣭⣭⣭⣭⢿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣉⣉⡉⡉⠉⠁⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠿⠿⠿⠸⢇⠿⠿⠻⠇⠿⡸⠿⢏⡻⠼⣟⠿⠿⡸⢇⠆⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠿⠿⠹⠈⢾⣿⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣷⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣟⣻⠉⠉⠉⢠⣾⢿⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣥⣤⣾ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣯⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣛⣫⣽⣶⣿⣿⣿⠀⢀⣠⣽⡾⢟⡝⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠂⠈⠻⢿⣿⣟⢷⣽⡛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠛⠉⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣷⡌⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣄⢒⡒⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣶⠶⣷⡿⢎⠖⠉⢹⣷⣿⣾⣿⣶⣾⡷⠀⡠⠊⠀⣶⡔⣠⢀⢶⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⣼⣧⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⣤⣀⡼⠕⠁⠀⢸⡟⢻⣿⡟⠛⠛⢃⠞⢑⣶⠛⠀⠟⠡⢤⢤⡀⣀⡀⢀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⡇⠈⠉⣡⢊⡀⣸⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣇⣀⡀⡔⡁⣰⣑⠀⡔⠌⠅⢺⠷⠿⠌⡈⠃⠘⣿⢷⢦⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⡞⣩⣉⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⠇⠈⠁⢤⣈⠀⠀⠊⢡⣴⣿⣶⣾⣿⣶⣶⣦⣀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢣⠾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣡⠮⣀⢿⠟⣠⠎⠸⢺⣿⠀⠀⠀⡸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣶⣆⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣞⣶⡛⠛⠽⠿⠻⣭⠝⠛⣿⢻⣿⣭⡟⢃⠔⠥⣶⣿⣇⠜⠡⠀⠀⢸⣿⠂⠀⠀⢱⣿⣿⣭⣭⣭⣭⣿⢫⣭⣽⣷⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠁⣀⣰⣤⣤⣤⣂⡀⠀⢎⣿⠃⡷⣣⣢⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⠗⠠⠀⠡⠞⡴⢮⠀⠸⣿⣿⢽⣻⣿⣟⡫⣺⣭⣭⣭⡂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢴⡾⠠⣙⠍⠹⣋⣤⣦⡈⠈⢉⣶⣶⡾⠿⡿⣿⡿⡏⢉⡀⠀⢀⣠⣴⣽⣯⣧⣤⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢊⢌⣁⢀⢴⣛⡚⡛⢫⠛⠿⠓⢀⢨⠿⠗⠈⠲⠋⠢⠀⡈⣠⣴⢺⣿⣧⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢰⣾⣾⣿⣿⣮⣛⡚⣯⣿⣷⣿⡷⠈⠀⠉⠀⠉⠈⣀⣴⣶⣮⣻⣿⡾⣿⣿⣯⢻⣿⣿⣟⣭⣭⣿⣿⣿⠭⠛⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⠿⢛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣷⢿⣿⣿⣷⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⠀⠉⠉⠉⢁⠄⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣾⣿⣿⣯⢿⣿⣿⡿⣪⣻⡟⠝⣽⢸⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⡽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⢵⣞⣷⣤⡀⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⢿⢟⣽⣿⣷⣵⢛⠿⣾⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣯⡍⣯⣭⣭⡝⢨⣭⣬⢹⣥⣤⣬⣲⣾⣭⡻⣿⣿⣟⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⣿⣧⣿⠇⢸⣿⣠⢸⣿⢸⣿⡏⣿⣟⣵⡽⢟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠸⠿⠿⠟⠿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⡿⠇⣿⡏⣿⡇⢸⣿⠩⢸⣿⢸⣿⡇⠟⠀⠉⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠛⢛⣯⣷⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣧⣛⣃⣛⣃⣘⣛⣛⣘⣛⣛⣛⣽⡄⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⠟⠛⠛⠛⢛⣛⣛⣛⣃⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡟⣭⡍⣭⣭⢫⣭⣭⡙⣥⣭⣭⡝⣿⣄⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⣿⣧⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⡏⣿⡏⢵⣿⣿⣮⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣰⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠘⠯⠅⣿⡏⣿⣿⣸⣿⣽⣷⠀⣿⡇⣠⣽⡿⣿⣷⡹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠇⠿⠟⠿⠟⠸⠿⠀⠿⠇⡝⣛⢫⣭⣿⣧⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠛⠛⠉⣿⣁⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⢿⢿⣷⡾⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣬⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠩⢽⡏⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣪⠊⢀⢸⣿⠿⠿⠏⠉⠉⠉⢀⡵⢅⠉⠿⢃⡴⣿⡇⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠉⢹⣿⣿⣉⠉⢁⠜⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠤⠀⡠⠐⠨⠀⠸⠀⡠⠋⠀⠉⡇⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⢀⡀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⢟⡴⠃⠈⡀⠀⠸⠁⠀⠀⠈⠘⣈⣐⢀⣀⣕⠠⠞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠧⠿⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⣠⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡪⠀⠀⠀⢄⠀⠆⢠⣥⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣤⠀⠐⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢻⣿⣿⣤⣼⡄⠀⣾⠑⠠⠒⠀⠀⠁⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⡿⠿⣿⣿⣳⣾⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⠀⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⡿⠿⠿⢿⣷⣶⡾⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⢲⣶⣿⣿⣷⢠⣿⣿⠿⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣧⣤⣤⣼⡟⠛⠃⠀⠀⠈⢩⢶⣆⠀⢿⣿⣿⣳⠯⢭⣥⡸⣟⣿⣏⣟⣵⣭⡛⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡸⡿⢿⡿⣏⠀⠀⢀⣁⡠⣶⡬⣛⣿⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⣀⣀⣠⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣲⡄⠿⠿⠍⢉⡛⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣘⠋⡟⠃⢄⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⡎⣿⡽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣟⣿⣭⣭⣭⣿⡟⠻⠿⠿⢿⡿⠇⠀⠹⣿⣟⣽⣾⣮⢿⣷⢻⡇⠀⠐⢲⣶⢤⣿⣿⡷⠻⣷⡦⠸⣿⢤⡂⢋⡉⠍⠉⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠉⠉⢁⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢇⣿⣿⣮⢻⣿⣿⣮⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣟⣭⢻⣿⣛⣻⣼⣶⠀⠲⣿⠆⠄⣾⠟⢠⡒⣣⡅⣀⣡⣤⣥⣈⠖⢒⣈⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢯⣶⣝⣿⣿⣷⡝⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡋⠀⢁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⡅⠠⣿⣿⢧⢯⢾⢿⣻⣽⡆⠄⣫⣅⠡⡀⠀⣼⣇⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣧⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣟⣛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣫⣿⣿⣿⣮⡻⣟⣾⣷⣝⢿⢏⢪⣆⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠨⠄⠀⠀⠀⣠⣄⣾⣭⡜⣞⣦⢿⣿⣿⣇⢘⠧⣾⣆⣧⣰⣿⣿⣛⣿⡛⣛⣛⡿⡷⣿⣿⣧⣝⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠿⣳⣿⣷⣝⢿⡿⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣞⣛⣛⣻⣷⣾⡇⠈⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣴⣴⣿⡟⣼⣿⣿⣿⡼⣿⣧⣻⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⢿⣿⣿⠿⣳⡷⣿⣶⣭⢝⣘⣛⣛⣛⣛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⢏⣊⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢯⣾⣷⣿⣽⣿⡞⠟⠃⢀⣀⣠⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡽⢿⣷⡽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣒⣻⣽⣿⣿⣶⣿⣅⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⠿⠋⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⡟⣾⣿⣷⣯⣻⠏⣡⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣽⣶⣶⣶⣮⣝⢿⣿⣶⣜⢿⡟⣷⣲⣶⣫⣭⣛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣛⣿⣟⢋⡈⣉⣭⣭⣭⣭⣬⣭⣭⣭⡽ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⡏⢹⠿⣠⣾⢛⣛⣛⡻⢛⣛⣛⡛⣛⣛⣛⡻⡿⢑⣛⣛⣛⡻⢛⣛⣛⢓⣙⣛⣛⣪⢻⣶⣶⣶⣿⣧⣽⣓⠮⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡌⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠘⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣟⣛⣛⣛⣛⣿⣿⠁⠀⢰⣿⡿⢸⣿⣹⣿⢸⣿⣉⠁⣿⡏⣿⡇⢳⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⣾⣿⣿⢨⢹⣿⡏⣽⣷⡹⠿⠿⠿⠟⠛⣭⣭⣾⣦⣝⠻⢿⣿⣿⡷⣹⣬⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣽ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠻⣇⢸⣿⢻⣷⢸⣿⠛⡀⣿⡇⣿⡇⢸⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣇⣿⡖⢸⣿⡇⣿⣿⣷⡙⣾⢹⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠸⠿⠸⠿⠸⠿⠷⠆⠿⠷⠿⢇⡬⠸⠿⠿⠿⠷⠿⢏⠿⠇⡸⠿⢇⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⢏⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣝⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣙⣵⣿⡄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢟⣽⣿⣿⣿⡇⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠘⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠘⠛⠑⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠘⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⡄⠀⠐⣮⣿⣶⣶⣶⣭⡝⠋⢩⢞⢫⣭⣭⣿⣿⣯⣽⣿⣿⡄⡨⠊⣤⣷⡎⡉⠉⠃⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⢹⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠑⡴⢗⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⠉⢫⠞⢰⡦⠈⠀⠎⠄⡀⠄⡀⠀⡀⢀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⠘⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡻⡡⠊⠉⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢃⡕⠁⠑⠈⢀⠀⠘⠑⢊⣀⢲⠂⠅⡴⢠⠏⢨⡠⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⢀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⠿⠿⢷⣾⠁⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣷⣿⠀⠀⠀⡰⠀⠀⠀⠎⢭⣶⣿⣶⣾⣷⣶⣶⣮⡀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠠⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠁⣠⠊⢸⡟⠛⣡⠊⠠⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣝⣿⣷⣶⡔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⢴⠄⢀⠜⣱⣼⣿⣧⣜⠡⠀⢸⠇⡀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣭⣭⣽⣿⣛⣋⣯⠭⡿⠅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠌⢼⣣⣥⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢡⠒⡵⢦⠀⢸⣿⣿⢜⣿⣿⣿⣡⣻⣬⣭⣍⡂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⣿⣿⣟⢛⣻⣿⠿⠻⠛⡟⠀⠀⢀⣤⣰⣵⣿⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣧⡄⢉⠋⠿⢿⡿⠕⣘⢙⢷⠀⠟⠍⠙⠁⣸⡗⠀⡉⣠⣴⣿⣿⣯⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠨⠘⠚⠒⠐⠐⠂⠙⠛⠃⠀⠒⠀⠈⠉⠉⠈⠉⠈⠀⣀⣠⢾⣿⣿⣸⣿⣿⣯⢿⣿⣿⣏⣯⣭⣿⣿⣿⠭⠛⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⠤⢤⠤⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣧⢿⣿⣿⣯⡻⣿⣿⣿⡿⡛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⢘⠀⠆⠰⠀⠂⠀⠆⠀⠀⠐⠆⠀⢩⠉⠄⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣎⢿⣿⣿⡿⣪⣿⡟⣌⣾⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠈⡿⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣞⢿⢯⣾⣿⣧⣾⢸⠿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡆⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠇⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣏⡟⣛⣛⣛⡳⢻⣛⡛⢑⣊⡟⢿⣢⣶⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⢰⣿⡿⣿⣛⣛⡃⣿⡇⣿⣿⣹⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣋⣥⡾⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠸⠿⠿⠛⢻ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⠤⠤⠀⠀⠤⠤⠌⠐⢿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⣿⢻⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣟⣋⣊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⣶⣶⡐⣅⣴⡖⣴⣶⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣼⣿⣿⣿⡇⠿⢇⠿⠿⠿⢟⡸⠿⠸⠇⠿⠇⠛⢻⣭⣷⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⠿⠛⠛⢛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣫ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠐⠁⠉⠃⠛⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣷⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣛⣯⣵⣾⡇⠀⠀⢠⣛⣿⡾⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣷⣽⣿⣿⣭⣽⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⣯⣎⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⢷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠛⠋⠁⠀⠀⠈⠙⠿⣦⡙⠿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡆⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⢀⡤⢀⠀⢲⠂⠀⣀⣀⣄⠠⢂⡄⣠⢆⡴⢤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⠖⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠚⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣗⡪⠋⠀⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⢊⡔⠁⣠⠘⢒⠔⢉⢀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⠉⠙⠛⠉⢌⠞⠀⡇⣶⣾⣷⣶⣿⣿⣏⠏⡵⠋⠀⠒⠉⠠⠠⠀⠈⠃⠚⠶⠓⣀⢊⣃⡀⡀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣧⣄⢀⡔⠁⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠿⠛⠃⠊⠘⠀⠛⠠⣘⠀⠀⠠⠀⣀⣨⣤⣤⣵⣥⣁⣥⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠐⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⢂⢖⣤⣴⠏⢀⠎⠂⠷⠀⠀⠀⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣶⣤⣄⠰⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢈⡴⠁⣀⡈⢁⣴⡁⠀⠘⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠧⣿⣻⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠑⠀⠀⢀⡀⢀⠀⠀⠉⣹⠏⠉⠋⡩⠋⠀⠈⣿⣷⣆⠀⠁⠀⠢⡱⠀⣀⡀⠀⢿⣿⣟⢿⣿⣿⣿⢇⢯⣻⣿⠗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣟⠴⠓⣧⠚⠿⠉⣀⡀⠀⠴⠀⣥⠈⠀⢠⣤⣿⣿⡟⠀⢠⡏⠀⣈⣘⠷⣷⠀⣸⣿⣷⣭⣶⣶⣽⡺⣿⣻⣟⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⠱⠓⠀⢐⣥⣆⣴⣿⢿⠿⠶⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⣿⠿⢆⡀⢀⡀⣾⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⣀⠯⣵⣶⣿⡬⣭⡽⣧⣷⣽⣽⣀⠂⠀⠐⠰⠆⠀⠑⣀⣀⡰⣿⣧⣿⣿⣷⣻⣿⣿⣿⡟⢿⣛⣛⣛⣛⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣯⠭⣵⣿⣿⣿⣭⡁⠀⠀⣀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⡼⣿⣿⣷⡹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠋⠉⠁⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣷⠭⠛⠻⠿⠿⣂⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣷⣻⣿⣿⣿⣮⡻⣿⡟⢕⡎⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⣞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣫⢶⣄⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣷⣻⣿⢟⣵⣿⣝⡴⣼⣧⣿⣷⡀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⢛⣚⣻⢿⣛⡿⣟⣛⠋⣛⠷⣀⡀⢌⡽⣛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣥⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣶⣯⣼⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⡍⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣾⣿⡁⣿⣹⡇⣿⢰⡿⣷⢸⣷⣿⠸⣝⣿⢟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⢿⣿⡅⣿⣼⡇⣿⢸⡷⣿⢸⡿⣿⠘⢛⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠻⣿⠿⣟⣵⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣤⣶⣶⡆⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⢸ ⡇⠀⠀⣀⢡⣀⣀⣐⢒⣒⡲⢒⡒⣒⢂⡒⣒⣒⣂⣀⣀⢘⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢸ ⡇⠀⢠⡏⣾⣿⣿⣿⢸⣯⣿⢸⡇⣿⢸⣷⣿⠉⣿⠁⣿⢸⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿ ⡇⠀⣾⠁⣿⢻⣿⡿⢸⣧⡿⠸⣧⡿⢸⡿⣿⠀⣿⢀⢿⣼⢇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠿⣟⣲⣬⣶⣶⡿⠿⠶⠚⠃⠀⠀⠀⢘⣿⡷⣶⡝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠿⠷⢞⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢳⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⢸⡧⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣟⣺⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣉⣹⡟⠣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠯⡲⠋⠈⢹⣿⣿⠋⠉⠉⠉⠁⢀⠞⠩⠿⠻⢣⠯⣿⡇⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡏⠉⠁⠀⠉⣿⣿⣿⣛⠫⣣⡊⢤⠀⢀⠀⣈⠀⣠⢤⢠⡢⠀⡅⠀⠀⢤⡵⠅⠉⣿⡇⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣇⣀⡀⠀⠀⠿⠿⠿⣂⠕⠑⢀⡤⠀⠄⠊⠡⠀⠀⠁⣀⡀⢀⣉⣀⠠⠊⠀⠀⠀⠛⠇⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢇⠀⠀⢰⡇⠰⠂⢠⣵⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠜⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣧⡄⠀⠘⠀⢰⣆⠀⠀⠈⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡎⡿⠿⣿⡟⣴⣾⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⢿⣿⠿⣿⣷⣶⡆⠀⢀⠡⠤⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣏⣶⣶⣿⣿⡶⢖⣿⡿⠿⠋⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⣾⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⢣⣬⣭⣤⣼⡏⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣠⢶⡄⠈⣿⣿⣟⡾⠭⢭⣥⢾⣟⣿⣿⣧⣿⣜⠃⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⢾⣿⢿⣿⢏⠁⠀⢀⣀⠤⣶⢙⣚⣧⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⣀⣀⢤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣰⣆⡈⠿⠿⠍⠝⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢸⠛⠋⠢⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣯⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⠿⣛⣿⣭⣭⣽⣿⠛⠿⠿⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⢻⣿⣿⣵⣶⣟⣿⣯⣿⡆⠀⠐⢶⡦⢴⣿⣿⡿⠱⣶⡴⡺⣷⢄⡀⢋⡉⠍⠙⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠉⠉⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣷⣝⢿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡛⢙⣿⡿⣸⣫⣽⡦⠀⣶⡯⠃⠂⠿⠟⠰⢋⣡⠅⣀⣩⣭⣍⡁⠓⠒⣈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣣⣯⡻⣿⣿⣷⢝⢿⣿⣿⣿⢟⠁⠀⠈⠀⠉⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⢸⣿⣇⡟⡞⣾⢟⣯⣽⡆⢒⣻⡓⠀⢠⠃⣾⣄⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣆⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣐⣛⡻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣱⣿⣿⣿⣞⢿⢯⣿⣷⣝⣿⢃⢵⡆⠀⠆⠀⠐⠘⠀⠀⠀⠐⢁⣠⢤⣯⣿⡽⡽⣜⣿⣿⣿⡇⠸⣷⣾⣄⣇⢸⣿⡿⣛⣛⠛⣛⣻⣿⡏⣿⣿⣤⣙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣵⣿⣮⡻⣿⣟⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠷⣞⣛⣛⡿⣶⣿⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣈⡤⣠⣶⣿⣟⣾⣿⣿⣷⣻⣿⣎⢿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡻⣿⣿⣿⢿⣷⢰⣷⣮⣭⢛⣘⣛⣛⣛⡛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⠣⣨⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣳⣿⣿⣯⣟⣿⠹⠿⠀⢀⣀⣠⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡻⣿⣯⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣗⣒⣺⣽⣿⣷⣾⣯⡅⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⡿⠿⠁⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣏⣿⣿⣾⣝⣿⠈⣠⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣻⣭⣶⣶⣾⣭⣻⢿⣶⣶⡽⣿⣯⣿⣽⡿⣭⣝⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⠿⡟⢃⡛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣃⣋⣙⣭⣭⢹ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⢿⠟⣠⢸⡿⠿⢿⡿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⢿⠟⢽⠿⠿⢿⡿⠿⢿⡿⠷⠻⠿⢿⣞⢿⣶⣿⣷⣯⣭⣟⣳⠽⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡸⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣟⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⠀⠀⣼⣿⠈⣾⣿⣷⢸⣿⡇⣿⣾⣿⣾⣿⣷⣻⣇⣿⢸⡇⣾⢻⣧⣸⣿⡆⣿⣿⣿⣯⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⢋⣙⣭⣶⣬⡛⠿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣧⣉⣉⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣼ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠈⢿⡆⣿⣷⣦⣿⣽⣇⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⣿⢰⡆⣿⣼⡇⣿⣟⢿⣿⣧⢋⣾⣼⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣥⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠳⢬⣭⣥⣭⣬⣭⣭⣬⣭⣬⡍⣥⡩⣭⣭⣬⣥⣭⣭⣥⣭⣬⣭⢩⣭⣾⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⠏⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⡻⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣜⣵⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⢟⣾⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠹⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠛⠱⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠇⠛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣄⡄⠂⣆⣴⣾⣯⣭⣀⣀⡀⠘⣧⠖⠂⢠⣤⣤⣤⣄⣀⣤⣡⠬⡴⠻⠀⡠⠨⣀⠀⡀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⢱⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⢑⢔⠩⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⣡⠊⢌⣀⠐⠪⢊⣤⣤⢄⠘⡀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣼⣿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠠⡰⠃⠒⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢅⠜⠁⢀⠁⠀⠐⠔⠤⣀⠀⠂⠼⠁⡱⠟⣲⡁⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣹⢿⣶⣿⣿⡿⢟⣹⢎⠀⣰⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⢷⣷⣁⠀⠈⢐⣔⡀⠀⠘⠁⣤⣴⣶⣶⣾⣶⣤⣶⣅⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⢸⢸⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⡋⡨⠊⢾⣿⡛⡩⠃⠀⢸⠛⠀⠀⠀⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣻⣿⣶⣦⡐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢸⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠠⣠⠞⣡⣾⣾⡏⠚⠁⠀⡘⠈⡳⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⡿⣿⣿⣟⣛⡟⣛⣻⣯⡭⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠘⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡛⡔⠡⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⡇⢀⠐⠈⣃⡤⣄⠀⢻⣿⡷⣒⣒⣒⣖⣢⣳⣬⣭⣁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣀⣀⠸⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣾⢿⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⡌⡁⠁⢀⣨⢬⣛⣻⣀⣼⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣾⣜⣿⣽⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⣿⣿⣦⣔⠙⢍⣻⣿⣿⠥⠬⢹⣭⣿⡆⠉⠉⡁⠹⣏⠠⠄⣠⡄⣿⣿⡞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⠠⠬⠍⠉⠩⠉⠚⠓⠀⠁⠒⠐⠒⠂⠀⠘⠃⠀⠈⠀⠤⣾⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡝⣿⣿⣿⣟⣻⣯⣭⣭⣭⡟⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⡀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⡞⣿⣿⡞⣿⣿⣿⣞⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠆⠰⠀⠀⠀⡯⠁⠀⠧⠹⠆⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⡽⣿⣿⣿⡷⣝⣿⡏⢪⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⢐⡀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⡽⣿⣯⣾⣿⣮⡼⠾⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡆⠀⠀⠐⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⡿⣽⣅⣿⡷⣢⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡆⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠈⣶⣆⣶⣶⣶⣵⢶⡎⣶⢶⣭⣶⣾⢱⡶⡎⣵⢶⡍⣶⠶⢶⡶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠇⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠤⠄⠤⠠⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢨⡅⣿⢻⣼⣟⣿⢨⣿⣦⣿⢸⡇⣿⢃⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⡆⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣶⡄⡔⢀⣤⢄⣤⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢩⢨⣬⣭⣭⣮⣭⣥⣭⣬⣵⣭⣭⣮⣭⣵⠯⠭⠤⣉⣮⣭⣅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢸ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠁⠋⠈⠛⠘⠿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣟⣻⣽⣶⠀⠀⠀⠠⣟⣯⣟⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣾⣛⣛⣛⣻⣭⣵⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣶⣿⣿⣝⣊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⡷⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠟⠛⠁⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⣍⠻⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⣤⡤⠄⣤⣤⣤⡤⠀⢤⠠⢄⣄⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢤⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠳⣆⣰⣾⣶⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⠷⡡⠋⠀⣿⣿⣷⠏⢱⣾⣿⣿⢊⡔⠁⣶⡰⢂⠔⠉⠉⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢠⣤⣼⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⠛⢰⠞⠲⣤⣂⣸⣯⣭⣭⠙⠛⡛⡱⠋⠄⠘⠃⢈⢈⠆⠑⠚⠒⠰⢦⠠⠦⢀⠄⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⢀⡔⠑⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠀⠐⠊⡠⠿⠗⠀⡆⡈⠉⠀⠀⠀⣠⣀⣀⣥⣈⣃⣂⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠔⣹⡟⠛⣿⣿⣿⣧⣯⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⠄⣤⣤⠇⢀⠄⣼⡼⠃⠀⠸⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣷⣤⣀⡀⡰⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⢸⠸⠀⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣻⠿⣿⣧⣄⡶⠃⠀⠸⢏⡴⡃⠀⡉⢷⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⢾⠿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠊⠰⠀⠀⠐⠉⠁⠒⠙⠛⡋⣿⡆⠙⡡⠋⠀⢠⣾⣷⡆⠊⠁⠀⢀⠸⡢⡀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡾⣿⣿⣿⣿⢢⡞⠿⣿⢏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢶⡔⢲⣿⠷⡿⠗⠂⠀⢄⡘⠣⣚⡁⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⠖⠒⠄⠀⠀⢸⣩⡇⠀⣿⣿⣯⣚⣯⣛⣷⣵⡿⣿⡿⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠚⠟⠐⢀⣨⣈⣵⣾⢻⣶⣤⠘⠆⠉⡁⡀⣨⡿⣿⣟⠉⠁⠀⢠⣶⣧⢿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠣⣮⣮⣦⡏⣻⣒⣶⢶⣇⣤⣤⠀⠍⠟⠀⠤⠈⠀⠄⢀⡈⢴⣿⡿⣿⣿⣞⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣞⣛⣶⣿⣿⣿⣛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣾⣿⣿⡏⣿⣷⢿⣿⣿⣮⢿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⡿⠛⠛⠁⠈⠉⠛⠛⠻⠿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣽⣴⣭⡛⠿⢿⣿⠷⠉⠉⢁⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢧⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⡟⣽⣰⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡣⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣞⣿⣿⣟⣵⣯⠟⡨⣾⡟⣿⣆⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠇⣷⣶⡝⣷⣶⣶⡝⣽⡶⣦⡄⣶⡎⣶⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣞⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⢷⣭⣇⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣉⣉⣉⣙⣛⣉⣉⣉⣉⡙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢳⣿⢿⡇⣿⣷⣿⡃⣿⡇⠛⠃⣿⣷⣿⡇⡮⣻⣿⢏⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⢿⣷⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⣇⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⡇⠾⢷⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠈⢿⣿⣿⢿⣯⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣭⣭⣭⢩⣭⣭⣭⣭⣥⣭⣭⣭⣭⢹ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⡉⠬⣭⠮⢥⠭⠥⢾⡭⢱⡶⠿⣷⠏⠁⠀⠼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠐⣾⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸ ⠀⠀⠀⣿⢹⡝⣿⣦⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⠘⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⠿⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣤⣤⣤⣴⣾ ⠀⠀⣸⡏⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⢰⣿⣹⣇⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⠿⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⢀⣿⢸⣿⠿⢹⣿⡿⢸⣿⢻⣿⢸⣿⡆⢹⣿⡿⡸⣿⣶⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣿⣯⢸⣿⣧⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣺⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣶⣶⣿⢇⣿⠈⠉⠉⠉⠛⠛⠋⠉⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⣿⡇⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 426 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/gemini-and-http/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/07/19/gemini-and-http/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 07.19.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ [Meme]_Web_Sites_and_Capsules:_Not_Mutually_Exclusive_or_Binary_Choices⠀✐ Posted in Site_News at 7:31 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇gemini:// and http:// for information sources⦈ Summary: gemini:// and http:// (or https://) can work just fine in conjunction; more Web sites ought to realise that it’s worth the effort (porting over to gemini:// which is not hard at all) ⠉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠟⣛⣛⣛⣻⡭⠉⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢿⡿⢛⣛⣛⣫⣭⣭⣭⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢻⡏⣿⣿⣎⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠟⣛⣛⣛⣩⣭⣭⣵⣶⣶⣶⣈⣎⢿⡌⢶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⠿⣿⠿⠟⠻⣟⣹⡇⢸⡇⣿⣿⣿⣎⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢛⣛⣋⣭⣭⣴⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⢻⣿⣆⢻⡜⣿⣿⣧⠸⣛⠻⡅⢠⡄⢺⡄⣿⡇⢹⡿⡇⢸⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⡏⡍⢱⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⡭⣿⠿⣿⢠⡏⢸⣿⣿⣆⢿⡜⢿⣿⡄⣿⡇⢻⡈⢳⣘⣣⢨⣥⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣷⡸⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠿⣛⠻⡏⢻⠀⣶⠈⡇⢹⣿⣿⢸⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⡌⢿⡜⣿⣧⣾⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡜⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣧⢹⣿⣿⠛⣙⠉⡏⠰⠦⢹⡄⣿⡄⣿⡄⣧⢸⡄⣿⣇⣹⣼⣧⣶⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡌⢿⡜⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡌⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣇⢻⣿⡈⠿⠇⢧⣘⢛⣩⣧⣽⣧⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡌⢿⡘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢏⠕⠁⠀⢲⡆⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡌⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣆⢿⣗⡐⣃⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡌⢿⡘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠂⠀⠀⠎⢀⣴⣦⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣌⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡜⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡌⣷⡜⣿⡿⠿⠿⢿⠿⣿⡇⠀⠶⠀⠢⠀⣼⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣎⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠁⠂⠀⣀⠀⠈⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣡⣤⣶⣶⣴⣾⣿⣷⣦⣤⣴⣦⠀⠐⠀⢠⣿⣿⡏⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣎⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡔⠀⠁⣠⣤⣀⣀⠐⠂⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⢻⣿⣿⠃⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢟⣋⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠆⠸⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣄⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡘⣿⡿⢸⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣛⣫⣭⣶⠾⢟⣋⣭⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡎⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠠⡀⣄⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣌⢻⣿⣿⢃⣞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢘⣋⣭⣶⣾⠿⢟⣋⣭⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣛⣩⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡌⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣝⢡⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠸⠟⣋⣭⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⣋⣥⣶⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣶⡈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⣛⣩⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⠿⢛⣩⣥⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢛⣉⣤⣶⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣛⣛⣛⣛⣿⣿⣿⡇⣥⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⣋⣭⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢛⣫⣥⣌⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣌⠻⡿⠿⢛⣩⣴⣶⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⣛⣭⣴⣶⣿⣿⡿⠿⢛⣡⣤⡙⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠺⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡌⢏⣹⠿⢛⣋⣭⣶⣾⣿⣿⡿⠟⣛⣩⣵⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣌⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⡙⢿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣬⣶⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⣛⣭⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⣋⣭⣶⣾⣷⣌⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣉⠃⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢛⣋⣭⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⣋⣭⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⣃⡈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠷⢈⣉⣉⣉⡛⠻⠿⣿⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢛⣩⣥⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢛⣋⣭⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣛⣩⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣦⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢛⣩⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣈⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⣛⣩⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⣋⣭⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢛⣩⣥⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣦⡙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⣩⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣄⡀⠀ ⠀⣋⣭⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢟⣋⣭⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢛⣫⣥⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣦⡙⢿⣿⡿⠟⣩⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠆ ⠀⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠋⠭⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠛⠫⠥⠶⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠸⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠸⠿⠿⠿⠿⠆⠉⠴⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡿⠿⠻⠿⠿⠟⣿⣿⣿⡅⠉⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠻⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⣠⣤⠤⠤⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣽⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⡋⠀⠀⠀⣿⡿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠂⣂⠈⠙⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣿⣓⠃⣠⣤⡌⣶⣿⠏⣽⡟⢸⡁⠀⠈⣎⠻⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⣛⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣒⣢⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢨⠻⠿⢟⠻⣶⡬⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣶⣿⠗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣻⣿⣿⢿⣷⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⠯⠭⠭⠉⣀⡈⣉⣛⣋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⣠⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣷⣛⣉⣁⣉⣐⣂⣠⣤⠴⣶⣶⣿⡿⢫⣴⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡼⢫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠉⠋⠉⠁⠒⣾⣿⣿⡿⢋⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⢠⣾⠟⣣⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⡿⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠿⠿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠻⠟⠛⠛⠛⠻⠶⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠋⠚⠛⠛⠉⠛⠛⠛⠻⠲⠛⠁⠀⠸⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡿⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⣿⣷⣦⠀⠐⣲⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡞⠙⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠀⠀⣿⠀⠈⢹⠞⠙⣦⠀⠙⡏⠁⢠⠎⠉⢲⡀⠈⡷⠊⠻⠈⡷⠊⢳⡔⠙⣷⠀⠰⠋⠉⣦⠀⠙⡏⠉⠈⣿⠀⢠⠎⠉⢳⡄⠈⡷⠊⢻⡄⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣦⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⡇⠀⢸⡀⠀⢸⠇⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⢸⡇⠀⣿⠀⢼⠉⠉⣿⠀⠀⡇⢀⠀⣿⠀⢸⡄⠀⢸⠇⠀⡇⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣈⠉⠉⠈⠉⠉⠈⠉⠁⠉⠉⠁⠀⠉⠈⠁⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠉⠉⠁⠉⠉⠈⠉⠁⠈⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠉⠉⠈⠉⠁⠀⠉⠈⠁⠀⠈⠉⠁⠉⠉⠀⢀⣤⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣤⣤⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⢠⠄⠠⡄⠀⡠⠄⢤⡀⠠⣤⠀⠤⡄⠀⢤⡤⠤⡄⢠⠤⠠⡄⠀⣠⠄⢤⡀⠀⡤⠤⢤⠀⠀⡠⠂⠀⠈⠁⠘⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⠀⠙⠲⢤⡄⢸⡇⠀⠀⡇⠀⣿⠀⠀⡇⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⠀⢰⡗⠂⠒⠓⠈⠳⠦⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠻⠤⠴⠃⠀⠳⠤⠜⠁⠀⠹⠤⠚⠧⠀⠼⠧⠀⠀⠙⠦⠤⠋⠀⠓⠤⠴⠃⠘⠦⠤⠞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠻⠿⢿⣿⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣄⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⠈⣀⣍⣉⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠛⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣡⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣉⠛⠫⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢁⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 511 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/irc-log-180721/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/07/19/irc-log-180721/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 07.19.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ IRC_Proceedings:_Sunday,_July_18,_2021⠀✐ Posted in IRC_Logs at 2:27 am by Needs Sunlight 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_HTML5 #boycottnovell_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_HTML5 #techbytes_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_text #boycottnovell_log_as_text 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_text #techbytes_log_as_text Enter_the_IRC_channels_now =============================================================================== § IPFS Mirrors⠀➾ CID Description Object type IRC log for  QmTjXYLfiYee91r7WFgP2RQQ1fu6R2inU7FnwkUytc9QtT #boycottnovell 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #boycottnovell  QmRUgfeqnR68mWKwLyuxP41MjwWyTG6PpYdF4qCAMSJZwH (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for #boycottnovell-  QmZZBAE52he7iZQnPVWomkyn6FJy2PdejcGqFzdMzuQUEj social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #boycottnovell-  QmQH44N7R6V9cfsFjAnXFt1mkrKRD5UF3iUmHDdfZTe133 social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ (full IRC log as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for  QmRPxKgCRiTCe6cSqLGZBikt1BLSugRA5PEQ29Xavrk9zZ #techbytes 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #techbytes  QmeyfAQsc5H5Aghr4PeXhTesxBUVFT7oLsLbiQBvpF4nrA (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for  QmVEthSzCEmB9wqGYv3F5nwgAnaysXkokMqbqQCqHzBQ36 #techrights 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #techrights  QmQCXLhir2rtPBbTK3y76Ja6YeFmMFmJ31V28pg5ecfb8W (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇IPFS logo⦈ § Bulletin for Yesterday⠀➾ Local_copy | CID (IPFS): Qmd8WHahN5nzwDSCrEbZUPPxjJGgqkyDBtKNuMAVUn7FfC ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 625 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/07/19/microsoft-national-security/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/07/19/microsoft-national-security/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 07.19.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Is_Microsoft_a_National_Security_Threat?⠀✐ Posted in FUD, Microsoft, Security at 5:09 pm by Guest Editorial Team Reprinted with permission_from_Mitchel_Lewis 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Ransom_infection_vector⦈_ Despite entire industries and trade disciplines existing solely to manage Microsoft architecture and mitigate attacks against it, including a partner network consisting of 17_million+_IT_professionals, 99% of all ransomware attacks still occur on Windows. Meanwhile, Microsoft architecture, including its cloud services, maintains a monopoly on botnet, brute-force, malware, phishing, virus, and zero-day attacks just the same. From individuals and small businesses to enterprises and government entities with unlimited IT budgets, everyone standardized on seemingly unsecurable Microsoft architecture are being phished, breached, exploited, and ransomed daily with no end to this in sight. Not even Microsoft is safe from this digital blitzkrieg, hence why they tell us to “assume_breach”. This isn’t to say that Linux OSs and macOS don’t see these attacks on their platforms though; they have and will again. Long-term savings and productivity advantages aside, they just don’t garner the same level of attack that Windows does, nor are they as likely to get exploited at the same rate as Windows when they are attacked. Put simply, Mac and Linux have a smaller attack_surface and get to treat Windows like an umbrella against attacks due to its prominence in the OS space. Both of which are the two primary reasons why I maintain that the best thing that organizations can do to mitigate these attacks, for now at least, is to migrate away to macOS or a Linux-based operating system such as RedHat, CentOS, Ubuntu, etc. With the above in mind though and when also accepting that there is no aspect of cyber, economic, environmental, homeland, human, and political security along with the security of our infrastructure and natural resources, national security if you will, that isn’t intricately dependent on Microsoft architecture, this reality alone is more than enough to warrant a discussion on whether or not Microsoft architecture is a consequent threat to national security. So, is Microsoft a threat to national security? =============================================================================== In order to answer this question, we first have to address why Windows and other Microsoft services are being breached so often in the first place. We have to see if they can be faulted for this present state, if there is another causal problem that’s beyond their control, or if anyone with their market share is destined to be a victim of their own success and dominance. And to be fair, not everyone will agree with my assessment above or below. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇MalwareTech⦈_ For one and in response to a previous article where I suggested migrating to macOS and Linux to mitigate these aforementioned attacks, Michael Gillespie, and Marcus Hutchins (MalwareTech) seem to think that Microsoft architecture is exploited most frequently simply because it is the most prominent architecture and that migrating wouldn’t render you any less vulnerable. Put simply, they seem to think that differing attack surfaces are irrelevant to rates of exploitation and that macOS would be exploited at the same rate as Windows if the tables were turned with respect to market share. Meanwhile, I’m not denying that that prominence is a factor, at all, I’m just saying that attack surface is on the same footing as prominence and that other solutions with smaller attack surfaces will be attacked and exploited at a lesser rate with the same market share which they disagreed with. However, it is also my stance that Microsoft’s anti-competitive_practices aimed at obtaining and maintaining their dominant market share with low-quality products has further exacerbated this issue into what we have before us today; more on this later. Why this matters to the question of whether or not Microsoft is a national security threat is simple. By suggesting that Microsoft is merely a victim of its own success and that anyone with their market share would see the same rate of exploitation, they’re also absolving Microsoft of responsibility for the present state of threat. But by suggesting that Microsoft’s galactic attack surface is equally responsible with their dominance for their security woes and that Microsoft wouldn’t be in the position they are in now if they had quality products that didn’t have to rely on anti-competitive practices to maintain market share, I’m naturally shouldering Microsoft with their share of the blame in the threat posed to America’s IT infrastructure at present. One immediate problem with the prominence argument though is that those relying on it seem to resort to it in response to the suggestion of migrating to macOS or RedHat in an effort to mitigate attacks. If you really think about it though, this is irrational and shouldn’t discourage anyone from making the switch. Based on their own logic, Mac and RedHat users would still be much better off than Windows users so long as Windows remains dominant and continues to take all of the flak and function as an attack umbrella. That said, I’m failing to see how this argument is relevant to their stance, how it invalidates my suggestion, or how it could discourage anyone from migrating to Mac or Linux so long as Windows maintains a dominant market share. If anything, those leveraging this argument seem to be unwittingly reinforcing my suggestion of treating Windows like an umbrella; all of which I’m totally fine with. Another odd aspect of the prominence argument is that I have yet to see an actual post-mortem or a root cause analysis faulting the dominant market share of Windows as a causal reason for . In fact, Microsoft doesn’t even take the prominence stance. Instead, their root cause analyses focus on the attack surface, mistakes/oversights, mitigation steps, etc. The anatomy of a breach is never reduced to “They hate us because they ain’t us.” by people who are actually paid to do RCAs for a living as Hutchins and Gillespie suggest; if only it were that simple. Another major flaw in the prominence fallacy is that those invoking it are unwittingly implying that attack surface has no bearing on rates of exploitation or that the attack surface of each of these platforms is equal; which is bold to say the least. For one and given that attack surface is a function of the overall complexity of their infrastructure, no differently than ownership costs and instability, they might as well be suggesting that all platforms are equally stable with no variance in ownership costs; none of which could be further from the truth. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇IBM_chart⦈_ With Windows generating 3x+ the TCO that MacOS/Linux does, analysts can and do infer this is a reflection of disparity in relative complexity, attack surfaces, and stability because they all come hand in hand. Put simply, if one architecture generates significantly more ownership costs more to maintain over its lifespan than another, it’s rational to assume this is due to it being poorly engineered, consequently overly complex, and unstable; attack surface or otherwise. This is what software engineers refer to as software_entropy. And if they’re going to imply that attack surface doesn’t influence rates of exploitation then the onus is on them to support this stance with data and research. Just as complexity driving cost, instability, and attack surface is fundamental to engineers, so is a ballooning attack surface driving rates of exploitation. This is why engineers treat simplicity like their North Star. That said, great claims that run contrary to fundamentals and conventional wisdom tend to require great amounts of evidence; none of which has been furnished. On top of lacking a fundamental precedent, yet another oddity of the prominence fallacy is that it lacks historical precedent. It’s important to remember that we’ve only lived in an Information Age with Microsoft at the top. We’ve never lived in a connected world with another OS dominating the market, it’s always been Windows. As such, to say that this would be the case for anyone at the top is a conjecture on its best day. It’s almost scraping the barrel at this point, but yet another problem with the prominence fallacy is that it ignores how Microsoft obtained its dominant share of the market and why they had to resort to these tactics in the first place. Not only is it Microsoft’s modus operandi to rely on anti-competitive tactics to obtain and maintain a dominant market share, a monopoly if you will, they only have to rely on said tactics because their products couldn’t garner this market share on merit alone. Natural selection applies to free markets in that the fittest products will naturally dominate a free market. That said, the best architecture would dominate a market naturally and wouldn’t need to resort to anti-competitive practices. And if Microsoft were the best in class, then they wouldn’t need to be optimizing their architecture for lock-in while bullying or buying out their competition at every avenue as they are today. They wouldn’t need to implore their partners to “create_stickiness” by entrenching their products to further inflate switching costs. =============================================================================== All said, it’s safe to say that Microsoft is by no means a victim of their own success here so much as they’re a karmatic victim of their own anti-competitive practices and low-rent approach to software engineering; a digital Icarus complex if you will. There is much that Microsoft can do but doesn’t to simplify their products, shrink their attack surface, reduce ownership costs, reduce their rate of infection, and reduce the consequent threat that they present to America and the world. And to say that they aren’t complicit in the security threat that their architecture poses to America borders on the insane. But does the current level of threat that Microsoft poses constitute them as being a national security threat? Although I’m not an expert in this regard, those that are have a few qualifying questions in order to really answer this question. IE, in order to classify Microsoft as a threat to national security, threat analysts would have to ask if Microsoft’s undue vulnerability and inorganic prominence mentioned above is a critical threat to our cyber, economic, environmental, homeland, human, and political security along with our infrastructure and natural resources. Even Microsoft would claim that their architecture is detrimental to all of the aforementioned aspects of national security though. And given the extent of Microsoft architecture throughout personal, industrial, and governmental sectors and its rate of exploitation, it’s hard to see how Microsoft doesn’t expose all of these aforementioned categories to undue risk; a threat if you will. Further, there is nothing to suggest that a platform with a smaller attack surface won’t have a lower rate of exploitation with the same market share while fundamentals and conventional wisdom suggest smaller attack surfaces lead to lower rates of exploitation. And as a consequence of this, it’s probably safe to say that Microsoft and its architecture is indeed a national security threat in comparison to less prominent Linux and Mac alternatives. And given that ransomware and anti-trust has already been deemed a threat to national security, it’s not much of a stretch, at least in my opinion, to extend this classification to Microsoft when considering their history with anti-trust and monopoly on exploitation. Nor is it a stretch to suggest migrating onto modern platforms rather than crying about it to the competition exploiting weaknesses; no differently than we do with other critical infrastructure. This is why we rely on nuclear subs now instead of wooden ships. It’s not a coincidence that the same countries exploiting the US as a whole, China and Russia, are the same countries moving to Linux as I’m typing this. It’s not just about cost-savings and productivity for justifying this move though. And mitigating the risk that Microsoft architecture poses to their national security also happens to be a primary motivating force behind their migrations. Maybe they understand something about Microsoft architecture that America is still slow to realize? I digress, but even if my assessment above is wrong, prominence is all that matters, and Microsoft isn’t a national security threat, individuals and organizations alike are still better off abandoning the Microsoft ecosystem on any scale in favor of more modern alternatives for the foreseeable future. Although Microsoft gets a lot of criticism for the low quality of their products, hence the persistent updates (552 in 2021 thus far) and a revolving door of CVEs, few seem to see the genius behind them. Microsoft doesn’t need to maximize quality or even compete on that field of play when they can render entire organizations dependent on products of less quality. Because of this, organizations relying on Windows will have a hell of a time migrating away from Windows and the rest of the Microsoft ecosystem which means that they’re naturally going to drag their toes in doing so; the bigger they are, the slower any attempt at a migration will go. In turn, this means that there is plenty of time for those that can easily migrate away from the madness and insecurity of the Microsoft ecosystem as a means of sheltering themselves from a barrage of attacks safely in the shadow of Microsoft for the time being. █ ⣟⠟⠛⡋⢻⠟⡟⢻⠟⠟⡟⠛⠛⠟⢿⠟⠟⡟⢿⡏⢻⠟⠿⡟⠟⢿⢻⠻⠻⢿⢿⡿⢻⠛⡿⢻⠛⢿⡟⠛⠟⠹⠻⠟⠟⠻⠻⠟⢹⡏⠻⢻⢻⠿⡟⢻⠟⠿⢻⠛⡟⠻⠻⠿⠟⠟⠿⠿⠛⡛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣴⣤⣧⣿⣤⣤⣽⣥⣔⣸⣤⣯⣦⣴⣧⣧⣧⣼⣧⣿⣤⣴⣼⣤⣾⣃⣦⣥⣮⣼⣧⣴⣤⣦⣼⣼⣼⣧⣼⣼⣧⣤⣬⣥⣥⣤⣬⣼⣧⣥⣂⣿⣼⣧⣼⣼⣤⣴⣬⣦⣧⣧⣴⣴⣤⣤⣿⣤⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢟⣋⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⡛ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣽⡶⣾⡟⠃ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠛⢻⣿⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⡛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢻⡇⢿⠦⠼⠇⠀ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣰⡶⣶⡄⠄ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢿⣥⣼⡇⠀ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣉⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢠⡤⣤⡄⠄ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠤⠤⠼⠿⢿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢿⣦⣼⡇⠀ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢠⣤⣤⡄⠄ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣇⣤⣼⣿⣭⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢿⣤⣼⡇⠀ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢠⣤⣤⡄⠄ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢿⣤⣼⡇⠀ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⠄⣿⣧⣤⣼⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢠⣤⣤⡄⠀ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢉⡉⣩⡉⠏⠩⡝⢉⡉⢋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣿⣅⣸⡇⠀ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣧⣈⣡⣎⣀⣤⣈⣁⣼⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣧⣈⣉⣉⣠⡆ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣤⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢿⣿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⡿⡿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠛⠛⠛⠀⠘⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢻⣿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣉⣛⣙⣛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣍⣙⣋⣛⣛⣋⣛⡛⣻⣿⣏⣙⣋⣛⣛⣏⣛⣛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣏⣙⣋⡉⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣙⣋⣛⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⡉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣙⣉⣋⡙⣏⢋⣉⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣏⣉⣉⣏⣉⣿⡇ ⠘⣿⡟⢙⠛⠛⠛⠛⡛⢻⠛⠙⠛⠛⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⢻⠛⠛⡛⢛⠙⣿⡇ ⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠉⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⡇⠉⠈⠉⠈⠋⠙⠉⠉⠉⢁⠀⠉⠋⠁⠈⣿⠁⠀⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡛⡟⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡷⠾⠶⢶⠾⣶⢶⣶⣾⣷⣾⣾⠶⢷⣶⣶⡿⣶⠶⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣇⠀⣀⣌⣀⣀⣰⣠⣀⣀⣰⣀⣀⣇⣀⣐⣂⣸⣀⣀⣐⡀⠂⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⢿⣿⢿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡇⣠⠉⠀⠋⠀⠉⣤⢸⡿⢠⡌⢸⠀⠀⡏⣤⠁⣠⢉⡀⢹⡇⠀⣤⠁⢠⢡⡈⣿⠁⠈⡈⢡⢨⡌⠅⢁⡌⠃⡄⣼⡇⡄⢡⠉⠀⢸⠈⢤⠈⠁⠈⢠⡇⢡⡌⠁⡄⢻⡏⠀⠁⣤⠉⣠⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣇⣦⣶⣶⣷⣴⣶⣶⣾⣷⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣷⣴⣶⣿⣶⣦⣾⣷⣶⣿⣾⣶⣦⣶⣿⣶⣴⣶⣶⣰⣴⣷⣶⣴⣷⣷⣾⣷⣷⣾⣶⣶⣶⣮⣐⣰⣦⣶⣶⣷⣶⣴⣶⣷⣾⣷⣴⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⠻⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⠟⠻⣿⣿⣿⢻⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡇⠴⠈⠐⢠⢰⢡⡤⠀⡆⡇⠀⡆⠁⡦⢸⣿⡇⣤⢰⢘⢐⠈⢐⠈⢠⡆⡘⠀⢃⠠⡆⡇⠀⢐⡈⣿⢸⠠⢰⢸⢸⠃⠌⢰⣿⢰⠀⡂⡃⠀⠁⡈⠁⡂⣿⠡⡆⠀⡆⣿⡇⡂⠁⡦⠁⣤⢰⠈⢐⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣇⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣷⣶⣷⣧⣠⣤⣾⣷⣿⣾⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣾⣷⣷⣿⣾⣾⣷⣷⣶⣶⣶⣿⣾⣶⣾⣾⣶⣶⣾⣶⣿⣾⣷⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣷⣿⣷⣶⣷⣶⣷⣿⣾⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⠟⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⠛⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡇⠶⠀⠹⢰⡈⢰⣿⢰⠀⠀⠀⢰⡄⡆⡇⠀⠀⠶⢸⣇⠸⠍⠀⠀⠀⢰⢰⣆⢃⣾⡇⢰⡆⣿⠠⡆⡃⠄⠀⣿⢠⡆⡆⠁⠶⠀⢰⢰⠀⠀⢸⣿⠰⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡆⡆⠀⠀⠀⢰⢰⠰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣧⣬⣼⣶⣾⣥⣿⣿⣾⣷⣶⣷⣾⣷⣷⣿⣶⣿⣶⣾⣿⣷⣶⣷⣶⣶⣿⣾⣯⣼⣿⣷⣾⣷⣿⣷⣷⣷⣷⣾⣿⣾⣷⣷⣿⣶⣷⣿⣾⣾⣶⣾⣿⣶⣾⣷⣶⣷⣾⣷⣾⣷⣷⣿⣾⣶⣷⣿⣾⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡟⢿⠿⢿⡿⠛⢻⠿⢿⡿⠟⢻⡿⠿⡿⠿⣿⠿⢻⡿⠛⠛⢿⠿⣿⠻⢿⢿⡿⡿⠿⠿⠿⣿⡟⢻⠿⢿⠿⣿⠟⠻⠿⠿⢿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡇⠆⠰⢈⣿⢰⢸⢰⡆⡐⠆⢸⡇⠄⠀⣶⠀⠲⢸⣿⢰⠀⢀⠸⣿⠰⠆⠸⠇⡁⠖⠀⠄⢺⡇⡆⠲⢨⢰⣿⠀⡇⣆⠠⢈⠠⠄⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣏⢙⢙⡋⠉⢉⢻⡏⢹⠹⠋⣿⢿⡍⠹⡉⠙⡉⠏⡉⡋⢹⠿⣏⢉⠻⠛⠙⡛⡛⠻⢛⡏⠏⢏⠛⠋⢻⡿⠹⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣴⣦⣴⣦⣾⣴⣦⣤⣦⣿⣾⣧⣇⣿⣴⣴⣰⣤⣵⣼⣿⣿⣼⣦⣴⣴⣴⣥⣴⣼⣿⣼⣼⣤⣦⣼⣧⣦⣤⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⡇⠀⠍⢉⢈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠉⢹⣿⠋⠘⡏⠴⠈⠏⠩⠁⠍⠙⣷⢰⠉⢋⠉⠋⢩⠈⠹⣿⡇⠀⠁⠈⡇⠿⠀⠩⠉⠋⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣋⣉⡛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⢟⣛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢛⠛⣛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠻⠿⢃⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⣾⡟⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠹⣿⠟⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⣾⣸⣾⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣤⣤⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣏⠉⠁⠘⠛⠛⠛⠺⠉⠛⠛⠿⠛⠟⠉⣿⠋⠈⠫⠻⠗⠟⠻⠏⠁⠛⠻⠟⠛⠛⢻⣿⡏⢹⡛⠈⠉⠩⠙⢿⡥⠉⠁⠛⠛⠛⠟⠻⠟⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡇⠸⡆⠀⡀⠀⢀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣯⡀⠀⢀⠄⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⠁⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣧⣤⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣤⣿⣾⣿⣮⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⢁⠈⠁⠊⠐⠈⠁⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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Planned_Maintenance_Tomorrow_Morning_(Short_Downtime,_Impacting_Gemini Only)⠀✐ Posted in Site_News at 8:12 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Summary: Impending network upgrades (optical fibre at home) will cause some disruptions, loss of productivity and a short downtime tomorrow, but hopefully this will be the last of it all Last week’s planned migration to optical fibre did not go ahead as planned; or could_not_be_completed. As a result, tomorrow morning we have another slot or maintenance window reserved (engineer appointment with Openeach). It hopefully won’t result in more than 30 minutes of downtime for Gemini; I’ll also be offline in the interim (IRC etc.) but much of the hard work is now behind us; the equipment is in place, it just needs to be properly wired and maybe the router will need to be reconfigured (maybe not; BT and Openreach give contradictory advice on that). Either way, let’s hope tomorrow will be more productive than last week. Many of these mini-projects, including the IRC Wars, have taken up too much time and effort. We’d rather focus on articles than all those technical details, but setting up fallbacks and contingencies can be just as important as producing new stuff. The investment in Gemini is already paying off. More and more people read Techrights over gemini:// because they recognise that simplicity is good, unlike complexity like Microsoft Office attachments and PDFs. All our software is in self-hosted Git (AGPLv3), but for now it is not publicly-accessible because further tidying up is still needed. █ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Web/Gemini,_PDF,_That_dude,_Anything_else⦈_ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢈⡁⡏⠀⠙⠡⢽⠈⢩⠁⠉⠉⣭⣿⠀⠀⢸⠁⠉⡉⠉⠉⠉⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣷⣷⣶⣾⣶⡾⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⢿⣶⢷⣾⣶⣶⣷⣶⣾⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡿⣿⡿⡟⣿⢿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⡇⠈⡈⠀⣿⡇⣿⠠⠘⠀⡇⢘⠰⣿⢸⣏⠤⠱⢸⢠⠀⡇⡌⡌⠁⠈⠀⡇⠆⢚⣿⢸⡟⠀⡇⢸⠀⢾⡇⣿⠅⠂⡄⡡⢘⠀⢁⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣐⣨⠐⢀⣇⣆⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠻⠿⠻⢿⠿⣿⡗⣿⠾⠿⡿⠛⢿⠿⠿⠞⠟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣠⣡⣤⣠⣠⣿⡇⣿⣄⣥⣡⣤⣠⣼⣼⣤⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢿⣿⣿⡏⡏⢹⡹⡛⢿⣟⠛⡟⡛⢛⢻⡿⣛⢹⢛⢟⡻⢻⢻⢻⢛⢻⢹⢛⢻⢛⢻⣿⢹⢛⢻⣿⢟⣻⢙⢻⢻⣿⢛⡛⡛⣿⣟⠛⡟⡛⡟⣛⣿⡟⣛⠿⣛⢻⡟⢛⡟⡛⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣼⣦⣷⣭⣿⣧⣥⣧⣷⣬⣽⣷⣭⣼⣼⣮⣵⣧⣧⣿⣼⣼⣼⣼⣼⣈⣸⣿⣼⣼⣼⣿⣮⣽⣼⣼⣬⣼⣼⣧⣧⣿⣧⣥⣧⣧⣧⣭⣿⣧⣿⣴⣭⣼⣯⣥⣧⣭⣯⣿⣧⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⡻⡟⡛⣛⢿⡟⣉⠹⣛⢻⢙⢿⢙⣿⠟⡻⢟⡛⣿⡏⡛⡿⡿⣿⡟⣻⢻⢻⢻⢙⢙⢟⣻⢙⢻⢹⢛⢻⢟⠿⣿⢛⡏⡛⡏⡟⣛⣿⢟⣻⢹⢙⢟⡻⣿⢛⡿⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣦⣧⣧⣿⣼⣧⣿⣴⠭⣸⣼⣼⣬⣿⣼⣧⡮⢅⣿⣧⣧⡷⣱⣿⣧⣦⣧⣦⣾⣼⣬⣬⣿⣼⣼⣼⣼⣼⡬⢡⣿⣮⣧⣧⣧⣧⣦⣿⣵⣼⣼⣬⣤⣦⣿⣬⣧⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡟⠟⣟⢻⠻⢿⣿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣶⣇⣛⣼⣸⣿⣧⣧⣽⣧⣯⣔⣽⣷⣿⣧⣿⣼⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠛⣛⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣫⡜⡇⣾⣿⣿⠿⠟⠉⠙⣀⡀⠀⠀⣀⣘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢷⣿⣿⣿⣷⡍⠋⠁⣠⣿⣶⡀⢹⡇⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⡿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⡟⠛⠛⠁⠀⡇⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠃⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⡿⡿⠿⠛⠛⠘⠙⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠻⠟⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡁⠀⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⢻⣿⣧⢃⡷⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⠁⡧⡇⣟⡌⡏⠀⡏⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⠅⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠉⠈⠁⠀⢿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⢼⡛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠁⠁⠁⠁⢡⣤⣉⣡⣍⣩⣍⣩⣌⣡⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡿⡯⣾⣷⡆⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠹⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⠟⠋⠈⢈⠐⠀⠰⠀⠄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠙⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⢿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⡻⣿⣟⣺⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠟⢿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣬⡈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢸⢸⡇⡟⣿⡁⣿⡷⠀⡎⣼⠹⢸⣏⢸⣧⣿⡇⡇⣿⣸⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⢱⣶⢲⡄⣶⢲⣎⢰⡶⢆⣷⣶⣶⣖⠒⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠸⠿⠹⠇⠿⠄⠿⠿⠸⠁⠻⠼⠸⠧⠸⠿⠻⠇⠇⠏⠿⠸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠻⠿⢿⣿⢸⣿⢞⡃⣿⢸⣿⢸⡗⢂⣿⣿⣿⠿⣆⣀⣀⣠⠧⠤⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠸⠿⠈⠁⠿⠾⠋⠸⠇⠀⠉⠁⠈⠁⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡶⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢰⢶⠀⣦⣶⢰⣰⠒⣶⠂⣶⢰⡆⣶⢰⣄⡆⣶⠲⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⣉⣭⣭⣭⣭⣽⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠀⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⢼⡄⡟⣿⠀⣿⠀⣿⠀⣿⢹⡇⣿⢸⢻⡇⣿⣸⡆⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣡⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡏⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⢖⣒⡛⡒⠂⣀⡀⣐⣐⢶⢲⣶⣮⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡌⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⢉⢸⣯⢸⡇⠸⢧⡁⣿⡍⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣽⣿⣿⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⠿⠟⠻⠇⢸⣽⣿⣿⣯⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠛⠸⠧⠤⠧⠜⠧⠇⠿⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣉⣶⣷⣶⣶⣮⣿⣻⣿⠿⣛⣧⢿⣺⣿⣿⣿⡟⢁⣤⣦⣤⣴⣿⣿⣷⡈⣛⣿⣴⣶⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠂⠀⠉⠃⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⡟⣱⠛⠉⠛⠉⠙⢿⣶⣿⣿⠻⠇⠻⣿⣸⣿⣿⣿⣟⡃⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠛⠋⠉⠉⠙⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣉⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠿⠿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⢋⣉⣉⣉⣁⡈⠛⠿⠛⠁⠈⣉⣱⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠍⠻⣶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣓⣒⠂⣐⣚⡻⢛⣛⡛⣿⣶⣶⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⡭⠷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠛⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣸⡇⣿⢸⣿⢸⣏⡑⣿⣿⡿⢿⠧⢴⡶⠖⠲⢼⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⢹⡆⣿⣸⣿⢸⡏⠄⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣴⣾⠿⠟⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠉⠉⠁⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡍⢩⡍⢻⠿⡿⣿⠿⡿⢿⠿⠿⠇⠸⠿⣿⢿⠿⣿⠿⠿⢿⠭⡿⢿⠿⡯⢽⠿⠿⢿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣿⠏⢿⡇⠹⠿⣿⢿⠿⣿⣿⡉⢹⠉⢻⢩⠿⡿⣷⠈⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠇⠸⢃⣼⡀⠷⣺⡀⠇⢸⠇⢿⡇⠸⢃⣌⠱⠀⠿⠀⡇⢸⠀⢗⠤⢉⠇⢸⠀⠿⠸⣄⠻⠀⣿⣿⡇⠟⠇⢸⠀⣇⠸⢖⣿⣿⣧⢈⣷⠈⣾⡀⠷⡾⠀⠇⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡙⠏⡟⣻⢻⠋⡛⡿⢻⠛⡟⣻⣿⢙⠙⡟⡟⡋⡿⣻⠛⡛⢻⣛⢟⢛⡟⣿⣿⠏⡟⣿⢻⡏⣿⡟⣟⢻⣟⣿⠟⣿⣿⡻⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⡿⣿⡟⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⢻⡟⡿⣿⣾⣿⢻⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢻⣟⣿⣿⢿⣛⣿⡿⡿⡿⣾⢛⡿⣿⡓⣻⣾⢾⢶⣷⢿⣶⣷⣾⣾⣿⣶⣷⣿⣶⣷⣿⣶⣿⣷⣿⣾⣾⣾⣾⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣿⣼⣦⣿⣟⣼⣧⣽⣿⣼⣵⣾⣿⣾⣥⣯⣾⣮⣧⣿⣦⣧⣽⣿⣮⣯⣾⣧⣿⣯⣽⣧⣯⣽⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣻⡏⣫⢻⢻⡟⢻⡟⣿⠛⣟⢿⡟⢻⡟⣻⡿⡻⢿⠛⣿⢻⣻⣿⢹⢛⢿⡏⡏⡟⢻⢻⡻⣻⠻⡯⣿⣿⢹⣿⢛⡟⢻⢻⡟⣿⢿⣿⣿⢻⡟⡟⣿⠻⣿⢹⣿⡟⣿⢻⣿⢽⠝⣟⢻⡟⣿⢻⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⠿⢿⡿⢿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣴⣶⣼⣯⣧⣼⣽⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣽⣇⣝⣏⣿⣉⣿⣿⣩⣏⣹⣯⣫⣻⣏⣹⢉⣯⣿⢾⣏⡝⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣯⣻⣋⣿⢿⣽⣇⣇⡿⣽⢿⣿⡿⣙⢿⣹⣿⡿⣋⣿⣹⡏⣿⣸⣸⣏⢿⣷⣳⣻⢯⡿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⡟⠻⢻⠿⠿⢿⠿⡿⠿⡿⠿⠿⢿⣿⢿⢿⠿⣿⢻⠿⡿⢹⣿⠻⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⢻⢻⡿⡿⣿⡿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡟⣿⠿⡿⢿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⠿⡿⢿⣿⢻ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣾⣷⣾⣷⣾⣦⣧⣷⣶⣷⣿⣷⣾⣶⣿⣾⣾⣷⣾⣷⣶⣧⣷⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣷⣿⣿⣼⣯⣿⣾⣾⣷⣷⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣷⣿⣼⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣷⣿⣿⣶⣿⣾⣿⣼ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣯⣾⣿⢵⢴⣿⣯⣿⣯⣧⣷⣧⣦⣷⣴⣾⣽⣿⣼⣥⣤⣿⣿⣧⣏⣧⣿⣧⣴⣽⢽⣿⣼⣾⣴⣿⣾⣮⣷⣷⣧⣶⣼⣿⣿⣽⣼⣾⢼⢴⣿⣤⣿⣿⣧⣿⣧⣾⣧⣴⣾⣽⣽⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣷⣽⣾⣼⣾⢿⣬⣿⣧⣧⣧⣧⣦⣼⣯⣼⢿⣿⣿⣥⣿⣿⣴⣿⣧⣴⣧⣔⣾⣿⣾⣼⣿⣴⣿⣠⣤⣧⣿⣧⣷⣿⣯⣤⣾⣷⣽⣼⣼⣾⣿⡥⣯⡧⣿⣷⣇⣤⣧⣦⣾⣿⣵⣼⣼⣤⣿⣿⣧⣿⣧⣿⣷⣧⣤⣾⣿⣿ ⣿⢿⢿⢾⣼⣿⣤⣯⣧⣿⣷⣽⣯⣽⣽⣽⣼⣿⣾⣤⣼⣠⣿⣧⣷⣧⣾⣷⣬⣤⣾⣽⣿⣼⣾⣿⣦⣤⣿⣧⣿⣿⣧⣴⣽⣾⣿⣾⣾⣿⣤⣿⣿⣾⣿⣧⣼⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣮⣤⣄⣇⣿⣷⣧⣷⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1104 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 07.19.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Links_19/7/2021:_Handbrake_1.4_Release_and_Devuan_4.0_Alpha⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 9:44 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o ⚓ 9to5Linux_Weekly_Roundup:_July_18th,_2021⠀⇛ This week has been slow in news and I was busy traveling for personal matters. Despite that, we got some very hot news, such as the release of Firefox 90, the Ubuntu Touch OTA-18 software update for Linux phones, and Valve’s own gaming handheld powered by Arch Linux and KDE Plasma. On top of that, we also covered the news about the release of digiKam 7.3 professional photo management app and Tails 4.20 amnesic incognito live system. You can enjoy these and much more in 9to5Linux’s Linux weekly roundup for July 18th, 2021, below! o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ Why_does_this_Maine_legislator_use_Linux?⠀⇛ # ⚓ Why_does_this_Maine_legislator_use_Linux⠀⇛ I had a chance to sit down with Maine State Representative Grayson Lookner, representing Maine’s 37th legislative district. He was one of the primary sponsors of Maine’s LD-1585 (also known as the Anti-facial Recognition Bill). It was really nice to be able to chat with Rep. Lookner and I thank him for his time. o § Benchmarks⠀➾ # ⚓ The_Importance_Of_Thermald_On_Linux_For_Modern_Intel_Tiger Lake_Laptops⠀⇛ Most Linux distributions including the likes of Ubuntu and Fedora have been shipping Intel’s Thermald daemon the past few years as it’s important to achieving good thermal/power behavior on modern Intel SoCs. For those curious about its impact, here are some benchmarks carried out with Intel Thermald or not when using an Intel Core i7 1185G7 Tiger Lake notebook. Thermald is Intel’s Thermal Daemon in user-space for interacting with their multiple thermal/power kernel drivers for proactively controlling thermal behavior using P-States, power clamping, and more. Thermal Daemon is developed in the open on GitHub and is specific to Intel processors. It’s relatively safe to assume the major Linux distributions are shipping it by default and automatically used on supported Intel systems while on some of the more DIY/niche distributions it is worth verifying its presence if you are using an Intel notebook. o § Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Open_Source_Video_Transcoder_HandBrake_Releases_Version 1.4.0,_Supports_10_&_12_Bit_Encoding_Now⠀⇛ HandBrake hardly needs an introduction. This is one of the most popular open source software for converting video files from one format to another, with several configuration options for advanced users. I know ffmpeg on Linux is the ultimate tool but that’s command line. Handbrake also utilizes ffmpeg underneath and provides a good graphical user interface for ease of use. Let’s see what’s new in this release of HandBrake. # ⚓ HandBrake_1.4_Open-Source_Video_Transcoder_Adds_Support_for Native_10-_and_12-Bit_Encodes⠀⇛ HandBrake 1.4 comes about a month after the release of HandBrake 1.3.3 maintenance update in the 1.3 series of the open source software, and it’s here to introduce a major functionality, namely support for native 10-bit and 12-bit video encodes, including HDR10 metadata passthrough. Of course, this means that you’ll now be able to open 10-bit or 12-bit encoded streams in HandBreak to convert them to another format of your choice. As most of these encodes are usually HDR, the built-in HDR10 metadata passthrough feature will come in handy as well, but the devs warn that not all filters will support 10-bit and 12-bit. # ⚓ Handbrake_1.4_Released_with_Apple_M1_Support⠀⇛ Handbrake 1.4 released with many new features and updates. We wrap up the release in this post. # ⚓ Best_Free_and_Open_Source_Alternatives_to_Google_Docs Editors⠀⇛ Google has a firm grip on the desktop. Their products and services are ubiquitous. Don’t get us wrong, we’re long-standing admirers of many of Google’s products and services. They are often high quality, easy to use, and ‘free’, but there can be downsides of over-reliance on a specific company. For example, there are concerns about their privacy policies, business practices, and an almost insatiable desire to control all of our data, all of the time. What if you are looking to move away from Google and embark on a new world of online freedom, where you are not constantly tracked, monetised and attached to Google’s ecosystem. In this series, we explore how you can migrate from Google without missing out on anything. We’ll recommend open source solutions. # ⚓ Meet_Clapper:_A_Sleek_Looking_Linux_Video_Player_for Minimalists⠀⇛ Love minimalism? You’ll love Clapper. Clapper is a new video player for Linux. Actually, it’s more for GNOME than Linux. Built on top of GNOME’s JavaScript library and GTK4 toolkit, it blends naturally in the GNOME desktop environment. It uses GStreamer for media backend and OpenGL for rendering. I like application with minimalist approach. While VLC is the Swiss Knife of media players, I prefer MPV player for the sleek, minimal interface. And now I think I am going to stick with Clapper for sometime. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ We_update_our_content_and_website⠀⇛ However, this time, we do not only update single articles one after another, but started to restructure our website and the whole content. Restructuring our website means that some content is unavailable at the moment. It also means that some links may not work anymore. The missing content will be back soon. # ⚓ How_to_Easily_Install_Vim_plugins⠀⇛ Most Linux distribution is now preinstalled with VIM 8+ version. Vim 8 has built support for packages. You can now easily install Vim plugins with this added support. Package support helps to add, update, remove and manage packages. Vim can natively load third-party packages without the help of any plugin manager. In this tutorial, you learn how to install Vim plugins manually and using a plugin manager. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Latest_PHP_8.0_on_Rocky_Linux_8⠀⇛ PHP 8.0 was officially released back on November 26, 2020, and is a major update to PHP 7.4. At the time of publishing this guide, the latest stable release is PHP 8.0.8, which was released on July 1, 2021. # ⚓ How_to_install_Rocket.chat_with_nginx_reverse_proxy_on Ubuntu_20.04_–_VITUX⠀⇛ If you are searching for an open-source self-hosted chat platform then Rocketchat can be the best option. Rocket chat can be used as an alternative to different communication channels such as slack, mattermost etc. Rocket chat comes with different features such as group chats, video conferencing, and you can integrate live chat with other platforms. In this article, we will learn how to set up a self-hosted Rocketchat system with let’s encrypt SSL certificates. # ⚓ How_to_make_your_Ubuntu_Desktop_look_like_Windows_11_– Techzim⠀⇛ Although my laptop is more than capable of running Windows 11 that is never going to happen. While Windows 11 is no doubt an awesome operating system with stunning visuals and very impressive under the hood improvements I stopped dual-booting many years ago. That was after discovering that the only time I was booting into Windows was to install updates. But this weekend I did something Windows related. A friend of mine who is a gamer challenged me. I am always telling people about the malleability of Linux and how you can make it look like anything including Windows 11. He wanted me to make my Desktop, yes running Ubuntu if you haven’t already guessed, look like Windows 11. So I went to work and the results surprised both of us. You can indeed make Ubuntu look like Windows 11. # ⚓ Kali_Linux_on_VirtualBox:_A_Step-by-Step_Installation Guide⠀⇛ This step by step tutorial will show you and guide you through all the steps on how to install Kali Linux on VirtualBox. Kali Linux is mainly used for advanced penetration testing and security auditing. It is a Debian based rolling release Linux distribution that specifically caters to the likes of network analysts and penetration testers. The main aspects of Kali Linux is its pre-installed security tool suite that can be used for a variety of cyber- security purposes. This guide is about how to install Kali Linux on VirtualBox, allowing you to have a Kali VM. VirtualBox is a free, open-source and cross- platform virtualization software that creates a virtual machines on top of your OS. # ⚓ How_To_Install_Zenmap_on_Ubuntu_20.04_LTS_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install Zenmap on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. For those of you who didn’t know, Zenmap is the official cross-platform GUI for the Nmap Security Scanner. The main difference between Zenmap and Nmap tools is its graphical interface, which can be suitable for beginners or speed up the work process. This means that you can simply scan graphically without using a Linux terminal. It is free and runs on Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, etc. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you the step-by-step installation of the Zenmap Nmap GUI on Ubuntu 20.04 (Focal Fossa). You can follow the same instructions for Ubuntu 18.04, 16.04, and any other Debian-based distribution like Linux Mint. # ⚓ 10_Apt_Command_Examples_You_Must_Know⠀⇛ The apt is the most powerful command-line utility for managing the packages such as installing packages, updating package info, upgrading packages as well as Linux kernel, and removing unused packages in the Linux Debian family. The apt command is a CLI package managing tool that is a combination of apt-get and apt-cache which is more structured and advanced Aside from installing, updating, and deleting packages, apt command has other features also. In this article, we will be discussing ten apt commands you must know with their examples. To demonstrate these examples I have used the Ubuntu 20.04 LTS system. # ⚓ How_to_Remove_Directory_in_Linux_by_command_and_GUI_Guide 2021⠀⇛ Are you a new user of Linux OR You are trying to delete a directory in Linux, and getting error “Directory is not empty” Don’t worry anymore. This article will help learn “How to remove directory in Linux step by step by using a command-line interface and graphical interface both. # ⚓ How_to_Extend_XFS_Root_Partition_without_LVM_in_Linux⠀⇛ There are some situations where / or root partition is running out of disk space in Linux. Even compressing and deleting old log files did not help, so in such cases we are left with no option but to extend / filesystem. In this article, we will demonstrate how to extend xfs based root partition without lvm in a Linux system. If we talk about the logical steps, first we have to add additional space to OS disk and then use growpart and xfs_growfs commands to extend the root partition (or filesystem). I am assuming we have a Linux based Virtual Machine running either on KVM hypervisor or VMware or VirtualBox. In this machine, we have 10 GB XFS based / root partition and want to extend it till 20 GB. # ⚓ lsblk_command_in_Linux_to_List_Block_Devices_tutorial_for beginners_2021⠀⇛ The lsblk command in Linux is a useful command for administrators, which is used to list information about all available block devices. It does not list information about RAM disks. lsblk command gets the information from the /sys virtual file system to obtain the information and display on the screen. By default, you will get the information about all block devices in tree-like formate excluding except RAM disks. # ⚓ Popular_Commands_to_reboot_Linux_System_with_examples⠀⇛ You don’t need to reboot a Linux server, they are not running only 2-3 weeks even years without interruption. Still, I am explaining the most popular commands to reboot Linux server and system. If you are window user then you know simple way to reboot you system using graphical interface. Linux is not one step back then windows operating system, It’s developer build up Linux with beautiful graphical interface. o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ Scalpers_are_already_trying_to_make_some_quick_cash_with the_Steam_Deck_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Scalpers, the scourge of anyone trying to buy a graphics card or console have now decided to move onto the Steam Deck too and so the cycle continues. Anyone surprised? We’re guessing not at all. Valve did make a few steps to try and combat them but it seems not enough. Although, there is only so many ways you can stop people doing it. For the first 48 hours, Valve made sure only users who had purchased something on Steam before June 2021 could order one and there is a small reservation fee too. The question is, why go to a scalper at all? Valve are still taking reservations. Well, take a look at ebay and you’ll see plenty of listings like these: # ⚓ OpenLoco_for_Chris_Sawyer’s_Locomotion_has_an_important update_out_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Chris Sawyer’s Locomotion is the lesser known follow-up spiritual successor to Transport Tycoon that now lives on again thanks to the free and open source reimplementation OpenLoco. The project is getting into a pretty good state after the last few major updates, however some problems managed to creep in that a fresh release 21.07 fixes up. # ⚓ An_interview_with_the_developer_of_TRBot_for_running_your own_Twitch_Plays_like_event_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ “My name is Thomas “Kimimaru” Deeb and I am a professional and hobbyist software developer. I started playing video games at a very young age. I continue to be fascinated with imaginative game worlds and the compelling challenges games present through their gameplay. Some of my favorite games include classic franchises such as Mario, Zelda, Sonic, and Kirby. Recently, I’ve been playing games I missed out on growing up, such as Tomb Raider, Ōkami, and even some more obscure titles like Chibi Robo!. I’ve played numerous games at this point and don’t intend to stop anytime soon!” # ⚓ The_classic_Crusader:_No_Remorse_is_ready_for_testing_in ScummVM_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Crusader: No Remorse, the classic sci-fi action game from 1995 is getting a new home with ScummVM and you can go ahead and test it right now. For those unaware ScummVM is a free and open source application that allow you to run tons of classic graphical adventure and role-playing games, as long as you have the data files needed. This allows you to easily play them on modern systems, often with enhancements to make the experience a bit smoother. Over time the ScummVM project has expanded to include more types of games and following on from supporting Origin Systems classic Ultima games they’ve moved onto adding in support for Crusader: No Remorse (but Crusader: No Regret is not yet supported). # ⚓ Didn’t_take_long:_the_Linux_Editor_for_the_Open_3D_Engine sees_great_progress_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ After the huge announcement recently from the Linux Foundation that Amazon had donated the Lumberyard game engine as open source, with the formation of the Open 3D Engine and the Open 3D Foundation we’re seeing some good progress on getting the editor supported on Linux. Developer Fabio Anderegg shared the news via Twitter, as they’ve been hacking away at the code to get it into a usable state on Linux. There’s a pull request in progress on the official GitHub page which mentions a bunch that needs to be done but that didn’t stop Anderegg showing it off: # ⚓ Official_Linux_support_for_The_Lightbringer_is_now confirmed_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ After putting up a Beta test, developer Rock Square Thunder who are working on The Lightbringer has now confirmed full official Linux support is happening. “The Lightbringer is a poetic adventure/puzzle platformer with light combat elements, set in a beautiful world claimed by a vile corruption. Guided by your sister’s spirit, you must prevail where she could not. Cleanse the corruption, become The Lightbringer.” # ⚓ Godot_4.0_with_Vulkan_getting_closer_to_Alpha,_looks_like GLES2_to_be_dropped_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ As Godot 4.0 gets ever closer to seeing the light with an Alpha version, the team has clarified what OpenGL / OpenGL ES support to expect from it since the big thing with 4.0 is Vulkan. It’s looking like there won’t actually be any OpenGL/ES support when 4.0 is out, because the renderer went through such a massive overhaul for Vulkan and many new advanced features. A lot of it was done from scratch to make use of new and more modern techniques so they’re looking at Godot 4.1 to bring back in official OpenGL/ES support. # ⚓ Ultra_App_Kit_1.1_Released_As_New_Cross-Platform_UI Toolkit⠀⇛ Ultra App Kit is a new cross-platform, user interface toolkit option focused on satisfying the needs of game engines/tooling but also covering needs for other desktop GUI applications. Sunday’s release of Ultra App Kit 1.1 delivers on Linux and macOS support complementing its prior Windows support. Josh Klint of the Ultra Engine project wrote into Phoronix further explaining some of his motivation with Ultra App Kit, “I’m the developer who brought Leadwerks Game Engine to Linux a few years ago. I’m working on new game development technology and the first stage I am releasing is a cross-platform GUI toolkit that includes support for Linux. I had a pretty rough time wrangling with GTK for Leadwerks, which lead me to replace it with my own GUI system written directly on X11/XRender (and GDI+ / Quartz on Windows and Mac, respectively). The GUI toolkit was first released in April of this year, and now version 1.1 is released, adding Linux and Mac support. I plan to use this to build new game development tools, but it’s also available now as a standalone product for other developers to build GUI applications with.” o § Distributions⠀➾ # § BSD⠀➾ # ⚓ A_Look_at_Profiling:_FreeBSD_Sort⠀⇛ Still, we got a decent performance boost out of this exercise. And by using sort’s flags to change up the sorting algorithm to quicksort or mergesort rather than heapsort, we have perfomance that’s almost as good as GNU sort and NetBSD sort. # § Fedora and IBM/Red Hat⠀➾ # ⚓ The_NeuroFedora_Blog:_Next_Open_NeuroFedora_meeting: 19_July_1300_UTC⠀⇛ Please join us at the next regular Open NeuroFedora team meeting on Monday 19 July at 1300UTC in #fedora-neuro on IRC (Libera.chat). The meeting is a public meeting, and open for everyone to attend. # ⚓ Linux_package_managers:_dnf_vs_apt⠀⇛ There are many ways to get applications onto a Linux system. Some, like Flatpak and containers, are new. Others, like DEB and RPM, are classic formats that have withstood the test of time. There isn’t a universal installer for any operating system. Today, all major OSes use a mix of app stores (both first and third party), drag-and-drop installation, and installation wizards because there are innumerable developers delivering software. Different developers have different requirements for the code they deliver, and this informs the installation method they each choose. # ⚓ Expanding_Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux_choices_for research_and_academia⠀⇛ Modern workloads, whether critical production applications or leading-edge research projects, require a more reliable, stable and secure operating system foundation. The adoption of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) by governments, businesses and nonprofit organizations across the globe, has led to RHEL being the world’s leading enterprise Linux platform and helps demonstrate our belief that it provides the best backbone for nearly every computing need, anywhere on the open hybrid cloud. This is why we’ve been working to make RHEL more readily available to more users, from enabling individual developers to run RHEL in production at no cost to streamlining how open source projects can access no-cost RHEL to drive the next wave of innovation. Today, we’re further extending the availability of RHEL by expanding access to our subscription offerings for research and academic institutions. While Red Hat has historically offered a low-cost option for academic institutions, it was only available to degree-granting entities. Now, a much broader range of research and academia- related organizations can enter Red Hat’s academic subscription program, making it far easier to access, run and maintain RHEL to suit their unique needs, whether it’s simply running a web server to underpinning a high- performance computing (HPC) environment. This greater accessibility is also intended to help better prepare students and other learners for future opportunities in IT- related fields. # ⚓ Benchmarking_Kafka_producer_throughput_with_Quarkus_| Red_Hat_Developer⠀⇛ The interest in event-driven architecture has sped up within the last couple of years, with a great level of adoption and modernization effort across all enterprises. Apache Kafka, one of the most pervasive streaming middleware technologies, is being tried and tested by many development teams. High performance is a critical goal for these teams. There are numerous resources for configuring and benchmarking your Kafka cluster size. Such guides and benchmarks naturally involve producers and consumers, but their primary aim is the performance of the Kafka cluster itself. Recently, I was asked to give pointers regarding how to fine-tune Kafka producers for high throughput. Many guides explain the most important Kafka producer configurations and their relationship to performance, as well as the trade-offs. But there isn’t much benchmark data showcasing how different configuration combinations can impact producer message throughput. In this article, I show the throughput outcomes resulting from various producer configurations I employed in a recent test setup. My hope is to help other developers and architects better understand the relationship between producer configurations and message throughput. You can use this information to make educated guesses while configuring your own Kafka clusters. # ⚓ Apps_for_daily_needs_part_2:_office_suites_–_Fedora Magazine⠀⇛ Today, almost every family has a desktop computer or laptop. That’s because the computer has become a very important requirement. Moreover, many people have to create documents and presentations in digital format for work or study. Therefore, the office suites are must-have application on almost all computers. This article will introduce some of the open source office suites that you can use on Fedora Linux. You may need to install the software mentioned. If you are unfamiliar with how to add software packages in Fedora Linux, see my earlier article Things to do after installing Fedora 34 Workstation. Here is the list of apps for daily needs in the office suites category. # ⚓ Fedora_35_Approved_For_Third-Party_Repo_Changes,_More Optimal_Encryption_Default_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ The Fedora Engineering and Steering Committee (FESCo) has unanimously approved a large number of new Fedora 35 features this week. There are a number of additional features now approved for Fedora 35, which is due for release this October. Among the latest feature changes approved by FESCo include: - An update mechanism for opting into third- party software repositories more easily and so the repositories are immediately enabled. No new repositories or other changes are there by default, just changing how such third party repositories are enabled if carried out by the user. # ⚓ 5_essential_soft_skills_for_sysadmin_self-improvement |_Enable_Sysadmin⠀⇛ You might be the most technically skilled person in your company, yet you might not be able to pitch your ideas in a meeting or track your work and get it done on time. So what could be the problem in this scenario? More often than not, your soft skills—or the absence of them—are causing this problem. In this article, I dig a little deeper into why these five soft skills are essential for a sysadmin and the resources available to improve them. # ⚓ OKRs_and_KPIs:_6_counterintuitive_tips_for_leaders_| The_Enterprisers_Project⠀⇛ Conventional thinking isn’t always bad, but it can lead to a bad result – missing out on new ways of doing things. This idea is particularly important to goal-setting and performance measurement in IT and business. A “same old, same old” approach to metrics will likely lead to the same old results. That’s good if you’re happy with the way things are; it’s less effective if you’re launching a brand-new initiative or driving significant change. # ⚓ Artificial_Intelligence_(AI)_strategy:_10_questions to_ask_about_yours⠀⇛ In recent years, the vast majority of the enterprises that invested in Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities fell into one of two categories: those who used AI applications successfully to improve operations or cut costs and those who were participating in what Goutham Belliappa, vice president of AI engineering at Capgemini North America calls “AI theater:” They implemented AI models “to create some buzz in the marketplace, but they didn’t go through the hard work of tying their AI capabilities to business value,” Belliappa says. Today, companies stand on the precipice of a new era. “AI is on the cusp of a tremendous economic impact that will disrupt every industry in the same way that software was positioned about thirty years ago,” says Brian Jackson, analyst and research director at Info-Tech Research Group. “AI’s rapidly growing capabilities are being applied to solve problems in far more efficient ways than we were able to do previously.” # § Devuan Family⠀➾ # ⚓ Devuan_4.0_Alpha_Builds_Updated_For_Debian_11 Stripped_Of_systemd⠀⇛ Back in April Devuan 4.0 alpha builds began for this Debian fork/downstream that aims for init system freedom by allowing Debian GNU/ Linux to work without a dependence on systemd. Devuan 4.0 is tracking upstream Debian 11 quite closely with its changes. Following this weekend’s full freeze for Debian 11 “Bullseye”, the Devuan project has now published a new set of ISOs. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # ⚓ Rock_3A_Offers_Faster_M.2_Storage_in_Raspberry_Pi_Form Factor⠀⇛ The Raspberry Pi form factor is a popular one, compact enough to fit in some interesting places yet packed with power and IO. What the form factor lacks is fast and cheap storage possibilities. Step forward the Radxa Rock 3A, as spotted by CNX Software, which offers the familiar form factor and two M.2 slots for Wi-Fi and SSDs. # ⚓ ROCK_3A_SBC_brings_M.2_slots_for_NVMe_SSD,_WiFi_6_to Raspberry_Pi_form_factor⠀⇛ Radxa ROCK 3A is a single board computer powered by Rockchip RK3568 quad-core Cortex-A55 processor that closely follows Raspberry Pi 3 Model B form factor like the early Rock Pi 4 SBC, but with a twist. By switching from a Rockchip RK3399 to a Rockchip RK3568, the board loses some CPU and GPU performance, but gains extra I/Os with enabled the company to add an additional M.2 slot with PCIe to ROCK 3A board, meaning it’s now possible to attach one NVMe SSD and another M.2 module like a WiFi 6 M.2 card. # ⚓ Toughened_up_DAQ_system_runs_Linux⠀⇛ Adlink has launched two rugged DAQ systems that run Linux on a Cortex-A9 SoC and provide 16- (MCM-216) or 8-channel (MCM-218) analog inputs plus 2x analog outputs, 2x GbE, 2x USB, and DIO. Adlink has announced two standalone, Ethernet digital acquisition computers designed for 24-hour sensor measurement and condition monitoring applications. The rugged, 126.5 x 110.5 x 40mm MCM- 216 and MCM-218 can be used for tasks such as distributed and remote data acquisition, edge analytics, and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) in applications like semiconductor factory digitization, petrochemical plant monitoring, and wafer feeder vacuum pump monitoring. The MCM-216 and MCM-218 are similar to last year’s MCM-204, which also runs Linux on a 1GHz Cortex-A9 SoC (possibly the i.MX6). Adlink also offers a larger, Apollo Lake based MCM-100 system with DAQ features that supplies more general purpose embedded I/O and mini-PCIe. # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ A_Low_Cost_Hackable_Watch⠀⇛ The PineTime is supposed to be the partner of the PinePhone – a Linux open source phone, but it can be used with other phones or standalone. Its spec isn’t hugely impressive and it is a bit on the big size, but you can program it: [...] # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Android_12_beta_testers_receive_shockingly_large number_of_notifications_from_Gboard_–_PhoneArena⠀⇛ # ⚓ Motorola_Android_11_update:_List_of_eligible_devices &_release_date⠀⇛ # ⚓ Xiaomi_Android_11_update_tracker:_Mi_&_Redmi_devices received_beta/stable⠀⇛ # ⚓ Galaxy_M01s_finally_gets_the_Android_11_update_with One_UI_3.1_–_SamMobile⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_Recover_Deleted_Files_from_Android_without Root_|_TechBullion⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_print_from_your_Android_phone_–_Phandroid⠀⇛ # ⚓ Terrifying_Android_scam_returns!_Here’s_what_you_must do_to_avoid_it_|_Express.co.uk⠀⇛ # ⚓ Digital_Wellbeing’s_“Heads_Up”_feature_rolls_out_to more_Android_phones⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_Launches_the_Android_Game_Development_Kit⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_Take_Scrolling_Screenshots_on_your_Android Smartphone⠀⇛ # ⚓ Terrifying_Android_scam_is_back!_Here’s_what_you_must do_to_avoid_it_|_Express.co.uk⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_Move_or_Back_Up_Telegram_Secret_Chats_on Android⠀⇛ # ⚓ New_Android_TV_Beta_Delivers_Image,_UI_Enhancements_– channelnews⠀⇛ # ⚓ OnePlus_Nord_N10_5G_Android_11_rolls_out_as_its_first and_last_upgrade_–_SlashGear⠀⇛ # ⚓ Xperia_1_III_premium_flagship_might_get_only_one Android_upgrade_–_SlashGear⠀⇛ # ⚓ #Pegasus_is_a_Malware_That_Infects_IPhones_and Android_Devices._It_Allows_Its_Users_to_…⠀⇛ # ⚓ onn_Android_TV_UHD_review:_Is_this_Walmart_streaming device_any_good?_|_Tom’s_Guide⠀⇛ * § Leftovers⠀➾ o ⚓ How_to_Make_Tech_Interviews_Suck_Less⠀⇛ Interviews for tech jobs can be performative at best and exclusionary at worst. Candidates often report they are left feeling anxious, on display, judged — and set up to fail. Exercises meant to gauge a developer’s technical prowess can seem arbitrary and irrelevant to the role being filled. Hiring processes often accentuate the worst sides of the tech industry. A bias toward pedigree — four-year computer science degrees, work experience at a FAANG — excludes candidates from non-traditional backgrounds. Whiteboard tests, a mainstay of developer interviews, favor the most charismatic, not the best person for the job. Making candidates jump through lots of hoops — all while unpaid — can push those under-represented in tech to drop out mid-process, as many do at alarming rates. o ⚓ How_to_Make_Tech_Interviews_More_Inclusive⠀⇛ Tech interviews can be “performative at best and exclusionary at worst,” writes Jennifer Riggins, with stress-inducing whiteboard tests, for example, favoring the most charismatic candidates rather than the most qualified. o § Science⠀➾ # ⚓ European_Research_Council_bans_journal_impact_factor_from bids⠀⇛ In the European Research Council’s (ERC) latest work programme, applicants are for the first time explicitly told to avoid mentioning the metric when listing their publications. o § Education⠀➾ # ⚓ Taliban_sweep_through_Afghanistan,_imperiling_girls school⠀⇛ They will close my school,” said Khaliqyar, whose three daughters attend the one-story building defended by a lone, unarmed guard. # ⚓ MIT_digital_learning_dean_quits_as_edX_sale_backlash grows⠀⇛ Krishna Rajagopal, who has announced his departure, told colleagues that he had “serious continuing reservations about the path forward for edX that MIT has announced”. Meanwhile, many of his colleagues have vowed to create a new non-profit alternative platform to distribute their courses online. o § Health/Nutrition⠀➾ # ⚓ Detroit’s_Prison_Population_Will_Soon_Be_Stuck_Living_Next to_a_Toxic_Site⠀⇛ # ⚓ ‘Pandemic_Is_Not_Over’:_As_Delta_Variant_Spreads,_US Surgeon_General_‘Worried_About_What_Is_to_Come’⠀⇛ During appearances on multiple Sunday talk shows, U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy expressed dismay over the current surge in Covid-19 cases—more than half of which are now linked to the highly transmissible Delta variant—throughout the country, especially in areas with low inoculation rates, and urged people to get vaccinated swiftly. “We’ve made so much progress over this past year, but what I worry about are those… millions of people in our country who are not vaccinated.”—Dr. Vivek Murthy # ⚓ How_Fox_News’_Covid_vaccine_denialism_hurts_my_patients⠀⇛ I don’t blame my patients for their refusal. What breaks my heart, as someone who took an oath to prevent harm, is that my patients choose to abandon the science and evidence that can save their lives. I do blame Fox News and other right-wing media outlets for poisoning the minds of millions of Americans with the deceptive propaganda they spray into living rooms 24/7. This isn’t just my experience. As executive director of the Committee to Protect Health Care, an organization of medical professionals across the country, I hear stories like these from members every day. # ⚓ Some_people_can_tell_if_you_have_an_infection_just_by looking_at_you⠀⇛ The team worked with 169 volunteers from six different cultural backgrounds, including city dwellers in Stockholm and hunter-gatherers in the rainforests of Thailand and Malaysia, and in the coastal deserts of Mexico. Each volunteer was shown photos of Swedish people taken 2 hours after they had been injected with either Escherichia coli or a placebo. Those who had been injected with E. coli were at the beginning stages of an immune response when their photos were taken – and some of the volunteers in all six groups had a better-than- chance ability to identify that they were sick. # ⚓ Smaller_Pharma_Firms_Boost_EU_Innovation_Presence⠀⇛ The 15-year anniversary report from the European Medicines Agency’s SME Office highlights the growing importance of smaller biopharmaceutical companies in the development, assessment and approval of innovative drugs. o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # ⚓ Microsoft_Has_Found_Another_Flaw_In_The_PrintSpooler Service⠀⇛ Microsoft has found yet another security flaw in its PrintSpooler service that allows Windows to print documents. The total tally of flaws now sits at three. The first one was addressed in a June security update, only for another one to be discovered called ‘PrintNightmare’ which affected every version of Windows and the company put out a patch that partially fixed the issue. Now a third flaw has been discovered which leaves Windows unable to print documents. # ⚓ Microsoft_Recommends_Users_Disable_Print_Spooler_to Avoid_Exploit⠀⇛ # ⚓ Detecting_and_Hunting_for_the_Malicious_NetFilter Driver⠀⇛ During the week of June 21st, 2021, information security researchers from G Data discovered that a driver for Microsoft Windows named “netfilter.sys” had a backdoor added by a 3rd party that Microsoft then signed as a part of the Microsoft OEM program. [...] # § Security⠀➾ # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ Data_Leak_Exposes_Global_Surveillance Plot_Targeting_Journalists_and_Dissidents⠀⇛ NSO Group, a private Israeli firm that sells surveillance technology to governments worldwide, insists that its Pegasus spyware is used only to “investigate terrorism and crime.” Leaked data, however, reveals that the company’s hacking tool “has been used to facilitate human rights violations around the world on a massive scale.” “The Pegasus Project lays bare how NSO’s spyware is a weapon of choice for repressive governments seeking to silence journalists, attack activists, and crush dissent, placing countless lives in peril.”—Agnès Callamard, Amnesty # ⚓ Pegasus:_Spyware_sold_to_governments ‘targets_activists’⠀⇛ Rights activists, journalists and lawyers around the world have been targeted with phone malware sold to authoritarian governments by an Israeli surveillance firm, media reports say. # ⚓ From_Macy’s_to_Ace_Hardware,_facial recognition_is_already_everywhere⠀⇛ Some of the US’s most popular stores — including Macy’s and Ace Hardware — are using facial recognition on their customers, largely without their knowledge. Now the digital rights nonprofit Fight for the Future has helped launch a nationwide campaign to document which of the country’s biggest retailers are deploying facial recognition. Launched on Wednesday, the campaign, which has the support of more than 35 human rights groups, aims to draw attention to retail stores using facial-scanning algorithms to boost their profits, intensify security systems, and even track their employees. The campaign comes as a clear reminder that the reach of facial recognition goes far beyond law enforcement and into the private, commercial storefronts we regularly visit. Experts warn that facial recognition in these spaces is particularly concerning because the technology is largely unregulated and undisclosed, meaning both customers and employees may be unaware this software is surveilling and collecting data about them. o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ Media_Embellish_Protests,_Downplay_Effects_of_US_Sanctions in_Cuba⠀⇛ A wave of protests in Cuba became the somewhat unlikely focus of global attention earlier this week, the events becoming the worldwide No. 1 trend on Twitter for over 24 hours, as celebrities, politicians and even the president of the United States weighed in on the action. A statement from Joe Biden’s office read: # ⚓ My_Heart_Aches_for_Cuba_—_and_I_Yearn_for_More_Solidarity From_the_Global_Left⠀⇛ # ⚓ Iran_[cr]ackers_masqueraded_as_UK_scholars_to_[cr]ack journalists,_think_tanks⠀⇛ Iranian [cr]ackers masqueraded as British scholars with the University of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in an attempt to solicit sensitive information from journalists, think tank experts and senior professors since the beginning of the year, according to a new report by the cybersecurity company Proofpoint on Tuesday. # ⚓ Sweden:_Migrant_Mafia_Terrorizes_Business_Owners_–_Police Warn_They_Can_Not_Protect_Victims_(Video)⠀⇛ Policeman Ulf Boström breaking into tears when discussing the hidden victims suffering from migrant Gangs: “The victims have no chance.” Swedish entrepreneurs have lost their families, their livelihoods, or been forced to move out of the country for fear being killed. The reason: They are systematically extorted by criminal networks. Now Gothenburg police officer Ulf Boström sounds the alarm that the problem is gigantic and that the police cannot protect the victims. # ⚓ ‘Islamic_State’_poses_growing_threat_across_Africa⠀⇛ “Unfortunately, ISIS is so widespread in Africa today that you can say it is across the continent,” Nigerian political analyst Bulama Bukarti told DW. “You are talking about groups of countries and subregions.” Jihadis have taken control of significant territories in the Sahel and the Lake Chad regions, which include parts of Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad and Nigeria. In 2018, the West Africa Center for Counter Extremism (WACCE) reported up to 6,000 West Africans who had fought with IS had returned home from Iraq and Syria after the group’s self- proclaimed caliphate collapsed. o § Transparency/Investigative Reporting⠀➾ # ⚓ Sharia_in_the_U.S._Judicial_System?⠀⇛ It is vital to understand that in Islam, Allah’s Law is supreme for Muslims, above all other laws and legal systems. And that poses a problem for America when Islam resides on its territory, because Sharia is completely incompatible with the U.S. Constitution and the foundations of a free society. Quraishi’s relationship to Islam, therefore, matters a great deal — seeing that his new position entails significant power and influence in America. So let’s dig a little bit deeper on Quraishi. o § Environment⠀➾ # ⚓ Investigation:_How_the_Meat_Industry_is_Climate-Washing_its Polluting_Business_Model⠀⇛ In February last year, the head of a leading global meat industry body gave a “pep talk” to his colleagues at an Australian agriculture conference.  “It’s a recurring theme that somehow the livestock sector and eating meat is detrimental to the environment, that it is a serious negative in terms of the climate change discussions,” Hsin Huang, Secretary General of the International Meat Secretariat (IMS), told his audience. But the sector, he insisted, could be the “heroes in this discussion” if it wanted to. Stay up to date with DeSmog news and alerts # ⚓ Meat_Industry_Responses:_In_Full⠀⇛ DeSmog approached all 10 organisations for which it added profiles to the Agribusiness Database, as part of an investigation into the meat industry’s “climate-washing”. They are: Vion Food Group, Danish Crown, JBS, Tyson, European Livestock Voice, the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, Animal Agriculture Alliance, North American Meat Institute, European Roundtable on Beef Sustainability and the International Meat Secretariat. The responses DeSmog received are published in full below. Stay up to date with DeSmog news and alerts # ⚓ Oregon’s_Growing_Bootleg_Fire_Is_One_of_70_Raging_in_US West_Amid_Heatwave⠀⇛ # ⚓ Despite_Climate_Crisis,_Governments_Failing_to_Use_Covid Stimulus_for_Green_Recovery⠀⇛ On the one hand, killer heat is leading to terrifying fires. On the other hand, killer floods are wrecking havoc. Some parts of the planet bake and boil, others sink and swim. # § Energy⠀➾ # ⚓ DOE_Quietly_Backs_Plan_for_Carbon_Capture_Network Larger_Than_Entire_Oil_Pipeline_System⠀⇛ An organization run by former Obama-era Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz, with the backing of the AFL-CIO, a federation of 56 labor unions, has created a policy “blueprint” to build a nationwide pipeline network capable of carrying a gigaton of captured carbon dioxide (CO2). The “Building to Net-Zero” blueprint appears to be quietly gaining momentum within the Energy Department, where a top official has discussed ways to put elements into action using the agency’s existing powers. Stay up to date with DeSmog news and alerts o § Finance⠀➾ # ⚓ When_Does_the_Greed_Stop?⠀⇛ Every aspect of American life has been corrupted by greed. One of the purposes of government is to protect both individuals and society from such corruption, and that means protecting people and institutions from greedy predators.  In that simple task, over the past 40 years since America embraced Reaganomics and Reaganism, our government has failed. # ⚓ The_Anti-Family_Party⠀⇛ They need it. Even before the pandemic, child poverty had reached post-war records. Even non-poor families were in trouble, burdened with deepening debt and missed payments. Most were living paycheck to paycheck – so if they lost a job, they and their kids could be plunged into poverty. It’s estimated that the new monthly child allowance will cut child poverty by more than half. o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾ # ⚓ The_For_the_People_Act_Is_Still_Alive⠀⇛ The pundits are saying that the For the People Act  (FTPA) — the Democrats’ historic voting rights and anti-corruption bill — is dead. It’s not, but perhaps it’s easier to craft a narrative around the futility of legislative efforts than to fairly chronicle a necessary but uphill battle.  # ⚓ How_“In_God_We_Trust”_Bills_Are_Advancing_a_Christian Nationalist_Agenda⠀⇛ # ⚓ Disgraced_Former_Governor_Claims_He’s_Been_Exonerated,_But the_GOP_Isn’t_So_Sure⠀⇛ # ⚓ Ethiopia_Warns_News_Outlets_Not_to_‘Mischaracterize’ Tigray⠀⇛ EMA officials on Thursday said they revoked the license over complaints that the Addis Standard was advancing “the terrorist group’s agency,” including by “legitimizing a terrorist group as a ‘Defense Force.’” The suspension drew outrage from global press freedom watchdogs, who’ve accused the government of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed of taking an increasingly hard line against domestic news outlets covering the conflict. # ⚓ The_next_voting_rights_battleground_is_Michigan⠀⇛ But SB 303 also requires every voter to sign a form before they can vote. The signature on this form must be examined by a poll worker and compared to “the elector’s digitized signature contained in the electronic poll book.” If, in the poll worker’s subjective determination, the signatures do not match, then the voter will be given a provisional ballot. SB 304, meanwhile, lays out what happens to these provisional ballots. Essentially, a voter given such a ballot has six days to prove their identity and residency to the county or township clerk — something that they can do by showing many of the same forms of ID that they are already required to show at the polls. Read together, the two bills create an absurd situation where some voters could be disenfranchised unless they make a special trip to the clerk’s office to show the same ID card that they already provided to the poll worker. Imagine, for example, that a voter shows their valid driver’s license at the polls, but a poll worker, for whatever reason, declares that the voter’s signature does not match. The voter then has less than a week to make a special trip to the clerk’s office to show the clerk the exact same driver’s license. # ⚓ What_Thurgood_Marshall_Taught_Me⠀⇛ When the Judge told that story, he never laughed. Instead, he grew introspective — and would, for once, explain himself. To Marshall, the tale illustrated what the struggle was really about. School desegregation or employment equality or voting rights, all were important, but none were ends in themselves. They were goals in the service of creating a world in which Black people would no longer see themselves the way the stranger in the pool hall did. # ⚓ France_Learns_about_Islam’s_1,400_Year_Assault⠀⇛ A historian, linguist and philologist, and a specialist in oriental languages, Ibrahim has methodically exploited first-hand sources, both Muslim and “Western”, and has consulted numerous manuscripts from the Library of Congress in Washington. His book is not only a detailed chronicle of the battles, it is also and above all a rigorous analysis of the intentions and strategies of the various warring leaders. Ibrahim shows that the Muslim forces were essentially obeying a religious, messianic, expansionist, conquering logic, whereas the Christian armies wanted above all to recover territories that for centuries had been Roman, Greek and Christian. He also shows that the religious fervor of today’s Islamists overlaps exactly with ancestral Islamic dogmas, that Western reactions are 1400-year-old self-defense mechanisms, and that current rivalries are the reflection of a very old existential struggle. We interviewed him for La Nef. # ⚓ Elite_gatekeeping_in_the_age_of_surveillance_capitalism⠀⇛ I recently had the pleasure of reading Dr. Andy Farnell’s essay “Why we will win the war for general purpose computing”. While I agree with a lot of his statements and thoroughly enjoyed a spot of British wit, the conclusions reached and a few of the stops along the way bother me. Though I am Swedish, my comments here have an undeniably American perspective. Partly because that is where this fight mostly takes place and partly because several European nations are showing signs of the same symptoms. o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾ # ⚓ Kurt_Westergaard,_Danish_cartoonist_behind_Muhammad cartoon,_dies_at_86⠀⇛ Westergaard was a cartoonist for the conservative Jyllands-Posten newspaper from the early 1980s. He became world famous in 2005 for his controversial depiction of the Prophet Muhammad in the newspaper. Westergaard’s cartoon, which showed a turban bomb, was one of 12 published by the newspaper to make a point about self-censorship and criticism of Islam. # ⚓ Kurt_Westergaard,_Danish_cartoonist_behind_caricature_of Mohammed,_dies_at_86⠀⇛ The illustrations, which initially went unnoticed, eventually sparked Denmark’s biggest foreign policy crisis since the end of World War II. One of the cartoons which sparked particular backlash showed the prophet wearing a turban in the shape of a bomb. # ⚓ Danish_Mohammed_cartoonist_Kurt_Westergaard_dies_aged_86⠀⇛ The anger then escalated into anti-Danish violence across the Muslim world in February 2006. The violence linked to the cartoons culminated in a 2015 massacre that left 12 people dead at the Charlie Hebdo satirical weekly in Paris, which had reprinted the cartoons in 2012. Westergaard had been working at Jyllands-Posten since the mid-1980s as an illustrator, and according to Berlingske the drawing in question had actually been printed once before but without sparking much controversy. # ⚓ There’s_still_only_one_way_for_authoritarians_to_control the_[Internet]⠀⇛ Internet shutdowns are a well-worn tactic by authoritarian regimes over the past decade. After Egypt blocked the web during Arab Spring protests, embattled dictators have repeated the tactic in Syria, Myanmar, Uganda, Eswatini, and most recently, Cuba. Full shutdowns, however, represent a worst-case scenario for any regime: In addition to disrupting protesters, they also disrupt the economy and make it harder for the government itself to operate. They are a censorship method of last resort. # ⚓ Sweden:_Authorities_Are_Punishing_Me_for_Criticizing Islam⠀⇛ The law they used against me was meant to stop people from criticizing the government for its disastrous open border policy, and to protect Islam. Our prime minister also said many years ago that he would never criticize Islam, and I’m sure he has never read the Qur’an. I’m worried that my once-beautiful country can become the first caliphate in Europe, and that a demographic jihad can give Muslims a majority within 30 years. Many people are also afraid of a civil war, since criminal Muslim gangs create more and more no-go zones that police don’t dare to enter. Swedish leaders have all attended Bilderberg meetings, and they are not loyal to my country. With this statement I want the rest of the world to know what’s going on in my country. Here is a summary article from last year on my case: [...] o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ Taliban_back_to_old_ways_in_newly_seized_Afghan_territory⠀⇛ “All imams and mullahs in captured areas should provide the Taliban with a list of girls above 15 and widows under 45 to be married to Taliban fighters,” said the letter, issued in the name of the Taliban’s cultural commission. # ⚓ Life_under_the_Taliban_in_Afghanistan_reverts_to_‘dark age’⠀⇛ “The Taliban banned women from going outside without the burqa and without male companions. They have banned music and instructed that men should not shave their beards,” said Sojod, 26, from the province of Jowzjan. “They are asking families to give their daughters to the commanders to marry # ⚓ ‘No_smoking,_no_shaving’:_Taliban_restore_old_rules_in newly_seized_Afghan_territory⠀⇛ “Girls attending schools beyond sixth grade were barred from classes.” o § Monopolies⠀➾ # § Patents⠀➾ # § Software Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ AI_Inventions_and_Patents_|_BananaIP_Counsels [Dd: Patents pushed using buzzwords and unadulterated garbage]⠀⇛ As new technologies emerge, they challenge traditional legal principles and concepts, which often lag behind technological progress. Though Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a term and a field has been in existence since the 1950s, it did not pose serious legal challenges as its implementability and applicability was limited. Today however, developments in computation, communication, information, data and other technologies have significantly enhanced the implementability and utility of AI for different purposes in different fields. This has set off debates with respect to several well settled legal principles including those governing ownership, protection and enforcement of intellectual property (IP) relating to AI inventions and creations. When they finally emerge, the answers to some of the questions might affect the ability of the IP system to promote progress of science, technology, and creativity. Though Courts in some countries have arrived at determinations on AI inventorship and ownership, several questions are still open, and are the subject of legislative activity and/or policy making. Reports of WIPO and different patent offices such as the USPTO indicate that AI techniques have diverse applications across many fields, and are difficult, if not impossible, to track. The ubiquity of AI applications and related consequences, and the rapid pace at which Artificial Intelligence research seems to be progressing makes it very challenging to arrive at a specific policy framework and approach, and the resultant openness/ambiguity is reflected in the response of patent offices to applications involving AI. With that in mind, this article gives a perspective of some AI patent trends and patentability issues with specific focus on India. # § Copyrights⠀➾ # ⚓ Developer_on_Twitch_Creates_Neat_Tool_to_Prevent_DMCA Notices⠀⇛ Twitch users who play copyrighted music in the background leave themselves open to DMCA notices that can result in a ban. Other than expensive licensing there has been no obvious solution to this problem but thanks to developer Peter Frydenlund Madsen, Twitch streamers can now play copyrighted music to their fans, without risking infringement complaints. ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 2973 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 07.19.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Links_20/7/2021:_Kodachi_8.7,_GNOME_40.3,_GNOME_41_Alpha⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 8:04 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o § Desktop/Laptop⠀➾ # ⚓ Microsoft_Quietly_Released_Its_Own_Linux_Distro [Ed: False. Not quietly (they made a blog post about it) and it’s part of the PR campaign, claiming to “love” what they’re actually attacking and blackmailing. Meanwhile the likes of Joey Sneddon promote_Windows.]⠀⇛ # ⚓ Chrome_OS_91_broke_Linux,_here’s_the_workaround [Ed: The real solution is to replace ChromeOS with a "real" GNU/Linux distro rather than the trap made by Google]⠀⇛ Last week, numerous Chromebook users reported a CPU-crippling bug had arrived in the latest incremental update to version 91 of Chrome OS. Shortly thereafter, Google pumped the brakes on the update and paused the server which essentially reverted the most current version of Chrome OS to the previous 91.0.4472.114 that rolled out in mid- June. For users on the newer version that weren’t experiencing massive CPU usage, there was really nothing to do. The update should be working properly and reverting isn’t a necessity. For those who did roll back or perhaps never updated in the first place, an unforeseen side effect of the pause appeared in the form of a broken Linux container. o § Server⠀➾ # ⚓ The_10_Best_Linux_Web_Hosting_Providers_for_Beginners_and Advanced_Users⠀⇛ Web admins prefer Linux hosting for its extreme security, high scalability, superior performance, and open-source advantages. Although plenty of Linux hosting companies claim to offer best-in-class features, finding the top ones living up to their promises in real-world situations can be a daunting task for most people. Here’s a list of the best Linux web hosting services for beginners and advanced users, who want to get a taste of the best in the market. # ⚓ NGINX_vs._OpenLiteSpeed:_Which_Is_the_Better_Lightweight Server?_–_Make_Tech_Easier⠀⇛ You might not give too much thought to the type of server your site runs on, but it’s a vital cog in the wheel. It’s the foundation of your entire site and its performance. As such, two leading server types often grab the headlines, although NGINX vs. OpenLiteSpeed isn’t a simple decision. In this post, we compare NGINX vs. OpenLiteSpeed through features and performance. By the end, you’ll know exactly which one to choose as your server. # ⚓ March_Networks’_New_Linux-Based_VMS_Scales_to_Support_3,000 IP_Cameras_on_a_Single_Server ⠀⇛ March Networks®, a global video surveillance and video-based business intelligence leader, is pleased to announce a new highly scalable Linux version of its video management software (VMS) that can support up to 3,000 cameras on a single server. o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ Rewriting_Software_Is_Amazing_For_FOSS⠀⇛ I know it might sound dumb but rewriting existing software is great for FOSS as a whole, not only does it give new developers something existing they can aim towards but it’s great way to find places where existing software is lacking and could use a bit of work. # ⚓ Destination_Linux_235:_Valve’s_Steam_Deck_&_Right_To_Repair Goes_Mainstream⠀⇛ This week’s episode of Destination Linux, we’re discussing the Right To Repair. This topic is so hot it created a rift in the multiverse, and Chris from Jupiter Broadcasting will be joining us in the discussion. Then we cover the biggest gaming news to hit Linux since the launch of Proton on Steam with Valve’s Steam Deck! Plus we’ve also got our famous tips, tricks and software picks. All of this and so much more this week on Destination Linux. So whether you’re brand new to Linux and open source or a guru of sudo. This is the podcast for you. # ⚓ To_Protect_Yourself,_Never_Give_Your_DNA_Or_Biometric Data⠀⇛ So many companies now are requesting people’s biometric data. Things like fingerprints, iris scans, voice scans, DNA, etc. are not pieces of information that you should freely give to a company. These are immutable identifiers and could potentially be a security risk and privacy nightmare. o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # ⚓ A_beefy_Linux_5.14-rc2_and_light_at_the_end_of_the_tunnel for_Paragon’s_NTFS_driver⠀⇛ The latest release candidate of the 5.14 Linux kernel is a hefty beast, Linus Torvald remarked yesterday, seemingly impatient over how long it is taking Paragon to send in its long-awaited and much-reviewed NTFS driver. It has been nearly a year since Paragon submitted code for a read-write NTFS driver in the Linux kernel. The existing kernel driver is read-only, although another, a FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) driver, is read/write. Despite multiple rounds of reviews (now up to v26 by our reckoning) the driver has continued to miss merge windows, the latest for the 5.14 kernel occurring earlier this month. # ⚓ Linux_5.13.3⠀⇛ I'm announcing the release of the 5.13.3 kernel. All users of the 5.13 kernel series must upgrade. The updated 5.13.y git tree can be found at: git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ stable/linux-stable.git linux-5.13.y and can be browsed at the normal kernel.org git web browser: https://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/stable/ linux-s... thanks, greg k-h # ⚓ Linux_5.12.18⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux_5.10.51⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux_5.4.133⠀⇛ # § Graphics Stack⠀➾ # ⚓ NVIDIA_Talks_Up_RTX_Capabilities_On_Arm_–_Showcased Using_Arch_Linux_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ NVIDIA announced from the Game Developers Conference this week that they have been working to bring RTX ray-tracing support with their graphics cards to also work on Arm hardware running Linux. NVIDIA has been porting their RTX ray-tracing driver support to their Arm Linux graphics driver package and SDK. # ⚓ NVIDIA_Releases_470.57.02_Linux_Driver,_DLSS_SDK_Adds Official_Linux_Support_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ In addition to showcasing NVIDIA RTX support on Arm, NVIDIA also used this first day of GDC week to release their 470.57.02 stable Linux driver as well as official DLSS SDK support for Linux. The NVIDIA 470.57.02 Linux driver is out today as the first stable version in the NVIDIA 470 driver series. This carries forward the earlier beta changes around XWayland acceleration, new Vulkan extensions, and numerous other improvements. # ⚓ NVIDIA_shows_off_RTX_and_DLSS_on_Arm_using_Arch Linux,_DLSS_SDK_adds_full_Linux_support_| GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Today NVIDIA put up a rather exciting blog post talking about RTX – with Arm. Not only that, they’ve showcased it using Linux too which is pretty amazing. Shown off for the Game Developers Conference, NVIDIA has announced an expansion of their RTX SDKs to support to Arm and Linux. # ⚓ NVIDIA_470.57.02_released_as_the_next_stable_Linux driver_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ On top of today NVIDIA revealing RTX and DLSS from Arm, plus the DLSS SDK updated for native Linux games they’ve now released the first stable driver of the 470 series with 470.57.02. Compared with the monster that was the Beta release of NVIDIA 470.42.01 that gave us the likes of DLSS for Proton, hardware accelerated OpenGL and Vulkan rendering on Xwayland, and asynchronous reprojection this is a much smaller focused release to fix up some issues. However, it does also promote all the huge features from the previous release to a stable driver. # ⚓ Nvidia_Enables_RTX_and_DLSS_for_Arm_and_Linux_|_Tom’s Hardware⠀⇛ Nvidia announced a new major update to the capabilities of DLSS and RTX: support for both ARM and Linux. This development was showcased at this week’s Games Developer Conference (GDC), where both Wolfenstein: Youngblood and The Bistro’s demo from the Open Research Content Archive ran on a system comprised of a Mediatek Kompanio ARM SoC (8 CPU core, 6 nm) paired with an RTX 3060 graphics card. In addition, the showcased system ran both demos with full support for five key RTX technologies: Global Illumination, Direct Illumination, RTX Memory Utility, DLSS and Nvidia’s Optix AI- Acceleration Denoiser. # ⚓ NVIDIA_470.57.02_Graphics_Driver_Brings_Support_for RTX_3070/80_Ti_GPUs,_DOOM_Eternal_Fixes⠀⇛ NVIDIA 470.57.02 is here to introduce support for GeForce RTX 3070 Ti and GeForce RTX 3080 Ti graphics cards, which means that if you own one of them you can now use it with your favorite GNU/Linux distribution as long as you have this latest production version installed. The new driver version also brings better support for several games, including DOOM Eternal, which received a workaround for an issue that made the video game to flip on desktop environments like GNOME, and Far Cry 5, which also received a workaround, but for a shader race condition when run with DXVK. In addition Wolfenstein: Youngblood should now work better with NVIDIA Kepler, Maxwell, Pascal, and Volta GPUs. o § Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Tim_Lauridsen:_Clapper_A_GNOME_media_player⠀⇛ Clapper is a very cool media player for Gnome, It is simple and is looking very good and has some very nice features. # ⚓ Andreas_Schneider:_Improved_cmdline_UX_in_upcoming_Samba 4.15⠀⇛ The initial quote is from the SambaXP talk What should we do with our user interface? in 2019. Douglas wrote that nobody can fix it as experts are locked-in, newbies are baffled and old options can’t be dropped. Since then things have changed. I’ve succeeded to do the impossible, rewrite the command line user interface. This is part of an effort to support FIPS mode with Samba. For this the client needs to be able have certain defaults set when the machine is set to FIPS mode. But lets first look at what the issues where and how I addressed them. # ⚓ 10_of_the_best_IRC_clients_for_Linux⠀⇛ Internet Relay Chat is a client and a protocol for real-time Internet text messaging and synchronous conferencing. Users can connect with an IRC client to a global network of IRC servers for one-on-one or group chat. Same may consider IRC an old- fashioned way of communication, but it still has many users in the development community. IRC is still under constant development, with IRCv3 promising some advanced client features such as instant notifications, improved security, and standard features like group communication in forums and channels, one-on-one communication via chat or private message, and data transfers via Direct Client-to-Client. For file transfers in IRC, users can create file servers to share files using customized scripts or bots for their IRC client. I use IRC primarily to engage with the Linux community. You can share or engage directly with users or developers of applications and distros. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ Certificate_Auto_Enrollment_from_Samba_–_David_Mulder⠀⇛ Certificate Auto Enrollment allows devices to enroll for certificates from Active Directory Certificate Services. As of Samba 4.16, Linux clients can now auto enroll for certificates just like a Windows client. Samba’s Certificate Auto Enrollment uses the certmonger service to keep track of certificates. It also uses the cepces plugin to certmonger. The sscep command is also used to download the trust chain. # ⚓ 5_Crontab_Examples_to_Help_You_Automate_Linux_Tasks⠀⇛ The cron program automates the execution of other programs on Linux. Cron is a daemon that runs continuously and starts other programs according to a given schedule. Several different files define this schedule. They are individually known as crontabs. Cron can schedule any Unix command or task. Sometimes, you’ll want to work with a simple command. Other times, you’ll need to write a script to carry out the full task. Cron works fine with either approach. It also supports complicated scheduling rules and flexible ways of dealing with the script output. Whether you’re carrying out simple user tasks or full-blown system administration, understanding how cron works using practical examples is a must. # ⚓ TLS_Email_Encryption_Explained_–_How_To_Encrypt_Email_with TLS.⠀⇛ It is no secret that email is the preferred method of communication for businesses – a trend that has only been magnified with the increase in remote workers brought on by the pandemic. That being said, email is effectively a plaintext communication sent from email clients to receiving email servers or from one server to another, leaving the content of messages in transit vulnerable to compromise without additional protection via encryption technology such as the Transport Layer Security (TLS) standard. Learn how TLS works to help secure email communications, and how to securely implement TLS in the Postfix mail transfer agent (MTA), Microsoft 365 Exchange Online and Google Workspace to help fortify email against spoofing and data theft. # ⚓ Linux_101:_What_are_aliases_and_how_do_you_use_them?_– TechRepublic⠀⇛ Sometimes a command is either too long to always be typing out or you simply cannot always remember it. Or maybe you have a collection of commands that you frequently run, and constantly typing them isn’t the best use of your time. When that’s the case, what do you do? You create aliases. # ⚓ Extract_pages_from_PDF_in_Linux_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ Dealing with PDF files can be quite a hassle at times since they are not very modifiable. Often one needs to extract a handful of specific pages from a huge document, and the whole errand can feel very laborious. This is exactly why we will be devoting this tutorial to show you the best methods and the finest tools you need to extract pages from PDF files in Linux. # ⚓ Absolute_and_Relative_Paths_in_Linux_&_How_to_Reference Them_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ Paths are a concept that many individuals who wanted to understand how to utilize the command prompt in Linux are confused about. We will illustrate how pathways are and how the distinction between relative as well as absolute pathways in this article. Let’s have a clear understanding of both first. # ⚓ How_to_Filter_Top_Output_to_Specific_Processes_–_Linux Hint⠀⇛ The top is a Linux command-line utility that allows you to monitor running processes and resource usage in your system. Understanding what is going on in your Linux system in real-time can help you locate resource-intensive processes and take necessary actions. This guide will discuss using the top command in Linux to find specific information about running processes in your system. # ⚓ How_to_Install_and_Use_a_Custom_Dock_in_Xfce_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ This article will cover a guide on installing and using a custom dock application in the Xfce desktop environment. Acting as a window / task manager, you can use it to improve the look and feel of your Xfce desktop as well as improve productivity by enhancing window management and switching experience. # ⚓ How_to_Kill_a_Background_Process_in_Linux_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ Linux is a multi-user and multi-task operating system. It supports more than one user and can run multiple processes simultaneously. Technically, that is not the case; the Linux kernel uses scheduling and other process management methods to assign a specific time to each process, making them appear to run simultaneously. However, Linux allows us to perform tasks to the running processes, including background and foreground jobs. This tutorial will discuss how to work with background processes and terminate them using various commands. # ⚓ How_to_Make_Top_Command_Sort_by_Memory_Usage_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ Top is a Linux process and resource usage monitoring utility. It allows users to view real- time information about the running processes and threads managed by the system’s kernel. Because of its interactivity, top enables users to perform tasks, such as filtering for specific processes, filter processes by users, PID, and kill processes. This guide will walk you through the basics of using the ps command to locate specific information about the system. # ⚓ How_to_Reduce_Video_Size_With_FFmpeg_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ There is a comprehensive collection of open-source tools for playing, editing, converting, saving, optimizing, and managing multimedia files. However, many tools, such as VLC and Handbrake, all share one engine: FFmpeg. FFmpeg is an open-source collection of tools for handling multimedia files. FFmpeg contains a set of shared multimedia libraries such as libavcodec, libavutil, and libavformat. Moreover, it works behind the scenes with many multimedia tools. Thus, allowing you to convert video and audio files, perform streams, and resize video files. # ⚓ How_to_Sort_in_Linux_Bash_by_Column_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ The sort command available in Linux allows users to perform sorting operations on a file or an input. The sort command is handy when we want to get an ordered output of a file ascending, descending, or custom-defined sort order. By default, the sort command does not alter the original file unless the output is redirected back to the file. This article covers how to use the sort command to perform sorting operations on specific columns in a file. # ⚓ How_to_Use_Bash_to_Change_the_File_Extension_of_Multiple Files_in_a_Folder_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ This tutorial will discuss a quick way to use Bash to rename files from a specific extension to another. We will use a bash loop, find, rename, and the mv command for this one. # ⚓ How_to_install_EtternaOnline_on_a_Chromebook⠀⇛ Today we are looking at how to install EtternaOnline on a Chromebook. Please follow the video/audio guide as a tutorial where we explain the process step by step and use the commands below. If you have any questions, please contact us via a YouTube comment and we would be happy to assist you! # ⚓ How_to_install_Inkscape_on_Linux_Lite_5.4⠀⇛ In this video, we are looking at how to install Inkscape on Linux Lite 5.4. # ⚓ How_to_save_a_command_output_to_a_file_in_Linux⠀⇛ We all know that by default every command output is displayed on the terminal after execution. The output of a command can be used as a variable or input to another command or then redirected to a file for later reference. This is not always been the situation. also, the saved output of the command can shared with somebody for further analysis. # ⚓ What_is_Apt_Systemd_Daily?_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ When installing or updating packages on Linux distributions, a pesky common error “Unable to lock the administration directory….. locks /var/lib/ dpkg” appears frequently. This error has been discussed on various help portals and forums. Yet, many users run into this problem again and again, despite applying for these potential methods as following: 1. Detecting the process that holds a lock to the file and killing the process. 2. Deleting the locked file to kick off the installation again. Though these solutions work fine, they may lead to system failure or cause some unwanted problems. In the end, you should find out the “the whys and wherefores” as there may be several reasons, among which the following can be one of the reasons. “It generally happens when the system uses a particular file throughout the time of pre- programmed periodic OS update, security update, or package update triggered by apt-daily.service.” So in this guide, you will get to know what is systemd daily and how it works in Linux. # ⚓ What_is_KVM_Switch_Used_for_and_How_Does_It_Work?_–_Linux Hint⠀⇛ During the last year or so, many people from around the world have switched to remote work arrangements, often using a mix of personal and work devices to get things done. This widescale disruption of established work routines has cast new light on an old issue: how to control multiple computers using one keyboard, one mouse, and one monitor? As you can probably already guess, the answer is the humble KVM switch, and this article explains what it is and how it works, equipping you with all the knowledge you need to take advantage of it. # ⚓ GPIO_Aggregator,_a_virtual_gpio_chip_–_Bootlin’s_blog⠀⇛ GPIOs are obviously widely used in embedded systems, and many of them are typically driven directly by Linux kernel drivers for interrupt lines, reset lines, or other control lines used to connect with various peripherals. However, a number of GPIOs are sometimes directly driven by user- space applications. Historically, the Linux kernel has provided a sysfs interface, in /sys/class/gpio to allow such direct control. But in recent years, this sysfs interface has been superseded by a new user-space interface based on /dev/gpiochip* character devices. This new interface has numerous advantages over the previous /sys/class/gpio interface. However, one drawback is that it creates one device file per GPIO chip, which means that access rights are defined per GPIO chip, and not per GPIOs. # ⚓ How_to_install_XAMPP_on_Ubuntu_21.04_–_Unixcop⠀⇛ XAMPP is a cross-platform used as a local host, providing them a suitable environment for developers to test web applications before transferring data to remote servers. XAMPP is an open-source Apache distribution of a PHP development environment. It consists of the cross-platform software Apache, Maria DB, PHP, and Perl. # ⚓ How_to_Capture_HTTP_traffic_in_Wireshark⠀⇛ Wireshark allows you to analyze the traffic inside your network with various tools. If you want to see what’s going on inside your network or have issues with network traffic or page loading, you can use Wireshark. It allows you to capture the traffic, so you can understand what the problem is or send it to support for further assistance. Keep reading this article, and you’ll learn how to capture http traffic in Wireshark. # ⚓ How_To_Install_Hastebin_on_Ubuntu_20.04_LTS_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install Hastebin on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. For those of you who didn’t know, Hastebin is a free and open-source Pastebin software tool written in Node.js. Hastebin web interface is simplicity itself, and it gives you commands to create a new text snippet, save the current snippet, and open existing snippets for editing. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you the step-by-step installation of the Hastebin open-source alternative to Pastebin on Ubuntu 20.04 (Focal Fossa). You can follow the same instructions for Ubuntu 18.04, 16.04, and any other Debian-based distribution like Linux Mint. # ⚓ How_to_play_Max_Payne_on_Linux⠀⇛ Max Payne is a neo-noir third-person shooter video game developed by Remedy Entertainment and published by Rockstar Games. In the game, you play as renegade DEA agent Max Payne as he hunts down those who murdered his family. Here’s how to get it working on Linux. # ⚓ How_to_Create_Arrows_in_LaTeX_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ LaTeX is a powerful tool for creating scientific and technical documents. One element about working with such documents is the use of various types of arrows. In this quick guide, we shall discuss various types of arrows and how you can use them in your LaTeX documents. # ⚓ How_to_Change_Text_Colors_in_LaTeX_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ When working with LaTeX documents, you need a way to modify how the text is displayed. You can achieve this by changing font families, font styles, or size. You can also modify how the information is displayed by changing the text color. Changing text color allows you to add information such as warnings, hyperlinks, and more. This tutorial will discuss how to use LaTeX xcolor package to change text colors in LaTeX documents. # ⚓ How_to_Align_Text_and_Formulates_in_LaTeX_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ LaTeX allows us to determine and control text alignment in our documents. In this tutorial, we will discuss how to align blocks of text or an entire document. # ⚓ How_to_Install_LAMP_on_AlmaLinux_8_|_RoseHosting⠀⇛ A LAMP is a group of software that provides a fully functional environment to host websites or PHP applications on the internet. It is open-source and one of the most popular stacks to host any kind of website. A LAMP is an acronym of the four software, Linux Operating System, Apache HTTP Server, MySQL or MariaDB database management system, and PHP programming language. In this post, we will show you how to install the LAMP stack on AlmaLinux 8. # ⚓ How_To_Append_Multiple_Lines_To_A_File_With_Bash_–_Linux Hint⠀⇛ In Linux, we constantly work with files. As a result, we may encounter instances where we need to append multiple lines to a file. This quick guide will discuss various approaches you can use to append multiple lines in a file. # ⚓ Full_Guide_to_Bash_Loops_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ Linux is an open-source operating system. Unlike Windows and macOS, it is not limited to desktops; it is used on servers, mobile phones, gaming consoles, smart appliances, and embedded systems. Linux was developed and released in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, who started this project as a hobby. Upon release, Linux got unprecedented support from the open-source community. Soon after, the Linux kernel release community started the development on it. Software systems, window systems, and desktop environments were integrated into the newly created Linux kernel. Linux is also known as a Unix-like operating system because it was developed by keeping Unix standards in mind. Many Linux features are similar to Unix, like a directory system, multitasking, and multi- user operations. Still, the characteristic that distinguishes both operating systems is that Unix is a proprietary operating system while Linux is free. Apart from being open-source, # ⚓ How_to_Comment_Multiple_Lines_at_Once_in_Vim_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ Vim is an excellent command-line text editor, especially if you are comfortable with its shortcuts, modes, and bindings. However, when working with it, we can encounter instances where we need to comment on code blocks while editing code and configuration files. This article describes quick and easy ways to comment and uncomment out multiple lines of code in Vim editor. Learning how to do this will remove the need to go down each line and comment out each line. # ⚓ A_Beginner’s_Guide_to_Crontab_on_CentOS_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ The “cron” daemon is a built-in Linux application that Linux users utilize for scheduling the execution of processes. Cron searches the “cron tables” or “crontab” for the particular files and scripts. The crontab file provides a set of commands which you can execute regularly. It also provides the names of the commands that are utilized for managing the command list. Crontab also makes use of the cronjob scheduler to carry out operations. According to a set of instructions, Cron is a system function that will do or execute processes for you. Crontab is the name of the schedule, as well as the utility that is used for these modifications. # ⚓ How_Do_I_Zip_All_Files_In_A_Directory_In_Linux?_–_Linux Hint⠀⇛ Zip is a lossless data compression utility supported by all Linux distributions. Zip archives refer to container archives that contain one or more compressed files and directories. Zip files are cross-platform, allowing you to create zip archives in Windows, Linux, and macOS using various utilities. In addition, zip archive files take less space, making them easier to transfer and store. In Linux, we use the zip archive utility to create zip archives. Throughout this tutorial, we will focus on how to go about creating zip archives in Linux using the zip utility. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Splunk_on_Debian_11_or_10_Linux_–_Linux Shout⠀⇛ Let’s install Splunk on Debian 11 / 10 Linux operating system analyze data collected from various resources… Splunk is security, information, and event management software (SIEM for short). It is a cross-platform solution that receives information from various sources and combines and visualizes the correlated information on a dashboard. The data processed by Splunk can also be enriched with the conventional data from relational databases. Splunk understands machine data as well as the texts that people have created. Machine data is the information (unstructured data) that is generated during the operation of various systems (computers, mobile devices, network components, security appliances, measuring devices, etc.). When you talk about the machine data, you mostly talk about the logs. Thus, SIEM means that you load all the log files of your devices into a large database and unify them. The SIEM warns you when something unusual occurs. You can analyze this data with Splunk to figure out what is going on. # ⚓ How_to_Access_Ubuntu_21.10_Desktop_Remotely_From_Windows_11 |_UbuntuHandbook⠀⇛ Want to access your Ubuntu desktop remotely from a Windows 11 computer? It’s easy to do the job with built-in screen sharing function. Ubuntu uses Vino as default VNC server to share your existing desktop. With it, users can access Ubuntu remotely either in or out of local network via a VNC client. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Syncthing_on_Ubuntu_20.04⠀⇛ Syncthing is an open-source tool used for synchronizing files between two or more computers on a network. It uses peer-to-peer architecture and exchanges your data directly between your devices. All data transmitted between multiple devices are encrypted with TLS. Whenever you create, modify, or delete any data on one Syncthing machine it will automatically be replicated to other servers. It can install in all major operating systems including, Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, etc. In this guide, we will show you how to install and set up Syncthing server on Ubuntu 20.04. # ⚓ How_to_install_TensorFlow_”_Machine_Learning_”_on_Ubuntu 21.04_–_Unixcop⠀⇛ TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning library written in Python and built by Google. Many well-known organizations are using TensorFlow including Paypal, Lenovo, Intel, Twitter, and Airbus. You can install it using Anaconda, as a docker container or in a Python virtual environment. A virtual environment allows users to have different python environments on a single system and they can install a particular module version based on per-project requirements, without affecting the other projects. This article will show you how to install the TensorFlow library in a Python virtual environment using the command line application on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS and Ubuntu 21.04. # ⚓ How_to_Install_and_Use_Wireshark_on_Ubuntu_21.04_– Unixcop⠀⇛ Wireshark is an open-source network protocol analyzer tool indispensable for system administration and security.It drills down and displays data travelling on the network.Wireshark allows you to either capture live network packets or to save it for offline analysis. One of the features of Wireshark that you will love to learn is the display filter which lets you inspect only that traffic you are really interested in. Wireshark is available for various platforms including Windows, Linux, MacOS, FreeBSD, and some others. o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ NVIDIA_Releases_More_GameWorks_Projects_As_Open-Source_With Linux_Support⠀⇛ It looks like NVIDIA could be feeling the pressure from AMD’s GPUOpen efforts with NVIDIA now publishing more GameWorks projects as open-source for both Linux and Windows. As more NVIDIA announcements out today for the Game Developers Conference week, several new GameWorks projects are released as open-source. Alongside getting NVIDIA RTX working on Arm, the DLSS SDK for Linux, and the NVIDIA 470 driver stable release for Linux users, there are several new open-source GameWorks projects. # ⚓ Pre-ordered_a_Steam_Deck?_Here’s_how_to_find_out_which games_will_run_on_it⠀⇛ Valve shook the gaming world when it revealed the Steam Deck, a handheld that’s essentially a portable PC. The Steam Deck console lets players access their Steam libraries on the go, and looks positioned to give the Nintendo Switch a serious run for its money when it releases sometime during December 2021. But with some reports that certain games might not be able to run on the Steam Deck, including Destiny 2 and Apex Legends, how can you be sure your favorite go-to games will be playable at all? Fear not, as there’s a relatively simple way to find out ahead of time if your most beloved Steam games are compatible with the Deck, and it lies within the fact that SteamOS (the Steam Deck’s operating system) is powered by Linux. # ⚓ Steam_Deck_Linux-Powered_Gaming_System_Set_to_Take_Over_the Handheld_World⠀⇛ A Linux and KDE-powered portable gaming platform is set to be released by Valve. More than just a hand-held gaming system, the Steam Deck is a Linux-powered system, with a KDE interface, that can be docked and used as a regular PC. Steam Deck uses Proton as a compatibility layer to play Windows games on Linux, but users are free to replace it. The device specs include an AMD 4-core Zen 2 CPU, an 8-core RDNA 2 graphics unit, 16 GB of memory, a 7-inch 1280×800-resolution touchscreen. As far as game control, Steam Deck includes several trackpads, thumbsticks, buttons, and triggers. A 40Wh battery is said to allow anywhere from two to eight hours of use. The device is charged via a single USB-C port that doubles as the means to connect the Steam Deck to external monitors and docks. o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § GNOME Desktop/GTK⠀➾ # ⚓ Shaun_McCance:_Part_3:_Voice_and_Style⠀⇛ This is Part 3 in a series about the Discovery Docs initiative, which I will present about in my upcoming GUADEC talk. In Part 1: Discovering Why, I laid the groundwork for why I think we should focus our docs on discovery. In Part 2: Templates and Taxonomies, I talked about how to structure topics differently to emphasize learning. In this post, I’ll talk about how we should write to be engaging, but still clear. One of the main goals of Discovery Docs is to be more engaging and to create enthusiasm. It’s hard to create enthusiasm when you sound bored. Just as your speaking voice can either excite or bore people, so too can your writing voice affect how people feel while reading. Boring docs can leave people feeling bored about the software. And in a world of short-form media, boring docs probably won’t even be read. This post has been the hardest in the series for me to write. I’ve been in the documentation industry for two decades, and I’ve crafted a docs voice that is deliberately boring. It has been a long learning process for me to write for engagement and outreach. # ⚓ GNOME_40.3_Released_with_Improvements_to_GNOME Software,_Many_Bug_Fixes⠀⇛ Coming about five weeks after the GNOME 40.2 release, GNOME 40.3 is here with an updated GNOME Software app that now automatically installs application updates depending on the type of application and user configuration, includes apps from disabled repositories in the search results of the Activities Overview, an improved Updates tab, as well as better support for PackageKit apps. The Evince document viewer has been updated as well to display “None” when the creation or modification date is missing from a document, as well as to enable the Odd Pages Left option only when the dual page feature is active. Also, the GNOME Boxes app received improvements to the run-in-background functionaly for non-Flatpak builds. # ⚓ GNOME_41_Alpha_Released_With_Many_Desktop_Changes Accumulating ⠀⇛ The GNOME project is out today with their first alpha release of the forthcoming GNOME 41 desktop environment. GNOME 41 isn’t due out until September but there are already many changes merged for GNOME “41.alpha” besides the usual translation updates and bug fixes. Some major components like GNOME Shell and Mutter didn’t issue their 41 Alpha releases in time for the formal release, but among the changes to be found in the official NEWS entry for GNOME 41 Alpha includes: - The Epiphany web browser now uses a smaller address bar font in the narrow mode, the address bar drop-down now supports various filters, updated PDF.js, the web process is now killed when it is unresponsive for too long, new keyboard shortcuts, and other improvements. # ⚓ GNOME_41.alpha_released⠀⇛ Hi, GNOME 41.alpha is now available. This is the first unstable release leading to 41 stable series. If you want to compile GNOME 41.alpha, you can use the official BuildStream project snapshot. Thanks to BuildStream's build sandbox, it should build reliably for you regardless of the dependencies on your host system: https://download.gnome.org/teams/releng/ 41.alpha/gnome-41.alpha.tar.xz The list of updated modules and changes is available here: https://download.gnome.org/core/41/41.alpha/ NEWS The source packages are available here: https://download.gnome.org/core/41/41.alpha/ sources/ o § Distributions⠀➾ # § New Releases⠀➾ # ⚓ IPFire_2.25_–_Core_Update_158_released⠀⇛ IPFire 2.25 – Core Update 158 is generally available. It comes with one-click VPNs for Apple iOS and Mac OS devices as well as with various fixes across the board including security fixes. Before we talk about what is new, I would like to as you for your support for our project. IPFire is a small team of people from a range of backgrounds sharing one goal: make the Internet a safer place for everyone. Like many of our open source friends, we’ve taken a hit this year and would like to ask for your continued support. # ⚓ Kodachi_8.7⠀⇛ # § Screenshots/Screencasts⠀➾ # ⚓ Linux_overview_|_Linux_Mint_20.2_“Uma”_MATE⠀⇛ In this video, I am going to show an overview of Linux Mint 20.2 “MATE” and some of the applications pre-installed # § PCLinuxOS/Mageia/Mandriva/OpenMandriva Family⠀➾ # ⚓ OpenMandriva_on_IRC.⠀⇛ OpenMandriva is no longer using Freenode IRC. There are Matrix channels for OpenMandriva (user channel) and OpenMandriva Cooker (developer channel). These are also channels at Libera Chat. #openmandriva @ libera.chat and #openmandriva-cooker @ libera.chat. The Matrix and Libera Chat channels are bridged (interconnected). They are also bridged with Telegram. # ⚓ Mageia_at_GUADEC_2021⠀⇛ In my recent blog post I shared that GNOME’s GUADEC 2021 is going to be online due Covid19-pandemic. Nevertheless, I am pleased to let you know that my workshop about Mageia GNOME has been accepted! This workshop will give an introduction to Mageia GNOME and you will learn about the distribution itself on the 23rd of July at 18h30 UTC (at 19:30 British Summer Time (BST), 20h30 central europe time (CEST, Paris, Berlin, Rome…)) for about an hour. # § SUSE/OpenSUSE⠀➾ # ⚓ Leap_Gains_Maintenance_Update_Improvements⠀⇛ The recent release of openSUSE Leap 15.3 has gained some maintenance improvements from a new repository setup. Maintenance efforts for Leap related to Closing the Leap Gap expands to having three separate repository groups instead of one. The openSUSE specific package repositories called oss and non-oss repositories changed. While these two repositories contained all the content of Leap 15.2 and older, they now contain only the branding and related setup packages. The shared PackageHub and openSUSE packages known as the backports repository contains all the packages not in SUSE Linux Enterprise nor in the openSUSE specific packages. Previously, PackageHub was specific to SLE, which duplicated packages between openSUSE and PackageHub; now this single project is shared between both PackageHub and openSUSE Leap 15.3. This single repository will improve the quality of delivering updates and avoid package conflicts like zypper patch for openSUSE Leap 15.3. # ⚓ Resulta_underpins_global_growth_strategy_with_SUSE Rancher⠀⇛ “With a focus on building our international capabilities, it’s critical that our architecture can scale at speed. Kubernetes and SUSE Rancher bring an agile approach to IT that is making our vision a reality.” Jamie Fifield, head of IT operations, Resulta. # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾ # ⚓ Red_Hat_Expands_RHEL_Choices_For_Research_And Academic_Institutions⠀⇛ Red Hat has announced the expansion of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) academic program to include a wider range of academic and research institutions. The move is intended to help better prepare students and other learners for future opportunities in IT-related fields. # ⚓ eCube_Systems_Announces_NXTera_7.2_for_Red_Hat Enterprise_Linux_8_(RHEL_8)⠀⇛ eCube Systems, a leading provider of middleware modernization, integration and management solutions, announced the release of NXTera™ 7.2 High Performance RPC Middleware capable of running both client and server applications on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Platform. NXTera is the replacement middleware for Entera and continues to expand the platforms upon which it can run. NXTera now supports a variety of linux platforms including Suse, Centos, Ubuntu and Redhat in addition to the existing Unix and Windows platforms from NT, 200X Server, XP, 7, Vista and 10. With the latest RHEL8 platform, NXTera middleware fully supports in house application on most platforms with naming services through RPCbroker and database access engine JDBC_START. With the support for Webservices connectors for the applications and enhancements to the broker to support the internet, NXTera applications can now be run on the Cloud. # ⚓ Red_Hat_expands_Linux_offerings_for_research_and academic_organizations⠀⇛ Red Hat is reaching out to new users. And, how better to do that than expanding its reach to schools and research institutions? Of course, Red Hat has been doing this for years, but now the Linux giant and cloud power will offer a low-cost option for Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) to non-degree- granting entities. Now, a much broader range of research and academic-related organizations will have access to Red Hat’s academic subscription program. # ⚓ The_4_Best_RHEL-Based_Alternatives_to_CentOS⠀⇛ Red Hat’s announcement that CentOS would “shift direction” from a simple drop-in replacement for Red Hat Enterprise Linux to CentOS Stream left quite a few users scrambling for a replacement. Fortunately, there are several RHEL-based distros available already. # ⚓ Red_Hat_Extends_Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux_8_as_a Foundation_for_More_Secure_Computing_with_Second_FIPS 140-2_Validation⠀⇛ # ⚓ Jim_Whitehurst_Left_IBM_Because_He’d_Rather_Be_CEO_| Data_Center_Knowledge⠀⇛ Contrary to what some may have feared, the exec’s departure wasn’t a sign that IBM was trying to make Red Hat more like IBM, reneging on its promise earlier. # ⚓ Awards_roll_call:_March_to_July_2021⠀⇛ As Red Hat remains focused on our vision for open hybrid cloud, Red Hat customers, partners and associates are delivering the products and services needed to revolutionize the cloud. We are proud to have a strong open source ecosystem and team of innovators standing by us through it all. Together, we have received more than 30 accolades from industry publications and organizations in the last five months. # § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾ # ⚓ Ubuntu_Weekly_Newsletter_Issue_692⠀⇛ Welcome to the Ubuntu Weekly Newsletter, Issue 692 for the week of July 11 – 17, 2021. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # ⚓ The_JingPad_A1_is_a_Feature-packed,_Flagship_Level…_Linux Tablet?!⠀⇛ An 11″, 2K, 4:3 AMOLED touchscreen. A 1.8GHz 8-core ARM SoC. 8GB of RAM. 256GB of storage. USB-C. An included stylus. Sounds like an awesome tablet right? But the thing that makes the JingPad A1 truly special is that it’s running JingOS, a Linux- based operating system. [...] As I said, the JingPad A1 comes with a stylus. But it also has an optional keyboard and trackpad accessory. I like the integrated kickstand. That’s a neat implementation. # ⚓ Pi-like_RK3568_SBC_grows_SATA_out_of_its_USB_ports⠀⇛ Radxa unveiled a $35-and-up “Rock 3 Model A” SBC that runs Linux on a 2.0GHz, quad -A55 Rockchip RK3568 and offers up to 8GB RAM, GbE with PoE, M.2 M- and E-key, and SATA via USB 3.0. Radxa has begun sampling a new community backed SBC built around the NPU-equipped Rockchip RK3568 in a collaboration with Rockchip’s Toybrick division. The open-spec Rock 3 Model A (or Rock 3A) will launch in late August at $35 (2GB LPDDR4), $55 (4GB), and $75 (8GB). The Rock 3 Model A is billed as “basically a little brother of” the RK3399-based Rock Pi 4 and shares the same Raspberry Pi style dimensions, layout, and 40-pin GPIO. This is the first compact, low-priced SBC built around the RK3568, the slightly higher end sibling to the similarly quad-core, Cortex-A55 based RK3566. # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ Raspberry_Pi_History⠀⇛ From building a single board computer for educational purposes and personal entertainment to selling more than 40 million boards around the globe, Raspberry Pi has come a long way. Raspberry Pi devices are developed by a UK-based charity that aims to deliver the power of digital computing to people across all sections of the world. Raspberry Pi foundations empower low-cost and high-power single-board PCs and software. Most of the schools and colleges prefer Raspberry Pi units for general purposes. However, Raspberry Pi was not intended as a charity program earlier. It was a small team of the computer laboratory at the University of Cambridge that discovered a declining interest in computers due to increasing costs and tough maintenance of typical computer systems. This is where they decided to get a solution to this problem and thus, Raspberry Pi was born. Let’s discuss the journey of Raspberry Pi from 2012 until now. # ⚓ This_light_painting_machine_puts_a_new_spin_on_the old_geometric_chuck_|_Arduino_Blog⠀⇛ Light painting is a fun way to create digital images by using just a few points of light to “draw” across a camera with a long exposure time. This gives the illusion of a virtual streamer being dragged on the canvas and can produce amazing photos. Ted Kinsman wanted to build a light painting machine, which mimics the geometric chucks from the 1860s that used several spinning platters on a lathe that rotated at different speeds to carve ornate patterns into wood. His version has a series of three platters all stacked on top of each other and are driven by three stepper motors. # ⚓ VoiceTurn_is_a_voice-controlled_turn_signal_system for_safer_bike_rides_|_Arduino_Blog⠀⇛ Whether commuting to work or simply having fun around town, riding a bike can be a great way to get exercise while also enjoying the scenery. However, riding around on the road presents a danger as cars or other cyclists / pedestrians might not be paying attention while you try to turn. That is why Alvaro Gonzalez-Vila created VoiceTurn, a set of turn signals that are activated by simply saying which direction you are heading towards. VoiceTurn works by using the Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense at its heart to both listen for the “left” or “right” keywords and then activate the appropriate turn signal. Gonzalez-Vila took advantage of edge machine learning through the Edge Impulse Studio. First, he collected audio samples consisting of the words “left,” “right,” and then random noise via the Google Speech Commands Dataset. Next, he sent them through an MFCC block that does some processing to extract human speech features. And finally, the Keras neural network was trained on these features to produce a model. # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Sony_Xperia_1_III_may_only_receive_one_major_Android OS_update_–_Android_Community⠀⇛ # ⚓ Android_Security:_Over_150_Security_and_Privacy Issues_Found_on_Stalkerware⠀⇛ # ⚓ Our_readers_keep_their_Android_phones_for_longer_than we_expected_|_Android_Central⠀⇛ # ⚓ Altice_USA_debuts_4K_Android_TV_device_for_broadband- only_subs_|_FierceVideo⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_Chrome_disappearing_shortcuts_issue_on Android?_Try_workaround⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_Change_Your_Navigation_Language_in_Google_Maps on_Android⠀⇛ # ⚓ Digital_Wellbeing_Heads_Up_expands_to_more_Android phones_–_9to5Google⠀⇛ # ⚓ After_ruining_Android_12′s_power_menu,_Google_adds notification_to_explain_where_everything_went⠀⇛ o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # ⚓ Kubernetes_Release_Cadence_Change:_Here’s_What_You_Need_To Know⠀⇛ On April 23, 2021, the Release Team merged a Kubernetes Enhancement Proposal (KEP) changing the Kubernetes release cycle from four releases a year (once a quarter) to three releases a year. This blog post provides a high level overview about what this means for the Kubernetes community’s contributors and maintainers. # ⚓ FreeType_2.11_Released_With_New_Rendering_Module,_Smooth Rasterizer_Is_Faster⠀⇛ FreeType 2.11 is out as the newest version of this widely-used library for font rasterization. It’s been over two years since the original FreeType 2.10.0 release but with various point release bug fixes since then. Now FreeType 2.11 is ready to meet the world. With FreeType 2.11 some of the changes include: # § Web Browsers⠀➾ # § Mozilla⠀➾ # ⚓ SpiderMonkey_Newsletter_(Firefox_90-91)⠀⇛ SpiderMonkey is the JavaScript engine used in Mozilla Firefox. This newsletter gives an overview of the JavaScript and WebAssembly work we’ve done as part of the Firefox 90 and 91 Nightly release cycles. Firefox/SpiderMonkey 91 will become the next ESR branch and will remain supported over the next year. # § Productivity Software/LibreOffice/Calligra⠀➾ # ⚓ Community_Member_Monday:_Jackson_Cavalcanti_Junior⠀⇛ I am Brazilian, from the city of Olinda, Pernambuco. I am 62 years old, and work as a public servant in the municipality of Olinda. I am one of the creators of the Municipal Public Archive of Olinda. I am also a human rights activist, especially for LGBT people. I am a proofreader and I also write for my blog. In my work, in the city of Olinda, since 2001 I have been working with free office software, having started with OpenOffice.org, then with BrOffice and LibreOffice Writer, with which I created several models of documents to be used by the agencies that are part of the administrative structure of the Municipality of Olinda. These models remained on the City Hall’s intranet until 2016, when in that year’s elections another political party was elected, and that project was discontinued. As a citizen, I am an activist in the LGBT movement, in which I have worked since 1980, when I helped found the Homosexual Action Group (GATHO), which was the first group in Pernambuco to fight in defense of citizenship for homosexual people. This group no longer exists, but I am a member of the LGBT Forum of Pernambuco, where I work as an independent activist, to which I was invited by my history as an activist for the LGBT cause in the state where I reside. I also advertise LibreOffice among my friends, in the institutions where I work, and also in the WhatsApp and Telegram groups. I like to photograph my city, my animals and nature. # § CMS⠀➾ # ⚓ HospitalRun:_an_open-source_clinical_practice solution_for_low_resources_environment⠀⇛ HospitalRun is an all-in-on clinical practice management software package for small and medium-size hospitals and clinics. It is also a completely open-source project. The software runs seamlessly on Linux, Windows, and macOS. It is packed in an executable package for Windows, macOS. It also offers an extensive cloud install instructions. What makes HospitalRun unique is its offline- first approach, which proven useful in environment with bad or no internet connections. HospitalRun can runs on a single machine like a doctor machine or on the cloud, allowing users to access it through their web browsers. # ⚓ WP_Briefing:_Episode_13:_Cherishing_WordPress Diversity⠀⇛ In this episode, Josepha Haden Chomphosy discusses the importance of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion to the fabric of the WordPress project and how we can move from a place of welcoming it to cherishing it. # § FSF⠀➾ # § GNU Projects⠀➾ # ⚓ Edward_Snowden_Thinks_GIMP_Needs_a_Major_UI Overhaul⠀⇛ Edward Snowden’s recent tweet praised what free and open-source software can achieve. In the tweet, he highlights that every time he uses Blender (an open-source 3D software suite), it reminds him of the advantages of FOSS and the growth of the ecosystem. He did not just limit to that, in a follow-up reply to the same thread, he also tagged GIMP and added, “I’m really hoping for a major UI overhaul. You guys could be eating Adobe’s lunch.“ # § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ [Older]_Ultra_App_Kit_Released⠀⇛ Unlike other alternatives like Dear ImGui, the Ultra App Kit GUI renders in retained mode rather than immediate mode, and is specifically designed for desktop GUI applications. This makes applications snappy and responsive when resizing or refreshing a window. DPI scaling is baked into the design for resolution-independent graphics on any screen. The GUI can be combined with an embedded OpenGL viewport, or combined with a 3D game engine to make custom editors and game development tools. Check out the video tutorials and read the documentation to learn more. # ⚓ Budibase:_A_no-code_platform_that_turns_idea_into apps_in_a_blaze⠀⇛ Budibase is a no-code/ low-code platform built to help developers and decision makers create solid enterprise apps in timely fashion. It packs all the required elements to connect to different data sources, views, forms, and tables which ease the collaboration and building process. The platform is super-easy to install, it took less than a minute to get everything up and running. But it promises more, deployment and continuous integration which other low- code and no-code platforms don’t take much good care of. Budibase fits perfectly in a fast, dynamic business environment, which require new solutions occasionally. It helps to model ideas into apps and ship them rapidly. # ⚓ Run_Python_applications_in_virtual_environments_| Opensource.com⠀⇛ If you use Python, you probably install a lot of Python applications. Some are tools you just want to try out. Others are tried and true applications you use every day, so you install them on every computer you use. In either situation, it can be useful to run your Python applications in virtual environments to keep them and their dependencies separate from one another to avoid versioning conflicts and to keep them from the rest of your system to improve security. # ⚓ Remi_Collet:_PHP_version_7.4.22RC1_and_8.0.9RC1⠀⇛ Release Candidate versions are available in testing repository for Fedora and Enterprise Linux (RHEL / CentOS) to allow more people to test them. They are available as Software Collections, for a parallel installation, perfect solution for such tests, and also as base packages. RPM of PHP version 8.0.9RC1 are available as SCL in remi-test repository and as base packages in the remi-php80-test repository for Fedora 32-34 and Enterprise Linux. RPM of PHP version 7.4.22RC1 are available as SCL in remi-test repository and as base packages in the remi-test repository for Fedora 32-34 or remi-php74-test repository for Enterprise Linux. # ⚓ Meson_0.59_Build_System_Adds_First_Class_Cython,_Wine Resource_Compiler_Support_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ The open-source Meson build system that continues to be increasingly used by open- source projects and other software is out with version 0.59, which continues tacking on more features. Meson 0.59 adds Cython as a supported first class language, support is added for the Wine Resource Compiler, new VS2012/VS2013 back-end options for those older versions of Microsoft Visual Studio, Meson sub-projects commands are now run on each sub-project in parallel by default, new build target methods, support on Windows for automatically setting up the Visual Studio environment if necessary, and other changes. # ⚓ Nibble_Stew:_A_quick_look_at_the_O3DE_game_engine_and building_it_with_Meson⠀⇛ Earlier today I livestreamed what it would take to build a small part of the recently open sourced O3DE game engine. The attempt did not get very far, so here is a followup. It should not be considered exhaustive in any way, it is literally just me poking the code for a few hours and writing down what was discovered. # ⚓ Use_GDB_Print_Stack_Trace_of_Core_File⠀⇛ If you have been programming for a while, you have come across the term core dump. If you look at the core man page, it defines as core dump as “a file containing an image of the process’s memory at the time of termination. This image can be used in a debugger (e.g.) gdb to inspect the state of the program at the time that it terminated”. In simple terms, a core dump file is a file that contains memory information about a process when the specific process terminates. There are various reasons why processes may crash and create a core dump file. This tutorial will show you how to use GDB to view the core dump file and print the stack trace. # ⚓ Calling_getpid_function_in_C_with_Examples_–_Linux Hint⠀⇛ Getpid() is the function used to get the process ID of the process that calls that function. The PID for the initial process is 1, and then each new process is assigned a new Id. It is a simple approach to getting the PID. This function only helps you in getting the unique processes ids. Functions used in getting ids Two types of IDs are present here. One is the current id of the process PID. Whereas the other is the id of the parent process PPID. Both these functions are built-in functions that are defined in library. While running the code without using this library may cause an error and stops executing. # ⚓ C_String_Concatenation_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ Concatenation is the process to append second string to the end of first string. In this article we are going to discuss how to concatenate strings in C by using different methods. The standard C library function which is used to concatenate string is strcat(). # § Perl/Raku⠀➾ # ⚓ Rakudo_Weekly_News:_2021.29_Scheduled_To_3⠀⇛ After a lot of discussion, Andrew Shitov has announced the schedule of the first ever Raku Conference (online on 6, 7 and 8 August 2021). Yes, you read that right: 3 days! One track per day. # § Python⠀➾ # ⚓ How_to_Create_Audiobooks_Using_Python_–_Linux Hint⠀⇛ As you might already know, Python is a wonderful programming tool because it allows us to do virtually anything! This also means that we can create our own software. In this tutorial, we will learn to synthesize speech, get Python to read pdfs, even translate them for us, and then read them to us. What we’re going to do here is to get Python to read us a pdf, and translate it for us. First, we’ll try to create an English audiobook. As such, the first thing we must logically do is to extract the text from the pdf. For this, we use the module known as tika. As usual, to install Tika, one conjures pip. # § Rust⠀➾ # ⚓ A_GPIO_driver_in_Rust⠀⇛ As an example of what a “real” device driver in Rust would look like, Wedson Almeida Filho has posted a translation of the PL061 GPIO driver alongside the original. For ease of reading, the resulting HTML has been reformatted a bit and placed below; viewing in a wide window is recommended. # § Java⠀➾ # ⚓ Top_7_Linux_Questions_from_Java_Interviews_– LinuxTechLab⠀⇛ In the realm of operating systems for programmers, Linux reigns supreme. There are a lot of reasons to prefer it over other OS: memory management, case sensitivity, and built-in packages. So, as a Java developer, you will likely have to make a transition from Windows to macOS to Linux. What should you know to get started and which Linux questions from Java interviews, that programmers should be ready to answer at job interviews? # ⚓ Quick_Sort_in_Java_Explained⠀⇛ Quick Sort, also written as Quicksort, is a list sorting scheme that uses the divide-and-conquer paradigm. There are different schemes for Quick Sort, all using the divide-and-conquer paradigm. Before explaining Quick Sort, the reader must know the convention for halving a list or sub-list and the median of three values. [...] What about the case, when the number of elements in the list or sub-list is odd? At the start, the length is still divided by 2. By convention, the number of elements in the first half of this division is length / 2 + 1/2. Index counting begins from zero. The middle index is given by length / 2 – 1/2. This is considered as the middle term, by convention. For example, if the number of elements in a list is 5, then the middle index is 2 = 5/2 – 1/2. And, there are three elements in the first half of the list and two elements in the second half. The middle element of the whole list is the third element at index, 2, which is the middle index because index counting begins from 0. * § Leftovers⠀➾ o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary/Cracking⠀➾ # ⚓ The_Pegasus_leak:_What_you_need_to_know_right_now- Technology_News,_Firstpost⠀⇛ # ⚓ Hungarian_journalists_and_critics_of_Orbán_were targeted_with_Pegasus,_a_powerful_Israeli_cyberweapon⠀⇛ On 19 July, a consortium of 17 international media organisations published an investigation around a leaked list of phone numbers from across the world, dubbed the Pegasus Project. These numbers are allegedly a “target list” of phones hacked/to be hacked by the Pegasus spyware product sold by Israel’s NSO Group. # § Security⠀➾ # ⚓ Researchers_Warn_of_Linux_Cryptojacking Attackers_Operating_from_Romania [Ed: Misleading crap; they target weak passwords ("SSH brute- forcer written in Golang") rather than Linux but The Hacker News seems to be pushing Microsoft's propaganda line instead. At the moment millions of Windows machines are being hijacked for Microsoft holes that it failed to patch, the media rarely mentions the real culprit.]⠀⇛ A threat group likely based in Romania and active since at least 2020 has been behind an active cryptojacking campaign targeting Linux-based machines with a previously undocumented SSH brute- forcer written in Golang. Dubbed “Diicot brute,” the password cracking tool is alleged to be distributed via a software-as-a-service model, with each threat actor furnishing their own unique API keys to facilitate the intrusions, Bitdefender researchers said in a report published last week. # ⚓ Linux_Variant_of_HelloKitty_Ransomware_Targets VMware_ESXi_Servers [Ed: This issue here is not Linux; this seems like a black PR campaign]⠀⇛ According to researchers on the MalwareHunterTeam, HelloKitty has joined a growing list of ransomware gangs targeting VMware ESXi. Researchers found a Linux encryptor used by the HelloKitty ransomware gang in an attack against videogame developer CD Projekt Red. The researchers reported that the attack, which occurred in February, targeted the organization’s Vmware ESXi servers and the virtual machines running on them. Therefore, one hit in this type of attack can affect multiple different virtual machines. The discovery marks the first time that researchers have observed the ransomware group using a Linux encryptor in an attack. # ⚓ Linux_version_of_HelloKitty_ransomware_targets VMware_ESXi [Ed; How to tarnish the name Linux using something that's not related to it (while at the same time not naming Windows when Windows is, in fact, at fault)]⠀⇛ # ⚓ Security_updates_for_Monday_[LWN.net]⠀⇛ Security updates have been issued by Arch Linux (chromium, firefox, mbedtls, nextcloud, python-pillow, ruby, ruby2.6, ruby2.7, systemd, thunderbird, varnish, and vivaldi), Debian (thunderbird), Fedora (chromium, firefox, and linux-firmware), Gentoo (apache, commons-fileupload, dovecot, and mediawiki), openSUSE (firefox, fossil, go1.16, and icinga2), Oracle (firefox, kernel, and kernel- container), Red Hat (nettle), and SUSE (firefox and go1.16). o § Monopolies⠀➾ # § Patents⠀➾ # § Software Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ Europe’s_SEP_bombshell;_Huawei_and_Verizon settle_patent_fight;_Protecting_AI_via_the_EPO; Ericsson_royalties_jump;_Arthrex_–_the_good,_bad and_ugly;_plus_much_more⠀⇛ The EPO is ready and waiting for AI- related patent applications, but that doesn’t mean it will make the path to getting protection an easy one. # ⚓ How_to_secure_AI_patents_in_Europe [Ed: EPO mouthpiece IAM is promoting illegal software patents under the guise of "Hey Hi"]⠀⇛ In this co-published piece, Haseltine Lake Kempner partner Caroline Day explains how a good draft could dramatically improve the chances for an AI application at the EPO Perhaps more than for any other technology area, the European Patent Office (EPO) has promoted its artificial intelligence (AI) practice proactively in expectation of the wave of AI-related applications that they hope is to come. However, there are particular considerations in relation to preparing AI patent applications which stand the best possible chance of success in Europe. Below, we introduce just some of these concepts, but do keep an eye out for our up-coming series of articles, in which we will be exploring the issues – and others – in much greater detail. ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 5316 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 07.19.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Links_19/7/2021:_Linux_5.14_RC2_and_GNU_Binutils_2.37⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 12:42 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o § Desktop/Laptop⠀➾ # ⚓ Linux_Weekly_Roundup_#139⠀⇛ We, me and my family, just came back from our vacation and we had a wonderful time, but there are no links this week. I just uploaded tutorials, I already created. o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ Open_Source_Security_Episode_280_–_The_perils_of_Single Sign_On⠀⇛ Josh and Kurt talk about what happens when you lose access to your Single Sign On provider. These providers have become critical to many of us, if we lose access to our SSO account we will lose access to many services. # ⚓ Xargs_Should_Be_In_Your_Command_Line_Toolbag⠀⇛ Xargs is an important shell utility to know because it allows you to execute to pass standard input as an argument to another command. While many command line programs allow standard input to be used as a parameter (things like grep… # ⚓ Systemd_Has_Never_Been_An_Init_System⠀⇛ Occasionally I hear people talk about systemd being an init system and being incredibly bloated as part of the reason they don’t like it but it’s simply not an init system. It does contain one this is true but it’s a systems management suite and one part of that is an init system. o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # ⚓ Linux_5.14-rc2⠀⇛ Often rc2 ends up being fairly small and calm - either because people take a breather after the merge window, or because it takes a while for people to start reporting bugs. Not so this time. At least in pure number of commits, this is the biggest rc2 we've had during the 5.x cycle. Whether that is meaningful or not, who knows - it might be just random timing effects, or it might indicate that this release is not going to be one of those nice and calm ones. We'll just have to wait and see. But it's not like anything looks super-scary, and it really is too early to start worrying about it, so let's just say that rc2's are usually smaller than this, and just leave it at that. The changes are a bit all over the map, with gpu and networking driver fixes accounting for about half of the patch. But some of that is - again - AMD GPU header file noise, so that may not be all that important. The rest tends to be a mix of things: filesystem fixes, networking, perf tool and selftest fixes, and various random noise. While being larger than usual, it's by no means _huge_, and anybody who cares about the details can easily scan the appended shortlog. Linus # ⚓ Linux_5.14-rc2_Released_&_It’s_Much_Bigger_Than_Usual⠀⇛ Linus Torvalds just released Linux 5.14-rc2 as the latest weekly test candidate of the maturing Linux 5.14 kernel. Given that it’s a week past the Linux 5.14 merge window, there isn’t any shiny new features to talk about but a lot of fixes. Some fixes/improvements worth pointing out though that merged this week were the VirtualBox shared folder patches along with a lot of kernel changes throughout. # ⚓ Kernel_prepatch_5.14-rc2⠀⇛ In total, 421 non-merge changesets were pulled into the mainline between -rc1 and -rc2. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ Install_Vmware_tools_Debian_11_or_10_Linux_VM⠀⇛ f you have just installed the Debian 11 bullseye or 10 Buster on the VMWare Player workstation and want to install VMware tools, then here are the commands to follow. After installing a Virtual machine on Vmware, a few things will not work as you want. For example- The display resolution of the installed virtual machine will not as per your computer; the host to guest drag & drop feature will not be available, Clipboard and other optimization would not be there. And to get them, we have to install VMware tools on our Virtual Machine whether it is Debian or any other. # ⚓ How_to_install_Inkscape_1.1_on_a_Chromebook⠀⇛ Today we are looking at how to install Inkscape 1.1 on a Chromebook. Please follow the video/audio guide as a tutorial where we explain the process step by step and use the commands below. # ⚓ 12_Popular_Linux_Networking_Tools_and_How_to_Use_Them⠀⇛ Whether you are a network engineer or a regular user, learning the basics of some networking tools is just too important. In this article, we’ve created a list of some of the most used networking tools in Linux, and we’ll try to get you familiar with these tools and their basic usage by using practical examples and explaining some core concepts. # ⚓ How_To_Create_Persistent_Live_USB_Using_Mkusb_On_Ubuntu⠀⇛ This tutorial explains what is Mkusb and how to create persistent Live USB using Mkusb tool on Ubuntu and its variants. # ⚓ How_to_filter_for_a_specific_value_in_a_dataframe_in_pandas –_linuxwebdevelopment.com⠀⇛ Are you using pandas with a dataframe, possibly with a huge amount of data, and you want to filter a dataframe for rows where the column value is equal to something? If so, you can learn how to do this with pandas in this article. # ⚓ How_to_install_LeoCAD_on_Linux_Lite_5.4⠀⇛ In this video, we are looking at how to install LeoCAD on Linux Lite 5.4. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Vim_Text_Editor_on_Ubuntu⠀⇛ Vim is the enhanced version of vi text editor. Vim comes preinstalled on Ubuntu. The preinstalled version is minimal. To get the full version of vim, install vim using the apt or apt-get command. Vim is a powerful text editor, which comes preinstalled in most Linux distributions. Ubuntu comes with Vim, vi, nano, Gedit (GUI), and many other text editors installed. In this tutorial, we learn how to install VIM Text Editor on Ubuntu using apt. # ⚓ Steps_for_Installing_Postgresql_in_Ubuntu_20.04_LTS_–_Linux Shout⠀⇛ PostgreSQL is an object-relational database system (ORDBMS). Being an open-source database project it is freely available and usable without a license fee. PostgreSQL was originally developed at the University of California and uses the simple BSD license. It is a very advanced database system in the open- source area. PostgreSQL supports most parts of the SQL2003 standard and has a large number of its own extensions. The user can expand the system with self-defined data types, operators, and functions. Apart from the support of referential integrity and advanced transaction management, PostgreSQL offers definitions of triggers and rules to regulate access to database objects. # ⚓ How_to_Install_‘Klavaro’_(typing_tutor)_on_Fedora_?⠀⇛ Whether you are new to touch typing or trying to improve it, having installed a decent typing tutor is a must. If you are a GNU/Linux user, there there are a few different ones that you can try. We have ‘TIPP10‘, ‘KTouch‘, ‘nlkt‘, ‘gtypist‘ or ‘dvorak7min‘ (which is specially designed for the ‘Dvorak’ users). # ⚓ How_to_Install_Python_3.10_on_Ubuntu_20.04_– LinuxCapable.com⠀⇛ Python is one of the most popular high-level languages, focusing on high-level and object- oriented applications from simple scrips to complex machine learning algorithms. Python 3.10 is the latest release and is not classed as stable compared the Python 3.9, but the final candidate is expected to be completed on the 4th of October 2021. # ⚓ HandBrake_1.4.0_Released_with_10_/_12-bit_Encoding,_How_to Install_in_Ubuntu_|_UbuntuHandbook⠀⇛ The open-source video transcoder HandBrake released new 1.4.0 version with exciting new features. HandBrake 1.4.0 adds native 10 and 12-bit encoding support. Though it has limitations that some filters (e.g., Detelecine, Chroma Smooth, and more) do not currently support higher than 8-bit. With these filters enabled, you won’t benefit from the new feature. You can select the new 10-bit / 12-bit encoder from the “Video codec” drop-down on the Video tab. For hardware encoders, the option will only be shown if the system supports it. # ⚓ How_to_install_Sublime_Merge_on_Linux⠀⇛ Sublime Merge is a cross-platform Git client developed on the same platform as Sublime Text. It comes with excellent features such as a three-way merging tool, side-by-side diffs, and a powerful search function. In this guide, we’ll show you how to set up the software on Linux. # ⚓ Install_Teamviewer_on_Debian_11_or_10_using_command terminal⠀⇛ Here we learn the commands to install TeamViewer on Debian 11 or 10 using the terminal to connect a remote desktop of providing assistant. TeamViewer is an application for easy, fast, and secure remote access to PCs and teamwork. TeamViewer enables devices to be controlled and maintained without having to be on site. TeamViewer is free for private use. TeamViewer Meeting for 10 participants is included in all three editions- Business, Corporate, and Premium. Whereas TeamViewer Pilot is a solution for mobile devices for remote maintenance and remote support. Problem rectification and analysis run in real-time. # ⚓ How_To_Cut_and_Trim_Videos_with_VidCutter_|_Tom’s Hardware⠀⇛ Video editors are incredibly powerful and vastly complex applications which can be used to edit your amateur videos into professional looking masterpieces, complete with a background score, but only if you have the patience to master the interface. Sometimes all you need is a quick cut of unwanted parts from a video, or to merge some clips together. Feature-rich video editors would be overkill for those tasks. Instead, you can use VidCutter, a minimalist video editor that uses Ffmpeg to perform surgery on your video files. Released under the GPLv3 license, VidCutter follows the old Unix philosophy of doing one thing well. Unlike more complex applications such as DaVinci Resolve, Adobe Premiere etc., VidCutter is designed to only cut video files, or join them together, albeit without any special effects. This makes VidCutter ideal for home users, or even amateur broadcasters who only needs a few tweaks to their video before publishing. # ⚓ How_to_Turn_a_Picture_into_a_Wallpaper_on_Android_–_Make Tech_Easier⠀⇛ We all have memories or just pretty images that we’d quite happily be reminded about every single day. What’s the best way to do this? To set them as your background, of course, on your computer or Android phone. It used to be a bit fiddly setting images as your Android wallpaper because instead of cropping images that were too wide, it would sprawl them across your several home screens. Nowadays, a wallpaper stays stationary by default, and Android has a quick and easy way of cropping it down to size. Let’s see how to turn any picture into wallpaper with and without cropping. o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ Steam_Deck_owners_can_upgrade_its_SSD_–_even_in_the cheapest_model⠀⇛ The handheld gaming PC runs SteamOS 3.0 and Valve claims that developers’ existing game builds will likely work right out of the box. # ⚓ Internet_and_industry_experts_react_to_Steam_Deck:_“The largest_day-1_library_for_a_dedicated_gaming_device”⠀⇛ “A handheld PC/console hybrid running the SteamOS fork of Arch Linux, and it’s an open platform where users are free to install software or their choosing – including Windows and other stores.” # ⚓ This_Week_in_Gaming:_The_Steam_Deck,_Netflix,_and_Super Mario_64⠀⇛ The Steam Deck runs SteamOS 3.0 based on Arch Linux, and it features Valve’s Proton compatibility layer to run many games built for Windows. # ⚓ Epic_CEO_Tim_Sweeney_calls_the_Steam_Deck_an_‘amazing_move’ by_Valve ⠀⇛ By default, the Deck runs the SteamOS fork of Arch Linux, which allows Steam and its games to run and play as seamlessly as possible. # ⚓ Godot_4_Is_Focusing_On_Vulkan_+_OpenGL_ES_3.0,_OpenGL Likely_For_Godot_4.1⠀⇛ With the alpha release of the Godot 4.0 open-source game engine approaching, a blog post today detailed the current graphics API support plans around this major game engine update. As readers should know by now, one of the major focuses of Godot 4.0 was on overhauling its renderer in part to bring up Vulkan API support. The renderer design and all code was overhauled for bringing up Vulkan support and enabling support for other modern rendering techniques and features to compete with the proprietary game engines. o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾ # ⚓ This_Week_In_Tok:_New_Features_And_UI_Improvements And_Janet_Got_Tired_Of_Writing_A_Cool_Title_For_Every Weekly-ish_Post⠀⇛ Meta: The first thing I have to announce is, that I’m tired of trying to come up with a cool name for every blog post. I’ll just use This Week In Tok from now on. Secret (E2EE) Chats Tok now supports secret chats, which are indicated in the chat list using a lock icon. Secret chats are Telegram’s E2EE solution, and since the clients (like Tok) are open source and the algorithim well-documented, you can easily verify the implementation for yourself. Wish I could say the same for some other E2EE chats. o § Distributions⠀➾ # ⚓ Busy_Summer:_elementary_Update⠀⇛ I’ve been quiet the last few months. With an increased (at-work) workload and the start of returning to a normal life, I simply haven’t had the time to sit down and focus on FOSS. Despite that, I still managed to contribute some worthwhile improvements to elementary. # § Reviews⠀➾ # ⚓ Review:_rlxos_2106⠀⇛ rlxos is an independent Linux distribution which currently provides a single desktop edition with the GNOME desktop for 64-bit (x86_64) computers. The project has an interesting approach to working with software packages and different versions of the operating system. “System boots from a single system image file just like a live boot and save unique cache on hard disk. Multiple version of system images reside together on same partition and you can select which version to use from boot menu.” rlxos also offers a digital assistant and an immutable filesystem. This means the base filesystem remains the same while changes the user makes are stored in a separate layer. This, in theory, means we can revert to a working system at any time by simply not loading the layer with our changes or upgrades. The distribution appears to have a focus on portable packages and its website mentions being able to work with Flatpak, Snap, and AppImage bundles. # § New Releases⠀➾ # ⚓ Zenwalk_Current_15.0_18_Jul_2021_“Near_Landing” milestone⠀⇛ Summer is there, Pat is about to release a candidate for Slackware 15.0 which will likely last for 2 years, and the current code seems as stable as it can be : so it’s time for a Zenwalk Current release. It can be considered as a milestone release, most packages have been rebuilt down here or upstream, and it confirm some of the choices that where applied since the beginning of 2020 : Pipewire as the sound daemon, with mostly all existing Bluetooth codecs available from APTX to LDAC. Desktop is the latest XFCE 4.16, with the special Zenwalk layout (NEXT/Windowmaker inspired dock system, with unique panel placement for ultra-ergonomic use of the whole desktop place on modern wide screens). Kernel is 5.13.2, with Elogind and PAM, and thankfully : still no Systemd :). Of course : Flatpak is present, and as usual, configured out of the box so that you can install nearly anything on Zenwalk. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ WARP-V:_A_RISC-V_CPU_Core_Generator_Supporting_MIPS ISA_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛ If you have been working on open standard RISC-V ISA CPU cores, there is a high chance that you have come across WARP-V. For newbies, WARP-V is a RISC-V CPU core generator written in TL-Verilog (Transaction- Level Verilog) that supports not only RISC- V but also MIPS ISA. WARP-V has been in discussion for a while due to its unparalleled architectural scalability in a small amount of code. # ⚓ Russia’s_Elbrus_has_a_RISC-V_competitor_as_Yadro prepares_native_chips_for_launch⠀⇛ Russia’s Yadro and subsidiary Syntacore have announced an effort to develop homegrown processors based on the free and open RISC- V architecture. A report in local newspaper Ведомости, first spotted in the west by AnandTech, pointed to state-owned Rostec providing up to 30bn rubles (around $400m, £290m) in backing to Yadro and Syntacore to build a range of devices featuring RISC-V chips. # ⚓ Compsci_eggheads_bring_OpenCL_framework_to_RISC-V_to push_parallel_performance⠀⇛ A quartet of computer science boffins have showcased work on bringing the OpenCL programming framework to a wide range of RISC-V chips – improving their suitability for highly parallel workloads in science and beyond. Born at the University of California at Berkeley in 2010, following an earlier research project from the 1980s dubbed Berkeley RISC, which would eventually become the SPARC architecture, RISC-V is both free and open source. As a result, anyone can build chips implementing the RISC- V architecture and can modify and expand it at will, adding new features or tweaking existing ones as required. # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ 10_Best_Currency_Converter_Apps_for_Android_|_Must- try_for_the_Travellers⠀⇛ # ⚓ 5_easiest_ways_to_find_diamonds_in_Minecraft_on Android_devices⠀⇛ # ⚓ 5_best_games_like_Genshin_Impact_for_Android⠀⇛ # ⚓ The_10_Best_Games_Like_Slay_the_Spire_for_Android_– Meteorfall,_Card_Quest,_Solitairica_and_More_–_Droid Gamers⠀⇛ # ⚓ 14_new_Android_games_from_the_last_week:_The_best, worst,_and_everything_in_between_(7/12/21_–_7/18/21)⠀⇛ # ⚓ Best_Free_Fire_sensitivity_settings_for_easy_aiming and_headshots_on_Android_devices⠀⇛ # ⚓ MIUI_13_Android_12_Update_List:_Android_12_Xiaomi Devices_List,_MIUI_13_Launch_–_Trak.in_–_Indian Business_of_Tech,_Mobile_&_Startups⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_Scan_QR_Codes_on_Your_Android_Smartphone⠀⇛ # ⚓ Need_Help_With_Referencing?_Try_These_Android_Apps⠀⇛ o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # ⚓ The_end_of_open_source? [Ed: Open Source died because of openwashing. We need to talk about software freedom instead.]⠀⇛ # § FSF⠀➾ # § GNU Projects⠀➾ # ⚓ GNU_Binutils_2.37_has_been_released⠀⇛ Hi Everyone, We are pleased to announce that version 2.37 of the GNU Binutils project sources have been released and are now available for download at: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils https://sourceware.org/pub/binutils/ releases/ SHA256 Checksums: 67fc1a4030d08ee877a4867d3dcab35828148f87e1fd05da6db585ed5a166bd4 binutils-2.37.tar.bz2 c44968b97cd86499efbc4b4ab7d98471f673e5414c554ef54afa930062dbbfcb binutils-2.37.tar.gz b05287b811bc3ab4beb8192f8b20673e378e9cfe70a3d634fc374e7939281425 binutils-2.37.tar.lz 820d9724f020a3e69cb337893a0b63c2db161dadcb0e06fc11dc29eb1e84a32c binutils-2.37.tar.xz This release contains numerous bug fixes, and also the following new features: * The GNU Binutils sources now requires a C99 compiler and library to build. * Support for the arm-symbianelf format has been removed. * Support for Realm Management Extension (RME) for AArch64 has been added. * A new linker option '-z report- relative-reloc' for x86 ELF targets has been added to report dynamic relative relocations. * A new linker option '-z start-stop- gc' has been added to disable special treatment of __start_*/ __stop_* references when --gc-sections. * A new linker options '-Bno- symbolic' has been added which will cancel the '-Bsymbolic' and '- Bsymbolic-functions' options. * The readelf tool has a new command line option which can be used to specify how the numeric values of symbols are reported. --sym-base=0|8|10|16 tells readelf to display the values in base 8, base 10 or base 16. A sym base of 0 represents the default action of displaying values under 10000 in base 10 and values above that in base 16. * A new format has been added to the nm program. Specifying '--format=just-symbols' (or just using -j) will tell the program to only display symbol names and nothing else. * A new command line option '--keep- section-symbols' has been added to objcopy and strip. This stops the removal of unused section symbols when the file is copied. Removing these symbols saves space, but sometimes they are needed by other tools. * The '--weaken', '--weaken-symbol' and '--weaken-symbols' options supported by objcopy now make undefined symbols weak on targets that support weak symbols. * Readelf and objdump can now display and use the contents of .debug_sup sections. * Readelf and objdump will now follow links to separate debug info files by default. This behaviour can be stopped via the use of the new '-wN' or '--debug-dump=no- follow-links' options for readelf and the '-WN' or '--dwarf=no-follow- links' options for objdump. Also the old behaviour can be restored by the use of the '--enable-follow-debug-links=no' configure time option. The semantics of the =follow-links option have also been slightly changed. When enabled, the option allows for the loading of symbol tables and string tables from the separate files which can be used to enhance the information displayed when dumping other sections, but it does not automatically imply that information from the separate files should be displayed. If other debug section display options are also enabled (eg '--debug-dump=info') then the contents of matching sections in both the main file and the separate debuginfo file *will* be displayed. This is because in most cases the debug section will only be present in one of the files. If however non-debug section display options are enabled (eg '--sections') then the contents of matching parts of the separate debuginfo file will *not* be displayed. This is because in most cases the user probably only wanted to load the symbol information from the separate debuginfo file. In order to change this behaviour a new command line option -- process-links can be used. This will allow di0pslay options to applied to both the main file and any separate debuginfo files. * Nm has a new command line option: '--quiet'. This suppresses "no symbols" diagnostic. Our thanks go out to all of the binutils contributors, past and present, for helping to make this release possible. Cheers Nick Clifton Chief Binutils Maintainer # ⚓ GNU_Binutils_2.37_Released_With_Support_for ARMv9′s_Realm_Management_Extension⠀⇛ Out this Sunday is the latest update to GNU Binutils as this important collection of binary utilities common to Linux and other platforms. GNU Binutils 2.37 isn’t the most exciting update in recent memory but does bring some new improvements like support for Arm’s new RME extension and other maintenance/janitorial work. # ⚓ Linux_Plumbers_Conference:_GNU_Tools_Track Added_to_Linux_Plumbers_Conference_2021⠀⇛ We are very excited to announce that also for 2021 our friends from the GNU Toolchain are going to join the Linux Plumbers Conference with an additional track: the GNU Tools track. The track will run for the 5 days of the conference. # § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ *BZZT*_Your_12_o’clock_is_next_on_your_schedule_— Kalendar_week_6_(GSoC_2021)⠀⇛ It’s hard to believe, but we are now half-way through Google Summer of Code. Wow, does time fly. 6 weeks ago Kalendar let you view events from your local and online accounts — now, it does a lot more than that! # ⚓ After_Pandemic_Surge,_Coding_Tool_Scratch_Is_Focused on_Supporting_Teaching⠀⇛ As homebound students and teachers looked for online resources during the pandemic, many turned to Scratch, a free coding system for kids developed by the MIT Media Lab. # § Python⠀➾ # ⚓ UPDATE_as_of_18/07/201_for_C++_versus_Python solving_one_problem_from_the_field_of_number theory⠀⇛ * § Leftovers⠀➾ o § Science⠀➾ # ⚓ Antarctica_was_likely_discovered_1,100_years_before Westerners_‘found’_it⠀⇛ The first humans to discover Antarctica weren’t seafaring Westerners but rather Polynesians, who found the coldest continent 1,300 years ago, a new study suggests. Researchers in New Zealand assessed oral histories about a Polynesian explorer spying an icy, mountainous continent untouched by the sun. To find the evidence, they sifted through “gray literature,” or historical reports that weren’t published in peer-reviewed journals, and integrated them with Indigenous oral histories and artwork. This deep dive into Indigenous history revealed that Polynesians likely discovered the southernmost continent more than a millennium before Westerners first spotted it in 1820, according to most historic reports. # ⚓ Seven_degrees_from_one_trillion_species_of_microbes⠀⇛ The Earth contains about one trillion species of microbes — only about one-tenth of which have been identified. A single human can house 100 trillion microbes, creating a single microbiome that serves an ecosystem of microbes. Microbes connect and transform in myriad ways, creating and combining and separating microbiomes anew. How can we begin to parse out how microbiomes differ, how they are similar, how they evolved and how they may change in the future? An international team of researchers may have the answer. They published a scale-free, fully connected search-based network to explore the connectedness of microbiomes across the world on July 13 in mSystems. # ⚓ US_underinvestment_in_STEM_leaves_cash_on_the_table,_new paper_argues⠀⇛ o § Health/Nutrition⠀➾ # ⚓ Parent_sues_Palo_Alto_Unified_for_barring_student_from attending_class_without_a_mask⠀⇛ The father of a rising senior at Palo Alto High School is suing the Palo Alto Unified School District after his son was prohibited from attending an in-person summer class without a mask. The father, whose name is being withheld to protect the identity of the underage student and who also is the attorney in the case, claims that his son cannot wear a mask because he is “unable to wear a face mask safely” and a “speech/communication disability … makes it difficult for him to pronounce certain letters and sounds,” according to the lawsuit that was filed on July 7 in Santa Clara County Superior Court. The suit claims that the student will suffer damages from being barred from class because he will not be able to graduate on time if he is absent for more than three days. According to court documents, the student was enrolled in the district’s summer school credit recovery course that is two and half weeks long and prohibits students from missing more than three days to receive credit. # ⚓ EU_Politicians_Want_Stronger_Role_For_European_Medicines Agency_In_Health_Risk_Assessment⠀⇛ Legislation that will help to build a future “European Health Union” is making its way through the EU legislative process. It includes a greater role for EU health agencies in making preparations for future health emergencies. # ⚓ Safety_Concerns_Turn_FDA_Panel_Thumbs_Down_for_Novel_CKD- Anemia_Drug⠀⇛ o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # ⚓ Critical_Juniper_Bug_Allows_DoS,_RCE_Against_Carrier Networks⠀⇛ Telecom providers, including wireless carriers, are at risk of disruption of network service if the bug in SBR Carrier is exploited. [...] One of these can also be used for RCE, Juniper said. That bug (CVE-2021-0277, with an 8.8 CVSS rating) is an out-of-bounds read vulnerability afflicting Junos OS (versions 12.3, 15.1, 17.3, 17.4, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3 and 20.4), and Junos OS Evolved (all versions). Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved are network operating systems that power Juniper’s enterprise routers and switches. The former runs on FreeBSD, while the latter runs a version of Linux. The issue exists in the processing of specially crafted LLDP frames by the Layer 2 Control Protocol Daemon (l2cpd). LLDP is the protocol that network devices use to broadcast their identity, capabilities and neighbors on a local area network (usually over wired Ethernet). “Continued receipt and processing of these frames, sent from the local broadcast domain, will repeatedly crash the l2cpd process and sustain the DoS condition,” Juniper said in its advisory, issued Thursday. In addition to the patch, this bug has a few workarounds. For instance, users can configure a device to not load the l2cpd daemon. However, if it’s disabled, certain protocols (RSTP, MSTP, VSTP, ERP, xSTP and ERP, among others) won’t work. # ⚓ What_follows_Patch_Tuesday?_Exploit_Wednesday._Grab this_bumper_batch_of_security_updates_from_Microsoft_• The_Register⠀⇛ Microsoft released an XL-sized bundle of security fixes for its products for this month’s Patch Tuesday, and other vendors are close behind in issuing updates. # ⚓ SonicWall_suggests_people_unplug_their_end-of-life gateways_under_‘active_attack’_by_ransomware_crims⠀⇛ SonicWall has warned that its older Secure Mobile Access (SMA) 100 series and Secure Remote Access (SRA) gateways are being attacked in the wild by crooks to spread ransomware – and as some of those devices are end-of-life, don’t expect any patches to protect them. In an emergency alert on Wednesday, the networking biz said miscreants are “actively targeting” the equipment to, as we understand it, steal credentials from them to compromise networks for “an imminent ransomware campaign.” # § Security⠀➾ # ⚓ Linux_servers_are_getting_a_welcome_security upgrade⠀⇛ Cybersecurity firm Sophos has acquired Linux security vendor Capsule8 in a bid to extend its protection cover to Linux servers. Capsule8 offers a threat detection platform for securing Linux production environments across bare-metal and virtualized servers, as well as containers, whether deployed on-premise or in the cloud. Acquired for an unknown sum, Sophos intends to integrate Capsule8’s protection platform into its Adaptive Cybersecurity Ecosystem (ACE) platform. # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ India_internet_law_adds_to_fears_over online_speech,_privacy⠀⇛ It began in February with a tweet by pop star Rihanna that sparked widespread condemnation of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s handling of massive farmer protests near the capital, souring an already troubled relationship between the government and Twitter. Moving to contain the backlash, officials hit Twitter with multiple injunctions to block hundreds of tweets critical of the government. Twitter complied with some and resisted others. # ⚓ Democracy_under_attack:_Indian government’s_alleged_abuse_of_NSO_Pegasus spyware⠀⇛ o § Environment⠀➾ # § Overpopulation⠀➾ # ⚓ Shirish_Agarwal:_BBI_Kenyan_Supreme_Court,_U.P. Population_Bill,_South_Africa,_‘Suli_Deals’,_IT_rules 2021,_Sedition_Law_and_Danish_Siddiqui’s_death.⠀⇛ The U.P. Population Bill came and it came with lot of prejudices. One of the prejudices is the idea that Muslims create or procreate to have the most children. Even with data is presented as shared above from NFHS National Family Health Survey which is supposed to carry our surveys every few years did the last one around 4 years back. The analysis from it has been instrumental not only in preparing graphs as above but also sharing about what sort of death toll must have been in rural India. And as somebody who have had the opportunity in the past, can vouch that you need to be extremely lucky if something happens to you when you are in a rural area. Even in places like Bodh Gaya (have been there) where millions of tourists come as it is one of the places not to be missed on the Buddhism tourist circuit, the medical facilities are pretty underwhelming. I am not citing it simply because there are too many such newspaper reports from even before the pandemic, and both the State and the Central Govt. response has been dismal. Just a few months back, they were recalled. There were reports of votes being bought at INR 1000/- (around $14) and a bottle or two of liquor. There used to be a time when election monitoring whether national or state used to be a thing, and you had LTO’s (Long-time Observers) and STO’s (Short-Term Observers) to make sure that the election has been neutral. This has been on the decline in this regime, but that probably is for another time altogether. Although, have to point out the article which I had shared a few months ago on the private healthcare model is flawed especially for rural areas. Instead of going for cheap, telemedicine centers that run some version of a Linux distro. And can provide a variety of services, I know Kerala and Tamil Nadu from South India have experimented in past but such engagements need to be scaled up. This probably will come to know when the next time I visit those places (sadly due to the virus, not anytime soonish.:( ) . o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾ # ⚓ Escaping_the_Left’s_Electoral_Impasse:_Ranked-Choice_Voting and_Proportional_Representation⠀⇛ Whether you are a socialist who believes in a clean break, a dirty break, or no break from the Democratic Party, ranked-choice voting (RCV)—especially for proportional representation on legislative bodies—should be a top priority now more than ever. These reforms are just as much a principled matter of democratic rights—i.e., the ability of voters to have our preferences reflected in our votes—as it is a strategic and tactical concern for the electoral prospects of the Left. RCV in single-seat races eliminates the spoiler problem that powerfully discourages votes for independent Left candidates. In multi-seat races, RCV creates proportional representation and thus eliminates the winner-take-all problem that enables a single political party to elect every office and monopolize power within a given district. As we fight back against the Republican assault on voting rights and impartial elections, it is time to expand the pro-democracy agenda to include the right to have all political viewpoints represented in proportion to their support in society. o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾ # ⚓ Hong_Kong_Wikipedia_editors_take_precautions_amid_fears mainland_peers_may_report_users_to_national_security_police⠀⇛ A group of Hong Kong Wikipedia editors have convened an urgent meeting and shared guidelines to prevent doxxing, after users from mainland China allegedly threatened to report the group to the city’s national security police. Representatives from the group told HKFP they are hoping to seek assistance from the Wikimedia Foundation after a meeting. [...] Screenshots allegedly taken from a QQ chat group of mainland Wikipedia editors showed that a user under the handle “Walter Grassroot” threatened to report members of the Wikimedia Community User Group Hong Kong (WMHKG) to the Hong Kong national security police hotline. The group of around 30 avid Wikipedia users is affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation. o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ Mandela_Day_continues_to_spread_hope_in_a_time_of_unrest⠀⇛ Today marks the celebration of the life of one of South Africa’s most esteemed freedom fighters and statesmen, Nelson Mandela, and organisations in South Africa are rallying to honour his legacy. Citizens are encouraged to spend 67 minutes in service to others, symbolic of the number of years Mandela fought for social justice. These acts of kindness usually take place on his birthday on July 18, known as Mandela Day, but also throughout July. Local organisations are doing their best to make a difference. Chefs with Compassion (CWC) is a volunteer-based food rescue organisation that finds surplus food and turns it into meals for poor people. The organisation aims to cook 67 000 litres of soup to feed people in honour of Madiba. While their target is set in litres, this translates to 268 000 meals. o § Monopolies⠀➾ # ⚓ How_Can_Antitrust_Lawsuits_Against_Big_Tech_Succeed?⠀⇛ Recent antitrust lawsuits against major tech companies such as Facebook, Google and Amazon have attracted bipartisan support but have so far failed to achieve results, with three complaints dismissed since May. The Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) complaint against Facebook alleging a monopoly in personal social networking, along with a complaint filed by 48 state attorneys general, was dismissed with leave to amend in June, while an antitrust suit alleging Google used its dominance in search results to acquire an illegal digital advertising monopoly was dismissed with leave to amend in May. # ⚓ Mix_it_up:_why_blend_of_tools_can_beat_counterfeiters_at own_game⠀⇛ Counsel from India discuss how counterfeiters are finding innovative ways to traffic fake goods – and how in-house lawyers can fight back # ⚓ Jamie_McClelland:_Google_and_Bitly⠀⇛ It seems I’m the only person on the Internet who didn’t know sending email to Google with bit.ly links will tank your deliverability. To my credit, I’ve been answering deliverability support questions for 16 years and this has never come up. Until last week. # ⚓ The_Latin_American_Network_of_IP_and_Gender_has_been created [Ed: Painting monopolies with the "gender" brush helps distract from the principal issue, which is this parasitic occupation and agenda (of monopoly)]⠀⇛ On 28 June 2021, it was announced the creation of the Latin American Network of Intellectual Property and Gender. For such purpose, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between INAPI (Chile), INDECOPI (Peru), RN (Costa Rica), SIC (Colombia) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO, as an honorary member). # ⚓ Sound_mark_“tin_plop”_no_distinctive_character⠀⇛ For the first time since the reform of trademark law, which among other things introduced sound marks, the European Court ruled about a sound mark. The sound mark “tin plop” was devoid of distinctive character, the CFI ruled – with interesting aspects of case law relating to sound marks. # § Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ Thoughts_on_the_U.K._Supreme_Court’s_Decision_in Servier⠀⇛ Last Friday I noted that the U.K. Supreme Court had issued its decision in Secretary of State for Health v. Servier Laboratories Ltd., [2021] UKSC 24, and I said that I might have more to say about it in the next few days. Lord Hamblen’s opinion strikes me as very well-reasoned, so I don’t have a lot to say, but here goes. The case involves an action for “unlawful means” brought by the U.K. Secretary of State of Health, as successor in interest to various National Health Service bodies. The defendants are drug companies that obtained a European Patent on an “alpha crystalline form of the tert-butylamine salt of perindopril,” a drug used for treating high blood pressure that is marketed under the brand name “Coversyl.” The patent survived an opposition proceeding before the EPO, and the defendants used the patent to delay the introduction of a generic form of the drug into the U.K. market. The Patents Court for England and Wales thereafter found the patent to be invalid on both novelty and nonobviousness grounds. The Court of Appeal upheld this decision, and the EPO Technical Board of Appeal revoked the patent in 2009. On the basis of this procedural history, the Secretary of Health alleged that “the respondent practised deceit on the EPO and/or the courts, with the intention of profiting at the expense of the appellants,” in that “the patent was obtained, defended and enforced on the basis of representations . . . that the third respondent knew to be false, or that were made with reckless indifference as to their truth” (para.12). Plaintiffs claimed damages of more than £200 million. # ⚓ [Older]_UPC:_German_Federal_Constitutional_Court rejects_complaint⠀⇛ Another hurdle against the long-awaited UPC ( European Unified Patent Court) has fallen: The Federal Constitutional Court rejects the appeal. A violation of fundamental rights was not sufficiently credible. # ⚓ Grant_Of_European_Patents:_I’ve_Received_An_R71(3)_– Now_What? [Ed: Getting dubious patents from a failing patent office; you lose money and lawyers take it away.]⠀⇛ After substantive examination, if an Examiner considers that a European patent application meets the requirements of the EPC, the Examiner will issue a communication indicating their intention to grant the application (a communication under Rule 71(3) EPC). The communication is accompanied by the version of the application text that the EPO intends to grant, known as the “Druckexemplar”. It may include amendments suggested by the Examiner to address any minor deficiencies that were not rectified during examination. The Druckexemplar is taken to be the authentic text of a granted patent, and so it is important to check the text thoroughly. What happens next depends upon whether the applicant is happy with the text of the Druckexemplar. If the applicant does not reply to the communication within 4 months, by completing the acts under A or B below, the application will be deemed withdrawn. # ⚓ Avoid_Divisional_Applications_being_Identified_as_Bad Faith_Filings_in_China [Ed: Real issue because it totally sucks. China is gaming WIPO to come across as a leader in low-quality patents by the millions.]⠀⇛ China has been tirelessly investing effort in the enhancement of patent quality and examination performance to ensure the core legislative purpose of the Patent Law for encouraging innovative development is closely observed. In order to strengthen the indicator of technical innovation, China has re-emphasized the importance of both quantity and quality in the technology embodied in the patents. Unfortunately, reportedly irregular filings of patent applications—breaches of the duty of good faith—have occurred; such irregular filings were explainable in part by the availability of economic incentives in the form of local authority subsidies for patent filings, although all forms of subsidies for patent prosecution are ordered to be canceled by the end of June 2021. CNIPA categorized the irregular filings into a non-exhaustive list of nine types of activity as per the “Measures on Regulation of Filing Patent Applications (关于规范申请专利行为的办法)” published in March 2021. The first type of activity comprises “multiple applications filed simultaneously or successively that are obviously the same invention-creation, or are essentially formed by simple combinations of different invention-creation features or elements”. The ninth and last type is a catch-all clause to encompass any other abnormal patent filings and related activities either in breach of the principle of good faith or in defiance of regular patenting practices. These bad faith activities were further clarified in April in a CNIPA’s official document titled “Interpretation of the Measures on Regulation of Filing Patent Applications (关于规范申请专利行为的办法解读).” The intention to curb bad faith filings is commendable. Nevertheless Tsai, Lee & Chen happened to encounter some instances of supposedly regular cases being spotted by the examiner as having been filed abnormally. # ⚓ German_Constitutional_Court_Rejects_Requests_for Interim_Injunctions_against_Ratification_of_UPC Agreement⠀⇛ Until last Friday, implementation of the European Unified Patent Court (UPC) Agreement and availability of a Unitary Patent for multiple EU states had been delayed by two Complaints for interim injunctions against German ratification of the UPC Agreement. On Friday, 9 July 2021, the German Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) rejected the requests for interim injunctions. Because this order was based on findings that the constitutional complaints are inadmissible, it appears very unlikely that there will be a hearing on the merits of the case and it appears likely that the German government will soon ratify the UPC Agreement. The UPC Preparatory Committee announced on July 9th that it will publish a timeline and a more detailed plan for the start and execution of the Provisional Application Period “in due course” on its website. Our best guess is that the UPC could be ready to open and the EPO will begin granting Unitary Patents in mid to late 2022. # ⚓ ‘You’re_hot_then_you’re_cold,_you’re_yes_then_you’re no’:_is_the_UPC_back_on_(again)? [Ed: Catherine Cotter is back to her UPC boosting. Techrights mentioned this many times before. Team UPC looks like a bunch of baffoons for all the things they wrote in the past (and they know it!)]⠀⇛ Katy Perry and patent law might not seem to be obvious bedfellows. However, the lyrics to her hit song Hot n Cold do capture rather well the turbulent nature and recent drama of the Unified Patent Court (UPC) and Unitary Patent (UP) project. # ⚓ More_revoked_patents_in_the_CRISPR/Cas9_saga:_The plot_thickens [Ed: These fake patents on CRISPR are thankfully going away in some contexts and places⠀⇛ It is getting increasingly difficult to keep track of all the developments of the patent battle around the CRISPR-Cas9 technology. In a new turn of the story, patent EP 3 241 902 owned by University of California has been revoked by an Opposition Division of the European Patent Office. # ⚓ German_Ruling_Opens_The_Way_To_European_Patent Court⠀⇛ The long-running process of setting up a new European patent court and unitary patent system should shortly be moving into its final phase following a ruling by a German constitutional court. # ⚓ The_Unitary_Patent_takes_another_step_forward [Ed: Team UPC loves pretending that UPC comes "next year". But they have been doing and saying this for 7 years. It never happens and now UPC is technically and legally untenable at several levels.]⠀⇛ On 9 July 2021, the German Federal Constitutional Court announced the rejection of two applications for a preliminary injunction against the German Act of Approval to the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court (UPCA). The latest round of constitutional complaints against Germany’s ratification of the UPCA were filed in December 2020 after the German Bundestag and Bundesrat approved the draft law ratifying the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court. # ⚓ Green_Light_For_German_UPCA_Ratification [Ed: Lots and lots of challenges remain and are ahead]⠀⇛ Two applications at the German Constitutional Court (FCC) for preliminary injunctions against German ratification of the Unified Patent Court Agreement (UPCA) have been rejected, according to today’s Press Release of the FCC. The rejection clears the path for the German Federal President to sign the bill passed by both houses of parliament in December 2020 into law. Signing of the bill is the last step necessary before the UPCA and Protocol on Provisional Application (PPA) ratifications can be deposited by Germany. # ⚓ 2021_Discretionary_Denials_Have_Passed_100,_But_Are Slowing⠀⇛ Law360 (July 15, 2021, 7:47 PM EDT) — The Patent Trial and Appeal Board turned away 104 petitions for discretionary reasons in the first half of 2021, but more than 70% of those were in the first quarter of the year, according to new Unified Patents data. Between January and March 2021, the PTAB rejected 74 petitions on procedural grounds, compared to 30 in the following three months, Unified Patents said July 6. Despite the dip, the group — which supports the PTAB invalidating weak patents — projected that number will double over the rest of the year, ending around 208 denials. # ⚓ Divide_On_Standing_In_Patent_Cases_Needs_Fed._Circ. Guidance⠀⇛ The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has historically equated a plaintiff’s possession of a right to sue under Section 281 of the Patent Act with the plaintiff’s standing under Article III, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution.[1] In recent years, the Federal Circuit issued key decisions overturning that precedent: Lone Star Silicon Innovations LLC v. Nanya Technology Corp. in 2019 and Schwendimann v. Arkwright Advanced Coating Inc. in 2020.[2] Notwithstanding these decisions, district courts continue to issue conflicting rulings on whether a plaintiff must possess a right to sue under the Patent Act for Article III standing, specifically… # ⚓ USPTO_survey_raises_hopes_for_Section_101_reform [Ed: Stacked 'survey' (by patent maximalists and profiteers) to bias the system in favour of profiteers and allow fake patents]⠀⇛ Sources at a research hospital, Novartis, IBM and elsewhere say the USPTO’s move is encouraging and could force tech to ‘compromise or else’ # ⚓ US_ROUND-UP:_SEIA_backs_long-duration_storage_plan, patent_success_for_LONGi,_20MW_of_PV_installed_at airport [Ed: The_courts_at_the_EPO_are_rigged_though]⠀⇛ 14 July 2021: The US court of appeals has upheld a previous decision that confirms LONGi products did not infringe on a US patent from Hanwha Q-Cells, LONGi has announced. The patent is related to a method of manufacturing solar cells with a surface- passivating dielectric double layer. LONGi said it also believes that the relevant products do not infringe another patent in Europe related to the same method. The company has filed an opposition to that patent’s validity with the European Patent Office, a procedure that is still pending. In addition, a patent from Hanwha Q-Cells in the US covering a type of PERC solar cell with a three-layer passivation structure has been invalidated by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board of the US Patent and Trademark Office, according to LONGi. # ⚓ Biogen’s_blockbuster_Tysabri_loses_a_key_patent_in Europe,_adding_to_company’s_worries:_analyst [Ed: Big impact of fake patents from EPO]⠀⇛ As if Biogen didn’t have enough on its plate these days, now comes concern for its multiple sclerosis blockbuster Tysabri in Europe. With Europe revoking a patent for the drug earlier this month, Biogen could face biosimilar competition earlier than expected, Bernstein analyst Ronny Gal wrote in his weekly note to investors. In some markets, a copycat could arrive as soon as next year. # ⚓ EBA_dodges_the_question_in_G1/21_(ViCo_oral proceedings)⠀⇛ The EPO yesterday announced the Enlarged Board of Appeal (EBA) decision in G1/21 (ViCo oral proceedings). The EPO press release can be read here. In what will be a disappointment to many, the EBA has limited its answer to the legality of mandatory oral proceedings during a period of general emergency. The question of whether new Article 15a of the Rules of Procedure of the Boards of Appeal is permitted under the EPC has therefore not been addressed. This new article permits Boards of Appeal to hold oral proceedings by ViCo whenever “the Board considers it appropriate to do so”, i.e. even in the absence of a state of general emergency. [...] The EBA thus appears to have avoided answering the question in G1/21 that most EPO users actually wanted it to answer. The decision thereby dodges the controversy (and any potential conflict with the EPO President…) but perpetuates legal uncertainty. There has been little disagreement that ViCo oral proceedings during the COVID-19 pandemic are necessary. The debate has chiefly consisted of whether there is justification for moving to a new norm of ViCo oral proceedings post-pandemic. As the CIPA president, Alicia Instone, commented in a statement it is hoped that “when the reasoned decision is issued, it will provide guidance into the matter post- pandemic. We fear that otherwise, we will see the broader issue revisited at this high level pretty quickly.” # ⚓ Pleading_Infringement:_Twombly_does_not_Require Element-by-Element_Infringement_Pleading⠀⇛ Pleading Standards: The starting point of a civil lawsuit is the filing of the complaint that makes a claim for relief. FRCP 3. In order to properly state a claim, the rules require “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” FRCP 8. For many years, the rules included an Appendix of Form Complaints deemed legally sufficient to satisfy R. 8. Form 18 focused on patent infringement and included a bare-bones set of allegations that (1) the plaintiff owns a particular patent and (2) the defendant has infringed that patent. (Image of Form 18 below). In general, Form 18 was plaintiff friendly, making it easy to file a patent infringement lawsuit without providing any details beyond the patent number at issue. That approach was in place for a number of years and only began to crumble with the Supreme Court’s decision in Bell v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), followed by Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009). Those cases interpreted the “short and plain statement” requirement as requiring “facial plausibility” that can be satisfied by the inclusion of factual allegations that lead to a reasonable inference of liability. Still, even after Iqbal, the form-pleading- sufficiency rule was still in place in a way that forestalled complete implementation of the Iqbal regime. In 2015, Form 18 was removed and the transformation complete. [...] Regarding infringement, the court found that a complaint may be sufficient without an element-by-element infringement analysis. “A plaintiff is not required to plead infringement on an element-by-element basis.” Rather, the focus of complaint sufficiency is notice — a complaint needs to provide fair notice of what activities by the defendant constitute infringement. # § Software Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ How_to_protect_software_with_intellectual property_rights_—_the_basics [Ed: Quit using lies like "intellectual property rights" to promote software patents, which should not exist. Software is opyrighted, patents are not rights, and they're not property either.]⠀⇛ Patents protect the technical ideas that underpin the way software works. The catch is that patents are more difficult and costly to obtain than other IP rights. # ⚓ Croatian_Startup_Airt_Presents_Innovative_New Learning_Algorithm [Ed: Croatia_is_known_in_EPO for_epic_corruption; will it be known also for software patents creep?]⠀⇛ ”We’re intensively engaged in research in and developing our own approaches and techniques. It was with the wholehearted help of Mladen Vukmir and William Zupancic from Vukmir & Associates that we submitted our first patent, which first goes to the EPO (European Patent Office), and then to the USA, for our own deep learning techniques on structured data. This is just the beginning because we aren’t going to stop innovating,” said Heidi Chenan. # § Trademarks⠀➾ # ⚓ From_Taj_Mahal_to_Montblanc:_counsel_debate_geo trademarks⠀⇛ As the EUIPO prepares to consider whether ‘Iceland’ should be a trademark, counsel discuss the pros and cons of location-named brands # ⚓ Conceptual_comparison_and_famous_names_in_trade_mark applications_–_Miley_Cyrus_opposition_overturned_by General_Court⠀⇛ Readers may remember that, back in September 2020, the CJEU considered whether there was a likelihood of confusion where a mark being filed for registration was that of MESSI, renowned football player that everyone has heard of in one context or another (the existing mark upon which opposition was based which was ‘MASSI’). This case (joined cases C-449/18 P and C-474/18 P) reaffirmed a significant clarification of trade mark law set out by the earlier EU General Court decision – namely, that visual and aural similarities could be counteracted by conceptual differences (see IPKat commentary here). [...] As a preliminary point, the General Court (GC) set out that the the relevant territory for the purposes of assessing likelihood of confusion is that of the European Union as a whole, but that the Board of Appeal did not err by only taking into account the perception of the English-speaking public. Turning to the degree of distinctiveness and relative weight of the elements of the signs, it noted that the verbal elements of the mark would be perceived as a first name and surname. However, consumers’ perception of signs made up of a person’s first name and surname would vary from country to country, and one would have to take into account the specific features of each case. In this regard, the GC disagreed with the automatic presumption of the Board of Appeal that the surname ‘Cyrus’ would be the more dominant element of the earlier sign. As such, taking into account the fact that neither ‘Miley’ nor ‘Cyrus’ are common names, that the singer is known by both names together, and that the English-speaking public (which the earlier Board of Appeal specifically referred to) does not find a surname more distinctive than a first name, the General Court determined that both elements were equally distinctive, and that the Board of Appeal had been wrong to find that ‘Miley’ would be perceived as a less dominant element compared to the element ‘Cyrus’. This would not be affected by the assertion that the public would pay greater attention to the beginning of a mark than its end. # ⚓ Artesano_Bread_vs_Artisan_Bread⠀⇛ The Mexican company Grupo Bimbo makes more bread than any other company — including Wonder Bread and Sara Lee brands in the USA. Bimbo is attempting to register a mark for its “ARTESANO” line of bread — after apparently selling more than $1 billion in pre-packaged sliced bread product. [...] Bimbo has now filed a civil action under 15 U.S.C. 1071(b) seeking a declaration from the District Court that its mark is not generic but instead is distinctive. # ⚓ CRT_and_Heineken_amicably_end_their_dispute_over_the use_of_the_word_“Tequila”_in_Desperados_beer⠀⇛ In a video released on 13 July 2021, Miguel Ángel Domínguez Morales (President of the Mexican Tequila Regulatory Council) indicated that an amicable agreement had been reached with Heineken after CRT had initiated several legal actions in the European Union involving the use of the word ‘Tequila’ in Desperados beer. Although the terms remain confidential, Miguel highlighted that the agreement is beneficial to both parties and that “Tequila” continues to be strongly protected in the European Union [its second-largest export market after the USA]. Tequila is protected in the European Union pursuant to the Agreement between Mexico and the European Community on the mutual recognition and protection of designations for spirit drinks of 1997, as amended in 2004 and 2020. # § Copyrights⠀➾ # ⚓ What_has_happened_with_Article_17_in_the_past_year?⠀⇛ It certainly feels like the CDSM Directive has been the hottest topic in copyright law for quite some time now. If we had to be more specific and identify one main protagonist, the answer would unequivocally be: Article 17. Since its birth with the European Commission’s proposal, all the way through to the guidance from the Commission, the limited implementation efforts at a national level and the pending Polish challenge, the AG opinion of which is scheduled for later this month, Article 17 has been subject to attack and debate on many fronts. There has been a great deal of interest and discussion around burning issues such as how licensing could reasonably work in practice, what constitutes ‘best efforts’, the safeguarding of fundamental rights, and whether censorship could be avoided thanks to existing technology. We have a vast wealth of posts on the blog on various aspects of Article 17, presenting many different perspectives and opinions. So much has happened in the past year in this respect, that before the summer months fully take over our agendas, it is worth taking a pause and a looking back at our top 10 most- read posts on Article 17 from the past 12 months. # ⚓ Vempati_Ravi_Shankar_–_Facebook_Copyright_Dispute: Issues_on_Moral_Rights_and_Posthumous_Enforcement_of Celebrity_Rights⠀⇛ Recently, a copyright infringement suit had been filed before the District Court, Trivandrum, against Facebook India. (CNR Number: KLTV010019372021) The reason for filing the suit was that certain unknown people had posted without authorisation original sound recordings created by Vempati Ravi Shankar (the plaintiff’s late husband) on the defendant’s social media platforms – Facebook and Instagram. Being his sole legal heir, the copyright in these works is held by Sweety Priyanka Vempati Ravi Shankar. (hereinafter Priyanka) She had notified Facebook and Instagram regarding the presence of infringing sound recordings on their platform, but they failed to takedown it down and hence, the present suit. On 2nd July, the court granted an ad-interim injunction in the plaintiff’s favour, ordering the takedown of the infringing content. [...] Section 57 of the Copyright Act, 1957 provides for moral rights that vest with the author even when he assigns the other rights in respect of a work, and moral rights are of two kinds – the right to integrity (to prevent modification of the work which is prejudicial to the honour and reputation of the author) and the right to paternity (to claim authorship of the work). In the present case, people had been posting Shankar’s sound recordings accompanied by his name on Facebook and Instagram. So, violation of the right to paternity cannot be claimed. Right to integrity stipulates that an action can be taken against ‘distortion, mutilation, modification or other act in relation to the said work if such distortion, mutilation, modification or other act would be prejudicial to his honour or reputation’. If the provision is read literally, based on the limited information regarding the posting of the plaintiff’s works, the moral right to integrity does not seem to have been violated in the present case. If the phrase ‘other act in relation to the said work’ is interpreted expansively, the use of a sound recording by unknown persons for commercial purposes could come under the ambit of this section. Rishabh had earlier argued for a broader interpretation including ‘mere use’ within it, when a song for which Javed Akhtar had written lyrics was used in a new, political film. Here, use of a work means use in a manner not intended by the author, such as use by a political party. Nikhil has also considered how moral rights can be utilised for preventing misappropriation of songs for political campaigns. # ⚓ Around_the_IP_Blogs⠀⇛ In relation to a copyright infringement suit filed before the District Court, Trivandrum, against Facebook India, which also alleges violation of moral and posthumous celebrity rights, Spicy IP considered the various factors at play before the court. # ⚓ The_General_Court_of_the_EU_wanders_into_copyright law,_and_gets_disoriented⠀⇛ Traditionally, the last few days of the Term yield an impressive harvest of cases out of Luxembourg. Amidst the flurry of this year’s judgments, the EU General Court ruled (T-185/19 Public.Resource.Org) on a challenge by two non-profit organisations against a decision by the European Commission not to grant free and public access to harmonised standards adopted by the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN). In doing so, the Court draws arguments from copyright law, which warrant closer attention. The challenge to the status quo was brought by the non-profits Public.Resource.Org, Inc. and Right to Know, the former of which was also at the origin of the challenge in US Federal Courts regarding the free accessibility to the consolidated laws of the State of Georgia, which resulted in a ruling by the US Supreme Court last year [IPKat here]. Article 4(2) first indent, of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001, regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents, states that the institutions shall refuse access to a document where disclosure would undermine the protection of commercial interests of a natural or legal person, including intellectual property. The applicants argued that the European Commission had misinterpreted and/or misapplied Article 4(2), since this provision does not protect the requested harmonised standards, as (1) no copyright protection of the requested harmonised standards is possible because they are part of EU Law, and (2) the requested harmonised standards lack originality and therefore do not benefit from copyright protection. In the Court’s analysis, two salient points intersect with these arguments: the role of national copyright law, and the question of copyrightability itself. # ⚓ Elucidating_the_Economics_of_Music_Streaming Recommendations⠀⇛ Following the #BrokenRecord and #FixStreaming campaigns, the UK Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee launched into an inquiry into the impact of music streaming on artists, record labels and the sustainability of the wider music industry. [Katposts here.] Over 200 pieces of written evidence were submitted, and further witnesses were called including artists, songwriters, producers, labels and streaming platforms. Subsequently, the Committee Report on the Economics of Music Streaming has been published, calling for “a complete reset” of music streaming and the need for significant change within the music industry. Some of the key regulatory recommendations are discussed in this post. *Disclaimer: I submitted evidence to this inquiry (here), which is cited by the report and supports many of the recommendations made by the committee. [...] Issue: Music playlist curators have an important role in the discovery and consumption of digital music and are influential in how creators are remunerated, but the extent of their paid-for activity is currently undisclosed. Likewise, the selection methods of platform editorial playlists are not transparent, therefore the influence of behind-the-scenes agreements is unclear. Evidence: Several creators argued that editorial playlists favour those signed to major labels, claiming that 85% of music on Spotify is major owned and comprise 90% of editorial playlists. In fact, one performer asserted that some playlist curators offered to promote independent performers for a fee, creating a black market for playlisting. My evidence recommended that playlist curators should be classified as influencers and therefore regulated under ASA standards. Recommendation: Where curators are paid, or receive benefits in kind, for playlisting, the report recommends that they are subject to a code of practice developed by the ASA, similar to social media influencers, to ensure that the decisions they make are transparent and ethical. Impact: The ASA currently provides specific guidance for influencers, which says that the code applies to branded content posted on social media when the person is paid in some way, regardless of how many followers they may have. It specifies, and to some extent enforces, that influencers must be transparent about their sponsorships and partnerships by ensuring that advertisements are clearly labelled as such. If this recommendation is taken forward, we could see a change in the way that playlists are curated and presented to users. It is likely that a similar transparency system would be implemented, whereby playlist editors and publishers must declare the relationship between themselves and the choice of tracks. #It’sNotArbitrary #Ad Overall, the DCMS Committee music streaming report is comprehensive and valiant. It makes momentous and multifarious recommendations that could have transformative consequences for the music industry. We might not be waiting too long to begin to see the fruits of this labour, since the Music Streaming Bill has already been presented by Kevin Brennan MP to the House of Commons and the Second Reading debate will take place on 3rd December 2021. # ⚓ AG_Øe_advises_CJEU_to_rule_that_Article_17_is COMPATIBLE_with_the_EU_Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights and_should_not_be_annulled⠀⇛ Is Article 17 of Directive 2019/790 (DSMD) compatible with the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, notably its Article 11 and the principle of freedom of expression and information? According to Poland, the answer should be in the negative. Indeed, shortly after the adoption of the Directive in 2019, this country lodged a complaint (C-401/19) before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), seeking the partial or – as a subsidiary claim – complete annulment of the provision. ╘══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╛ ¶ Lines in total: 7673 ➮ Generation completed at 02:40, i.e. 60 seconds to (re)generate ⟲