𝕿𝖊𝖈𝖍𝖗𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙𝖘 Bulletin for Sunday, November 07, 2021
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⦿ Opinion: The GPL and Politics | Techrights

⦿ IRC Proceedings: Saturday, November 06, 2021 | Techrights

⦿ Life Before Techrights | Techrights

⦿ 15 Years Saying the Unsayable (Taboo Subjects, Suppressed Information, and Unpopular or Inconvenient Truths) | Techrights

⦿ Year 16 | Techrights

 ䷼ Bulletin articles (as HTML) to comment on (requires login):
		http://techrights.org/2021/11/07/gpl-and-politics/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/11/07/irc-log-061121/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/11/07/life-before-techrights/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/11/07/today-it-is-15-years/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/11/07/year-16/#comments

 ䷞ Followed by Daily Links (assorted news picks curated and categorised):
		http://techrights.org/2021/11/07/chimera-linux/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/11/07/more-desktop-environments/#comments

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✐ Opinion:_The_GPL_and_Politics⠀✐


Posted in Free/Libre_Software, GPL at 2:48 am by Guest Editorial Team


                         🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇GPL_meme⦈_
                                 Daniel’s meme


Summary: Daniel from Argentina responded to our take on GPL enforcement and
agreed for his message to be reproduced (along with the above meme, which he
had made and sent to us)


     Hi there Roy.


     I saw your_video about_Mastodon, and would like to send you some
     comments.


     It’s about the political side of Free Software: an aspect we have
     discussed many times by now.


     I feel the video/argument is mostly divided into two halves: a first
     one about Free Software and some of its uses, and the second half
     more focused on Mastodon itself.


     I agree with everything you say about the Mastodon side of the
     argument. I mean this: it’s more about power over speech and people’s
     political capital rather than about freedom, and I find your
     experience with it quite representative.
     However, your reading about “how it all should really be” left me
     some doubts that I would like to discuss myself.


     ⚓ 1. About the “political” aspect.⠀⇛


     At ~12:40, you tell “this is problematic, first of all, because it
     contributes to the perception that FS is very politicized, and is
     going to great lengths to discourage adoption from certain political
     factions”.


     Well… Free Software kinda IS that.


     The “kinda” part (as in “debatable”, or even “wrong”) is that Free
     Software would never actually say something along the lines of “these
     political parties are prohibited from using Free Software”. I believe
     that’s closer to your point (what you want to argue against), and I
     agree with you that something like that would be totally opposite to
     the freedom FS works for, and therefore would be a misuse of FS.


     Yet, you and I react that way any time any corporate agent gets its
     dirty hands in some FS project or organization. It’s not about “we
     don’t want Microsoft people to use GNU/Linux”: it’s about “Microsoft
     IS ENEMY of FS”. We don’t like them, we don’t trust them, we fight
     them, and that may not be on the philosophical core of FS but it
     actually IS in its historical core. We are, in a big part, also that:
     if not by philosophy, then by culture. And Microsoft is not and
     should not be the only such case.


     And I don’t think there’s any hypocrisy in that. I think business
     corporations (as MS) and non-profit organizations (as the FSF) are
     very much “political parties”, even if they don’t go to elections for
     any state position. But both kinds of organizations work constantly
     for social changes (or against them), and that’s pretty much
     politics.


     The point is always about “canonical political parties” getting all
     the credit for “politics” itself. That SHOULD NOT happen. That’s just
     the representational aspect of wWstern liberal democracies, which
     these days seem more like a bug rather than a feature.


     Of course you start and end the video acknowledging a political side
     of Free Software. Yet, “politicized” gets in the middle of your
     argument over and over again. That word should be something more
     close to “partisan”.


     I don’t think in English, so it’s tricky for me to figure out the
     details, but I feel like “politics” in English as spoken by people
     has a slightly different meaning compared to the people around me.
     It’s not like we don’t have the same problem here: it’s full of
     people telling you “this/that is not political, don’t politicize it”
     when you argue from some technical perspective against some political
     figure. That’s usually the case when legal stuff gets in the
     argument, or even scientific. But we also know very well here that
     there’s NO WAY of splitting politics from social criticism, no matter
     how technical it is: social action, whatever its nature, in the XXI
     century, is political, and whoever tells otherwise is quickly
     recognized as a negationist. And technical or not, Free Software DOES
     social criticism. Free Software DOES have enemies. Free Software IS
     NOT neutral: it favors freedom. And that is totally fine.


     Yet, freedom comes with some attached issues.


     ⚓ 2. About the weaponization of licences.⠀⇛


     Make no mistake: it IS a problem. What you perceive and argue about
     in your video IS a very real and very core problem.
     But, as I argued before with “political”, I also believe the GPL very
     much IS a weapon (in the metaphorical meaning you give to that word,
     of course).


     “For freedom” may say RMS or the FSF: but everybody knows the dangers
     with weapons…


     I’ve argued in other messages that the GPL is meaningless without
     enforcement.


     It’s not actually “meaningless”: it means A LOT, as it guides
     people’s ideas and discusses stuff like property and sharing and
     rights. But that’s ideology, and you can do that by just writing
     books or preaching in any way; the GPL is a legal license, and that’s
     where it’s “meaningless” without enforcement. And enforcement is very
     much “a weapon”: you don’t do enforcement with smiles and balloons
     and candy, but with consequences of failing to comply.


     The GPL beautifully shows that people breaking it are not stealing
     “property” or “money”, but other people’s freedom. That means many
     things: from allowing people to do stuff to questioning value theory.
     It’s brilliant, elegant, and absolutely necessary for social change,
     for the good.


     Yet it’s also aggressive, and it imposes rules on others. Hence
     “weapon”.


     Now, anyone can use a weapon, for whatever reasons. What do we do
     about that?


     It’s the same issue as “I don’t want my free software being used for
     ICE, smart rifles, surveillance, etc”.


     I remember an RMS talk here in Argentina, about 2010, where someone
     from the Argentinian Python community asked him about that issue. “I
     don’t want my free software being used in killing people”. And RMS
     said “from a FS perspective, we have to let them do it”. You can
     imagine that didn’t result in happy faces.


     “Freedom is technical” clashes with “freedom is political” very
     quickly in real life. And we (as a community) have different stands
     regarding that.


     I’m on the wagon of “freedom MUST have limits”. I’m not sure HOW that
     crosses with Free Software (I think it does in several different
     ways, where I’ll favor freedom or restrictions depending on each
     case), but I’m absolutely certain it does. That problem in part
     touches your concern about weaponizing the GPL (“it should be used
     equally, not just against a political party”, yet enforcers are human
     beings with their own interests), but is much more important in other
     aspect of your argument: “Free Software as Free Speech”. And that’s
     where Trump gets tricky.


     ⚓ 3. The case of Trump, and what he represents.⠀⇛


     You said it yourself, about ~28:00: you don’t want anything to do
     with those free speech maximalists from Gab, because these people are
     malicious.


     Yet you do, because you argue in favour of free speech (what they say
     they do) and free software (what they use, and also kinda do).
     They’re a shining example of everything wrong with “free”.


     I would say it’s a blatant lie that gab is “free speech”, as we all
     know that “leftist discourse is not welcome” barely begins to
     describe what happens in that space.


     Thing is, again, we do that too. We see nazi discourse and we
     discredit, mock, marginalize, or even ban. Those are not the same
     things (different powers for different people are involved in each
     action), but the social structure match: there are implicit and
     explicit rules for speech, and whoever doesn’t comply faces
     consequences.


     So, from the point of view of the nazis, gab is “freedom”, I have no
     doubts about that. But if we do critical thinking, we can’t just
     replicate their logic with a straight face, and we need to face that
     our freedom of speech actually has limits.


     When this issue comes up, you usually use the legal aspect as a
     limit: the death threat, for example. But I say that’s just naive. I
     have been defending for years strong freedom of speech online, on
     different spaces (mostly forums and IRC), even to the point of making
     banning a taboo of sorts. And over and over again the result is the
     same: the most rude and violent people make a home of those places
     with free speech, and everybody else just leaves. I myself was
     actually very rude, “truth” was the word that made that behaviour
     legit, and “technical” was always the criteria to discredit
     criticism: other people had to argue with MY technical points, and
     theirs were always off-topic from my perspective. And the other side
     was always full of actually wonderful people, that usually didn’t
     have the same capacity as I did for expressing or sharing their
     thoughts. Also people easily get hurt by words (REAL hurt), and this
     way I found myself over the years being an asshole in the name of
     free speech. Happens all the time, is a serious issue of free speech,
     and I personally will no longer face this with naive stances as I
     consider that would make me part of the problem. Spaces with
     different people NEED rules. Rules HELP people, even if rules take
     away degrees of freedom. And “no rules” has always the same
     consequence: a loud minority with more power than others.


     You may disagree with this, and that’s OK. But it’s as empirical as
     your experience with Mastodon. Surely other people had other
     experiences.


     And I bring this up because, while I think you’re right about
     Mastodon being used awfully, I also think you’re wrong about what to
     expect from it as “free software”, and therefore from free software
     itself.


     You focus mostly on how somebody banned your user account because of
     your opinions and their political bias. But let’s consider for a
     moment the other two cases you also mention: the ones where some
     people over the Internet just drop the server to never come back. I
     would say that people bringing down its servers was irresponsible,
     because of the impact on the users (loss of data, the feeling that
     what they do online people care little about, powerlessness, etc) and
     the technological ecosystem itself (users getting away from this tech
     because it’s unstable, and so using other more stable stuff). And I
     share your lecture that all of that seems much more about the power
     of being admin rather than free speech or empowering users.


     Yet again, the same happened decades before with forums and IRC
     channels: you give extra power to someone, and you get misuse of
     power issues. On the other hand, you give the same power to everyone,
     and you get any random person over Internet having the same weight as
     respected people on the community, and suddenly you have problems of
     quality vs quantity. And that’s just the beginning of it. Those
     problems don’t exclude themselves, and you can have both of them
     together and then more: factions, untold interests, honest
     irreconcilable dissent, new generations of users with different
     cultural baggage…


     The admins of all that complex systems are usually just people that
     knew how to install and maintain some software: they know little to
     none about people. And the point is that this shouldn’t be about
     software, but about people.


     I say “irresponsible” because to me people matter. But I also know
     that any random person over Internet may just want to administer some
     instance of a server for whatever reason, such as the ones which may
     not share my concern over people. “I wanna be an admin” is pretty
     much an OK thing to want, and “I’m tired of doing this” or “It’s not
     what I expected, I just wanna leave now” are OK stances too. Free
     software gives the power to that person to do that. That’s freedom
     too. And when we talk about that hypothetical admin: is this person
     “user”, or is something else? Is it OK to empower that person to do
     that kind of things, no matter what happens with the users of the
     online service?


     Even RMS relativizes the value of Free software in remote servers
     from an end user perspective.


     But my point is that real life puts limits to the Free software
     ideals, and add lots of complexity that naive stances simply can’t
     deal with. This are just some of them, and there may be many others.
     Now, you’re talking about “not making free software an anti-trump
     thing”, because Free software is not supposed to be that, and here I
     strongly disagree. This_is_a_good_example_of_my_stance_on_the_issue.


     Trumpism is no joke, the far-right is growing worldwide, and the
     Internet is in the middle of it. WE, as the free software community,
     are in the middle of it: we’re the ones fighting against corporate
     power inside the software world. We’re the ones turning software into
     a political issue. We’re the ones talking about ethics and
     sustainability and people’s empowerment from IT. It’s pretty much
     irresponsible for us to try to be neutral when the corporate power of
     Trumpism gets into Free software: that’s already a wrong instance.
     But by the looks of it, things are so bad with the far-right
     worldwide that we’re kinda also living a civilizational crisis: nazis
     again, and this time all around the world, while tech makes them grow
     and grow by the day, and both global warming and inequality get worse
     by the year. This is the ultimate real-life limit Roy, and there’s no
     more room for neutrality here.


     There’s always ideals: and there’s always also real-life. Science is
     supposed to be neutral, and technical, and most of all objective:
     yet, ask any person who studies science (not “a science”, but science
     itself, as in “sciences”), and the person will tell you that science
     is as political as anything else. Or take a look at the justice
     department of any country in the world, all of them supposedly
     objective and technical and neutral: full of contradicting
     normatives, full of lobbying and ideological mandates, full of
     politics. That’s not “corruption”: that’s the way they are, the way
     they work. Institutions are NEVER neutral, and never were: they favor
     values. And Free software favors freedom. We are NOT neutral.


     You may be most likely right that GPL enforcers have their own
     agenda. But in your argument you don’t mention the issue of limited
     resources (so you can’t just go enforcing GPL against every single
     server online, therefore you have to cherry-pick your targets), and
     the fact that high targets may actually be a correct strategy
     (because of cultural impact of your work). And there’s also the fact
     that is not the same Trump or Bernie Sanders, and you may have pretty
     much different stances against each one of them without breaking any
     Free software ethical rule: I’m OK to have some anti-Trump enforcers,
     and if I were trying to argue your points I’ll more likely argue in
     favour of “also anti-Bernie enforcers”, and NOT “neutral enforcers”.
     Careful Roy, as you reject some very basic enforcer’s humanity traits
     by trying to defend technicality and neutrality, which is already a
     questionable idea. But then again, you do that when Trumpism is in
     the focus of the scene, and Trumpism is the “freedom” of Gab. And not
     only that, but Trumpism is also fascism: a clear limit to freedom.
     You may have defensible points, but I must warn you anyways to be
     very careful with the real-life limits of those arguments. There ARE
     limits to ideals.


     ⚓ 4. Some final notes, mostly about politics.⠀⇛


     “Free speech” has his history. It comes from the fight against the
     churches and kings. Science as we know it championed freedom of
     speech around the XVII century, but it had more to do with “against
     dogma” rather than the current idea of “I can say whatever I want”;
     they’re both very different things.


     Free software shares some of that same history. It comes from a long
     liberal tradition. I’m talking about the left liberal ethos from the
     French revolution. Later the Cold War experience immunized the USA
     from Marxist influence, and so liberal ideology is the canon there:
     you have different shades of liberalism, and that’s it. If you have
     any “left” in there, it’s also liberal, like it was back then in
     France. And that’s the place where RMS grew up. So, his freedom
     imperative had a lot of cultural and political influence from
     previously-enabled and already-installed reasonings.


     Yet, if you work on its logic, and read it from “empowering users”
     perspective (as you do in your video), Free software is pretty much
     classist: it’s about “people vs corporations”, and from there
     “workers vs capitalists” is less than a step away.


     I prefer the liberal stance over the Marxist when it comes to talk
     about what people CAN do, because I don’t like the Marxist
     implications about work and history and what it means to be human:
     there’s some idealism I consider empirically and historically
     incorrect. However, the flaws of liberal ideology also comes from
     idealism gone wrong, with the uses of “freedom” being the main of
     such cases, and so I prefer Marxism when it’s about what people
     SHOULD do. And this is actually the case when almost every
     contemporary economic theory ends up being just liberal ideology made
     pseudo-science for business enthusiasts: Marxist theory shines there.
     And it’s also very useful in places where social responsibility is
     involved. Let me give you an example. Remember those Mastodon
     instances taken down by its admins, that I called “irresponsible”?
     The current liberal-inherited common sense would call those Mastodon
     instances “servers” or “services”, implying servitude and even a
     possible commercial interaction. Well… Marxist common sense would
     call them “means of production”, implying “that’s what people use in
     order to do stuff”, and would tell you to seize them, to not let such
     a thing in the hands of people that do not share your class
     interests. What would have happened to Free software if its people
     would have used those kinds of categories and reasonings, instead of
     the liberal-inherited ones, every time a corporate zealot came to our
     doors with shiny trinkets to offer?


     Yet we’re not talking about economics, but about Free software. Let
     me tell you Roy: I HATE when people try to make that stuff about
     “it’s just technical”, and then embrace ideal rules as sacred
     scriptures and call that “freedom”. That’s not freedom: that’s dogma.
     That’s RMS telling lots of wrong stuff, even if he’s brilliant and
     actually the creator and rightful (and beloved) leader of our
     movement. That’s “systemd is ethical because is Free software”,
     that’s “we should let them do it from a FS perspective”. That’s the
     kind of rationale that feeds us bloat release by release of almost
     every single software we use: because if it’s Free software, then
     everything else is fine. That’s fantasizing that software culture can
     be limited to a bunch of rules and that’s it. And it’s not like that:
     it’s quite complicated and much bigger than the 4 Freedoms and
     “technical quality”, at least if we’re still talking about people.


     And it is much complicated than liberal vs Marxist too. Because it’s
     also about psychology, biology, ecology, sociology, theology,
     cybernetics, arts, and so much more. What people can do with anything
     tends to be chaotic, and what people should do almost never can be
     reduced to simple rules. That’s the very history of human
     institutions.


     Informatics is the way of handling huge real-time complexity:
     probably the main problem our current societies struggle with to
     survive; informatics is the way of sharing information of all kinds,
     from health care to arts; informatics is the way to predict future
     problems, to calculate just production and distribution of needed
     materials, to democratize participation in science and politics, to
     spread awareness, to connect people, to understand and fix diseases.
     And a giant chunk of informatics is software. And we, as the people
     that do ethics and politics from the software world, try to focus on
     the 4 Freedoms and the GPL uses, and that’s it? Really? “Neutral GPL
     enforcement” is a bigger issue than fascism for our community? Are we
     really discussing more about “privacy” than about capitalism? When
     are we going to discuss our own liberal-inherited agenda limits in
     light of real-life needs like poverty, climate change,
     overpopulation, and so on? Are we going to keep telling ourselves
     “it’s just about freedom” in front of all of that, as if software
     didn’t have anything else to say?


     I feel that last paragraph can be very unfair to you, because I know
     very well that you’re a sensible person on those issues, you do write
     frequently about all that, and this time you’re just talking about a
     very specific thing and that’s all. I understand that. But I tell
     this as a more general idea, as something I feel must be said loudly
     to the crowd where you also happen to be. So please understand it’s
     not about you, but about the shared ideas and ideals on the software
     community in general, and the Free software community in particular.
     I believe we’re dealing with dogmas and inherited common sense that
     should be faced with critical thinking. I also believe right-wing
     corporations are much better organized than we are, and that they’ve
     learned with time to make us use our own weapons against ourselves
     (like the very GPL), by which we should be discussing what to do.


     I believe the Free software movement must grow into something bigger,
     and stop trying to be so specific. Because we’re people in a critical
     infrastructure position for our time, and should think therefore with
     a more holistic and societal mindset. And I’m not talking about
     relativize freedom, but about mixing it with other equally important
     values, ending up in more core guidelines than the 4 Freedoms.
     Otherwise, I believe we’ve already seen everything Free software can
     do for society, and frankly I don’t think it’s helping very much
     these days: most likely makes things worse by allowing Trump zealots
     to clone Twitter, but this time with Apple EUAs and a free haven to
     the worst of our culture. That’s just simply too much. █


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                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 568

╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕

(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/11/07/irc-log-061121/#comments
    Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/11/07/irc-log-061121/

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.07.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


Gemini_version_available_♊︎


✐ IRC_Proceedings:_Saturday,_November_06,_2021⠀✐


Posted in IRC_Logs at 2:45 am by Needs Sunlight


p>
Also available via the Gemini protocol at:


    * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/tr_text_version/irc-log-techrights-
      061121.txt
    * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/tr_text_version/irc-log-061121.txt
    * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/tr_text_version/irc-log-social-061121.txt
    * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/tr_text_version/irc-log-techbytes-
      061121.txt
Over HTTP:


                                      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H                                     🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_


                                         #techrights_log_as_HTML5                                                                                  #boycottnovell_log_as_HTML5


                                      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H                                     🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_


                                    #boycottnovell-social_log_as_HTML5                                                                               #techbytes_log_as_HTML5


                                      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t                                      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_


                                          #techrights_log_as_text                                                                                   #boycottnovell_log_as_text


                                      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t                                      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_


                                     #boycottnovell-social_log_as_text                                                                                #techbytes_log_as_text


                          Enter_the_IRC_channels_now


===============================================================================
§ IPFS Mirrors⠀➾


CID                                              Description     Object type


                                                 IRC log for
 QmcajxHeunQ4ZN2EuRJMLgHfLB5ybWJ2sXDQY4Ru6XwxZ3 #boycottnovell  🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈
                                                 (full IRC log
                                                 as HTML)


                                                 IRC log for
                                                 #boycottnovell
 QmNo6WEGV9q2CLiRdGgV6n93u2sE1H2uWURJuMA4LAKYSF (full IRC log   🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈
                                                 as plain/ASCII
                                                 text)


                                                 IRC log for
                                                 #boycottnovell-
 QmYXdZLy3EYfdUxPbDfzEaADBmEr4asQHrB9ufcSYiRMpu social          🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈
                                                 (full IRC log
                                                 as HTML)


                                                 IRC log for
                                                 #boycottnovell-
 QmXUKzSE7HzVVMFCGVhZE8MWDXoeueA9ZKNw8w6YcHu3qy social          🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈
                                                 (full IRC log
                                                 as plain/ASCII
                                                 text)


                                                 IRC log for
 QmX6dJGrvbXyAx61QqDFGSRuAfSDrcUQAjwdTv15jJaX1h #techbytes      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈
                                                 (full IRC log
                                                 as HTML)


                                                 IRC log for
                                                 #techbytes
 QmTyGNX5Z8MEFS5Gwv7d4exjd55iRPMinhdzULima5dUtX (full IRC log   🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈
                                                 as plain/ASCII
                                                 text)


                                                 IRC log for
 QmT5ueFxBedNKcS8GjVnM2e3AMY3dBifMwrxZgpugcooMk #techrights     🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈
                                                 (full IRC log
                                                 as HTML)


                                                 IRC log for
                                                 #techrights
 QmSPRhJBk5Q2eBxzq9CDqwypHYJApPKMynxdfy7xFLikJQ (full IRC log   🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈
                                                 as plain/ASCII
                                                 text)


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇IPFS logo⦈


§ Bulletin for Yesterday⠀➾


Local_copy | CID (IPFS): QmYKBd728JBm11x2JbtET9sF2KJXtKjGPDD1jVnpt7fLqz



                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 698

╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕

(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/11/07/life-before-techrights/#comments
    Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/11/07/life-before-techrights/

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.07.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


Gemini_version_available_♊︎


✐ Life_Before_Techrights⠀✐


Posted in Site_News at 6:55 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


                      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Roy as a teen⦈
                                    Age 16


Summary: It’s almost midnight here, so it’s a good time to reflect or look
back; another 15 years for Techrights should be very much doable


Today — or as the clock/diary turns (23:55 here) — we start our sixteenth year,
so I’ve looked at some old archives, trying to find photos of me aged 16 (some
time after I had begun programming; I actually messed around with scripting at
somewhere around the age of 12 or 13).


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Roy as a teen⦈ I was introduced to GNU/Linux around 1998
when I was 16. A friend of mine (and a geeky classmate) called it “Linux” and
was using it on his PC. Back then, many people including myself were using
Windows 95. A couple of years later, as soon as I started studying at the
University (aged 18), I move to GNU/Linux. It was Red Hat with GNOME and KDE.
Later I experimented with all the other (existing at that time) desktop
environments/window managers and settled on Enlightenment for a while. Back
then, by GTK and Qt standards, Enlightenment was actually very good. I used
NEdit (it’s still available and is actively maintained). It was good for
development and for note-taking. Later I started using LyX (around 2001) and
then raw LaTeX as well; I didn’t like Abiword because it wasn’t suitable for
scientific publishing. My introduction to GNU was around 2001 when I was
developing with GTK. I started to get a better grasp of the real history and
the underlying philosophy. I then got back to USENET and IRC (which I had
already used as a teenager) and a lot of my GNU/Linux advocacy started in
newsgroups (before social control media like Digg.com became a “thing”). That
was in my early 20s. At age 21 I started my Ph.D. (I could leap past a Masters
degree because of my grades) and chose to work on it under the supervision of
the person who would soon become the head of the Computer Science department.
He was very demanding and had strong work discipline. I learned a lot from him.


Here we are all these years later and I focus a lot on software patents, if not
patents in general. In that domain, there is a massive vacuum in the media;
it’s like there are no journalists left to actually fact-check these matters;
operatives of the litigation industry don’t quite count, as all they do is
churnalism (many examples of this in today’s Daily Links).


I didn’t plan to do activism or journalism or censorship-resistant publication
(essential for vulnerable sources/leakers/whistleblowers). That just happened
along the way. It’s rewarding in every way except financial. █


⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢯⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⠋⢤⣛⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣯⢝⢧⢈⡬⡆⠁⠝⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⢄⡰⠋⠐⢈⠁⠸⠈⠹⣟⣾⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡥⢫⠅⢀⣀⠄⠀⡅⠁⠉⢣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⡩⠠⡂⠀⠀⠀⠈⢯⠂⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡻⢿⣿⡛⠀⠐⠨⡬⢂⠀⠲⠁⢂⠀⠁⠪⠠⢝⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣋⣭⣶⢕⡰⣉⠑⢳⠃⢠⠦⣾⡆⠀⠀⠉⠀⠊⡁⠀⠀⠐⠌⡽⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⡀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⡃⠛⣶⣪⡠⣩⣀⣰⣶⣵⣦⣾⣁⣳⠃⣀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⢂⣁⣀⣨⣯⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡃⣘⡙⠹⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡾⠋⠐⠯⢬⡝⠖⡻⢿⣧⣤⣾⣿⣷⣿⡿⠃⣁⠄⡀⢀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠉⢻⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠻⠿⣷⣾⣹⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠍⢯⢉⣂⡸⡘⢻⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⠽⢿⣿⠿⠓⠀⢯⣿⢟⣧⡠⠀⠀⠂⠀⠊⢉⡁⢁⢛⣿⣿⣿⠿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠛⠶⣶⣬⡙⣛⡿⠻⠚⡀⠤⡛⠻⡲⡳⠛⠿⢓⡑⣰⠂⣲⠞⠐⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⢛⣒⣮⡕⠈⢈⣠⡒⡿⢿⠀⠅⠈⠀⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⠀⠀⢀⢄⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠛⠿⣧⣠⣡⣷⣠⠵⠾⠶⠀⠒⠂⠉⠀⢾⢟⠑⠀⠀⠠⠂⠅⠄⠓⠲⠿⢡⣾⡿⠏⡀⠁⠄⠠⠬⣤⣤⢴⣶⠚⡛⠖⠿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⢈⢛⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠛⠶⢤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠁⢜⣿⣗⠒⠀⣀⠌⠀⠀⠁⠃⠀⠀⠀⣤⠖⠂⠀⣤⠀⠈⠓⠌⠨⢩⣽⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠓⠀⢀⡸⠀⡰⠀⣶⣶⣶⢶⣿⣱⣦⣀⠜⠉⠀⠀⢂⢅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠋⠛⣒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⢲⠂⠀⢰⡀⠀⠐⠦⠀⠀⠁⠀⡐⠀⠀⢈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠚⠤⢿⣟⣿⣿⣟⣺⣿⠇⠀⠀⠐⠀⠲⢿⣧⣤⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠚⠢⠀⠘⠂⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⣢⠀⠃⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⢰⣶⣿⣯⠁⡿⣋⢀⢄⠀⠀⠸⡾⢼⡟⠟⠀⠀⢤⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣀⡀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣩⡄⣜⠁⠀⠀⠀⢐⣄⢞⣽⠀⠀⠐⠀⡄⠀⢸⡝⡿⣿⠀⠎⠀⠁⣨⠇⠀⢠⡅⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⣶⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣘⠒⠃⠀⢤⢆⠀⠠⠿⡇⠀⠉⠉⡟⠀⠂⠀⠰⠀⢹⣿⣿⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡅⣀⢴⣆⣁⣤⡌⡗⡂⠀⢘⠇⢨⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠂⠀⠈⢐⠂⡖⠻⠀⠳⠆⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⠀⠀⡄⢠⠀⠀⠘⠓⠘⠃⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⣾⠤⠈⡗⠒⢰⠀⡐⠀⠀⠂⠀⠄⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠣⠧⠀⠐⣇⣀⣬⣄⢀⠺⠛⠛⠿⠠⢰⠇⣠⣤⣤⣤⣀⠰⠄⠧⣀⠈⠀⠀⠀⢈⡄⠀⢠⠃⢄⠀⢀⡀⣀⠤⠤⠀⠀⠈⠂⠨⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡐⠂⡤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠚⡃⢚⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣾⣧⣤⣤⡄⣯⣐⣀⠓⡀⠀⠀⠂⢱⢒⠒⠒⡶⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣀⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣣⠀⢩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⢀⣀⣠⣀⠈⠀⡀⢈⢽⣿⣟⣿⡟⠇⢟⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠻⢿⣿⢸⣽⡿⠈⠁⢪⠻⣿⣾⠿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠈⠀⠀⣿⠿⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⣠⣛⠿⣿⣿⣧⠐⠃⢸⣿⣿⢿⣿⡁⣤⣺⡻⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢼⠞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠛⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣷⣶⣿⣁⡴⠀⠀⠐⠙⠻⢿⢿⡷⠾⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣳⣖⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⡾⣹⣇⣿⣿⢻⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠫⠯⠟⡩⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣯⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⢤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣗⣢⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡭⠐⠜⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣾⣿⣷⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⢸⣿⣶⣤⣦⣠⣀⡀⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣶⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠜⢻⣧⣾⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⠁⠽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠈⠀⠉⠩⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣭⣭⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠐⠀⠀⠀⡀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣥⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣤⣶⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠐⠂⢀⣀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢹⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣦⣤⣌⣙⣛⡿⠿⢿⣿⠿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣧⣤⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢠⡞⣿⣿⣿⣷⡝⠁⠹⢿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣯⣻⣷⠁⢈⣭⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠴⣄⠑⡀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣸⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⠁⠉⢹⡟⢰⣾⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠉⢀⢠⡝⠿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡍⢀⣉⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡉⢧⡈⢂⡾⠀⠀⠀⢀⢠⢤⢸⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣤⣴⣧⠀⠈⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡎⠉⠂⡻⠿⣿⣿⣷⣌⢿⠛⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣷⣽⣄⣹⠇⠀⠀⠍⡁⡀⣘⣿⣿⣯⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣏⣴⣾⣾⣿⣿⣾⣦⣫⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣀⣙⣿⣯⣟⣿⣿⣆⠁⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⡛⠁⠀⠀⠀⢀⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠢⣀⡀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⡎⢿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣌⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⣀⣀⣿⣁⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⢀⡀⣀⠀⢠⣤⡄⣤⢠⣄⡤⢤⡤⡄⠀⣠⢤⡀⡠⢤⢠⡄⢤⠤⡤⢤⢤⠤⡤⢤⡠⡤⣤⢀⡤⢄⢀⠤⣄⠀⢀⠤⣄⣠⢤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣼⣿⣤⣤⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠛⠛⣿⡟⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢻⣄⣿⣠⢸⣛⡄⣻⢘⡟⡇⢸⣟⡄⠀⠨⣛⠞⢧⡠⠸⠏⠽⠠⠯⠷⠸⠄⠧⠼⠃⠯⠧⠺⠤⠿⠹⠤⠿⠀⠈⠧⠋⠪⠽⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⢹⣿⠉⠁⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢋⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣣⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⠽⣿⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣛⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣃⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠴⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠴⠂⠛⡏⢡⣽⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣻⡭⢿⣿⣭⠉⠉⠙⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠘⠀⠀⠁⣾⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⣀⣴⣆⠘⢿⣿⡆⣀⣄⢸⣳⣾⠻⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣻⣿⣿⣯⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢏⣾⣠⡴⠋⠁⠀⠀⠺⠟⠛⠋⣟⣿⣿⣿⣧⣄⢻⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣟⠿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⠞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣤⢸⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠾⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠁⠈⠵⠩⡆⠿⠿⠿⠛⠻⣿⠾⢿⣿⣆⠀⢀⡴⠛⠁⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠐⠁⠀⠀⠀⢀⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣄⣠⣶⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⡁⠈⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢤⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⢈⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢿⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⡿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⢀⣹⣿⣷⠠⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠁⠛⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣯⣀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢷⡧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠙⢿⣿⣧⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⠉⠁⠀⠈⣿⣿⠟⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠉⠿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠛⠋⠍⢻⡿⡇⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣰⣿⡍⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠻⠵⡏⠛⢻⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣤⣀⡀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⡛⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⣿⡇⠀⠈⠙⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣟⣛⣿⣿⡟⠖⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣴⢞⡵⢊⢭⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠫⠋⠈⣡⡤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠁⡠⡀⣠⡾⠿⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⢿⣵⣾⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠁⠀⢠⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠍⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠊⢹⣿⣿
⣿⣿⡿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠙⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿
⣿⣿⢿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⢀⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠈⠑⢦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡛⠉⠉⠗⠟⠿⡿⣿⣼⣿⣦⡤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⢹⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣷⣴⣿⣿⣧⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠛⠁⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣨⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣦⣍⠻⣿⣿⣏⣙⣷⣄⣴⣷⣶⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡏⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠟⠁⠀⣸⢿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣯⡿⠛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣧⣿⣶⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣉⢻⣧⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣶⣮⡸⣿⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠖⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣴⣴⣤⣄⡀⢸⢿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣷⠙⠂⠀⠀⠴⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⠉⠀⠀⠈⠉⠹⢿⣿⣿⣿⣻⠀⠀⠉⠃⠀⠀⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣷⣦⣄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⡐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡁⠀⠐⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⡊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⢆⣄⡀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⡇⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠌⣿⣇⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⡇⠃⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠈⠁⣿⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⠀⠀⣿⡟⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠻⠟⠝⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⢹⣿⣿⠁⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣶⣶⣥⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⡿⠉⠀⠀⠈⠇⠀⠈⠳⠋⠘⠻⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠸⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠙⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢻⣿⡷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠘⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠙⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣠⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠘⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠆⠀⠀⢠⠀⣀⠄⣽⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣴⣤⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣀⡄⠀⠀⣀⠠⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢀⣀⣄⡀⢯⢶⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣉⡙⠻⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠀⢀⡀⢿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⡟⠻⠀⠀⠈⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⢹⣿⣏⢻⣿⣿⡅⠈⢻⣇⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣶⣿⣷⢘⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⢰⠀⠀⠀⢀⣔⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠙⡿⠀⠻⣿⣿⠀⠀⠉⢉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣽⣿⣿⣿⡞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣼⣤⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣤⣤⣠⣀⣡⣴⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿

                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 882

╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕

(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/11/07/today-it-is-15-years/#comments
    Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/11/07/today-it-is-15-years/

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.07.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


Gemini_version_available_♊︎


✐ 15_Years_Saying_the_Unsayable_(Taboo_Subjects,_Suppressed_Information,_and
Unpopular_or_Inconvenient_Truths)⠀✐


Posted in Site_News at 6:06 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


Video_download_link | md5sum d488214a4471c581858278d3aa9513b6


http://techrights.org/videos/turning-15-today.webm


Summary: Techrights turns 15 today; instead of cakes and balloons we focus on
what was accomplished here and what we plan for the next 15 years (it’s very
plausible we’ll last that long and even outlive the World Wide Web)


Techrights has its share of supporters, but it also has its share of
detractors/opponents, who are sometimes (though not always) the people or
corporations Techrights criticises. That’s understandable. As the old adage
goes, you cannot please everybody.


On the issue of free speech, following yesterday’s post_about_Mastodon we
published a_longtime_reader's_response_to_it. It helps balance things somewhat.


“We think Techrights played a considerable role in the backlash against GitHub,
including the removal of its CEO (the reasons will become more apparent in
months to come).”Techrights started as a campaign to “Boycott Novell” (with
uppercase/capital B) and boycotts are generally seen as a negative thing, even
when they tackle very inherently negative things (such as pollution). So the
site wasn’t bound to win a “popularity contest”; it was a reaction to a
combative collusion of Microsoft and Novell, seeking to basically destroy
software freedom, mostly by weaponisation of software patents. The Microsoft-
Novell plan-to-collude came about partly because of Miguel_de_Icaza, who later
played a role in CodePlex and is now working directly (full-time) for
Microsoft. He helps GitHub_attack_software_freedom, but he seems to have a
rift/disconnect with the outgoing_CEO_of_GitHub. This and more would not be
known if it wasn’t for our tireless work. We think Techrights played a
considerable role in the backlash against GitHub, including the removal of its
CEO (the reasons will become more apparent in months to come).


Techrights can carry on for another 15 years and even outlive the Web. We
expand in Geminispace (yesterday we added some Halloween_Documents as well as
The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar). █



                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 946

╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕

(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/11/07/year-16/#comments
    Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/11/07/year-16/

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.07.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


Gemini_version_available_♊︎


✐ Year_16⠀✐


Posted in Site_News at 6:12 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


                    🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Techrights_Year_16⦈_


Summary: And just like that, in_the_quiet_of_the_night, ends our_anniversary;
we have a lot in store (coming soon)


Today we did not produce many articles; we rested a bit, as it’s both a Sunday
and a birthday. Tomorrow, as in about an hour from now, our 16th year
commences, and then we’ll release Microsoft GitHub Exposé — Part V (part of a
long series that will explain some internal affairs — mostly scandals — at
GitHub). For those who missed the first 4 parts (we estimate about 20 to come,
in total):


   1. Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_I_—_Inside_a_Den_of_Corruption_and
      Misogynists
   2. Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_II_—_The_Campaign_Against_GPL_Compliance
      and_War_on_Copyleft_Enforcement
   3. Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_III_—_A_Story_of_Plagiarism_and_Likely
      Securities_Fraud
   4. Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_IV_—_Mr._MobileCoin:_From_Mono_to
      Plagiarism…_and_to_Unprecedented_GPL_Violations_at_GitHub_(Microsoft)
The past year has been exceptionally rewarding. We exposed a lot of EPO
corruption and published important revelations about the Free software
community. We actually foresaw and foretold some of the Freenode/IRC wars,
having become aware of them about a month in advance (we attempted to
ameliorate/defuse things). At the end, Libera Chat basically replaced Freenode,
but it not growing much after the collapse of Freenode… it got_‘stuck’_at
around_45,000-49,000_users,_compared_to_80,000-90,000+_in_Freenode. Based on
the latest figure that we’ve reproduced below, it’s OFTC gaining a bit and
hopefully many people have since then moved to self-hosted IRC networks (folks
should quit relying on centralised IRC giants — they_themselves_are_part_of_the
problem!).


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇IRC_top_10⦈_


Our writing style has not changed much since 2006. I’m still the principal
editor, but there are many of us involved in researching and writing. It’s a
group effort. Techrights is a real community and it is thriving because people
who care about software freedom trust us, based on our track record.


“Over in our Gemini capsule we’re archiving important documents, leaks, and
books.”Now that the CEO of GitHub is leaving we don’t expect the main series to
yield results in the expulsion/resignation sense. But we still hope it’ll
illuminate reasons for people to drop GitHub like a hot plate and move
somewhere else. At a later stage in the series we plan to name some of the
alternatives/replacements, having assessed them for our own use over the past
year or so. We ended up rolling out our own with Gemini.


As far as I’m concerned, GitHub_is_the_next_CodePlex_or_the_old_Freenode.
Without the trust, which erodes rapidly, people will flee. The exodus_started
years_ago, but Microsoft presents false/fake numbers that include_deleted
accounts. We discussed_this_in_IRC_the_other_day (more_direct_link).


Over in our Gemini capsule we’re archiving important documents, leaks, and
books. We need to preserve such material for decades to come. We’ll have
further announcements to that effort in the coming days. █


⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠛⠻⠟⠁⠤⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠤⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠙⠁⠉⠓⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠤⠤⢀⠀⡀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣠⣤⣤⡤⣤⣄⣀⣀⣀⣴⡆⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠻⣿⣿⣯⣯⣵⣿⡿⠿⠟⢹⣿⢛⣭⡝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣀⡀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠭⠂⠀⠀⠀⠸⣯⢻⣿⡿⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡿⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⣯⠉⠁⣴⡍⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠂⠀⢀⣶⣿⠏⠚⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠻⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⡻⣿⠀⢰⡄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣯⡽⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⣮⠀⢈⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠃⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⣅⣀⠈⠀⠀⠀⢀⡃⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⣙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⢿⠏⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⣿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣺⣤⣤⣄⣤⣿⣿⣡⡀⣀⣠⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⡒⢒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠛⠻⠟⠁⠤⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠤⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠙⠁⠉⠓⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠤⠤⢀⠀⡀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣠⣤⣤⡤⣤⣄⣀⣀⣀⣴⡆⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠻⣿⣿⣯⣯⣵⣿⡿⠿⠟⢹⣿⢛⣭⡝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣀⡀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠭⠂⠀⠀⠀⠸⣯⢻⣿⡿⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡿⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⣯⠉⠁⣴⡍⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⢀⣶⣿⠏⠚⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠻⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⡻⣿⠀⢰⡄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣯⡽⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⣮⠀⢈⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠃⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⣅⣀⠈⠀⠀⠀⢀⡃⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⣙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⢿⠏⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⣿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣺⣤⣤⣄⣤⣿⣿⣡⡀⣀⣠⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⡒⢒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠁⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⠀⠀⢀⣀⠁⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠙⠛⠩⢈⠄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠙⠂⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠠⠀⠠⠄⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣶⣦⣦⣄⣦⣀⣀⢀⣀⣴⡄⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠻⢿⣷⣭⣭⣽⣿⠿⠟⠛⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣦⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⣯⠉⠁⢠⡄⠀⠀⠀⠐⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣭⣛⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣧⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡄⠀⣬⡿⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⢠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢠⣙⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⠀⠀⣛⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣻⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⡭⠁⠀⠀⠀⣠⣆⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⢿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⢿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣼⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣲⣦⣤⣀⣼⣿⡷⣠⠀⣤⣼⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⡒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠁⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⠀⠀⢀⣀⠁⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠙⠛⠩⢈⠄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠙⠂⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠠⠀⠠⠄⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣶⣦⣦⣄⣦⣀⣀⢀⣀⣴⡄⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠻⢿⣷⣭⣭⣽⣿⠿⠟⠛⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⣯⠉⠁⢠⡄⠀⠀⠀⠐⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣭⣛⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣧⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡄⠀⣬⡿⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⢠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢠⣙⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⠀⠀⣛⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣻⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⡭⠁⠀⠀⠀⣠⣆⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⢿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⢿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣼⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣲⣦⣤⣀⣼⣿⡷⣠⠀⣤⣼⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠁⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⠀⠀⢀⣀⠁⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠙⠛⠩⢈⠄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠙⠂⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠠⠀⠠⠄⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣶⣦⣦⣄⣦⣀⣀⢀⣀⣴⡄⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠻⢿⣷⣭⣭⣽⣿⠿⠟⠛⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⣯⠉⠁⢠⡄⠀⠀⠀⠐⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣭⣛⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣧⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡄⠀⣬⡿⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⢠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢠⣙⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⠀⠀⣛⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣻⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⡭⠁⠀⠀⠀⣠⣆⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⢿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⢿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣼⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣲⣦⣤⣀⣼⣿⡷⣠⠀⣤⣼⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠉⠉⠙⠻⠫⠁⠤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠙⠒⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠐⠒⠢⠄⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⣶⣶⣴⣲⢄⣀⡀⢀⢠⡄⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣵⣶⣆⠀⠘⠿⣿⣧⣀⣠⣿⣿⠿⠿⠃⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠻⣿⣿⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⠶⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⡍⠉⠉⡥⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢙⢻⣿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣾⡿⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⡠⣾⡇⠀⠿⡣⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣾⠁⠀⣿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⣧⠀⠀⠀⠛⣀⣀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⡆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⣿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣢⣄⣤⣄⣿⣿⣤⣀⡀⣬⣿⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⡒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠉⠉⠙⠻⠫⠁⠤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠙⠒⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠐⠒⠢⠄⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⣶⣶⣴⣲⢄⣀⡀⢀⢠⡄⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣵⣶⣆⠀⠘⠿⣿⣧⣀⣠⣿⣿⠿⠿⠃⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠻⣿⣿⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⠶⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⡍⠉⠉⡥⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢙⢻⣿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣾⡿⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⡠⣾⡇⠀⠿⡣⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣾⠁⠀⣿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⣧⠀⠀⠀⠛⣀⣀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⡆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⣿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣢⣄⣤⣄⣿⣿⣤⣀⡀⣬⣿⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⡒⢒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠙⠻⢫⠁⠤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠒⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠒⠒⠂⠄⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠇⠀⢰⣾⣶⣶⠲⢤⣀⣀⣀⢀⡄⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣾⣿⡆⠀⠘⠿⣿⣦⣀⣠⣿⣿⡿⠿⢣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡛⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⠶⠆⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⡌⠉⠉⠅⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡚⠛⢛⢿⣿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⣠⣾⡆⠀⡿⡸⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢳⣯⠁⠀⣿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⠸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⣇⠀⠀⠀⢛⣀⣀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⣹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⡆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⣿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣢⣄⣤⣄⣿⣿⣤⣀⠀⣼⣿⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⡒⢒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠁⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠙⠻⠫⠁⠤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠒⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠒⠒⠂⠄⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠇⠀⢰⣾⣶⣶⠲⢤⣀⣀⣀⢀⡄⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣾⣿⡆⠀⠘⠿⣿⣦⣀⣠⣿⣿⡿⠿⢣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡛⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⠶⠆⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⡌⠉⠉⠅⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡚⠛⢛⢿⣿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⡆⠀⡿⡸⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢳⣯⠁⠀⣿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⣇⠀⠀⠀⢛⣀⣀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⡆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⣿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣢⣄⣤⣄⣿⣿⡤⣀⠀⣬⣿⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠙⠻⠫⠁⠤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠒⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠒⠒⠂⠄⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠇⠀⢰⣾⣶⣶⠲⢤⣀⣀⣀⢀⡄⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣾⣿⡆⠀⠘⠿⣿⣦⣀⣠⣿⣿⡿⠿⢣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡛⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⠶⠆⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⡌⠉⠉⠅⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡚⠛⢛⢿⣿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⡆⠀⡿⡸⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢷⣯⠁⠀⣿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⣇⠀⠀⠀⢛⣀⣀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⡆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⣿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣢⣄⣤⣄⣿⣿⡤⣀⠀⣬⣿⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠁⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠙⠻⠫⠁⠤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠒⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠒⠒⠂⠄⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠇⠀⢰⣾⣶⣶⠲⢤⣀⣀⣀⢀⡄⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣾⣿⡆⠀⠘⠿⣿⣦⣀⣠⣿⣿⡿⠿⢣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡛⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⠶⠆⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⡌⠉⠉⠅⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡚⠛⢛⢿⣿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⡆⠀⡿⡸⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢷⣯⠁⠀⣿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⣇⠀⠀⠀⢛⣀⣀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⡆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⣿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣢⣄⣤⣄⣿⣿⡤⣀⠀⣬⣿⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠙⠻⠫⠁⠤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠒⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠒⠒⠂⠄⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠇⠀⢰⣾⣶⣶⠲⢤⣀⡀⣀⢀⡄⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣾⣿⡆⠀⠘⠿⣿⣦⣀⣤⣿⣿⡿⠿⢣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡛⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⠶⠆⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡿⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⡌⠉⠉⠅⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡚⠛⢛⢿⣿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⣠⣾⡆⠀⡿⡸⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢷⣯⠁⠀⣿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⣇⠀⠀⠀⢛⣀⣀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⡆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⣿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣢⣄⣤⣄⣿⣿⣤⣀⠀⣬⣿⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⡒⢒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⠀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠛⠻⢿⠟⠋⠤⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢉⠄⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠙⠓⠒⠢⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠤⠤⠤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢠⣶⣤⣤⢠⣀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣄⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣩⣶⣅⠀⠘⢿⣿⣏⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⡿⢏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⢿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠩⣭⡍⠁⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣷⡉⠉⠁⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠛⠛⢛⢻⣿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣶⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⣶⡆⠀⠿⠇⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣮⠁⠀⣿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⣧⠀⠀⠀⠛⣀⣀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⢿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⡆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⠿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⢿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣢⣄⣤⣄⣿⣿⣤⣀⠀⣬⣿⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⠀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠛⠻⢿⠟⠋⠤⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢉⠄⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠙⠓⠒⠢⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠤⠤⠤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢠⣶⣤⣤⢤⣀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣄⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣩⣶⣅⠀⠘⢿⣿⣏⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⡿⢏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⢿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠩⣭⡍⠁⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣷⡉⠉⠁⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠛⠛⢛⢻⣿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣶⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⣶⡆⠀⠿⠇⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⢠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣮⠁⠀⣿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⣧⠀⠀⠀⠛⣀⣀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⡆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⠿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⢿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣢⣄⣤⣄⣿⣿⣤⣀⠀⣬⣿⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⠀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠛⠻⢿⠟⠋⠤⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠉⠄⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠙⠓⠒⠢⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠤⠤⠤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢠⣶⣤⣤⢤⣀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣄⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣩⣶⣅⠀⠘⢿⣿⣏⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⡿⢏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⢿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠩⣭⡍⠁⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣷⡉⠉⠁⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠛⠛⢛⢻⣿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣶⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⣶⡆⠀⠿⠇⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⢠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣮⠁⠀⣿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⣧⠀⠀⠀⠛⣀⣀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⡆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⠿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⢿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣢⣄⣤⣄⣿⣿⣤⣀⠀⣬⣿⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⠀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠛⠻⢿⠟⠋⠤⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠉⠄⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠙⠓⠒⠢⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠤⠤⠤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢠⣶⣤⣤⢤⣀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣄⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣩⣶⣅⠀⠘⢿⣿⣏⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⡿⢏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⢿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠩⣭⡍⠁⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣷⡉⠉⠁⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠛⠛⢛⢻⣿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣶⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⣶⡆⠀⠿⠇⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⢠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣮⠁⠀⣿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⠀⠀⠀⠀⣧⠀⠀⠀⠛⣀⣀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⡆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⠿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⢿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣢⣄⣤⣄⣿⣿⣤⣀⠀⣬⣿⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⠀⠀⢀⣀⠁⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠉⠛⠫⢀⠤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠙⠂⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠒⠂⠄⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣶⣶⣦⣒⣤⣀⣀⣀⣀⣴⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠻⢿⣿⣭⣭⣿⣿⠿⠿⢛⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⣧⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠒⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠛⣛⢿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣧⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⣹⡿⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⢠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢠⣛⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢳⠁⠀⢟⡃⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣻⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⡭⠁⠀⠀⠀⣠⣆⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡂⢿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⢿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣲⣦⣤⣀⣼⣿⡷⣠⠀⣤⣼⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⠀⠀⢀⣀⠁⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠉⠛⠫⢀⠤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠙⠂⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠒⠂⠄⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣶⣶⣦⣒⣤⣀⣀⣀⣀⣴⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠻⢿⣿⣭⣭⣿⣿⠿⠿⢛⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⣧⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠒⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠛⣛⢿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣧⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⣹⡿⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⢠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢠⣛⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢳⠁⠀⢟⡃⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣻⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⡭⠁⠀⠀⠀⣠⣆⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡂⢿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⢿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣲⣦⣤⣀⣼⣿⡷⣠⠀⣤⣼⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠉⠛⠛⠁⢤⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠁⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⠤⠀⠠⠤⠄⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢰⣶⣦⣔⣢⣤⢄⣄⣤⣰⡆⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠸⢿⣿⣿⣭⣷⣿⡿⠟⠛⢁⣿⢫⣶⣮⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠶⠂⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⢸⣿⢟⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡟⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⣯⠉⠉⣴⡌⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⠏⠚⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠻⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⡻⣿⠀⢰⡤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣷⡮⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⣶⠀⢈⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⣅⣀⠈⠀⠀⠀⢀⡂⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⢿⠏⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⣿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣺⣤⣤⣄⣤⣿⣿⣡⠀⣀⣠⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⡒⢒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠉⠛⠛⠁⢤⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠁⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⠤⠀⠀⠤⠄⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢰⣶⣤⣔⣢⣤⢄⣄⣤⣰⡆⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠸⢿⣿⣿⣭⣷⣿⡿⠟⠛⢁⣿⢫⣶⣮⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠶⠂⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⢸⣿⢟⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡿⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⣯⠉⠉⣴⡌⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⠏⠚⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠻⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⡻⣿⠀⢰⡤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣷⡮⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⣶⠀⢈⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⣅⣀⠈⠀⠀⠀⢀⡂⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⢿⠏⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⢿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣺⣤⣤⣄⣤⣿⡿⣡⠀⣀⣠⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⡒⢒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠉⠛⠛⠁⢤⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠁⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⠤⠀⠀⠤⠄⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢰⣶⣦⣔⣢⣤⢄⣄⣤⣰⡆⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠸⢿⣿⣿⣭⣷⣿⡿⠟⠛⢁⣿⢫⣶⣮⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠶⠂⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⢸⣿⢟⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡿⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⣯⠉⠉⣴⡌⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⠏⠚⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠛⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⡻⣿⠀⢰⡤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣷⡮⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⣶⠀⢈⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⣅⣀⠈⠀⠀⠀⢀⡂⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⢙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⢿⠏⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⢿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣺⣤⣤⣄⣤⣿⣿⣡⠀⣀⣠⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⡒⢒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠉⠛⠛⠁⠤⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠁⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⠤⠀⠠⠤⠄⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢰⣶⣤⣔⣢⣤⢄⣄⣤⣰⡆⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠸⢿⣿⣿⣭⣷⣿⡿⠟⠛⢁⣿⢫⣶⣦⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠶⠂⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⢸⣿⢟⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡿⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⣯⠉⠉⣴⡌⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⠏⠚⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠻⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⡻⣿⠀⢰⡤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣷⡮⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⣶⠀⢈⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⣅⣀⠈⠀⠀⠀⢀⡂⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⣙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⢹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⢿⠏⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⣿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣺⣤⣤⣄⣤⣿⣿⣡⠀⣀⣠⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⡒⢒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⡇⠀⣿⠟⠀⠈⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠙⠅⠀⠀⠈⠙⠉⠹⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢹⡟⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢃⡀⠀⢀⣀⠉⠈⡇⠀⡏⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠹⡏⠉⢽⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠁⠀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠃⢀⣠⡇⠀⠁⢀⣠⣦⡄⠀⣠⣿⣇⠀⢀⠀⠚⠇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣴⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⡇⠀⣤⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠂⠀⢹⣤⠀⠀⣼⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣇⣠⣅⣀⣸⣄⣀⣼⣀⣸⣿⣿⣷⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣤⣆⣀⣸⣀⣰⣄⣼⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣇⣠⣇⣀⣷⣄⣀⣀⣴⣧⣀⣠⣧⣀⣸⣿⣄⣰⣿⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠉⠛⠛⠁⠤⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠁⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⠤⠀⠠⠤⠄⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢰⣶⣤⣔⣢⣤⢄⣄⣤⣰⡆⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠸⢿⣿⣿⣭⣷⣿⡿⠟⠛⢁⣿⢫⣶⣦⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠶⠂⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⢸⣿⢟⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣃⣴⣶⠀⠀⣶⣶⠀⣷⠀⢠⣶⣶⣤⡀⣿⡿⠋⢀⣤⣤⣤⡁⢸⣦⠀⢈⣽⣿⣯⠉⠉⣴⡌⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⠏⠚⠛⠛⠛⠟⢿⣟⠻⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠸⠿⠿⠋⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⡻⣿⠀⢰⡤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣷⡮⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠀⢰⡇⣠⣶⡆⠀⣴⣤⠀⡿⠁⣠⣶⣄⠀⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣆⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢸⣿⣶⠀⢈⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⣿⡇⠀⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣷⣷⡀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣿
⣿⣿⠿⠀⠸⢿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠁⣽⣆⠀⠻⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠙⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣥⣤⣬⣭⣅⣀⠈⠀⠀⠀⢀⡂⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣷⣄⡙⠛⠛⠃⣀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿
⡇⡃⣿⣿⡇⣶⠙⣿⣿⣙⠇⣿⣿⡏⣿⣹⣿⡯⠹⠏⢹⣿⣿⡟⣭⣻⣿⡟⢻⣻⣿⡟⢛⢿⠏⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣴⣾⣿
⣷⣶⡿⠿⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠶⠿⣿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣧⣧⣦⣾⣿⣿⣧⣿⣽⣿⣇⣐⣺⣿⣇⣠⣺⣤⣤⣄⣤⣿⣿⣡⠀⣀⣠⢠⢉⠀⣿⣿⢀⡽⣿⣿⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⡁⣶⣼⣿⡇⣐⣾⣿⡇⠈⣹⣿⣯⠉⣽⣿⣿⢏⢿⣿
⣿⣗⡒⢒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣽⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣯⣶⣬⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣻⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣺⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣯⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡻⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣻⣿⣟⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿

                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1561

╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.07.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


Gemini_version_available_♊︎


✐ Links_7/11/2021:_qBittorrent_4.3.9,_Chimera_Linux,_and_Much_More⠀✐


Posted in News_Roundup at 7:04 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈


§ Contents⠀➾


    * GNU/Linux
          o Distributions
          o Devices/Embedded
    * Free_Software/Open_Source
    * Leftovers
    * § GNU/Linux⠀➾


          o § Desktop/Laptop⠀➾


                # ⚓ System76_Reportedly_Developing_Their_Own_Rust-Written
                  Desktop,_Not_Based_On_GNOME⠀⇛


                       System76′s Pop!_OS Linux distribution already has
                       their own “COSMIC” desktop that is based on GNOME,
                       but moving ahead they are working on their own
                       Rust-written desktop that is not based on GNOME or
                       any existing desktop environment.


                       Stemming from a Reddit discussion over the
                       possibility of seeing a KDE flavor of Pop!_OS, it
                       was brought up by one of their own engineers they
                       are working on their “own desktop”.


          o § Server⠀➾


                # ⚓ Google_Unveils_Knative_1.0_Serverless_Computing_Platform⠀⇛


                       Google has stable release of the platform announced
                       a Knative 1.0 , designed to create a infrastructure
                       serverless computing deployed on top of a container
                       isolation system based on the Kubernetes platform.
                       In addition to Google, companies such as IBM, Red
                       Hat, SAP and VMware are also involved in the
                       development of Knative. The release of Knative 1.0
                       marked the stabilization of the API for application
                       development, which from now on will not change and
                       will remain backward compatible. The project code
                       is written in the Go language and is distributed
                       under the Apache 2.0 license.


                       The Knative platform launches prepared containers
                       as needed (the application is not tied to any
                       specific container), organizes management and
                       provides scaling of environments required to
                       perform functions and applications. The platform
                       can be deployed at its own facilities without being
                       tied to external cloud services. Only Kubernetes is
                       required to run. Tools are provided to support a
                       variety of common frameworks, including Django,
                       Ruby on Rails, and Spring. The can be used to
                       control the operation of the platform command line
                       interface .


          o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾


                # ⚓ Hey,_Linux!_Can_I_Do_Whatever_I_Want?_–_Invidious⠀⇛


                       I think everyone that has ever used Microsoft
                       Windows has eventually discovered things that they
                       just were not allowed to do in Windows. Why would
                       an operating system restrict the user? Linux
                       doesn’t do that!


                # ⚓ Which_Arch_Linux_Kernel_Should_I_Use!_–_Invidious⠀⇛


                       There’s a bunch of kernels available in the
                       standard repos and the AUR for arch linux but what
                       do they all do and which one should you use.


                # ⚓ GNU_World_Order_433⠀⇛


                       How to deliver Python packages with **setuptools**.


          o § Kernel Space⠀➾


                # ⚓ Linux_5.15.1⠀⇛


                # ⚓ Linux_5.14.17⠀⇛


                # ⚓ Linux_5.10.78⠀⇛


                # ⚓ Linux_5.4.158⠀⇛


                # ⚓ Linux_4.19.216⠀⇛


                # ⚓ Intel’s_Habana_Labs_Continues_Improving_Their_AI
                  Accelerator_Driver_Stack_With_Linux_5.16⠀⇛


                       The “char/misc” changes have landed in Linux 5.16
                       as the catch-all area for code not fitting more
                       appropriately within another subsystem or being a
                       portion of the kernel that’s too small for
                       submitting pull requests directly to Linus
                       Torvalds. For Linux 5.16, the IIO code has moved
                       from being part of the staging area also maintained
                       by Greg Kroah-Hartman to now being under the char/
                       misc umbrella. Additionally, another big item is
                       the Intel Habana Labs driver updates.


                       The Habana Labs kernel driver for supporting their
                       Goya and Gaudi AI hardware continues to be part of
                       the char/misc area with not yet having a formal
                       “accelerator” subsystem short of the GPU/DRM area
                       for the growing number of AI inference/training
                       accelerators coming to market.


          o § Applications⠀➾


                # ⚓ qBittorrent_4.3.9⠀⇛


          o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾


                # ⚓ Anatomy_of_a_Terminal_Emulator⠀⇛


                       The terminal is a ubiquitous platform that has been
                       fairly stable for many years. There are plenty of
                       resources out there for understanding its inner
                       workings, but most of them are either fairly arcane
                       or offer deep knowledge about a very specific area.
                       This post aims to bridge this gap by offering a
                       gentle and broad introduction to the terminal
                       emulator as a platform for development.


                       We’ll talk about the different parts of the
                       terminal and how they interact, build a small
                       program to read input from the shell and understand
                       how it’s interpreted, discuss how to create a user
                       interface in the terminal and finally see how we
                       can use all of this to cause some mischief.


                       I’ve used Rust for code examples, but tried to make
                       them as simple and short as possible so that
                       they’ll also be comprehensible to non-Rust
                       programmers. I also provided explanations of the
                       relevant parts of the code. We refer to the
                       workings of terminal emulators in a unix or unix-
                       like system (eg. Linux and macOS). Some parts might
                       also be relevant to other operating systems.


                       While this is aimed at those new to developing
                       terminal applications, I tried to go into enough
                       depth in certain areas to keep things interesting
                       for old terminal hounds as well. If you found a
                       mistake in this post, or feel something has been
                       over-simplified or hand-waved away, feel free to
                       hit me up on Twitter.


                # ⚓ How_to_install_KDE_Connect_on_Ubuntu_20.04_LTS⠀⇛


                       KDE Connect is an open-source platform to integrate
                       some feature of your phone directly into your PC.
                       In simple words, it is a Linux application that is
                       also available for Windows and macOS (not
                       officially) to connect smartphones with PC or
                       laptops. Currently, it is available for Android
                       only, well iOS version does not officially exist.


                       Well, KDE Connect is implemented with a server
                       service that runs on the desktop device and a
                       client application on the mobile device, which
                       interact with each other via a secure network
                       protocol. So, that the user can easily transfer
                       data using a local network.


                # ⚓ How_Do_I_Use_Elasticsearch_in_Python?⠀⇛


                       Elasticsearch is a free and open-source, highly
                       available search and analytics engine built on the
                       Apache Lucene project. Elasticsearch stores its
                       data in JSON format, making it very easy to use.


                       It provides a simple and powerful REST API for
                       performing a collection of tasks from creating
                       documents, monitoring cluster health, and more.


                       Python is one of the most popular programming
                       languages, and it tends to complement Elasticsearch
                       very well.


                       In this guide, we will look at how to go about
                       using the Elasticsearch Python client to interact
                       with the Elasticsearch cluster.


                # ⚓ How_Do_I_Set_Up_Elasticsearch_Curator?⠀⇛


                       Elasticsearch curator, or simply curator, is a tool
                       that allows you to manage your Elasticsearch
                       cluster easily. Written in Python, the curator
                       comes in handy when you need to manage your ELK
                       indices and snapshots.


                       This guide will show you how to set up and
                       configure the Elasticsearch curator for your ELK
                       cluster.


                # ⚓ How_to_Install_and_Use_OpenSnitch_Firewall_in_Linux?⠀⇛


                       This article will cover a guide on installing and
                       using OpenSnitch Firewall in Linux. OpenSnitch is a
                       free and open source port of a proprietary firewall
                       solution called LittleSnitch and implements most of
                       its functionality. It can apply firewall rules
                       system wide and can be used to block hosts as well
                       as individual applications.


                # ⚓ How_to_Create_Table_in_SQLite_Using_“if_not_exists”
                  Statement?⠀⇛


                       SQLite is a serverless RDBMS, which is used to
                       manage data in the database in the form of tables.
                       These tables are created in the database to store
                       data in columns and rows, for this purpose, tables
                       can either be created using the “CREATE TABLE” or
                       the “CREATE TABLE if not exists” statement in
                       SQLite.The “CREATE TABLE if not exists” statement
                       is very useful in creating a table because it will
                       not create the table if the table of the same name
                       already exists in the database. In this writeup, we
                       will explain how the “CREATE TABLE if not exists”
                       works, and what happens if we try to create a table
                       without using the “CREATE TABLE if not exists”.


                # ⚓ How_to_Create_Table_in_SQLite?⠀⇛


                       The “CREATE TABLE if not exists” statement is very
                       useful in creating a table because it will not
                       create the table if the table of the same name
                       already exists in the database. This article
                       explains how to create a table using the “if not
                       exists” clause in SQLite. A general syntax on how
                       to create a table using “if not exists” and an
                       example is also provided in this tutorial.


                # ⚓ How_Do_I_Concatenate_in_SQLite?⠀⇛


                       SQLite is used to manage the data of a database, in
                       which the website’s or application’s data is stored
                       in the form of tables. Like MySQL, SQLite also
                       supports a lot of built-in functions like max(),
                       min(), but many functions that are supported by
                       MySQL, not supported by SQLite.


                       SQLite is a database management system, which is
                       available free of cost, and also its architecture
                       is much simpler as compared to other database
                       management systems. The main feature of SQLite, it
                       is serverless, which means it uses the server of a
                       machine or Operating System on which it is being
                       operated, instead of using its own server.


                       This write-up is focussing on how to concatenate
                       strings in SQLite. Does concatenate function work
                       in SQLite? Let’s find out.


                # ⚓ Aggregate_Functions_in_SQLite⠀⇛


                       There are many database management systems that are
                       being used to manage the data of a website or an
                       application like MySQL and SQLite. SQLite, like
                       other RDMS, contains many built-in functions which
                       make managing databases easier, like aggregate
                       functions. In this article, we will learn about the
                       aggregate functions in SQLite by implementing those
                       functions in some examples.


                # ⚓ How_to_use_Ubuntu_Livepatch⠀⇛


                       The Ubuntu Livepatch service takes care of keeping
                       your Ubuntu systems up to date with essential
                       kernel updates, saving you time and effort. It is a
                       tool that enables companies to patch Ubuntu Linux
                       kernel vulnerabilities immediately. The live patch
                       utility lets you directly patch the running kernel,
                       eliminating the need to reboot your system. This
                       feature was first added in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS,
                       generally designed for servers expected to operate
                       continuously without rebooting for months and
                       years. This article will explain in detail how you
                       can apply the live patch on Ubuntu OS.


                # ⚓ How_to_Install_and_Use_EasyOCR_in_Linux⠀⇛


                       This article will cover a guide on installing and
                       using the EasyOCR command line tool and Python
                       module. Available as a free and open source
                       application, It can be used to identify and extract
                       text from images. It uses Optical Character
                       Recognition (OCR) technology and a variety of
                       different algorithms and language models to detect
                       the text.


                # ⚓ How_to_Install_and_Configure_KVM_on_Debian_11_Bullseye
                  Linux⠀⇛


                       “KVM”, the abbreviation for “Kernel Virtual
                       Machine” is the hypervisor of the Linux kernel. It
                       is quite popular and used in enterprises for easily
                       performing the virtualization of operating systems.
                       Here in this tutorial, we learn the steps and
                       commands to install and enable KVM Hypervisor on
                       Debian 10 or 11 Bullseye Server or Desktop Linux.


                       Since 2007, KVM is an official kernel component,
                       however, as compared to Xen, the other open-source
                       hypervisor, the history of KVM is less changeful
                       and has only been steeply upward from the start.
                       KVM is also the preferred hypervisor in OpenStack
                       and is therefore widely used in the cloud.


                # ⚓ Installing_Virtualbox_App_on_Debian_11_Bullseye_–_Linux
                  Shout⠀⇛


                       Oracle VirtualBox is a hypervisor for x86
                       virtualization application that allows users to
                       create and manage Virtualization on Windows, Linux,
                       macOS, and FreeBSD. It is an open-source project
                       and here we learn the commands to install the
                       VirtualBox software platform on Debian 11 Bullseye
                       Linux.


                       Virtualization is a software technique that
                       simulates hardware. In this way it is possible, for
                       example, to operate several virtual computers under
                       Windows, on which other operating systems can then
                       be installed. Virtualization uses a shift model,
                       because at the end of the day, of course, the
                       actual installed hardware is also used in a virtual
                       computer, but the trick is that the virtual guests
                       can be used like programs on a normal system. So it
                       is possible to operate several Linux systems in
                       parallel with VirtualBox under Windows. The other
                       way around, you can also set up a virtual Windows
                       with VirtualBox on a Linux system.


                # ⚓ Configure_BIND_DNS_Server_using_Webmin_on_Debian_11_–
                  kifarunix.com⠀⇛


                       Welcome to out tutorial on how to configure Bind
                       DNS server using Webmin on Debian 11. Webmin is a
                       web-based control panel that allows system
                       administrators to administer system administration
                       tasks from web user interface.


                       You can follow the link below to install Webmin on
                       Debian 11.


                # ⚓ NextCloud:_Enable_video_previews_–_Anto_./_Online⠀⇛


                       This guide will show you how to enable video
                       previews on NextCloud hosted on Debian/Ubuntu. You
                       can apply the same steps if running the Docker
                       version of NextCloud or different distribution.


                # ⚓ Getting_Started_with_Docker:_Run_Docker_without_sudo_–
                  LinuxLinks⠀⇛


                       Docker is a set of platform as a service (PaaS)
                       products that use OS-level virtualization to
                       deliver software in packages called containers.


                       A container is software that packages up code and
                       all its dependencies so the application runs
                       quickly and reliably from one computing environment
                       to another. A Docker container image is a
                       lightweight, standalone, secure, executable package
                       of software that includes everything needed to run
                       an application: code, runtime, system tools, system
                       libraries, and settings.


                # ⚓ Building_the_Linux_Kernel_in_a_GitLab_Runner_|_Adam_Young’s
                  Web_Log⠀⇛


                       Git Lab provides a mechanism to run workloads
                       triggered by a git commit. We try to let the
                       automation do as much work as possible before
                       interrupting a human code reviewer. We want to know
                       if the code is right in as objective a manner as
                       possible before we take the expensive context
                       switch to perform a code review.


                       We can think of the set of tasks in a three step
                       process. The first step is fast up front checks.
                       The second is long programmatic correctness checks.
                       The final is regression tests. There is a natural
                       ordering between these, and they also progress in
                       an increasing order of time and resource
                       commitments.


                       The Linux Kernel is a C program, and the long,
                       programmatic correctness check is the compile and
                       link processes. It is worthwhile to think in terms
                       of the third level tests, though, and package up
                       the result of the compilation for later install on
                       a wide array of systems based on a binary packaging
                       format, either RPM or .DEB. We’re testing on
                       Fedora, so we need an rpm.


                # ⚓ How_to_rsync_files_between_two_remotes?⠀⇛


                       scp -3 can copy files between two remote hosts
                       through localhost. This comes in handy when the two
                       servers cannot communicate directly or if they are
                       unable to authenticate one to the other.1
                       Unfortunately, rsync does not support such a
                       feature. Here is a trick to emulate the behavior of
                       scp -3 with SSH tunnels.


                       When syncing with a remote host, rsync invokes ssh
                       to spawn a remote rsync –server process. It
                       interacts with it through its standard input and
                       output. The idea is to recreate the same setup
                       using SSH tunnels and socat, a versatile tool to
                       establish bidirectional data transfers.


                       The first step is to connect to the source server
                       and ask rsync the command-line to spawn the remote
                       rsync –server process. The -e flag overrides the
                       command to use to get a remote shell: instead of
                       ssh, we use echo.


                # ⚓ OpenFaaS:_Getting_started_tutorial_on_Kubernetes_–_Anto_./
                  Online⠀⇛


                       OpenFaaS ( Function as a Service) is a popular
                       serverless framework. It provides an easy way to
                       create portable functions, microservices, and APIs
                       using Kubernetes and Docker. This tutorial guide
                       will serve as your OpenFaaS introduction to get you
                       up and running quickly.


                # ⚓ How_to_create_snapshots_in_openSUSE_with_YaST2_–
                  TechRepublic⠀⇛


                       OpenSUSE is yet another outstanding Linux
                       distribution that has plenty to offer. Many believe
                       openSUSE is one of the best flavors of Linux for
                       business desktop use cases. One of the many reasons
                       for that is the built-in snapshot tool made
                       possible by a combination of the btrfs file system
                       and the YaST2 snapper plugin.


                # ⚓ Linux_101:_What_tech_pros_need_to_know⠀⇛


                # ⚓ How_to_Install_and_configure_Jenkins_on_CentOS_8_/_RHEL_8_–
                  Unixcop_the_Unix_/_Linux_the_admins_deams⠀⇛


                       Jenkins is an open source automation server. It
                       helps automate the parts of software development
                       related to building, testing, and deploying,
                       facilitating continuous integration and continuous
                       delivery.


                       Jenkins is based on Java and helps with every part
                       of the software development process.


                       Jenkins is a server-based system that runs in
                       servlet containers such as Apache Tomcat. It
                       supports version control tools, including AccuRev,
                       CVS, Subversion, Git, Mercurial, Perforce,
                       ClearCase and RTC, and can execute Apache Ant,
                       Apache Maven and sbt based projects as well as
                       arbitrary shell scripts and Windows batch commands.


                # ⚓ How_To_Upgrade_Ubuntu_To_22.04_LTS_Jammy_Jellyfish⠀⇛


                       Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish is due to release
                       on April 21, 2022. However, users of Ubuntu 21.10
                       are able to upgrade to the latest release right
                       now.


                       In this tutorial, we will cover the step by step
                       instructions to upgrade your Ubuntu system to
                       version 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish, which is the latest
                       long term support release.


          o § Wine or Emulation⠀➾


                # ⚓ Wine_6.21_and_Wine_staging_6.21_Released⠀⇛


                       An experimental branch of the open implementation
                       of WinAPI – Wine 6.21 has been released . Since the
                       release of version 6.20, 26 bug reports have been
                       closed and 415 changes have been made.


                       [...]


                       The new release provides synchronization with the
                       Wine 6.21 codebase. 5 patches related to the
                       implementation of the uiautomationcore DLL,
                       handling mouse movement in winex11.drv, adding
                       critsection.c to ntdll and a test suite for ntdll
                       have been transferred to the main Wine composition.
                       Updated patches user32-rawinput-mouse . A patch has
                       been added that attaches the “.exe” string to the
                       mask in case of an unsuccessful search in the
                       registry.


          o § Games⠀➾


                # ⚓ Open_source_game_development_levels_up_with_Godot_Engine
                  3.4_out_now⠀⇛


                       Probably the most exciting free and open source
                       game engine around, Godot Engine has a brand new
                       release available.


                       Comprising of thousands of improvements across what
                       looks like all areas, they said it themselves that
                       listing everything would be pretty much impossible.


                       A lot of work is currently going into Godot 4.0,
                       which is the release that will bring Vulkan support
                       and massive improvements to the rendering system.
                       Even so, Godot 3.x remains popular and supported so
                       they’re keeping up with these releases for now to
                       give game developers a nicer experience. Godot 3.4
                       is also compatible with previous Godot 3.3.x
                       projects and it’


          o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾


                # ⚓ LXQt_1.0.0_Lightweight_Desktop_Arrived,_Here’s_How_it_Looks
                  Like⠀⇛


                       For fans of LXQt or those still looking for a
                       lightweight Qt5 desktop, LXQt 1.0.0 is out as the
                       latest version of this desktop environment.


                       LXQt is a free, open source, lightweight, and user-
                       friendly desktop environment built using the Qt
                       libraries. It consists of many small individual
                       components like a panel program, session manager,
                       hotkey daemon and a few more. LXQt was formed as a
                       merger between the LXDE and Razor-Qt desktop
                       environments. Here’s the project’s website.


                       Often LXQt has been seen as the fastest desktop
                       today, beating KDE Plasma, GNOME, and Xfce in terms
                       of performance, responsiveness, and storage
                       footprint. It is used by operating systems that
                       aren’t looking for a lot of customization or
                       productivity options, but instead are focused on
                       performance.
                       Just under seven months after the earlier version,
                       the LXQt development team have released LXQt 1.0.0.
                       That said, let’s quickly take a look at what’s new.


                # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾


                      # ⚓ [Older]_Plasma_25th_Anniversary_Edition_released⠀⇛


                             I’ve used every release of KDE extensively,
                             and its developers have every right to be
                             damn proud of the amazing collection of
                             frameworks and applications they’ve built. As
                             with everything, KDE is not for everyone, but
                             there’s no denying it’s a versatile,
                             attractive, extensible, and fun to use
                             environment.


          o § Distributions⠀➾


                # ⚓ Arch_and_Ubuntu_Comparison_and_Review⠀⇛


                       For different tasks, we need a computer and for
                       operating a computer, we need some operating system
                       like Windows, macOS, and Linux. Where Linux further
                       contains a list of distributions like Arch, Ubuntu,
                       Fedora, Debian, and Kali Linux. In this article, we
                       will make a comparison between Arch and Ubuntu, but
                       before making any comparison, let us discuss some
                       overview of Ubuntu and Arch.


                # § BSD⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Chimera_Linux:_a_Linux_distribution_based_on_FreeBSD
                        userland_and_LLVM⠀⇛


                             This project is still very early in its
                             development, but it’s an interesting premise.
                             It’s developed by Daniel Kolesa, who also
                             contributes a lot to Void Linux, most notably
                             the excellent POWER/PowerPC port of that
                             excellent distribution. Over on Twitter,
                             Kolesa regularly posts updates on the status
                             of Chimera, and even though some of the stuff
                             definitely is above my pay grade, it’s quite
                             interesting to follow along.


                # § SUSE/OpenSUSE⠀➾


                      # ⚓ SUSE_announces_Linux_Enterprise_Micro_5.1⠀⇛


                             SUSE a provider of enterprise-grade open
                             source solutions, has announced the
                             availability of SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE)
                             Micro 5.1, a lightweight and secure operating
                             system built for containerised and
                             virtualised workloads. SLE Micro 5.1 adds
                             edge-focused security features such as secure
                             device onboarding and live patching, and it
                             enables the modernising of workloads with
                             support for IBM Z and LinuxONE.


                      # ⚓ openSUSE_Leap_vs_Tumbleweed:_What’s_the_Difference?⠀⇛


                             openSUSE is a very popular Linux distros,
                             especially in the enterprise world. SUSE has
                             been around in one form or another since
                             1996. During most of that time, they have
                             only had one version.


                             Then, in 2015, they changed things up and
                             decided to offer two versions: Leap and
                             Tumbleweed.


                             If you are new to openSUSE, it is easy to get
                             confused between Tumbleweed and Leap. A
                             reader recently asked us to explain the
                             similarities and difference between the two,
                             that’s just what we’ll do today.


                # § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾


                      # ⚓ [Older]_Ubuntu_21.10_Impish_Indri⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Ubuntu_22.04_Download⠀⇛


                             Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish is now
                             available for download! This is a Long Term
                             Support version, which is due to release on
                             April 21, 2022.


                             In this tutorial, we will provide you with
                             the download links for Ubuntu 22.04. If you
                             are already running an older version of
                             Ubuntu, it’s possible to upgrade Ubuntu to
                             22.04. Otherwise, follow the links below to
                             download Ubuntu 22.04.


                      # ⚓ Ubuntu_22.04_Features_and_Release_Date⠀⇛


                             In this article you will learn about some
                             Ubuntu 22.04 features of the upcoming Ubuntu
                             stable release. Canonical’s latest iteration
                             to the Ubuntu operating system is Ubuntu
                             22.04 Jammy Jellyfish, scheduled for release
                             on April 21, 2022. This is an LTS (long term
                             support) release – the type of release that
                             Canonical only publishes every two years, and
                             continues to support for the next five.


                             In this article, we’re going to go over some
                             of the features we’re most excited about, and
                             cover a lot of the differences between Jammy
                             Jellyfish and Ubuntu’s previous LTS release,
                             Focal Fossa. Read on as we take you through
                             some of the upcoming changes.


          o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾


                # ⚓ Radxa_CM3_–_A_drop-in_Raspberry_Pi_CM4_alternative_–_CNX
                  Software⠀⇛


                       Radxa CM3 is a system-on-module that offers an
                       alternative to the Raspberry Pi CM4, with the same
                       form factor allowing it to become a drop-in
                       replacement, but switching from a Broadcom BCM2711
                       processor to a Rockchip RK3566 quad-core Cortex-A55
                       SoC.


                       Radxa CM3 will work with existing carrier boards
                       for the Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4, albeit some
                       features such as dual HDMI are not available,
                       instead, providing a single HDMI, but the module
                       also offers extra features through an additional
                       100-pin board-to-board with interfaces such as SATA
                       III and USB 3.0.


                # ⚓ Meet_Raspberry_Pi_Zero_2_W⠀⇛


                       There are still 50-ish days to go until Christmas,
                       but we thought we would give you an early surprise.


                       Priced at $15, Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W is about five
                       times faster than the OG Raspberry Pi Zero, with
                       the same tiny form factor. We’ve loved seeing how
                       many of you have already upgraded your projects
                       with our newest board.


                # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Groovin’_With_A_Gesture-Controlled_MP3_Player_|
                        Hackaday⠀⇛


                             Touchscreens are great, but they’re not
                             always the perfect solution. Trying to
                             operate one with gloves on (even alleged
                             “touchscreen-friendly” ones) can be
                             cumbersome at best, and if the screen is on a
                             publicly-shared device, such as a checkout
                             kiosk it can easily become a home for
                             bacteria, viruses and all sorts of other
                             nasty stuff.


                             That’s what [Norbert Zare] was thinking when
                             he built his gesture-controlled MP3 player.
                             It uses a PAJ7620U2 gesture sensor to
                             register a few intuitive hand motions
                             including finger twirls to control the
                             volume, hand swipes to skip forward and
                             backwards, and a flat hand to play and pause
                             the song. It even has a motorized knob and
                             cute cutout music notes that move to provide
                             some visual feedback for the gestures, which
                             you can see in-action in the video below. If
                             this seems familiar, it’s because on Tuesday
                             we took a look at the camera-based, glance-
                             to-skip-tracks controller he built.


                # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Xiaomi’s_next_Android_flagship_could_be_the_first
                        Snapdragon_898_phone_|_Android_Central⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ 57_paid_Android_apps_and_games_that_are_free_on
                        Google_Play_today,_November_6_–_Market_Research
                        Telecast⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Google_Chrome_users_urgently_warned_to_delete_browser
                        NOW_–_here’s_why_need_to_remove_it_from_your_Android⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Beats_Fit_Pro_Vs._Studio_Buds:_Best_Beats_For_Android
                        Users?⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Google_Pixel_6_Pro_vs._OnePlus_9_Pro:_Which_Android
                        phone_wins?_|_Tom’s_Guide⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ How_to_Create_a_Custom_Icon_Pack_for_Android_–
                        TechPP⠀⇛


          o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾


                # § SaaS/Back End/Databases⠀➾


                      # ⚓ How_to_use_$eq_operator_in_MongoDB⠀⇛


                             MongoDB is a database management system to
                             store and retrieve a bulk amount of data in
                             an effective manner. Like other databases,
                             MongoDB also has several data manipulation
                             commands and operators that can be used to
                             store as well as retrieve data from a
                             collection of documents. Several commonly
                             used operators in MongoDB include $eq, $lt,
                             $and, $or etc. These commands and operators
                             relate to other databases as well; for
                             instance, the $eq operators perform the same
                             operation as where clause in SQL databases.


                             In this article, a Comparison Query Operator
                             operator $eq will be explained in the context
                             of MongoDB:


                      # ⚓ How_to_use_$all_operator_in_MongoDB⠀⇛


                             MongoDB is a NoSQL database that provides
                             extensive support of operator classes to help
                             in retrieving data. The $all operator falls
                             under the category of an array operator
                             class. As the name of $all (all operators in
                             MongoDB) indicates, it is used to get the
                             document from a database collection if it
                             matches all the values in an array field.
                             Moreover, the $all operator also provides
                             support to match nested arrays if present in
                             any field.
                             In this article, a brief insight into usage
                             of $all operator in the context in MongoDB is
                             provided.


                      # ⚓ How_to_sort_documents_by_date_in_MongoDB⠀⇛


                             MongoDB belongs to the NoSQL category of
                             databases and thus it stores data in JSON
                             format. In database management systems, the
                             sorting phenomenon is used to retrieve
                             documents in a sequential manner. The sort by
                             date support of MongoDB helps to get the
                             documents that are arranged according to the
                             date field.


                             As, sorting can be performed either in
                             ascending or descending manner; similarly,
                             the sort by date also allows retrieving
                             documents in both orders. After getting
                             through this post, you’ll be able to apply
                             the sort by date functionality in MongoBD.


                      # ⚓ What_are_the_valid_MongoDB_datatypes⠀⇛


                             MongoDB is a widely used non-relational
                             database management system. The data storing
                             mechanism of MongoDB (or any other database)
                             strongly relies on the data types supported
                             by that database management system. MongoDB
                             stores data in the form of BSON, which is a
                             binary-encoded format of JSON as its name is
                             also derived from “Binary” and “JSON”. The
                             data types that BSON supports are considered
                             valid for MongoDB.


                             This article of the MongoDB series will
                             provide detailed information about the data
                             types used in MongoDB. But before that, let’s
                             have a comparison of JSON format and its
                             binary extension BSON.


                      # ⚓ How_to_use_where_Operator_in_MongoDB⠀⇛


                             MongoDB provides a strong querying system
                             supported by several commands and operators.
                             There exists a long list of operators (like
                             $size, $where, $gt, $regex, and many more)
                             that have extended the MongoDB use to fulfill
                             the basic functionality of any database. The
                             $where operator belongs to the evaluation
                             query operators class and can be exercised to
                             pass a JavaScript-based string or JavaScript
                             function. The $where operator is used in
                             MongoDB to get only those documents that
                             match JavaScript expressions.


                             In this descriptive post, we have provided an
                             insight into the usage of $where operator in
                             context of MongoDB.


                      # ⚓ How_to_use_findOneAndUpdate_method_in_MongoDB⠀⇛


                             MongoDB supports multiple functions that are
                             used to process data in databases. In any
                             database, the data updating process is
                             inevitable and is performed frequently. The
                             findOneAndUpdate method is used to update a
                             single document that matches the condition,
                             and this method is an extension of the core
                             update method of MongoDB.


                             The findOneAndUpdate() method returns the
                             document after the update, whereas the
                             updateOne() method of MongoDB also updates
                             one document but it does not return any
                             document.


                             In this article, you will learn to understand
                             and apply the findOneAndUpdate() method of
                             MongoDB to match and update a single
                             document.


                      # ⚓ Splunk’s_Simon_Eid_joins_MongoDB_in_APAC_lead_role⠀⇛


                             Eid, who was with software solutions provider
                             Splunk for six years, has 25-plus years of
                             sales and business management experience,
                             having held leading positions at a variety of
                             enterprise technology organisations including
                             Dell EMC and Symantec.


                # § FSF⠀➾


                      # § Licensing/Legal⠀➾


                            # ⚓ [Old] The_Greatest_OS_That_(N)ever_Was⠀⇛


                                   GNU’s aim was to write a complete
                                   “free” version of Unix – the kernel and
                                   all the associated elements – that is,
                                   one that gives users the freedom to
                                   share and change software but not add
                                   restrictions and impose them on others.
                                   With the Linux kernel, Stallman says,
                                   “the available free software added up
                                   to a complete system.”


                                   Rather than wait for someone to write
                                   applications designed specifically for
                                   his operating system, Linus tweaked
                                   Linux to perfectly fit GNU’s pre
                                   existing apps. “I never ported
                                   programs,” Linus says. “I ported the
                                   kernel to work with the programs. Linux
                                   was never the primary reason for
                                   anything – user programs have always
                                   been the reason.”


                # § Openness/Sharing/Collaboration⠀➾


                      # § Open Access/Content⠀➾


                            # ⚓ Free_and_Best_OSINT_Tools_2021⠀⇛


                                   OSINT or Open source intelligence
                                   refers to information about businesses
                                   or people that can be collected from
                                   online sources. However, it requires
                                   tools to do so, and here are the 10
                                   best OSINT Tools for 2020.


                                   It’s only natural that we feel the need
                                   to weed out what’s most valuable in the
                                   age of information digitalization.
                                   Organizations use a variety of paid and
                                   unpaid methods and services to
                                   accomplish this. The latter group is
                                   part of the open-source intelligence
                                   (OSINT) area, and it can be extremely
                                   useful.


                            # ⚓ Having_an_impressive_impact_on_Wikimedia_is_a
                              positive_influence_for_me_–_Sam_Oyeyele⠀⇛


                                   Sam Oyeyele is one of the key figures
                                   for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Over the
                                   years, he has firmly positioned his
                                   status as a poster child for the
                                   Wikimedia movement, not just in
                                   Nigeria, but the African continent as a
                                   whole.


                            # ⚓ Separating_Ideas_From_Words_|_Hackaday⠀⇛


                                   We covered Malamud’s General Index this
                                   week, and Mike and I were talking about
                                   it on the podcast as well. It’s the
                                   boldest attempt we’ve seen so far to
                                   open up scientific knowledge for
                                   everyone, and not just the wealthiest
                                   companies and institutions. The trick
                                   is how to do that without running afoul
                                   of copyright law, because the results
                                   of research are locked inside their
                                   literary manifestations — the journal
                                   articles.


                                   The Index itself is composed of one-to-
                                   five-word snippets of 107,233,728
                                   scientific articles. So if you’re
                                   looking for everything the world knows
                                   about “tincture of iodine”, you can
                                   find all the papers that mention it,
                                   and then important keywords from the
                                   corpus and metadata like the ISBN of
                                   the article. It’s like the searchable
                                   card catalog of, well, everything. And
                                   it’s freely downloadable if you’ve got
                                   a couple terabytes of storage to spare.
                                   That alone is incredible.


                # § Programming/Development⠀➾


                      # ⚓ 10_eureka_moments_of_coding_in_the_community_|
                        Opensource.com⠀⇛


                             If you’ve written code, you know it takes
                             practice to get good at it. Whether it takes
                             months or years, there’s inevitably a moment
                             of epiphany.


                             We wanted to hear about that time, so we
                             asked our community to share about that time
                             they sat down and wrote code that truly made
                             them proud.


                      # ⚓ Announcing_the_new_erlang.org⠀⇛


                             We are pleased to announce the launch of the
                             new erlang.org website!


                             The design and content are roughly the same
                             as the old website. The most notable changes
                             are: [...]


                      # ⚓ Tech_focus:_Software_tools_|_Scientific_Computing
                        World⠀⇛


                             Software tools are an essential part of the
                             HPC ecosystem, for both scientists and all
                             potential HPC users. While there are a huge
                             number of different categories of tools
                             available to the HPC community, the exascale
                             projects in the US and Europe are focused on
                             the development of open source software, or
                             software that can facilitate the use of a
                             wide range of resources.


                      # ⚓ Complexity_is_killing_software_developers_|
                        InfoWorld⠀⇛


                             The shift from building applications in a
                             monolithic architecture hosted on a server
                             you could go and touch, to breaking them down
                             into multiple microservices, packaged up into
                             containers, orchestrated with Kubernetes, and
                             hosted in a distributed cloud environment,
                             marks a clear jump in the level of complexity
                             of our software. Add to that expectations of
                             feature-rich, consumer-grade experiences,
                             which are secure and resilient by design, and
                             never has more been asked of developers.


                      # ⚓ Add_to_Array_in_Ruby⠀⇛


                             When it comes to storing related and non-
                             complex information in a program, arrays
                             always come up. Arrays are a collection of an
                             ordered list of items. Using arrays, you can
                             store related values in a single variable,
                             making your code efficient and easy to
                             manage. In Ruby, arrays contain lots of
                             built-in methods, making working with list
                             data much more effortless.


                             This article describes various methods you
                             can use to add items to an array in Ruby.


                      # § PHP⠀➾


                            # ⚓ PHP_Strtotime()_Function⠀⇛


                                   The UNIX timestamp value is calculated
                                   from 1st January 1970. The strtotime()
                                   is a built-in PHP function to convert
                                   human-readable date and time values
                                   into UNIX timestamp values. The way to
                                   use this function in PHP for different
                                   purposes has shown in this tutorial
                                   with examples.


                            # ⚓ PHP_Sprint()_Function⠀⇛


                                   The sprint() function of PHP works like
                                   the printf() function. Both functions
                                   generate the formatted output, but one
                                   difference between these functions is
                                   that the output of the sprinf()
                                   function is stored into a variable, and
                                   the output of the printf() function is
                                   displayed in the browser. How sprint()
                                   function works and the uses of this
                                   function is shown in this tutorial.


                            # ⚓ Split_PHP_String⠀⇛


                                   Sometimes we need to divide the string
                                   data based on the particular separator
                                   for programming purposes. Many ways
                                   exist in PHP to do this task. Three
                                   built-in functions of PHP that can be
                                   used to split string data are explode
                                   (), str_split(), and preg_split().
                                   These functions create an array by
                                   dividing the string value based on the
                                   particular delimiter or pattern. How
                                   these functions work and the uses of
                                   these functions to split PHP strings
                                   have shown in this tutorial.


                            # ⚓ PHP_If..Else_Statements⠀⇛


                                   The conditional statement is used to
                                   execute the block of statements based
                                   on the particular condition. The
                                   ‘If..else’ statement is one type of
                                   condition statement that works with the
                                   particular condition(s). Different
                                   types of ‘if..else’ statements can be
                                   used in PHP for implementing
                                   conditional statements. These are
                                   mentioned below.


                            # ⚓ PHP_Associative_Array⠀⇛


                                   Mainly two types of the array can be
                                   created in any programming language.
                                   One is a numeric array and another is
                                   an associative array. Each value of an
                                   array is accessible by the index of
                                   that value. The index value is not
                                   required to define for numeric array
                                   and the sorted numeric index is
                                   generated automatically for this array
                                   if no index is defined. If it is
                                   required to create a particular string
                                   value for each index of the array, then
                                   the associative array is used to do the
                                   task.


                                   PHP associative array can contain a
                                   number or both number and string in the
                                   index value. The user-defined index is
                                   used in an associative array. The ‘=>’
                                   is used to assign the key-value pair of
                                   the associative array in PHP. The way
                                   to define and use associative array in
                                   PHP was shown in this tutorial.


                      # § Python⠀➾


                            # ⚓ How_to_use_python_csv_writer⠀⇛


                                   In this blog, we will see how we can
                                   use the python csv writer to write the
                                   list data to csv.


                            # ⚓ I_just_want_to_run_this_one_Python_script_|
                              die-welt.net⠀⇛


                                   So I couldn’t sleep the other night,
                                   and my brain wanted to think about odd
                                   problems…


                                   Ever had a script that’s compatible
                                   with both, Python 2 and 3, but you
                                   didn’t want to bother the user to know
                                   which interpreter to call? Maybe
                                   because the script is often used in
                                   environments where only one Python is
                                   available and users just expect things
                                   to work? And it’s only that one script
                                   file, no package, no additional wrapper
                                   script, nothing.


                                   Yes, this is a rather odd scenario. And
                                   yes, using Python doesn’t make it
                                   easier, but trust me, you wouldn’t want
                                   to implement the same in bash.


                                   Nothing that you will read from here on
                                   should ever be actually implemented, it
                                   will summon dragons and kill kittens.
                                   But it was a fun midnight thought, and
                                   I like to share nightmares!


                                   The nice thing about Python is it
                                   supports docstrings, essentially
                                   strings you can put inside your code
                                   which are kind of comments, but without
                                   being hidden inside commnent blocks.
                                   These are often used for documentation
                                   that you can reach using Python’s help
                                   () function. (Did I mention I love help
                                   ()?)


    * § Leftovers⠀➾


          o § Science⠀➾


                # ⚓ Comparing_photosynthetic_differences_between_wild_and
                  domesticated_rice⠀⇛


                       Millions of people in Asia are dependent on rice as
                       a food source. Believed to have been domesticated
                       as early as 6000 BCE, rice is an important source
                       of calories globally. In a new study, researchers
                       compared domesticated rice to its wild counterparts
                       to understand the differences in their
                       photosynthetic capabilities. The results can help
                       improve future rice productivity.


                       Wild rice species Oryza rufipogon and Oryza nivara
                       are typically weed-like and are taller than
                       cultivated rice Oryza sativa. While these features
                       are helpful in the wild, since they can shade out
                       competitors, they are unfavorable in an
                       agricultural setting and can lead to lower yields.
                       Through domestication and breeding, many rice
                       varieties have been selected to be short with erect
                       leaves that have steep angles, which allows better
                       light distribution through the canopy. Despite
                       these improvements, the distribution is uneven and
                       is affected by changes in wind and cloud cover.


          o § Hardware⠀➾


                # ⚓ VIA_To_Offload_Parts_of_x86_Subsidiary_Centaur_to_Intel_For
                  $125_Million⠀⇛


                       As part of their third quarter earnings release,
                       VIA Technologies has announced this morning that
                       the company is entering into an unusual agreement
                       with Intel to offload parts of VIA’s x86 R&D
                       subsidiary, Centaur Technology. Under the terms of
                       the murky deal, Intel will be paying Centaur $125
                       million to pick up part of the engineering staff –
                       or, as the announcement from VIA more peculiarly
                       puts it “recruit some of Centaur’s employees to
                       join Intel,” Despite the hefty 9-digit price tag,
                       the deal makes no mention of Centaur’s business,
                       designs, or patents, nor has an expected closing
                       date been announced.


                       A subsidiary of VIA since 1999, the Austin-based
                       Centaur is responsible for developing x86 core
                       designs for other parts of VIA, as well as
                       developing their own ancillary IP such as deep
                       learning accelerators. Via Centaur, VIA
                       Technologies is the largely aloof third member of
                       the x86 triumvirate, joining Intel and AMD as the
                       three x86 license holders. Centaur’s designs have
                       never seen widescale adoption to the extent that
                       AMD or Intel’s have, but the company has remained a
                       presence in the x86 market since the 90s, spending
                       the vast majority of that time under VIA.


                # ⚓ 3D-printed_Fan_Mount_Keeps_Server_GPU_Cool_In_Desktop_Case
                  |_Hackaday⠀⇛


                       Most readers of Hackaday will be well aware of the
                       current shortages of semiconductors and especially
                       GPUs. Whether you’re planning to build a state-of-
                       the art gaming PC, a mining rig to convert your
                       kilowatt-hours into cryptocoins, or are simply
                       experimenting with machine-learning AI, you should
                       be prepared to shell out quite a bit more money for
                       a proper GPU than in the good old days.


                       Bargains are still to be had in the second-hand
                       market though. [Devon Bray] chanced upon a pair of
                       Nvidia Tesla K80 cards, which are not suitable for
                       gaming and no longer cost-effective for mining
                       crypto, but ideal for [Devon]’s machine-learning
                       calculations. However, he had to make a
                       modification to enable proper thermal management,
                       as these cards were not designed to be used in
                       regular desktop PCs.


                # ⚓ ‘Tiny_Wake-Up_Light_Is_Hugely_Bright_|_Hackaday⠀⇛


                       Let’s face it — waking up is rough no matter what
                       time of year it is. But the darkness of fall and
                       winter makes it so much worse. In the past,
                       [Maarten] has used music with increasing volume,
                       but depending on the setup, it can be dodgy if you
                       want to hear a different song each day and don’t
                       have all your files volume-leveled.


                       Wake Up Bright is the latest in a line of wake-up
                       widgets [Maarten] has made to help rouse them in
                       the morning. Their write-up covers all ideas
                       they’ve had on the subject over the years, as well
                       as the electronics, firmware, debugging, and all
                       the upgrades made after using it for awhile.


                # ⚓ Cheap_DIY_Mic_Sounds_(And_Looks)_Damn_Good_|_Hackaday⠀⇛


                       As any musician, podcaster, or youtuber will be
                       quick to tell you, there’s no substitute for a good
                       microphone. They’ll also be quick to tell you all
                       about their favorite microphone, why it’s better
                       than all the others, and how much it cost (oh, and
                       how round it sounds, whatever that means). But what
                       if you could build your own that sounds as good, if
                       not better, and do it for only $30?


                       That’s what [Matt] from DIY Perks set out to
                       discover when he built his DIY USB-C Microphone. He
                       was able to source the same microphone capsule that
                       can be found in his high-end, $600 CAD E100S, and
                       built a simple pre-amplifier that bumps its quiet
                       output up to line-level. He even connected it to
                       the mic module with some custom cable made from two
                       tiny enameled wires that won’t transmit bumps and
                       vibrations, wrapped inside desoldering braiding
                       which acts as a shield. He fed the output from the
                       pre-amp into a cheap USB audio interface and viola!
                       — top-notch sound for next to nothing. Make sure
                       you check out the video below to hear a comparison
                       between the mic and its professional counterparts.


                # ⚓ SPAM-1_Is_A_Well-Documented_Discrete_CPU_With_An_Impressive
                  Software_Library_|_Hackaday⠀⇛


                       Here at Hackaday we love projects that are so well-
                       documented that you can spend days reading up on
                       what the designer has achieved. [John Lonergan]
                       didn’t disappoint when he designed the SPAM-1, an
                       8-bit CPU built from discrete logic gates. His
                       detailed log contains a wealth of information on
                       such things as designing opcodes, optimizing
                       program counter logic, running a digital
                       simulation, as well as his thoughts on microcode
                       design. The sheer volume of it may be a bit off-
                       putting to beginners, so it might be best to start
                       with the video series that describes the
                       architecture and goes into detail on several sub-
                       blocks.


                       The design has changed a bit since [John] first
                       started on the project, as he decided to add more
                       and more features, but the final result is a well-
                       thought out architecture that keeps the simplicity
                       needed for discrete hardware but still has enough
                       features to keep it interesting for seasoned CPU
                       aficionados. The instruction size is rather large
                       (48 bits) to simplify the instruction decoding at
                       the expense of larger code size. Conditional jump
                       instructions are not present; instead, all
                       instructions have an optional control flag to make
                       them conditional, a feature inspired by the ARM
                       instruction set.


          o § Health/Nutrition⠀➾


                # ⚓ Democrats’_Flawed_Drug_Pricing_Plan_Has_Limited_But_Real
                  Benefits_to_Consumers⠀⇛


                # ⚓ ‘Dark_patterns’:_Regulators_eye_tech_tricks_that_hurt
                  consumers⠀⇛


                       The tactics in question are likely familiar to
                       anyone who’s used a web browser or a smartphone:
                       the extra hoops to jump through to cancel a
                       subscription, a poorly worded question that leads
                       to an avalanche of unwanted emails or a sign-up
                       process that requires extra work to turn on privacy
                       features.


                       “They’re trying to use emotional blackmail or
                       coercive techniques to try to get you to do
                       something,” said Harry Brignull, a London-based
                       expert in designing online user experiences who
                       coined the term “dark patterns” in 2010.


                # ⚓ NIH_Officials_Worked_With_EcoHealth_Alliance_to_Evade
                  Restrictions_on_Coronavirus_Experiments⠀⇛


                       Emails show that NIH officials allowed EcoHealth
                       Alliance to craft oversight language governing its
                       own gain-of-function research.


                # ⚓ Drug_Decriminalization_in_Oregon,_One_Year_Later:_Thousands
                  of_Lives_Not_Ruined_by_Possession_Arrests,_$300_Million+_in
                  Funding_for_Services⠀⇛


                       Today is the one-year anniversary of the passage of
                       Measure 110—the groundbreaking ballot initiative
                       that allowed Oregon to become the first state in
                       the nation to decriminalize possession of all drugs
                       and greatly increase access to supportive health
                       services. The campaign was spearheaded by Drug
                       Policy Action, the c4 political arm of the Drug
                       Policy Alliance, and passed overwhelmingly by
                       Oregon voters with a 17-point margin.


          o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾


                # ⚓ Peeking_through_logs⠀⇛


                       Then, one part of the article caught my eye:


                       I assume each and every message could itself be
                       malicious. I treat inspecting the log files with
                       care. If any system was compromised, an attacker
                       could theoretically pivot to other systems via
                       carefully crafted malicious syslog messages. Would
                       anyone do this? I doubt it.


                       Brace yourselves, for what follows is a recount of
                       a case I’ve helped solve where the initial attack
                       was performed via a carefully crafted syslog
                       message and a tiny bit of social engineering.


                       Before I go into details, I have to mention that I
                       am not at liberty to disclose the exact details, I
                       cannot go into deeper specifics. So read what
                       follows with that in mind. If something isn’t
                       clear, that’s probably because I cannot clear it up
                       without breaching confidentiality.


                       With that out of the way, lets set the stage!


                # § Proprietary⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Tesla_Is_Recalling_Nearly_12,000_Vehicles_Due_To
                        Software_Glitch⠀⇛


                      # § Pseudo-Open Source⠀➾


                            # § Privatisation/Privateering⠀➾


                                  # § Linux Foundation⠀➾


                                        # ⚓ Linux_Foundation_enhances_LFX
                                          Security_platform_|_IT_World_Canada
                                          News⠀⇛


                                               The Linux Foundation has
                                               enhanced its free LFX
                                               Security vulnerability
                                               detection toolkit so open-
                                               source projects can secure
                                               their code and reduce non-
                                               inclusive language.


                                               On Tuesday, the foundation
                                               said the LFX Security
                                               module now includes
                                               automatic scanning for
                                               secrets-in-code and non-
                                               inclusive language, adding
                                               to its existing
                                               comprehensive automated
                                               vulnerability detection
                                               capabilities.


                      # § Security⠀➾


                            # ⚓ Likely_Drone_Attack_On_U.S._Power_Grid_Revealed
                              In_New_Intelligence_Report_(Updated)⠀⇛


                                   U.S. officials believe that a DJI Mavic
                                   2, a small quadcopter-type drone, with
                                   a thick copper wire attached underneath
                                   it via nylon cords was likely at the
                                   center of an attempted attack on a
                                   power substation in Pennsylvania last
                                   year. An internal U.S. government
                                   report issued last month says this is
                                   the first time such an incident has
                                   been officially assessed as a possible
                                   drone attack on energy infrastructure
                                   in the United States, but that this is
                                   likely to become more commonplace as
                                   time goes on. This is a reality The War
                                   Zone has sounded the alarm about in the
                                   past, including when we were first to
                                   report on a still-unexplained series of
                                   drone flights near the Palo Verde
                                   nuclear powerplant in Arizona in 2019.


                            # ⚓ wolfSSL_cryptographic_library_5.0.0_Released_–
                              LinuxStoney⠀⇛


                                   A new release of the compact
                                   cryptographic library is wolfSSL 5.0.0
                                   now available IoT , optimized for use
                                   on embedded devices with limited
                                   processor and memory resources, such as
                                   devices, smart home systems, automotive
                                   information systems, routers and mobile
                                   phones. The code is written in C and is
                                   distributed under the GPLv2 license.


                                   The library provides high-performance
                                   implementations of modern
                                   cryptoalgorithms, including ChaCha20,
                                   Curve25519, NTRU, RSA, Blake2b, TLS
                                   1.0-1.3 and DTLS 1.2, which, according
                                   to the developers, are 20 times smaller
                                   than the OpenSSL implementations. Both
                                   its simplified API and a layer for
                                   compatibility with the OpenSSL API are
                                   provided. There is support for OCSP
                                   (Online Certificate Status Protocol)
                                   and CRL (Certificate Revocation List)
                                   for checking certificate revocation.


                            # ⚓ Keyless_signatures_for_blobs_with_cosign⠀⇛


                                   This whole process is called “keyless”
                                   signature or ambient credentials via
                                   workload identities. The word keyless
                                   can be a little bit misleading. It does
                                   and does not refer to the existence of
                                   a cryptographic key. Implementation-
                                   wise, there is a key. Otherwise, the
                                   whole private/public procedure would
                                   not work. But, on the same time you do
                                   not have to provide a secret for
                                   generating this key. The process is
                                   secretless; at least on the first look.
                                   On the second look you will realize
                                   that your Identity has become the
                                   secret.


                                   [...]


                                   Next, we will use the public sigstore
                                   instance to generate a new signature
                                   via our OpenID and upload it to a
                                   public rekor instance. This feature is
                                   still experimental. I hope they will
                                   release it soon. During the process
                                   your browser will pop-up, forward you
                                   to the public sigstore instance and ask
                                   you for a login. If you login, cosign
                                   will use your OpenID to sign the file.


                            # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾


                                  # ⚓ [Old] Ten_years_of_MAT⠀⇛


                                         Around 10 years ago, the 7th of
                                         June 2011, the first commit of
                                         MAT, the metadata anonymisation
                                         toolkit, was published. This was
                                         done as part as my Google Summer
                                         of Code, for the Tails project,
                                         under the umbrella of Tor and the
                                         EFF. My mentor was Mike Perry,
                                         but since he was super-duper-
                                         busy, intrigeri was my de facto
                                         mentor. I fondly remember writing
                                         the design proposal in completely
                                         broken English.


                                  # ⚓ Meta_to_continue_use_of_facial
                                    recognition_feature⠀⇛


                                         Earlier this week, Facebook
                                         announced that it would be
                                         shutting down its facial
                                         recognition systems. But now, the
                                         social network’s parent company
                                         Meta said that it would be using
                                         the same system for its metaverse
                                         products.


                                         Meta is already exploring ways to
                                         incorporate biometrics into its
                                         emerging metaverse business,
                                         which aims to build a virtual,
                                         [Internet]-based simulation where
                                         people can interact as avatars,
                                         reports Recode.


                                  # ⚓ Facebook_is_backing_away_from_facial
                                    recognition._Meta_isn’t.⠀⇛


                                         Facebook says it will stop using
                                         facial recognition for photo-
                                         tagging. In a Monday blog post,
                                         Meta, the social network’s new
                                         parent company, announced that
                                         the platform will delete the
                                         facial templates of more than a
                                         billion people and shut off its
                                         facial recognition software,
                                         which uses an algorithm to
                                         identify people in photos they
                                         upload to Facebook. This decision
                                         represents a major step for the
                                         movement against facial
                                         recognition, which experts and
                                         activists have warned is plagued
                                         with bias and privacy problems.


                                         But Meta’s announcement comes
                                         with a couple of big caveats.
                                         While Meta says that facial
                                         recognition isn’t a feature on
                                         Instagram and its Portal devices,
                                         the company’s new commitment
                                         doesn’t apply to its metaverse
                                         products, Meta spokesperson Jason
                                         Grosse told Recode. In fact, Meta
                                         is already exploring ways to
                                         incorporate biometrics into its
                                         emerging metaverse business,
                                         which aims to build a virtual,
                                         [Internet]-based simulation where
                                         people can interact as avatars.
                                         Meta is also keeping DeepFace,
                                         the sophisticated algorithm that
                                         powers its photo-tagging facial
                                         recognition feature.


                                  # ⚓ FCC_Approves_Boeing_LEO_Satellites,_Esri
                                    Pilots_Broadband_Data_Program,_‘Dystopian’
                                    Metaverse⠀⇛


                                         “Facebook should not be allowed
                                         to create a dystopian metaverse,”
                                         Roger McNamee, a former investor
                                         and mentor of Mark Zuckerberg,
                                         said Thursday about the company’s
                                         plans, following the company’s
                                         change of name to Meta. McNamee
                                         has emerged as a regular critic
                                         of Facebook after he started to
                                         see more misinformation on the
                                         platform, the BBC reports.


                                         “There’s no way that a regulator
                                         or policymaker should be allowing
                                         Facebook to operate there [in the
                                         metaverse] or get into
                                         cryptocurrencies,” he said.
                                         “Facebook should have lost the
                                         right to make its own choices. A
                                         regulator should be there giving
                                         pre-approval for everything they
                                         do. The amount of harm they’ve
                                         done is incalculable.”


                                  # ⚓ Facebook’s_metaverse_plans_labelled_as
                                    ‘dystopian’_and_‘a_bad_idea’⠀⇛


                                         Mr McNamee became a critic of
                                         Facebook as he began to see more
                                         misinformation on the platform.
                                         He said he was not convinced the
                                         metaverse would be safe in chief
                                         executive Mark Zuckerberg’s
                                         hands.


                                  # ⚓ »_Edward_Snowden_–_Permanent_Record_–
                                    democracy_+_mass_surveillance_is_no
                                    democracy_–_“the_cloud”_largely_a_DELL_and
                                    CIA_invention_–_Snowden_and_Socrates
                                    thinkers_of_society_|_dwaves.de⠀⇛


                                         if big data about every keystroke
                                         every step we make (the police:
                                         every step you make) algorithms
                                         determine how mankind will live


                                         [...]


                                         ‘”You are aware of the fact that
                                         somebody can know where you are
                                         at all times, because you carry a
                                         mobile device, even if that
                                         mobile device is turned off,” he
                                         said. “You know this, I hope?
                                         Yes? Well, you should.”


                                         “It is really very nearly within
                                         our grasp to be able to compute
                                         on all human generated
                                         information,” Hunt said. After
                                         that mark is reached, Hunt said,
                                         the agency would also like to be
                                         able to save and analyze all of
                                         the digital breadcrumbs people
                                         don’t even know they are
                                         creating.


                                         “You’re already a walking sensor
                                         platform,” he said, nothing that
                                         mobiles, smartphones and iPads
                                         come with cameras,
                                         accelerometers, light detectors
                                         and geolocation capabilities.’


                                         “Technology in this world is
                                         moving faster than government or
                                         law can keep up,” he said. “It’s
                                         moving faster I would argue than
                                         you can keep up: You should be
                                         asking the question of what are
                                         your rights and who owns your
                                         data.”


          o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾


                # ⚓ Opinion_|_Alternatives_to_the_Pentagon’s_China_Nightmares⠀⇛


                       I’m embarrassed for my friends when they make
                       mistakes, not that I haven’t made a few myself.
                       Recently when the Pentagon issued its terrorizing
                       annual report on China warning that by 2030 China’s
                       People’s Liberation Army could have 1,000 nuclear
                       warheads, a valued colleague commented that at this
                       rate China will then have as many nuclear warheads
                       as Albuquerque, New Mexico.


                # ⚓ People_Worldwide_Name_US_as_a_Major_Threat_to_World_Peace.
                  Here’s_Why.⠀⇛


                # ⚓ David_Morris:_Maryland_man_exonerated_on_murder_charges
                  after_nearly_17_years_in_prison_–_CNN⠀⇛


                       David Morris has spent almost 17 years in prison
                       for a murder that he didn’t commit.


                       On Wednesday, a judge threw out his conviction
                       following a review of evidence that determined
                       Morris was wrongfully charged and found guilty in
                       2005, according to the Office of the State’s
                       Attorney for Baltimore City.


                       Baltimore Circuit Judge Charles Peters granted
                       prosecutors’ request to throw out Morris’ old
                       conviction after the Mid-Atlantic Innocence Project
                       (MAIP) brought the case to the Baltimore City
                       State’s Attorney’s Conviction Integrity Unit (CIU).
                       The unit began a re-investigation in 2018,
                       ultimately finding Morris should not have been
                       convicted, according to the state’s attorney’s
                       office.


          o § Environment⠀➾


                # ⚓ More_Than_100,000_Take_to_Streets_on_Global_Day_of_Action
                  for_Climate_Justice⠀⇛


                       As diplomats from wealthy countries continue to say
                       “blah, blah, blah” at COP26, over 100,000 people
                       growing increasingly impatient with empty promises
                       and inaction marched through Glasgow on Saturday,
                       with thousands more hitting the streets in cities
                       around the world during roughly 300 simultaneous
                       demonstrations on a Global Day of Action for
                       Climate Justice.


                       “Many thousands of people took to the streets today
                       on every continent demanding that governments move
                       from climate inaction to climate justice,” Asad
                       Rehman, a spokesperson for the COP26 Coalition,
                       said in a statement. “We won’t tolerate warm words
                       and long-term targets anymore, we want action now.”


                # ⚓ Tens_of_Thousands_Throng_Streets_of_Glasgow_Demanding
                  Climate_Justice⠀⇛


                       GLASGOW, SCOTLAND — Thousands of protestors marched
                       through Glasgow today to demand action from world
                       leaders and polluting companies, as the COP26 UN
                       climate summit moves into its second week.


                       Indigenous groups were front and centre of the
                       demonstration, with one protestor calling them the
                       “first true climate leaders”.


                # ⚓ Opinion_|_Missing_From_the_Climate_Talks:_Corporate_Powers
                  to_Sue_Governments_That_Limit_Pollution⠀⇛


                       International negotiators are meeting in Glasgow,
                       Scotland to develop solutions to the climate change
                       threat. But one major obstacle to global
                       sustainability will be largely absent from the
                       discussions: the investor-state dispute settlement
                       (ISDS) system.


                # ⚓ Opinion_|_Conservation_or_Land_Grab?_The_Financialization
                  of_Nature⠀⇛


                       A month before the 2021 United Nations Climate
                       Change Conference (known as COP26) kicked off in
                       Scotland, a new asset class was launched by the New
                       York Stock Exchange that will “open up a new
                       feeding ground for predatory Wall Street banks and
                       financial institutions that will allow them to
                       dominate not just the human economy, but the entire
                       natural world.” So writes Whitney Webb in an
                       article titled “Wall Street’s Takeover of Nature
                       Advances with Launch of New Asset Class”:


                # ⚓ How_might_climate_change_affect_European_gastronomy?⠀⇛


                       But in the long run deeper change seems likely. If
                       temperatures rise unabated, farmers in northern
                       Europe may find they can grow southern staples;
                       polenta may invade Germany. And southern locavores
                       may have to adapt. If tropical fruit continue to
                       thrive in Sicily, could ham and pineapple pizza one
                       day be considered authentically Italian?


                # ⚓ It’s_time_to_freak_out_about_methane_emissions⠀⇛


                       In the public conversation about climate change,
                       methane has gotten too little attention for too
                       long. Many people may be unaware that humans have
                       been spewing a greenhouse gas that’s even more
                       potent than carbon dioxide into the atmosphere at a
                       rate not seen in at least 800,000 years. It harms
                       air quality and comes from sources as varied as oil
                       and gas pipelines to landfills and cows. But
                       methane and other greenhouse gases, including
                       hydrofluorocarbons, ozone, nitrous oxides, and
                       sulfur oxides, are finally getting the attention
                       they deserve — thanks largely to advances in the
                       science.


                # ⚓ A_new_Supreme_Court_case_could_gut_the_government’s_power
                  to_fight_climate_change⠀⇛


                       In this scenario, hundreds of laws could be
                       weakened or even deactivated. Many of them would be
                       gone for good, and reenacting any of these laws
                       would require passing legislation through a
                       bitterly divided Congress.


                       So West Virginia is a monster of a case —
                       potentially the culmination of a conservative
                       vision incubated at the Federalist Society for
                       years, and long championed by conservative
                       activists such as Justices Neil Gorsuch and Brett
                       Kavanaugh. Indeed, a majority of the Court has
                       already expressed sympathy toward Gorsuch’s plans
                       to shrink the power of federal agencies, which is a
                       strong sign that the West Virginia petitioners are
                       likely to prevail on at least some of their claims.


                # ⚓ Technology_Fetishism_Reigns_at_COP26._It’ll_Keep_Us_Burning
                  Fossil_Fuels.⠀⇛


                # § Energy⠀➾


                      # ⚓ More_Than_1_in_4_Members_of_the_Senate_Have_Fossil
                        Fuel_Investments⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Solar_Cells,_Half_Off_|_Hackaday⠀⇛


                             A company named Leap Photovoltaic claims they
                             have a technology to create solar panels
                             without silicon wafers which would cut
                             production costs in half. According to
                             [FastCompany] the cells are still silicon-
                             based, but do not require creating wafers as
                             a separate step or — as is more common —
                             acquiring them as a raw material.


                             The process is likened to 3D printing as
                             silicon powder is deposited on a substrate.
                             The design claims to use only a tenth of the
                             silicon in a conventional cell and requires
                             fewer resources to produce, too.


          o § Finance⠀➾


                # ⚓ ‘Foolishness’:_House_Passes_Infrastructure_Bill_But
                  Postpones_Build_Back_Better_Act⠀⇛


                       The U.S. House on Friday night passed a bipartisan
                       physical infrastructure bill but didn’t bring the
                       Build Back Better Act to the floor—sending just one
                       half of President Joe Biden’s two-pronged economic
                       agenda to the White House, with only a pledge that
                       conservative House Democrats will vote for the
                       party’s broader social infrastructure and climate
                       package at a later date.


                       “Passing BIF gives up our leverage to get Build
                       Back Better through the House and Senate, and I
                       fear that we are missing our once-in-a-generation
                       opportunity to invest in the American people.”


                # ⚓ Making_Sure_“Number_Go_Up”⠀⇛


                       The credulous press reports make it look like the
                       cryptocurrency market is much bigger and much more
                       successful that it really is, further inflating the
                       bubble. Below the fold, I provide a set of examples
                       of the techniques that are used to fuel the mania.


                # ⚓ Public_Banking_Has_the_Potential_to_Truly_Revolutionize_Our
                  Economy⠀⇛


                # ⚓ Tech_Tools_Aim_to_Help_Tenants_Fight_Eviction⠀⇛


                       Research group Eviction Lab counted more than
                       532,000 evictions since March 2020 in the six
                       states and 31 cities where it collects data from
                       state, nonprofit and commercial sources. The
                       expiration of the eviction moratorium has left many
                       renters months behind on rent, and landlords hungry
                       for payment. Sometimes negotiation is possible, but
                       many tenants don’t know where to start.


                       Using tech tools can help put a bit more power in
                       the hands of tenants as they navigate a complicated
                       legal process during a very stressful time.
                       According to data compiled by the National
                       Coalition for the Civil Right to Counsel, most
                       tenants don’t have legal representation to help
                       them if they’re faced with eviction: Nationally,
                       about three percent of tenants have attorneys
                       during eviction proceedings – but 81 percent of
                       landlords do.


          o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾


                # ⚓ Pelosi_and_Biden_Acquiesce_to_Party’s_Right_Wing_With
                  Infrastructure_Bill_Vote⠀⇛


          o § Freedom of Information/Freedom of the Press⠀➾


                # ⚓ The_Project_Censored_Newsletter—November_2021_–_Censored
                  Notebook,_Newsletters⠀⇛


                       Balancing critical analysis with optimistic vision,
                       State of the Free Press 2022 advances remedies for
                       a more robust free press and provides inspiring
                       models for grassroots engagement. In the foreword,
                       journalist Danielle McLean writes, “We need more of
                       the kind of journalism you’ll find in this book.”


                # ⚓ China_Lashes_Out_at_Press_Freedom_Survey_in_Hong_Kong⠀⇛


                       China on Friday criticized a press freedom survey
                       from the Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents’ Club
                       that found nearly half of its members were
                       considering leaving the city.


                       The survey said the members were concerned about a
                       decline in press freedoms under a sweeping national
                       security law imposed by Beijing following massive
                       anti-government protests in 2019.


                       Eighty-three of the 99 journalists polled said that
                       the working environment had “changed for the worse”
                       since the law was introduced last June. The law
                       outlaws subversion, secession, terrorism and
                       foreign collusion to intervene in the city’s
                       affairs, and has since been used to arrest more
                       than 120 people in the semi-autonomous Chinese
                       city.


                # ⚓ Chinese_journalist_jailed_over_Covid_reports_‘close_to
                  death’⠀⇛


                       A citizen journalist jailed for her coverage of
                       China’s initial response to Covid in Wuhan is close
                       to death after going on hunger strike, her family
                       said, prompting renewed calls from rights groups
                       for her immediate release.


          o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾


                # ⚓ [Old] Opinion:_The_Amish_use_tech_differently_than_you
                  think._We_should_emulate_them.⠀⇛


                       When I heard about that discussion, I thought of a
                       woman at my children’s school who said the
                       disintegration of her family began the day her
                       husband bought a TV for every kid’s bedroom. That
                       was a while back. Today, millions of parents are
                       unwittingly putting TVs in their children’s
                       bedrooms, in the form of smartphones and laptops.
                       And uneasiness about weakening family ties is
                       widespread.


                       For the Amish, technology in the workplace has long
                       been more accepted than technology in homes,
                       especially as the group has had to expand beyond
                       farming to make a living. A recent issue of the
                       Fabricator trade journal reported on advanced
                       manufacturing processes in an Amish factory in
                       Dalton, Ohio. A robot welds wheels. Programmed
                       lasers cut metal. Engineers use three-dimensional
                       computer-aided design, known as 3-D CAD, to devise
                       products. And yet the plant is not connected to the
                       electrical grid: A generator powered by natural gas
                       provides electricity. At day’s end, the workers
                       ride home on bicycles. High and low tech
                       successfully live side by side because the focus
                       stays on human connections.


          o § Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾


                # ⚓ 5_Ways_Email_Lookup_Tools_Can_Make_Networking_Safer⠀⇛


                       Making new friends or business partners online is
                       easy, but it can also be dangerous too. You can’t
                       always tell if a contact or offer is legitimate,
                       for example. Fortunately, there’s a simple way to
                       protect yourself from such threats that often gets
                       overlooked: email lookup tools.


                       These services are easy to use, and some even free.
                       However, the number of options around and their
                       complex technology can seem overwhelming. Here are
                       a few reasons why you should consider using them,
                       specifically related to your security while
                       networking online.


          o § Digital Restrictions (DRM)⠀➾


                # ⚓ [Old] Microsoft_Deal_Ties_BIOS_Tightly_to_Windows⠀⇛


                       Industry observers agreed that the next generation
                       of BIOS, as well as the digital rights management
                       (DRM) technology that accompanies it, could improve
                       reliability, usability, manageability and security
                       — just as Microsoft and Phoenix claim it will.
                       However, there are concerns that Microsoft is
                       strengthening its grip on PC production and private
                       information.


                       “There is a risk that the relationship [between
                       Microsoft and Phoenix] will further Microsoft lock-
                       in,” Electronic Privacy Information Center deputy
                       counsel Chris Hoofnagle told TechNewsWorld. “With a
                       monopolistic software company, it can be impossible
                       for the market to create products that are consumer
                       friendly.”


          o § Monopolies⠀➾


                # ⚓ [Old] Learning_from_Linux:_OS/2_and_the_Halloween_Memos:
                  PART_1_–_Halloween_I⠀⇛


                       The Linux community has recently posted a number of
                       leaked memos that Microsoft admits are internal MS
                       documents. These papers are Microsoft analyses
                       designed to summarize the Linux phenomenon and help
                       Microsoft focus on how to attack this alternative
                       platform and prevent the public from enjoying it.
                       Prominent Linux people have also commented on these
                       memos and how they reveal Microsoft’s internal
                       culture and world-view.


                       But interest in understanding the Microsoft ethos
                       is not limited to Linux supporters. OS/2 users and
                       advocates can learn a great deal about Microsoft’s
                       inner workings and how to take advantage of their
                       smug neglect of the OS/2 community. For example,
                       the articles show a pervasive amnesia about OS/2 as
                       an available option for computer users. These memos
                       also confirm that such tactics as FUD, the threat
                       of lawsuits, and the corruption of open standards
                       are all normal, everyday tactics in the Microsoft
                       repertoire. Let us analyze the memos and see what
                       we can learn about “The Microsoft Way” and how to
                       overcome its intentional obstacles to progress.


                # § Copyrights⠀➾


                      # ⚓ TV_Piracy_Increased_30%_This_Year_With_Help_From
                        “Squid_Game”⠀⇛


                             TV piracy is on the rise. New data shared by
                             tracking company MUSO shows that the number
                             of visits to TV piracy sites has increased by
                             30% compared to last year. While copyright
                             holders are working hard to address the
                             problem, subscription fatigue and hit shows
                             such as Squid Game continue to push demand
                             higher.



                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 3997

╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.07.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


Gemini_version_available_♊︎


✐ Links_7/11/2021:_More_Desktop_Environments_and_Big_Patent_Catch-up⠀✐


Posted in News_Roundup at 2:30 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈


§ Contents⠀➾


    * GNU/Linux
          o Distributions
          o Devices/Embedded
    * Free_Software/Open_Source
    * Leftovers
    * § GNU/Linux⠀➾


          o § Desktop/Laptop⠀➾


                # ⚓ System76_is_Building_its_Own_Desktop_Environment⠀⇛


                       System76 has revealed it is working a new desktop
                       environment that is not based on GNOME Shell.


                       The US-based company already maintains its own
                       Ubuntu-based Linux distro called Pop!_OS.
                       Presently, that distro ships with a modified
                       version of the GNOME desktop called ‘COSMIC‘ (all
                       caps, not me shouting).


                       Word of its new project comes by way of System76’s
                       Michael Murphy, who shared some of the rationale
                       and motivation behind the new DE in series of
                       comments posted on Pop!_OS Sub-reddit at the
                       weekend.


                       And all told: they make for a pretty exciting read.


          o § Kernel Space⠀➾


                # ⚓ USB_Additions_For_Linux_5.16_Include_AMD_Yellow_Carp_PM,
                  Apple_CD321X_–_Phoronix⠀⇛


                       The USB and Thunderbolt updates for the Linux 5.16
                       kernel have arrived. This time around the changes
                       are on the smaller side but there are two additions
                       worth mentioning.


                       In the USB/Thunderbolt pull request Greg Kroah-
                       Hartman summarizes this cycle’s work as “nothing
                       major in here, just lots of little cleanups and
                       additions for new hardware.”


          o § Applications⠀➾


                # ⚓ AppImageLauncher_to_Integrate_AppImages_in_Your_Distro⠀⇛


                       About a week ago through the discussions we have on
                       our Boiling Steam Matrix Room, someone mentioned in
                       passing that they were using AppImageLauncher. This
                       was my fist time to come across this application.
                       Following further investigation and testing, let me
                       now share with you as well as you might just have a
                       use for it.


                       What are Appimages


                       In case you are not too familiar with AppImages,
                       it’s one of the ways on Linux to encapsulate a
                       whole application and its dependencies into a
                       single file. For example, you can download an
                       AppImage for the HeroicLauncher, and then ensure
                       the file can be executed (chmod +x in a terminal
                       for example), launch it… et voila, no need to
                       install it, the application will launch before your
                       eyes. It’s as simple as it can get and proving to
                       be a very robust method to distribute applications
                       that work across numerous distros on Linux.


                       There’s however a catch. AppImages, being single-
                       file executables, are not integrated into your
                       system. They won’t appear in your launchers or
                       menus – instead you will have to find them and
                       launch them one by one, or create your own launcher
                       scripts.


                # ⚓ The_9_Best_Docker_Alternatives_for_Container_Management⠀⇛


                       Containers are highly beneficial for software
                       development, deployment, and management in a
                       virtual environment. Docker is useful in the
                       containerization process, but it’s not the only
                       platform around. If you’re searching for some
                       alternatives to Docker, look no further. This list
                       showcases some feature-rich and efficient Docker
                       alternatives to use in your next project.


          o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾


                # ⚓ Getting_Started_with_Docker:_Docker_Images_–_LinuxLinks⠀⇛


                       Docker is a set of platform as a service (PaaS)
                       products that use OS-level virtualization to
                       deliver software in packages called containers.


                       Docker containers are built from Docker images.
                       These images are retrieved from Docker Hub, a
                       registry managed by the Docker project. You can
                       host Docker images on the Hub. It’s the most
                       popular place to grab images with more than 100,000
                       container images.


                       However, a huge number of these images are
                       unmaintained, so you need to be selective about
                       which images to explore.


                # ⚓ How_to_Install_VMware_Workstation_Pro_16_on_Linux⠀⇛


                       The latest version of VMware Workstation Pro is 16.
                       VMware Workstation Pro 16 is one of the best Type-
                       2 Hypervisor. It has outstanding 3D acceleration
                       support for both the Windows and Linux virtual
                       machines. The VMware Workstation Pro 16 supports
                       DirectX 11 3D acceleration for Windows virtual
                       machines. For Linux virtual machines, VMware
                       Workstation Pro 16 supports OpenGL 4.1 3D
                       acceleration. So, technically you can play games on
                       your VMware Workstation Pro 16 virtual machines.
                       The user interface of the virtual machine will also
                       be very responsive. You will have amazing
                       experience running virtual machines on VMware
                       Workstation Pro 16.


                       In this article, I am going to show you how to
                       install VMware Workstation Pro 16 on some common
                       Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu 20.04 LTS,
                       Debian 11, and Fedora 34. Now, let’s get started.


                # ⚓ How_To_Install_Memcached_on_AlmaLinux_8_–_idroot⠀⇛


                       In this tutorial, we will show you how to install
                       Memcached on AlmaLinux 8. For those of you who
                       didn’t know, Memcached is a free and open-source
                       high-performance distributed memory caching system.
                       Memcached is used to speed up dynamic database-
                       driven websites by caching data and objects in RAM.
                       This reduces the number of times an external data
                       source must be read, which lowers overheads and
                       speeds up response times.


                       This article assumes you have at least basic
                       knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and
                       most importantly, you host your site on your own
                       VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes
                       you are running in the root account, if not you may
                       need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root
                       privileges. I will show you through the step-by-
                       step installation of the Memcached distributed
                       memory object caching system on an AlmaLinux 8. You
                       can follow the same instructions for CentOS and
                       Rocky Linux.


                # ⚓ Setup_your_Fedora_Linux_35_using_Ansible⠀⇛


                       There is a lot of scripts to setup your new cool
                       Fedora Linux 35 installation


                       Many companies uses Ansible to setup computers, but
                       you can also use it to setup your own local system.


                # ⚓ Getting_Started_With_Fedora_Linux_–_It’s_FOSS⠀⇛


                       If you are new to Fedora and looking for some
                       helpful resources to help you get started with it,
                       you are at the right place.


                       This is a curated collection of tutorials
                       segregated into sections. This will guide you at
                       various stages of your Fedora journey. You can go
                       through the topics you like and skip the one you
                       are familiar with or the ones that are not
                       applicable to your system.


                # ⚓ Getting_Started_with_Docker:_Commands_–_LinuxLinks⠀⇛


                       Docker is a set of platform as a service (PaaS)
                       products that use OS-level virtualization to
                       deliver software in packages called containers.


                # ⚓ How_to_Install_ADB_and_Fastboot_Android_Drivers_on_Linux⠀⇛


                       If you want to flash a custom ROM or control an
                       Android smartphone using your Linux machine, you’ll
                       have to set up ADB and fastboot drivers.


                # ⚓ How_to_Install_Ruby_on_Ubuntu_–_Unixcop_the_Unix_/_Linux
                  the_admins_deams⠀⇛


                       Ruby is a dynamic, open source programming language
                       with a focus on simplicity and productivity. It has
                       an elegant syntax that is natural to read and easy
                       to write.


                       Ruby is seen as a flexible language, since it
                       allows its users to freely alter its parts.
                       Essential parts of Ruby can be removed or
                       redefined, at will. Existing parts can added upon.
                       Ruby tries not to restrict the coder.


                       The language serves as the basis of the Ruby on
                       Rails framework and is used for general-purpose
                       programming, data analysis, and web applications.


                       Ruby can be used in diverse applications such as
                       data analysis and prototyping.


                       In this installation guide, you will learn how to
                       install Ruby on Ubuntu 20.04 with three different
                       methods.


                       If you want to install Ruby On CentOS / RHEL 8 ,
                       Kindly visit this article Ruby on CentOS 8


                       You may also need to install Ruby on Rails, So
                       visit this article Ruby on Rails on CentOS 8


                # ⚓ How_to_install_Vim_Text_Editor_on_Fedora_35_–_NextGenTips⠀⇛


                       In this guide we are going to learn how to install
                       vim text editor on fedora 35.


                       Vim text editor is a free and open source screen
                       based text editor program for Unix. It is highly
                       configurable that make it easy to use and adapt to
                       different programming languages. It also integrates
                       well with other tools. It supports extensive plugin
                       systems.


                # ⚓ Install_Third-Party_Applications_In_Fedora_Using_Fedy_|
                  Itsubuntu.com⠀⇛


                       Fedy is a free, and open-source application that
                       allows you to install several third-party
                       applications in Fedora. Fedy will automatically add
                       the respective repositories and install the
                       selected applications in your Fedora.


                # ⚓ Rocky_Linux_8.4_Netinstall_–_Server_/_Workstation_Network
                  Install_Guide_–_If_Not_True_Then_False⠀⇛


                       This is quick guide howto install Rocky Linux 8
                       (currently 8.4) on real PC. I use here Rocky-8.4-
                       x86_64-boot.iso just boot installer and then run
                       install from fresh repo packages. Same method works
                       for users with full DVD image (Rocky-8.4-x86_64-
                       dvd1.iso) or minimal image (Rocky-8.4-x86_64-
                       minimal.iso).


                # ⚓ poke_–_News:_Video:_the_Poke_compiler_and_the_PVM_h⠀⇛


                       We have published a video with an online session we
                       made as an introduction of GNU poke internals for
                       new developers. We mainly covered the Poke compiler
                       and the poke virtual machine (PVM) and how to
                       extend them to implement new language
                       constructions.


                # ⚓ GNU_poke_internals:_the_Poke_compiler_and_the_PVM_–
                  Invidious⠀⇛


          o § Games⠀➾


                # ⚓ Hearts_of_Iron_4_switches_to_Direct_X_11_with_the_1.11
                  patch⠀⇛


                       With the upcoming 1.11 patch Paradox will be
                       retiring some old Linux and Mac platforms that
                       aren’t maintained by their own developers anymore,
                       but more importantly, switching to DirectX 11.


                       That’s right, the next HoI4 release will join
                       Stellaris and the other more recent PDS games by
                       adding DirectX 11 support. DirectX 9 will still be
                       the default for now, but you will be able to select
                       another renderer in the launcher settings.


          o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾


                # ⚓ The_Common_Desktop_Environment_(CDE)_is_still_developed_and
                  modern_in_2021⠀⇛


                       I will forever stand by my article from 14 years
                       ago and you can put on my gravestone that I truly
                       think CDE is one of the best graphical user
                       interfaces ever conceived. CDE was released as open
                       source software about nine years ago, and is still
                       being developed.


                # § GNOME Desktop/GTK⠀➾


                      # ⚓ GNOME_41.1_Released_with_Bug_Fixes,_Bug_Fixes,_And
                        More_Bug_Fixes⠀⇛


                             GNOME 41.1 is billed as a “boring bug fix”
                             follow-up to GNOME 41 release that happened
                             back in September.


                             “All operating systems shipping GNOME 41 are
                             encouraged to upgrade” to this release, GNOME
                             devs says.


                             GNOME Shell sticks band-aids on bugs
                             affecting the GTK colour picker, scrolling
                             behaviour in GTK apps, and inconsistent high-
                             contrast switches.


                             It also restores the ability for
                             notifications to play a sound file, and once
                             again only allows you to open one instance of
                             the GNOME Extensions app.


                             GNOME Settings app no longer crops the (all
                             new) mouse & touchpad illustration; fixes an
                             issue with data not being enabled after an
                             APN is set; and uses the correct translations
                             for power button action behaviours.


                             The new Remote Desktop app Connections sees
                             some finesse, with search no longer stealing
                             display key press events, correctly draws RDP
                             thumbnails, and now waits for a VNC
                             connection to connect before attempting to
                             connect to its clipboard.


          o § Distributions⠀➾


                # § BSD⠀➾


                      # ⚓ iXsystems_entry-level_NAS_goes_hyper-converged_with
                        TrueNAS_Scale⠀⇛


                             iXsystems – most well-known as a supplier of
                             network-attached storage (NAS) software and
                             entry-level products – has taken its hyper-
                             converged TrueNAS Scale into general
                             availability.


                             iXsystems uses open source operating systems
                             and commodity hardware, delivering hyper-
                             converged products that can be half the price
                             of those from Dell EMC or HPE. However, the
                             key aim for iXsystems has been to become
                             competitive by adding scale-out capability.


                             “TrueNAS Scale brings the ability to run
                             applications in the form of KVM virtual
                             machines or in Kubernetes containers,” said
                             iXsystems director general Brett Davis in an
                             interview with Computer Weekly sister
                             publication LeMagIT.


                # § Arch Family⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Arch_Linux_Installer_Updated_With_Btrfs_Subvolumes
                        Support,_Reworked_Partitioning⠀⇛


                             Added to the Arch Linux ISOs earlier this
                             year was Archinstall as an easy-to-use
                             installer for Arch. In the months since its
                             introduction the code continues to be
                             improved upon and is preparing for its next
                             feature release.


                             Archinstall 2.3-rc1 was tagged today as the
                             latest test build for this easy-to-use, text-
                             based Arch Linux installer that can get this
                             popular Linux distribution deployed in just a
                             matter of minutes.


                # § EasyOS⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Firefox_will_be_in_the_next_release_of_EasyOS⠀⇛


                             I am problem-solving some issues with
                             firefox. The sandbox causes a problem when
                             firefox is run in a container.


                # § Debian Family⠀➾


                      # ⚓ I’m_now_running_Debian_|_Hund⠀⇛


                             I installed Debian 11 on my computer the last
                             weekend. I have come to the conclusion that I
                             want to try something that’s both super
                             simple to use and maintain. Something that
                             works more like a classic binary based
                             operating system, and not like a meta based
                             operating system that’s designed to be a set
                             of tools to help the user build their own
                             operating system.


                             The reason I want something that’s as close
                             to zero maintenance as possible, is due to
                             the fact that my time will be—to say the
                             least—limited next year. Not that I’m
                             complaining! The next phase of my life
                             doesn’t have room for me spending time
                             tinkering with Gentoo as I used to.


                             More on what’s going on later in another
                             post, but you can probably guess what’s up
                             anyway. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇:)⦈


                             ⚓ Why Debian?⠀⇛


                             Debian has been around for a long time. It’s
                             actually one of the oldest Linux based
                             operating systems. And with Debian, you know
                             what you get; a mature, stable and reliable
                             operating system that value libre software
                             that respects your freedom.


                             The Debian project is moving slowly with very
                             few to no surprises. If you want the “latest
                             and greatest” software, you should probably
                             look elsewhere, but if you value stability
                             and reability, then Debian is an excellent
                             option for you.


                             I don’t really care about the “latest and
                             greatest” software. The application stack
                             that I use doesn’t see many changes anyway.
                             My window manager i3 is feature complete and
                             doesn’t see any new features anymore. My
                             email client Mutt is 26 years old and I
                             highly doubt that they’ll come with any new
                             shiny futures that I must have on a regular
                             basis. And while I use ‘modern’ software like
                             NeoVim, all the basic features is already
                             there for me.


                             Debian is also supported by everyone and
                             everything! If there’s anyone that supports a
                             Linux based operating system, you can be
                             confident that Debian is the one. And while I
                             was okay making my own packages for Gentoo,
                             it’s nice to be able to quickly install some
                             package, as well as not having to care about
                             the burden with maintaining them yourself.


                      # ⚓ Motrix_–_SparkyLinux⠀⇛


                             Motrix is a full-featured download manager
                             that supports downloading HTTP, FTP,
                             BitTorrent, Magnet, etc. Motrix has a clean
                             and easy to use interface.


          o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾


                # ⚓ DIY_Wunderwaffe_And_Others_Make_Up_This_Open-Source_Arsenal
                  |_Hackaday⠀⇛


                       All of the projects are fantastic, but we chose to
                       highlight the Wunderwaffe DG-2 from COD: Zombies
                       because, well, vacuum tubes. For those unfamiliar
                       with the ‘waffe’s operation, those vacuum tubes act
                       as ammo magazines. Once they’re empty, you power
                       them down with that big red switch and eject them
                       one at a time with the lever, just like in the
                       game.


                       Inside is a Feather M0 Express that runs the RGB
                       LEDs and uses a Hall effect sensor to read magnets
                       in the quick-change ammo magazine. You can see how
                       it works in the demo video after the break.


                       There are BOMs for several of the prop weapons,
                       along with assembly drawings and support forums for
                       anyone who wants to build their own. Don’t feel
                       like gathering all the bits and bobs yourself?
                       [Andrew] is selling hardware packs for the ray gun,
                       but you’ll have to scrounge the parts yourself if
                       you want to build the Wunderwaffle.


                # ⚓ Dash_(Plotly)_and_Raspberry_PI:_Publish_your_Python_Script
                  on_Web_Pages⠀⇛


                       Python has a great spreading in science because of
                       its poweful modules to manage numbers and graph
                       them. In some cases you may need to show these
                       graphs outside of your Raspberry PI, without
                       remoting your desktop or with a headless
                       installation. Publishing Python results on web
                       pages is achievable with Dash on Raspberry PI


                       In this post, I’m going to show you how to install
                       and use Dash on Raspberry PI.


                       Dash is an open source python library to build and
                       deploy data applications from a number of
                       languages, the most common being python. It is
                       based on Flask, but also uses Plotly to better
                       manage graphical paths on web pages viewable from a
                       remote computer or a mobile using a common web
                       browser.


                # ⚓ TechMinds:_Testing_DragonOS_Focal,_a_Linux_ISO_with_many
                  SDR_programs_built-in⠀⇛


                       In the past we’ve posted many times about DragonOS
                       which is an Ubuntu Linux image that comes
                       preinstalled with multiple SDR software packages.
                       This takes the hassle out of needing to compile and
                       install programs on Linux, some of which can often
                       be very difficult and time consuming to get up and
                       running. Aaron who is the creator of DragonOS also
                       runs a YouTube channel where he provides multiple
                       tutorials and demos of the software installed.


                # ⚓ This_Robot_Can’t_Keep_Its_Eyes_Off_The_Money_|_Hackaday⠀⇛


                       Some say there’s no treasure quite as valuable as
                       the almighty dollar. [Norbert Zare] likes alt-rock
                       soundtracks on Youtube videos and robots obsessed
                       with money, so set about building the latter.


                       The project is fundamentally a simple one. A
                       Raspberry Pi 3B+ is outfitted with a Pi Camera, and
                       set up to control twin servo motors attached to a
                       simple pan/tilt assembly. The Pi runs OpenCV set up
                       in a face-tracking mode. This allows the robot to
                       readily track money in its field of view, as the
                       vast majority of money out there has someone’s face
                       on it. OpenCV is used to detect where the money is
                       in the field of view, and guide the Pi’s camera
                       towards the cash.


                # ⚓ Software_AG_slices_IoT_down_to_thin_edge_–_Open_Source
                  Insider⠀⇛


                       Its ready-to-use modular components can be deployed
                       on a wide range of Programmable Logic Controllers
                       (PLCs), protocol gateways and devices using Linux-
                       based operating systems.


                # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Some_Google_Pixel_phones_suffer_from_battery_drain
                        with_Android_12⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ 5_Android_apps_you_shouldn’t_miss_this_week_–_Android
                        Apps_Weekly⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ 7_Best_Android_Launchers_to_Use_in_2021_–_TechPP⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Five_ways_to_keep_your_Android_smartphone_more_secure
                        |_Technology_News,The_Indian_Express⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ The_Best_Crescent_Moon_Games_Releases_for_Android
                        2021_–_Morphite,_Swordshot,_Shadow_Blade_and_More_–
                        Droid_Gamers⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ 17_new_Android_games_from_the_last_week:_The_best,
                        worst,_and_everything_in_between_(10/31/21_-11/7/21)⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ 53_paid_Android_apps_and_games_that_are_free_on
                        Google_Play_today,_November_7_–_Market_Research
                        Telecast⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ How_to_theme_your_Android_12_phone_with_Material_You
                        |_Laptop_Mag⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ How_to_block_ads_in_offline_games_and_apps_on_Android
                        |_Technology_News,The_Indian_Express⠀⇛


          o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾


                # ⚓ PHP_Calendar:_A_free_simple_web-based_calendar⠀⇛


                       PHP Calendar is a free, open-source self-hosted web
                       calendar. The system is built on it of PHP5.3, and
                       MySQL 4.1. It uses jQuery and jQuery UI.


                       It helps you to keep track of your events, similar
                       to Google Calendar, however, it lacks many
                       features.


                       PHP-Calendar features a quick event add, events
                       search, and multi-view for the calendar.


                # § Events⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Again_Virtual,_CloudStack_Collaboration_Conference
                        Opens_Monday_11/8⠀⇛


                             The Apache CloudStack Collaboration
                             Conference, which opens Monday for a five day
                             run, is again this year going to be an all
                             virtual event due to the ongoing pandemic.
                             CloudStack’s organizers have put a positive
                             spin on the situation by saying it sees the
                             situation as an opportunity to educate a
                             larger number of people about Apache’s
                             contribution to modern, multi-cloud
                             infrastructure.


                             Some of that education would probably be
                             making people more aware that cloud native
                             software projects aren’t exclusively under
                             the care of the Linux Foundation’s Cloud
                             Native Computing Foundation, but that the
                             Apache Foundation and others contribute to
                             cloud native space as well.


                             [...]


                             The event seems to be timed to make it
                             convenient for as many people in Europe and
                             North America as possible, which means waking
                             up early for those on the West Coast in North
                             America, where the event will get going at 5
                             am on Tuesday and Friday, and at 4 am on
                             Wednesday and Thursday. It’s not known
                             whether recordings of the workshops will be
                             available for on-demand viewing for those who
                             might balk at such early hours.


                # § Programming/Development⠀➾


                      # ⚓ 12_tools_enabling_DevSecOps_for_cloud-native
                        applications⠀⇛


                             Here’s a look at the best open-source, cloud-
                             native security tools that contribute to a
                             culture of DevSecOps.


                      # ⚓ Hacktoberfest_draws_record_crowd_–_Times_of_India⠀⇛


                             Mohan Ram, the go-to-market lead for the
                             Asia-Pacific region at cloud infrastructure
                             provider Digital-Ocean, said its annual
                             Hacktoberfest, a month-long celebration
                             during which developers contribute to open-
                             source projects, drew over 150,000
                             enthusiasts this year. Hacktoberfest, as the
                             name suggests, is held in October.


                      # ⚓ How_to_empower_your_children_to_be_creators_of_the
                        future⠀⇛


                             Given the rapid technological advancements,
                             making your children future-ready is the need
                             of the hour. Abhishek, Founder at JetLearn –
                             an Amsterdam-based coding & robotics academy
                             for kids – helps you pave a path for your
                             child’s successful digital future.


                             Technology is transforming the world
                             “The last decade has been the decade of
                             software eating the world.” – Marc
                             Andreessen, co-founder of famed Silicon
                             Valley venture capital firm Andreessen
                             Horowitz and inventor of the web browser.


                      # ⚓ “wasmCloud_allows_us_to_rethink_the_cloud_as_just_a
                        stop_on_the_way”⠀⇛


                             What’s wasmCloud and what are its use cases?
                             Liam Randall and Stuart Harris spoke to us
                             about wasmcloud: a higher level abstraction
                             for the cloud that uses WebAssembly to run
                             everywhere securely. See what’s new in the
                             0.50 release, what’s in store for the future,
                             and what its benefits are.


                             [...]


                             Liam Randall and Stuart Harris: The entire
                             wasmCloud team and project is built with
                             best-of-breed open source projects, including
                             Nats, Elixir/OTP and the Smithy project from
                             AWS. Nats, from Synadia, has emerged as the
                             internet’s dialtone – and in wasmCloud we use
                             this to seamlessly connect wasmCloud hosts at
                             the application layer. Elixir/OTP has over
                             the last 20 years become the default way to
                             scale to millions of processes and we adopted
                             it on our backend in order to offer that
                             incredible approach to our community. And
                             while Smithy is a new project, it has been
                             used successfully within AWS to model and
                             design hundreds of APIs.


                             From a consumer’s perspective, according to
                             Red Badger: As a consultancy that helps large
                             organizations with their digital product
                             transformation, we have many clients who need
                             a true multi-cloud platform — possibly better
                             expressed as location transparency for their
                             workloads. For many years, the cloud has been
                             seen as the destination, but wasmCloud allows
                             us to rethink the cloud as just a stop on the
                             way, a utility on top of which we can build a
                             homogenous surface for hosting truly portable
                             workloads. Our clients can finally contribute
                             resources from many clouds, on-premise data
                             centers, near and far edge — even browser
                             tabs — to a single, potentially global,
                             platform that is secure, whilst being totally
                             agnostic of underlying network topology. Not
                             only does this give us flexibility, and way
                             more reliability, but it dramatically
                             simplifies the dark art of building modern
                             distributed applications, allowing us to
                             concentrate on what really matters —
                             generating value for our clients.


                      # ⚓ Toolbx,_a_developers_new_best_friend!⠀⇛


                             Toolbx (formerly known as Toolbox) is our
                             tool to allow you to use containers as a tool
                             to make development simpler and better. It
                             allows you to put each project you work on
                             into a separate container and have a
                             different set of tools and libraries
                             installed for it. It even allows you to work
                             on a different operating system, like RHEL,
                             on top of Fedora. To learn a little about
                             both the history and the future for this
                             project we will interview Debarshi Ray who
                             created Toolbx.


                             Christian Schaller: Hi Debarshi. To kick this
                             interview off, can you tell us a little about
                             yourself and how you became involved with
                             open source development?


                             Debarshi: Hi Christian. I am Rishi. I am part
                             of the Red Hat Desktop Team where we work on
                             the Fedora and RHEL Workstations, and these
                             days also on Silverblue. I first heard of
                             free software or open source in 1999 through
                             a newspaper article on Linux. I knew a little
                             bit of C, and had been told that one could
                             write everything from operating systems to
                             video games with it. Hence the idea that I
                             could actually look at the sources of a real
                             piece of software was very appealing.
                             However, I didn’t have access to the Internet
                             and all I had was the shared family computer
                             running Windows, so I had to wait.


                             A few years later, when I got my own
                             computer, I decided that I had to put Linux
                             on it. Somebody passed me a Fedora Core 1
                             DVD, and I was hooked. At some point I heard
                             of this thing called Google Summer of Code,
                             and in 2007 I applied and was selected for an
                             internship at Fedora. Then in 2009, Rahul
                             Sundaram, from Fedora, told me that this
                             application called Gnote that we were
                             shipping in Fedora needed a new upstream
                             maintainer. I was already lurking around the
                             GNOME community by then, and had been doing
                             C++ as part of my day job. So I picked it up.
                             Two years later, I applied for a position in
                             some team at Red Hat. The recruiter spotted
                             my Fedora and GNOME background, redirected me
                             to the Desktop Team where an opening had
                             miraculously shown up, and here I am.


                             Christian Schaller: So tell us a little about
                             the origin of Toolbx, what were the ideas and
                             goals at the outset of the project?


                             Debarshi: In the beginning of 2018, there was
                             a surge in interest around what was then
                             called Fedora Atomic Workstation. A decision
                             was taken to rebrand it as Silverblue for
                             better visibility, but it had one big
                             problem. While Silverblue was already a
                             fantastic option for non-technical users, it
                             was quite annoying to set up a development
                             environment on it for writing software.
                             Typically, developers have to install a bunch
                             of development tools, frameworks and editors
                             on top of the core operating system, and on
                             Silverblue every equivalent of ‘dnf install’
                             requires a reboot. Moreover, every such
                             operation tampered with the core OS image and
                             could potentially negate the two biggest
                             advantages of Silverblue – robustness and
                             testability.


                      # § Rust⠀➾


                            # ⚓ Rav1e_0.5_Brings_More_Speed-Ups_For_This_Rust
                              AV1_Encoder⠀⇛


                                   Released this week was Rav1e 0.5 as the
                                   newest feature release for this Rust-
                                   written AV1 video encoder backed by
                                   Xiph.Org and self-proclaimed to be the
                                   world’s “fastest and safest” AV1
                                   encoder.


                                   With Rav1e 0.4 having debuted back in
                                   January, there has been a lot of code
                                   churn since that point now part of
                                   Rav1e 0.5. There has been rebalancing
                                   of the speed levels and a variety of
                                   other enhancements over the course of
                                   the year.


                      # § Java⠀➾


                            # ⚓ How_to_use_Docker_for_Java_development
                              ⠀⇛


                                   The promise of using Docker during
                                   development is to deliver a consistent
                                   environment for testing across
                                   developer machines and the various
                                   environments (like QA and production)
                                   in use. The difficulty is that Docker
                                   containers introduce an extra layer of
                                   abstraction that developers must manage
                                   during coding.


                                   Docker enables application code to be
                                   bundled with its system requirements
                                   definition in a cross-platform,
                                   runnable package. This is a graceful
                                   abstraction for solving a fundamental
                                   need in deploying and managing software
                                   runtimes, but it introduces an extra
                                   layer of indirection that must be dealt
                                   with when programmers are doing what
                                   they do: iteratively modifying and
                                   testing the internals of the software
                                   and its dependencies.


    * § Leftovers⠀➾


          o § Hardware⠀➾


                # ⚓ Annoy_Yourself_Into_Better_Driving_With_This_Turn_Signal
                  Monitor_|_Hackaday⠀⇛


                       Something like 99% of the people on the road at any
                       given moment will consider themselves an above-
                       average driver, something that’s as statistically
                       impossible as it is easily disproven by casual
                       observation. Drivers make all kinds of mistakes,
                       but perhaps none as annoying and avoidable as
                       failure to use their turn signal. This turn signal
                       monitor aims to fix that, through the judicious use
                       of negative feedback.


                       Apparently, [Mark Radinovic] feels that he has a
                       predisposition against using his turn signal due to
                       the fact that he drives a BMW. To break him of that
                       habit, one that cost him his first BMW, he attached
                       Arduino Nano 33 BLEs to the steering wheel and the
                       turn signal stalk. The IMUs sense the position of
                       each and send that over Bluetooth to an Arduino Uno
                       WiFi. That in turn talks over USB to a Raspberry
                       Pi, which connects to the car’s stereo via
                       Bluetooth to blare an alarm when the steering wheel
                       is turned but the turn signal remains untouched.
                       The video below shows it in use; while it clearly
                       works, there are a lot of situations where it
                       triggers even though a turn signal isn’t really
                       called for — going around a roundabout, for
                       example, or navigating a sinuous approach to a
                       drive-through window.


          o § Health/Nutrition⠀➾


                # ⚓ COVID-19:_Vaccine_Hesitant_in_the_USA_Unlikely_to_Change
                  Their_Minds⠀⇛


                       Half of those in the USA who are unwilling to be
                       vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 report that nothing
                       will change their mind, according to a
                       representative national survey reported in a study
                       published in Scientific Reports.


                       Jeffrey Lazarus and colleagues surveyed 6,037
                       American adults in April 2021 to identify their
                       attitudes towards vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.
                       One third of the participants came from across the
                       USA and two thirds were from New York, Los Angeles,
                       Dallas, or Chicago.


                       The authors found that 21.4 percent of participants
                       from across the USA were unwilling to be vaccinated
                       against SARS-CoV-2, compared to 19.7 percent in
                       Dallas, 11.5 percent in Los Angeles, 11.2 percent
                       in Chicago, and 10.1 percent in New York. Of those
                       unwilling to be vaccinated, half stated that
                       nothing would convince them to receive the vaccine
                       and the majority reported that their unwillingness
                       was caused by concerns about vaccine safety.
                       Unwillingness to be vaccinated tended to be higher
                       among those who worked outside of the home, held
                       conservative political views, had a lower household
                       income, and had not previously tested positive for
                       COVID-19. Education levels, race, age, and sex were
                       not uniformly associated with unwillingness to be
                       vaccinated. Although over 82 percent of
                       participants agreed that COVID-19 is a dangerous
                       health threat, over 18 percent did not believe that
                       the dangers of COVID-19 exceeded those of the
                       vaccine and over 15 percent did not believe that
                       COVID-19 can be prevented by vaccination. Over 50
                       percent of participants were in favor of the
                       government requiring vaccination against SARS-CoV-
                       2 and over 68 percent supported vaccination
                       requirements for international travel.


          o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾


                # § Proprietary⠀➾


                      # § Security⠀➾


                            # ⚓ IBM_and_Red_Hat_Join_Industry_Leaders_to_Help
                              Secure_Software_Supply_Chains⠀⇛


                                   The Linux Foundation has raised $10
                                   million in new investments to expand
                                   and support the Open Source Security
                                   Foundation (OpenSSF), a cross-industry
                                   collaboration that brings together
                                   multiple open source software
                                   initiatives under one umbrella to
                                   identify and fix cybersecurity
                                   vulnerabilities in open source software
                                   and develop improved tooling, training,
                                   research, best practices and
                                   vulnerability disclosure practices.


                            # ⚓ To_improve_resilience,_augment_zero-trust
                              models⠀⇛


                                   Zero trust might feel like just another
                                   cybersecurity trend, but it has been
                                   around for a while.


                                   In 2014, hackers breached the U.S.
                                   Office of Personnel Management,
                                   exposing the confidential data of more
                                   than 22 million federal employees and
                                   contractors. The breach led the U.S.
                                   government to establish a working group
                                   on zero trust. In August 2020, NIST
                                   released a general guidance document
                                   laying out details on zero-trust
                                   network architectures.


                                   An executive order signed by President
                                   Joe Biden in May 2021 brought zero
                                   trust back to center stage. Critics
                                   have questioned the integrity of the
                                   order and whether it a marketing ploy.


                            # ⚓ PolKit_Explained⠀⇛


                                   Polkit explained What is PolKit PolKit
                                   is a standard authorization method for
                                   Linux. It usually consists of PolKit
                                   daemon, PolKit session agent and the
                                   helper program shipped by applications
                                   who use PolKit. As an user, you don’t
                                   really deal with PolKit itself,
                                   normally you interact with PolKit
                                   session agent. Like KDE’s PolKit agent:
                                   You can think it as Gui’s sudo. But it
                                   works totally different from sudo. I
                                   spent two days to figure what is
                                   PolKit, how does it work, and how one
                                   can utilize it to write a Gui tool that
                                   requires root permission but can’t be
                                   started as root itself.


                            # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾


                                  # ⚓ CPS_teachers_‘blindsided’_after_access_to
                                    popular_classroom_software_yanked_due_to
                                    new_student_privacy_law⠀⇛


                                         Online privacy advocates in
                                         recent years pushed Illinois
                                         lawmakers to force school
                                         districts to protect student data
                                         — but some Chicago Public Schools
                                         teachers say they were
                                         “blindsided” by the district’s
                                         enforcement of the law that’s led
                                         them to lose access to key
                                         programs used to teach thousands
                                         of students.


                                         Gov. J.B Pritzker signed
                                         amendments to the Student Online
                                         Personal Protection Act in 2019,
                                         strengthening the law that
                                         regulates how local and state
                                         officials handle student data and
                                         giving parents greater control
                                         over their children’s personal
                                         information.


                                         School systems had until July of
                                         this year to move into
                                         compliance. The changes spurred
                                         suburban and downstate schools to
                                         rethink their contracts with
                                         software companies to safeguard
                                         student data while finding new
                                         ways to give kids and educators
                                         access to the applications they
                                         know and need for school.


                                         But at CPS, the way officials
                                         have applied the law has meant
                                         popular educational tools have
                                         been taken away from thousands of
                                         students and forced teachers to
                                         reinvent their curricula.


          o § Environment⠀➾


                # ⚓ Drowning_in_leftover_candy?_Lexington_company_helps_keep
                  wrappers_out_of_landfills.⠀⇛


                       Trick-or-treating is over and the post-Halloween
                       litter season has arrived.


                       For months, parents will be finding candy wrappers
                       shoved under their kids’ beds, crushed in the
                       bottoms of backpacks and lying in the washing
                       machine after loads of laundry.


                       And with the National Retail Federation projecting
                       that consumers spent $3 billion on candy this
                       Halloween season, that’s a whole lot of garbage.


                # § Energy⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Can_innovation_accelerate_the_global_transition_to
                        clean_energy? [Ed: This may look like an article, but
                        it’s just self-promotional spam by a litigation company
                        looking to sell patent lawsuits while greenwashing
                        patents and monopolies; in this case, Withers & Rogers
                        uses propaganda from corrupt_officials_who_hijacked_the
                        EPO. While they’re stealing billions of Euros from
                        Europe they want us to think they save the planet.]]⠀⇛


                             Ben Palmer, patent attorney at Withers &
                             Rogers, examines how many patents have been
                             filed for hydrogen energy inventions – what
                             does the number say about clean energy
                             technology?


                             [...]


                             According to the EPO data, the rise in low
                             carbon energy (LCE) innovations has
                             comfortably outpaced those in fossil fuel
                             technologies with an overall uptrend in
                             patent filings over the period 2000 – 2019.
                             In contrast, filings for fossil fuel
                             technology innovations, whilst having higher
                             overall growth than is observed across all
                             technology areas, have declined for each of
                             the four years from 2016 to 2019. This is the
                             first such decline since the second world
                             war.


                # § Wildlife/Nature⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Software_predicts_the_movements_of_large_wild_animals
                        –_Innovation_Origins⠀⇛


                             New software can help determine the movements
                             of large wild animals, thereby minimising
                             conflicts with people.


                             Large land animals have a significant impact
                             on the ecology and biodiversity of the areas
                             they inhabit and traverse, writes University
                             of Oxford in a press release. If, for
                             example, the routes and stopping places of
                             cattle, horses, sheep, and also those of
                             wolves or bears overlap with those of people,
                             this often leads to conflicts.


                             Knowing and being able to predict the
                             movement patterns of animals is, therefore,
                             of utmost relevance. This is not only
                             necessary for nature and landscape
                             protection, and to safeguard agriculture and
                             forestry, but also for the safety of human
                             travellers and the security of human
                             infrastructures.


          o § Digital Restrictions (DRM)⠀➾


                # ⚓ Netflix_launches_its_mobile_games_globally⠀⇛


                       As of today, Netflix will begin to provide a tiny
                       portfolio of games to Android users, indicating
                       that the integration of games into the Netflix
                       service was a success during the testing phase.


                       They are free of charge in addition to the
                       subscription and will be available in the Netflix
                       application, even if they are downloaded through
                       Google Play or another third-party app store. Users
                       of Apple’s iOS operating system will have to wait a
                       little longer.


                # ⚓ Best_streaming_service_of_2021:_Netflix,_Disney_Plus,_HBO
                  Max,_Hulu,_ESPN_Plus_and_more [Ed: DRM vs DRM vs DRM vs DRM…
                  one big, GIANT false dichotomy]⠀⇛


          o § Monopolies⠀➾


                # ⚓ Webinar_on_Securing_Email_and_Messaging [Ed: Hilarious! The
                  patent maximalists pretend to know how to securely
                  communicate and watch what they use for their webinar; maybe
                  their definition of secure is, "watched by the National
                  Security Agency" (and pals)]⠀⇛


                # ⚓ AIPLA_2021:_Think_of_exhaustion_in_prosecution,_say
                  speakers [Ed: Another extremists' think tank disguised as
                  something of a real debate (AIPLA) and the media in their
                  pockets spreads their propaganda for them]⠀⇛


                       Patent counsel should think about exhaustion law
                       during prosecution and how it might apply to their
                       clients’ products, a panel told delegates at the
                       AIPLA 2021 Annual Meeting on Friday, October 29.


                       Panellists Kristin Murphy, lead divisional
                       intellectual property counsel at technology company
                       ZF Group in Michigan, Yar Chaikovsky, global co-
                       chair of the IP practice at Paul Hastings in Palo
                       Alto, and Robert Mazzola, IP counsel at Pied Parker
                       in San Francisco, delved into exhaustion during the
                       first panel of the day.


                       “Exhaustion is definitely relevant to prosecution
                       in that you have to define each patent as its own
                       standalone property right, so to speak,” said
                       Murphy.


                # ⚓ UK_IPO’s_first_AI-powered_tool_for_trade_mark_applications
                  [Ed: Hey Hi (AI) as meaningless mumbo-jumbo when every little
                  program or algorithm gets called that for hype's sake]⠀⇛


                       The IPO is receiving higher quality trade mark
                       applications following the launch of a new service
                       powered by AI. In the year since the IPO’s trade
                       mark pre-apply service was launched, the average
                       number of trade mark applications rejected due to
                       unsuitable Nice classification terms has dropped by
                       14%. Pre-apply is the IPO’s first service powered
                       by AI. The AI tool identifies similar trade marks
                       that already exist, and presents these to the
                       customer, which helps improve the chances of
                       successfully registering a trade mark.
                       Additionally, by helping customers identify the
                       right groups of goods and services for their
                       proposed trade mark, using the pre-apply service
                       means applications are more likely to be accepted.


                       The IPO has seen a 70% drop in the length of goods
                       and services lists since the service was launched.
                       This means customers will have more suitable trade
                       marks that are more likely to only protect the
                       right goods and services, leaving them less open to
                       challenge. It could also save applicants money,
                       because there is a fee payable for each additional
                       category of goods and services that is selected.


                # ⚓ USITC_backs_BAT_in_patent_dispute_with_Philip_Morris [Ed:
                  What cancer and embargo have in common]⠀⇛


                # ⚓ China_Stands_Firm:_Developments_In_SEP_Anti-Suit
                  Injunctions [Ed: Look what a sordid mess patent litigation
                  companies have created... for themselves to profit from]⠀⇛


                       Recent developments have demonstrated the need for
                       a political solution to the escalating use of anti-
                       suit injunctions in standard essential patent (SEP)
                       litigation. But they also demonstrate how far away
                       such a solution appears to be.


                # ⚓ European_Union:_Exhaustion_Of_IP_Rights_In_The_UK_–_The
                  Past_And_The_Future [Ed: There is no such thing as "IP" and
                  whatever she refers to is not a right; this is just
                  litigation firms' propaganda disguised as 'reporting' and its
                  a misuse of media]⠀⇛


                       The UK Government is considering the shape of the
                       UK’s future regime for the ‘exhaustion’ of
                       intellectual property rights. The regime settled
                       upon will govern future rules on parallel imports
                       of genuine goods into the UK.


                # ⚓ Friend_or_foe?_Amazon_probe_reveals_divided_loyalties_for
                  brands⠀⇛


                       An investigation into Amazon’s use of proprietary
                       information to create knockoffs has made counsel
                       wonder how to balance IP protection with making
                       money


                # ⚓ Who_leads_the_5G_patent_race_as_2021_draws_to_the_end? [Ed:
                  5G patent pools are nothing short of a patent cartel or
                  price-fixing conspiracy compromised of loads of bogus patents
                  that should never have been granted]⠀⇛


                       The next Industrial Revolution will not only affect
                       the smartphone and computer world but will also
                       have an impact on considerably more industrial
                       verticals, including automotive, home appliances,
                       manufacturing, energy and healthcare. Estimates
                       suggest that half of the worldwide data traffic of
                       the next five years will no longer result from
                       people’s usage, but instead will be generated by
                       vehicles, machines, meters, sensors, medical
                       instruments, or various other types of networked
                       devices without any human interaction. Standards
                       such as 5G allow for the handling of extensive
                       amounts of data to connect industrial machinery and
                       robots, thus enabling remote control, monitoring
                       and repair actions, as well as industrial
                       automation. From smart grids to drone control,
                       energy and utilities, companies will rely on
                       standards to handle connectivity demands.


                # ⚓ UK:_The_Great_Divide?_The_Interaction_Of_Patent_Law_And
                  Antitrust_In_The_Pharmaceutical_Markets [Ed: Patent law is a
                  competition barrier because it creates monopolies and
                  generally harms innovation in the market; this is how the
                  perpetrators spin the whole thing.]⠀⇛


                       For decades now the fault line between patent law
                       and competition law has given rise to friction and
                       a lot of litigation. The divide still exists, and
                       over the last decade the competition authorities
                       have moved into the space to conduct their own
                       investigations to consider whether patent ownership
                       gives rise to anti-competitive behaviour.


                # ⚓ Intellectual_Property_Overview_For_New_Businesses [Ed:
                  There is no such thing as "Intellectual Property" but these
                  litigation companies use intentionally misleading terms to
                  refer to things such as trademarks]⠀⇛


                       Intellectual property is a catch-all term to
                       describe the rights arising from the intangible
                       assets that define your business branding and your
                       innovative ideas. The rights the business owner or
                       creator holds to such assets require protection,
                       they fall into four broad categories: copyright,
                       patents, trademarks, and design rights.
                       Intellectual property rights are extremely valuable
                       and should be robustly protected from the inception
                       of the business.


                # § Patents⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Webinar_on_IP_for_Plants_and_Plant_Protection
                        Products [Ed: J A Kemp is still lobbying heavily for
                        patent monopolies on life and nature as if this whole
                        planet is a human invention]⠀⇛


                             J A Kemp will be offering a webinar entitled
                             “IP for Plants and Plant Protection Products
                             in Europe and UK” on November 2, 2021 from 4:
                             00 pm GMT. Andrew Bentham and Chris Milton of
                             J A Kemp will provide an update on legal
                             developments and practical tips for
                             practitioners active in the agri-tech sector.


                      # ⚓ UK:_The_Startup_Patent_Dilemma [Ed: Patents are not
                        for_startups, but there’s nothing a patent litigation
                        profiteers won’t tell startups to steal the little
                        money they have]⠀⇛


                             This is something I hear quite frequently
                             when I meet people involved with very early
                             stage technology businesses, or those with
                             aspirations to start a business.


                             My first response is usually to commend them
                             on the fact that they are considering an
                             intellectual property (IP) strategy at this
                             point. As many readers will know, patents are
                             time-sensitive. Most jurisdictions, and all
                             the popular ones, now grant patents on a
                             “first-to-file” basis, rather than “first-to-
                             invent”. This means the first one to file a
                             patent application to an invention is the one
                             able to get full patent protection.
                             Therefore, early consideration of patentable
                             IP can be decisive.


                             My second response is usually to reassure the
                             business that, even if they do not have a
                             patent, the right investors, i.e. those
                             willing to take on the risk of a brand new
                             business, might in fact take more confidence
                             from a well thought out IP strategy than a
                             pending patent application with an unknown
                             fate. That said, having a well written patent
                             application on file, if appropriate, will
                             certainly help.


                      # ⚓ UK:_To_Search_Or_Not_To_Search? [Ed: Hardly
                        surprising that convicted corrupt 'law' firm, Marks &
                        Clerk, is boosting the criminals who took over the EPO
                        in order to harm scientists and boost the litigation
                        fanaticism. Over the past few months I could maybe find
                        one single article that can be called journalism on the
                        subject of patents (it was from Nature); the gap left
                        by dead newsroom has been filled with parasites who lie
                        to the public. Nobody fact-checks!!]⠀⇛


                             This week sees the EPO run a free online
                             event “Patent Knowledge Week”, https://
                             www.epo.org/news-events/events/conferences/
                             patent-knowledge-week.html. The event is,
                             primarily, to show attendees how to use the
                             vast amount of meta-data published by the EPO
                             and other patent offices.


                             This event has run in one form or another for
                             the last few years and has generally been
                             focussed at patent information departments in
                             attorney firms or large corporations.
                             However, what makes this year’s event
                             different is that there are streams geared
                             towards non-IP professionals and specifically
                             SMEs and Universities.


                      # ⚓ UK_Government_Publishes_National_Artificial
                        Intelligence_Strategy [Ed: Ridiculous nonsense or
                        policy on buzzwords/hype; this particular nonsense come
                        from a firm of vicious liars, Mayer Brown (they
                        manufacture_fake_news_for_profit)]⠀⇛


                             The UK government has published its National
                             AI Strategy, which outlines the government’s
                             plan for turning the UK into a global
                             Artificial Intelligence (AI) powerhouse in
                             the next ten years. This follows in the
                             footsteps of earlier industrial and digital
                             strategies published by the UK government
                             which advocated for the adoption of AI. This
                             announcement comes only a few months after
                             the European Commission published its own
                             comprehensive proposals for regulating AI
                             technologies.


                      # ⚓ Regulating_AI;_A_work_in_progress… [Ed: Ludicrous and
                        most meaningless debates ever, resting on a bunch of
                        hot buzzwords instead of actual substance]⠀⇛


                             The European Commission was the first to
                             address AI-related challenges and present a
                             complete and concrete plan for the future, in
                             its proposal for a draft Artificial
                             Intelligence Regulation (the “EU AI
                             Regulation”), published on April 21, 2021
                             (read here). The EU AI Regulation provides a
                             detailed regulation, having as a main
                             objective to govern the use of high-risk
                             artificial intelligence systems and, at the
                             same time, ensure that the safety and
                             fundamental rights of EU citizens are
                             protected in the AI era.


                      # ⚓ The_Unified_Patent_Court_has_picked_up_speed_again
                        [Ed: Wouter_Pors_is_back_to_lying; UPC picked up fake
                        news, that is all. His firm is bullying_Free_software
                        developers_(it_is_worth_noting)]⠀⇛


                             On 23 June 2021 the German Constitutional
                             Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) rejected the
                             application for a preliminary injunction
                             against ratification of the UPC Agreement.
                             The grounds for the rejection made it clear
                             that in the view of the Court the case on the
                             merits has no merit. Germany then completed
                             its ratification process. The ratification
                             act was published on 12 August 2021.


                      # ⚓ Are_diagnostic_methods_patentable? [Ed: Patent law
                        gone insane, but don't ask patent attorneys from
                        AstraZeneca who get lots of money from it if this is OK
                        or not OK]⠀⇛


                             Whilst patenting a diagnostic method in the
                             US remains challenging following the infamous
                             decision in Mayo, other jurisdictions have,
                             by contrast, recently confirmed their
                             willingness to recognise the patentability of
                             diagnostic inventions. Across the border in
                             Canada, the Patent Appeal Board recently
                             confirmed that a diagnostic method could be
                             patented provided the method could be
                             construed as including physical means for
                             measuring, and so not related exclusively to
                             mental activity (Re Antibodyshop A/S 2021
                             CACP 35). In Australia, the Federal Court
                             recently confirmed that the test for the
                             patent eligibility of a diagnostic method is
                             whether the method has economic utility
                             (Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc v Sequenom, Inc
                             [2021] FCAFC 101).


                             [...]


                             The patentability of diagnostic methods was
                             recently confirmed in Australia, in the case
                             of Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc v Sequenom, Inc
                             [2021] FCAFC 101. The patent in question (AU
                             727919) related to a method of non-invasive
                             prenatal blood testing (NIPT). Sequenom owns
                             some of the broadest patents in the
                             competitive field of NIPT, and has a patent
                             pool agreement with Illumina. Illumina and
                             Sequenom have joined forces in a global
                             patent battle with other players in the
                             field. In Ariosa v Sequenom, the patent
                             claimed a method of detecting the presence of
                             foetal DNA in a blood sample from a pregnant
                             woman. Ariosa argued that the claimed methods
                             related to the detection of a naturally
                             occurring product (foetal DNA) and was thus
                             not a patentable invention.


                      # ⚓ Quantum_technologies_on_the_rise_in_the_space_sector
                        [Ed: This sort of EPO propaganda helps explain why EU
                        authorities look the other way while EPO management
                        commits many crimes; they implicate EU agencies as
                        well]⠀⇛


                             A new study published today reveals the
                             growth of patent filings (2001-2020) for
                             quantum technologies (QT) which are used in
                             space technologies for earth observation,
                             navigation and communication.


                             Today’s space sector is an ever more service-
                             driven domain, with a growing number of
                             public and private actors across all
                             continents pursuing scientific, military and
                             commercial purposes, ranging from space
                             exploration and human spaceflight to
                             communication and navigation enabled by
                             satellites.


                             [...]


                             This report, prepared by the European Patent
                             Office and the European Space Policy
                             Institute (ESPI) in collaboration with the
                             European Space Agency (ESA), investigates the
                             patent filing trends in quantum technologies
                             directly linked to their application in
                             space.


                      # ⚓ One_of_the_three_UPC_treaties,_the_Protocol_on
                        Privileges_and_Immunities_of_the_Unified_Patent_Court_
                        (PPI)_is_now_in_force_despite_Brexit_issues [Ed: This
                        is false, but Team UPC keeps pushing patently_false
                        headlines_into_the_mix, hoping that faking it will make
                        it come true.]⠀⇛


                             As foreshadowed in our previous blog, the
                             first of the three treaties, ‘Protocol on
                             Privileges and Immunities of the Unified
                             Patent Court’ (PPI) has now come into force
                             on 27 October 2021. A Preparatory Committee
                             meeting was held on the same day and
                             confirmed this to be the case.


                      # ⚓ CardioNet’s_Signal_Transform_Invention_is_Ineligible
                        [Ed: More fake patents in USPTO and this time CardioNet
                        is served a dud]⠀⇛


                             CardioNet lost at the district court with a
                             summary judgment of non-infringement. On
                             appeal, the Federal Circuit has shifted its
                             judgment–now finding the heart monitor claims
                             ineligible under Section 101. U.S. Patent
                             Number 7,941,207.


                      # ⚓ Honeywell_announces_commercialisation_of_chemical
                        recycling_technology_for_waste_plastics [Ed: Yet
                        another plug for EPO greenwashing PR stunt/ploy,
                        looking to distract from EPO_corruption]⠀⇛


                             In a report released last month, the European
                             Patent Office (EPO) found that advanced and
                             chemical recycling generated almost double
                             the number of patents than mechanical
                             recycling, with the majority of this activity
                             based in Europe and the USA – suggesting this
                             is an expanding industry.


                      # ⚓ How_will_patents_and_policies_help_solve_the_plastic
                        problem? [Ed: Patent litigation companies help the EPO
                        distract from its corruption and crimes by greenwashing
                        of patents while totally ignoring any form of sane
                        analysis. PR first, laws and facts never.]⠀⇛


                             Ahead of COP 26, the European Patent Office
                             (EPO) have released a report looking into the
                             global patenting trends in technologies
                             related to plastics recycling and alternative
                             plastics.


                             The reality is that we need plastics in our
                             everyday lives, but how do we overcome the
                             problems surrounding plastic pollution? This
                             is where innovation steps in, and Europe and
                             the United States are leading the way in
                             terms of patent family filings (IPFs) (see
                             page 8 of the report).


                             The report highlights two ways in which
                             innovators are looking to solve the world’s
                             plastic problem: recycling traditional
                             plastic materials and developing alternative
                             plastic materials.


                      # ⚓ Is_A_Covid-19_Patent_Waiver_The_Right_Solution? [Ed:
                        The right solution should be to just abolish those
                        patents and never grant them in the first place, for
                        ethical reasons and public interest (also, the work was
                        done at taxpayers' expense)]⠀⇛


                             With the “Indian” variant now raising its
                             ugly head in other parts of the world, the
                             idea that nobody is safe until everybody is
                             safe feels more relevant than ever.
                             Nevertheless, President Biden’s support for
                             an intellectual property waiver to allow low
                             and middle income countries to make the
                             vaccines themselves came as a surprise.
                             Normally, the US takes a strong stance on
                             intellectual property (IP) protection, but
                             its trade representative, Katherine Tai, made
                             it clear that these were extraordinary
                             measures in extraordinary times. It was left
                             to the CEO of Abbvie to put the classic
                             intellectual property argument – who will
                             make the vaccine next time if the incentives
                             provided by the patent system are threatened
                             in this way?


                      # ⚓ Can_My_Computer_Own_A_Patent? [Ed: In 2021 patents
                        became a laughing stock because of cases such as these,
                        not to mention the patent cartel surrounding COVID-
                        19]⠀⇛


                             In recent years, interest has been growing in
                             the development of artificial intelligence
                             (AI) and the potential use of AI in different
                             technologies for improving our lives. One
                             example of high interest is the application
                             of AI in self-driving cars. Other areas of
                             technology such as medicine, where AI might
                             be used in automated diagnosis of disease,
                             are also of interest. However, recent
                             advances in the AI field has led to a
                             particular question – if AI development
                             becomes advanced enough that some form of AI
                             might itself develop a new invention, how
                             would the patent system deal with this?


                      # ⚓ [Older]_AI_Inventor_Recognised_By_South_Africa_And
                        Australia [Ed: When patent quality is lowered too much
                        you start wondering if they'll even grant patents to
                        cats and dogs]⠀⇛


                             We have previously reported (US, Europe, and
                             UK) on the unsuccessful attempts by the
                             University of Sussex and Dr Thaler to have
                             his AI machine “DABUS” recognised as an
                             inventor by patent offices around the world.
                             Although those decisions are under appeal,
                             the overwhelming approach of patent offices
                             to this concept has, so far, been extremely
                             negative.


                      # ⚓ My_Invention,_Your_Invention,_Our_Invention? [Ed: You
                        look for news about patents and instead you stumble
                        upon these self-promotional marketing plugs of
                        litigation companies, pretending to care for
                        innovation]⠀⇛


                             Imagine you have spent years building a
                             successful business, backed up by a strong
                             patent protecting your core activities. Out
                             of the blue, an old acquaintance claims they
                             made and own the invention your business is
                             based on, are entitled to the patent you have
                             paid for, and want a share of your profits.
                             That might sound like a ridiculous demand,
                             but the law might just be on their side.


                      # ⚓ Shaping_the_future_of_Italy’s_Intellectual_Property
                        system [Ed: Shameless patent litigation giants are
                        using COVID-19 to push their maximalist propaganda and
                        instead of caring for patients they care for patents]⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Arbutus_Biopharma_(ABUS)_Stock_Sharply_Climbs_15.18%
                        Today_While_It_Wins_The_Patent_Fight_Against_Moderna
                        [Ed: This patent greed means that corporations are busy
                        fighting one another instead of actually fighting the
                        virus or making the best possible vaccine]⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ UK:_Written_Decision_Referring_Questions_Concerning
                        The_Doctrine_Of_Plausibility_To_The_Enlarged_Board_Of
                        Appeal_In_G2/21_Now_Available [Ed: As expected from
                        mass litigation companies, no mention of the fact that
                        this_case_was_full_of_corruption_and_it_made_a_laughing
                        stock_of_the_EPO. Convenient revisionism for those who
                        profit from the abuse.]⠀⇛


                             We reported in August 2021 that the EPO’s
                             Enlarged Board of Appeal (EBA) would be
                             considering the doctrine of plausibility at
                             the EPO. The written decision of Board of
                             Appeal making the referral is now available
                             (see here), and the referral has been
                             assigned the number G2/21. The final
                             questions referred to the EBA are as follows:


                             “If for acknowledgement of inventive step the
                             patent proprietor relies on a technical
                             effect and has submitted evidence, such as
                             experimental data, to prove such an effect,
                             this evidence not having been public before
                             the filing date of the patent in suit and
                             having been filed after that date (post-
                             published evidence):


                      # ⚓ [Older]_UK:_Open_Source_And_Patents:_Share_Your_Cake
                        And_Eat_It_Too [Ed: Litigation firm J A Kemp LLP is
                        pushing software_patents_agenda, which it very well
                        knows not to be compatible with Free software; they
                        also use lies like “IP rights”.]⠀⇛


                             The open-source movement has been around for
                             decades and has provided freedom to users and
                             programmers to use and develop existing
                             software. Unlike industries involving
                             physical products, the low barrier of entry
                             to software development and distribution has
                             meant that many users find themselves having
                             the knowledge and resources to contribute to
                             software development, but at times prevented
                             from doing so due to existing intellectual
                             property (IP) rights. This has led some to
                             view IP rights, such as patents, as a
                             hindrance to innovation.


                      # ⚓ [Older]_High_Court_Finds_That_Defendants_Had_Not
                        Infringed_Telecoms_Packet_Switching_Patent_And_That_The
                        Patent_Was_Not_Essential [Ed: Patent trolls like Sisvel
                        are already preying on the UK despite not being
                        British]⠀⇛


                             In this FRAND case, the claimants (Mitsubishi
                             Electric Corporation and Sisvel International
                             SA) sought to persuade the defendants,
                             Oneplus Technology (Shenzhen) Co Ltd and
                             others, to take FRAND licences of a pool of
                             patents (the Pool) administered by Sisvel,
                             which were alleged to be essential to one or
                             more telecoms standards.


                      # ⚓ [Older]_Nokia_and_Daimler_deal_leaves_questions_open
                        on_tech_patent_licensing [Ed: Microsoft turned Nokia
                        into patent_parasite]⠀⇛


                             Businesses are likely to have to wait longer
                             than previously anticipated for guidance on
                             whether implementers of standard-essential
                             patents (SEPs) can force the patent holders
                             to seek licensing agreements from their
                             suppliers rather than with the implementers
                             themselves, according to an expert in patent
                             law.


                      # ⚓ Australia_proposes_‘patent_box’_to_boost_life
                        sciences_innovation [Ed: A notorious corporate_tax
                        evasion_ploy disguised as “life_sciences innovation”;
                        they also misuse COVID-19 to make all this seem
                        acceptable, even desirable]⠀⇛


                             The Australian government is intending to
                             introduce a ‘patent box’ regime with the
                             objective of boosting life sciences
                             innovation across the region and
                             incentivising investment in the sector in
                             response to the Covid-19 pandemic.


                      # ⚓ Geothermal_Energy_–_Patent_Portfolio_Management
                        Feeling_The_Heat?⠀⇛


                             It is a popular approach to file patents in a
                             few key countries around the globe, normally
                             this will include the US, Germany, China,
                             South Korea and Japan. One of the ideas
                             behind the approach is that it will
                             sufficiently deter infringement as a right to
                             exclusivity is held within key markets. It
                             therefore reduces accessible manufacturing
                             capabilities and profitability for anyone
                             wanting to use the patented technology
                             outside the protected markets. It is a
                             sensible approach, as it keeps portfolio
                             costs at bay while also protecting revenue.


                      # ⚓ EPO_Statistics_–_Update [Ed: Haseltine Lake Kempner
                        LLP occasionally demonstrates that the corrupt EPO
                        significantly lowered_patent_quality_and_nowadays_fakes
                        growth_by_granting_illegal_patents, e.g. software
                        patents]⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ A_Needed_Boost_For_Innovation_In_The_UK? [Ed: This is
                        nonsense that's promoted by a convicted corrupt 'law'
                        firm, Marks & Clerk, which profits from stockpiling of
                        patents and litigation: "One indicator of commercially
                        focused innovation is the number of patent applications
                        being filed"]⠀⇛


                             It will be interesting to see whether and how
                             this scheme will change the landscape of
                             innovation in the UK. One indicator of
                             commercially focused innovation is the number
                             of patent applications being filed, and so we
                             would expect to see a rise in the number of
                             new patent applications being filed by the
                             companies benefitting from this scheme.


                      # ⚓ UPC_Preparatory_Committee_Suggests_A_Declaration_Can
                        Clear_The_Path_To_The_UPC [Ed: Yet more lies_and
                        patently_false_statements being parroted by Team UPC (J
                        A Kemp LLP in this case)]⠀⇛


                             Commentators have been concerned that
                             implementation of the Unitary Patent (UP),
                             which is intended to be a single patent right
                             having effect in the territory of
                             participating EU members, overseen by the
                             Unified Patent Court (UPC), could be delayed
                             due to the UK’s withdrawal. This is because
                             of the express mention of the UK and London
                             in the Unified Patent Court Agreement (UPCA),
                             the Protocol for Provisional Application
                             (PPA) and the Protocol on Privileges and
                             Immunities (PPI), all of which need to come
                             into force in order for the project to go
                             ahead. The UK has indicated that it will not
                             be participating in the UPC and UP, thereby
                             potentially making it impossible for the UPC
                             and UP to go ahead without rewriting and re-
                             ratification of the UPCA, PPA and PPI, which
                             would likely take years.


                      # ⚓ Federal_Circuit_Skeptical_of_Challenge_to_Patent
                        Board_Rule⠀⇛


                             A Federal Circuit panel didn’t seem swayed by
                             a patent owner’s argument on the effect of
                             its decision to voluntarily relinquish the
                             claims of a rollover prevention invention.


                             Arsus LLC abandoned its U.S. Patent No.
                             10,259,494 after the Patent Trial and Appeal
                             Board instituted review requested by Unified
                             Patents LLC. The board construed the
                             statutory disclaimer as a request for adverse
                             judgment.


                      # ⚓ Guest_Post:_Patents_in_Islamic_Law⠀⇛


                             Companies and law firms with a transnational
                             presence in Islamic countries should
                             recognize that patents may present different
                             considerations in countries with less secular
                             legal systems. Islamic law has primacy in
                             Islamic countries that comprise nearly one-
                             fifth of the world’s population. Many of
                             these countries are members of Trade-Related
                             Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
                             (TRIPS), which excludes from patentability
                             certain inventions that offend morality in
                             that society. As Islamic countries have begun
                             to embrace patents in recent decades,
                             theories of patents have presented conceptual
                             and theological debates under classical
                             Islamic law, including for construing
                             patentable subject matter and assessing
                             patent infringement.


                             Patents in Islamic Law present religious
                             considerations that are unique compared to
                             U.S. patent law. First, there are tensions
                             between intellectual property and Islamic
                             law, which is silent on the permissibility of
                             intangibles yet allows for their
                             interpretation. Second, justifications for
                             patents within Islamic law present ethical
                             and morality considerations based on
                             religious limitations that present public
                             policy choices of patentable subject matter
                             and the ordre public meaning of TRIPS Article
                             27.2 . Third, public interest should be a
                             consideration not only in terms of a
                             potential harm to plaintiff (who is seeking
                             injunctive relief or preventing importation
                             of an infringing article) in the patent
                             infringement context, but also in terms of
                             justification of patents in an Islamic legal
                             system.


                      # ⚓ IPR’s_Survive_More_Constitutional_Challenges [Ed:
                        Endless frustration from patent litigation firms,
                        seeing that PTAB will continues taking down fake
                        patents; they’ve_tried_for_years…]⠀⇛


                             In Mobility Workx, LLC v. Unified Patents,
                             LLC, [2020-1441] (October 13, 2021), the
                             Federal Circuit concluded that Mobility’s
                             constitutional arguments were without merit.
                             Without reaching the merits of the Board’s
                             decision, in light of Arthrex, it remanded to
                             the Acting Director to determine whether to
                             grant rehearing.


                             Mobility argued that the structure and
                             funding of the Board violates due process.
                             First, because “the fee-generating structure
                             of AIA review[] creates a temptation” for the
                             Board to institute AIA proceedings in order
                             to collect post-institution fees (fees for
                             the merits stage of the AIA proceedings) and
                             fund the agency. Second, because individual
                             APJs have an unconstitutional interest in
                             instituting AIA proceedings because their own
                             compensation in the form of performance
                             bonuses is favorably affected.


                             The Federal Circuit found no merit to these
                             defenses.


                      # ⚓ It_Works:_The_Value_of_“Effective”_Claim_Limitations
                        [Ed: Patent litigation firms and their funded bloggers
                        are trying to figure out new ways to sneak bunk patents
                        past the examiners and courts]⠀⇛


                             The Federal Circuit’s recent Strathclyde
                             decision focuses on claim limitations that
                             require the invention to be effective. One
                             oddity of the decision is that the court (and
                             the PTAB below) treat the limitation with
                             full respect just like any other structural
                             limitation.


                             Researchers at Strathclyde conducted a set of
                             experiments and found that certain blue light
                             (~405 nm wavelength) was effective at
                             inactivating methicillin-resistant
                             Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) even at low
                             intensity and without first applying a
                             photosensitizing agent. The resulting method
                             claim focuses on this discovery and includes
                             one simple step — inactivating MRSA bacteria
                             by exposing it to blue (400-420 nm) light and
                             without using a photosensitizer. U.S. Patent
                             No. 9,839,706.


                             It turns out that the prior art (Nitzan)
                             discloses a series of experiments using the
                             same blue light and testing its effectiveness
                             at inactivating MRSA bacteria. The tests
                             compared the response of untreated bacteria
                             as compared with bacteria treated with a
                             photosensitizing agent.


                             [...]


                             On appeal, the Federal Circuit has reversed
                             and reinstated the patent. The court noted
                             the complete absence of any prior art
                             indicating that blue light alone would kill
                             MRSA without a chemical pre-treatment to
                             sensitize the bacteria. Further, there was
                             evidence that such an approach would fail.
                             Still Strathclyde succeeded and, according to
                             the Federal Circuit, deserve its patent.


                      # ⚓ Launch_of_the_user_area_pilot_phase⠀⇛


                             This exciting new service, which has been
                             developed in collaboration with our user
                             focus groups, will be open to participants
                             from patent attorney firms and industry for
                             an initial period of six months. Participants
                             will be able to access their EPO Mailbox,
                             view their application portfolio and
                             documents, perform tasks and file procedural
                             requests in response to communications from
                             the EPO.


                      # ⚓ Law_firm_escapes_$1bn_claim_despite_admitted
                        negligence⠀⇛


                             A leading firm of patent attorneys which
                             admitted negligently failing to lodge an
                             appeal against a decision to revoke a
                             client’s patent need only pay nominal damages
                             after a High Court ruling.


                             The BASF Group, a major chemical products
                             conglomerate, had claimed losses of more than
                             $1bn resulting from the error by Carpmaels &
                             Ransford.


                             But Mr Justice Adam Johnson held that the
                             firm did not have a retainer with the
                             claimants most affected and in any case
                             nothing would have happened differently had
                             the error not been made.


                             BASF instructed the firm to prosecute a
                             patent (called Patent 458) for an emissions
                             treatment system and method for use in the
                             automotive industry.


                             In July 2012, in proceedings in the European
                             Patent Office, Carpmaels negligently failed
                             to lodge an appeal from a decision to revoke
                             Patent 458 for lack of inventive step.


                      # ⚓ Molnupiravir_may_become_the_first_COVID-19_pill._What
                        took_so_long?⠀⇛


                             On October 1, the developers of the COVID-19
                             antiviral molnupiravir issued a press release
                             announcing positive Phase 3 clinical trial
                             results, with a 50% reduction in the risk of
                             hospitalization or death. On November 4, the
                             UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products
                             Regulatory Agency authorized molnupiravir for
                             use in the UK. While the results have yet to
                             be reviewed by a scientific journal, they
                             have generated excitement not only because of
                             the potential lives saved but also because
                             molnupiravir can be taken orally in tablet
                             form, greatly reducing the difficulty and
                             cost of administration. (Monoclonal
                             antibodies require intravenous
                             administration, as do the less promising
                             treatments remdesivir and plasma therapy.)
                             While it remains to be seen whether
                             molnupiravir is as effective a weapon as its
                             namesake Mjölnir (Thor’s hammer), the news so
                             far is promising. But why, in a global
                             pandemic where vaccines could be pushed
                             through in record-breaking time, were new
                             treatments like molnupiravir so much slower
                             to find? (It’s worth noting that molnupiravir
                             isn’t the only drug in this situation; as
                             this post was going to press on November 5,
                             Pfizer announced that its experimental
                             antiviral, Paxlovid, reduced COVID-19-related
                             hospital admissions for high-risk adults by
                             89%.)


                             In this post, we explore the role of
                             innovation policy in molnupiravir’s
                             development, the FDA’s role in balancing
                             access to promising treatments with the need
                             to generate evidence of their efficacy,
                             questions about molnupiravir access, and the
                             implications for antiviral innovation going
                             forward, for COVID-19 and beyond.


                      # ⚓ Post-Filing_Of_Evidence_To_Support_Patent_Claims?⠀⇛


                             he identification of new chemical or medical
                             compounds, and the development of complex
                             clinical schemes for treatment requires heavy
                             investments and is very time-consuming.


                             A central part in protecting these types of
                             businesses involves filing of patent
                             applications, and recurring questions relate
                             to the timing of filing.


                             Many applicants are eager to file their
                             patent applications as early as possible to
                             avoid scooping by competitors, minimise risk
                             of having their own published prior art
                             against them, or generate a legal foundation
                             for their businesses in order to attract the
                             substantial funding that is usually needed
                             for e.g. the development of clinical trials.


                      # ⚓ Patent_case:_Judgment_no._505/2021_of_the_Supreme
                        Court_(Civil_Chamber),_dated_7_July_2021,_Spain [Ed:
                        Throwing patents out the window in the highest court in
                        Spain]⠀⇛


                             Judgments from the Spanish Supreme Court on
                             patent cases are a rare occurrence. In a
                             recent decision, the Court rules on
                             insufficiency of disclosure, a revocation
                             ground which – once somewhat of a sideshow –
                             is nowadays a staple of Spanish revocation
                             proceedings. The Supreme Court provides some
                             guidance on trial and error and undue burden
                             and, in the process, also rules on the
                             complex divide between “extraordinary appeals
                             for breach of procedural rules” and
                             substantive appeals on the merits. Given the
                             extreme complexity of getting Supreme Court
                             appeals done right, Spanish patent lawyers
                             might want to read this judgment carefully.


                      # ⚓ Chemistry_Week_2021:_How_chemistry_is_driving
                        sustainability_through_electric_vehicle_battery
                        technology [Ed: Another new example of patent
                        litigation giants inserting EPO PR plugs that leverage
                        greenwashing to distract the public from the crimes of
                        the EPO]⠀⇛


                             According to a joint European Patent Office
                             (EPO) and International Energy Agency (IEA)
                             study, patenting activity of battery
                             technologies grew at an average annual rate
                             of 14% between 2005 and 2018. Currently, the
                             most abundant type of battery is the one that
                             helped kick-start fully electric vehicles:
                             the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery.


                      # ⚓ Hon._Judge_Stark_to_be_Appointed_to_the_Federal
                        Circuit [Ed: How patent extremists funded by patent
                        litigation firms respond to this new appointment to
                        CAFC, which has generally resisted_patent_maximalists
                        in_recent_years]⠀⇛


                             Delaware was already a popular venue for
                             patent cases before the Supreme Court’s 2017
                             venue decision in TC Heartland. Since 2017,
                             it has moved from popular to hot since so
                             many companies are formally incorporated in
                             the state. (State of incorporation => proper
                             venue in patent cases). Delaware particularly
                             been seen as a fair jurisdiction where both
                             plaintiffs and defendants receive a full and
                             fair hearing. Thus, it is a popular spot for
                             operating companies to sue as plaintiffs,
                             knowing that they may face affirmative
                             counterclaims in the same lawsuit.


                             The Federal Court in Delaware has four
                             judges, all of whom now have a substantial
                             patent litigation caseload. This includes the
                             most senior, Hon. Leonard P. Stark who was
                             appointed by President Obama back in 2010. At
                             the time, Joe Biden was Vice President of the
                             United States and I am confident that he had
                             a hand in selecting Judge Stark for that
                             position. Judge Stark was previously a
                             magistrate judge and an assistant US
                             attorney, all in Federal Court in Delaware.


                      # ⚓ UK:_AI_In_Materials_Science:_Prospects_And_Pitfalls
                        [Ed: You lose the argument the moment you use buzzwords
                        like "Hey Hi" in the context of patents, usually to
                        promote some maxiamlists' agenda which distorts the law
                        or seeks to bypass it with gobbledegook]⠀⇛


                             Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine
                             learning (ML) are already key technologies of
                             the 21st century and have found applications
                             in diverse fields, from search engines and
                             social media algorithms, to self-driving cars
                             and medical diagnostic tools. AI also has the
                             potential to revolutionise the development of
                             new materials, which until now has been an
                             empirical and relatively slow process. In
                             this article, we take a look at the prospects
                             for developments in this field, as well some
                             of the pitfalls which will have to be
                             overcome when it comes to patenting AI
                             inventions in Europe.


                      # ⚓ Federal_Circuit_‘in_good_hands’_with_Len_Stark,_says
                        O’Malley [Ed: Since the media has basically died,
                        especially anyone who properly covers patents, all we
                        can see are operatives of patent trolls responding to
                        this CAFC appointment]⠀⇛


                             Len Stark, who stepped down as chief judge of
                             the District Court for the District of
                             Delaware in July after seven years, has been
                             tapped for the appeals court


                      # ⚓ Leahy,_Tillis_blast_“unseemly”_patent_litigation
                        forum-shopping_in_letter_to_Chief_Justice_Roberts⠀⇛


                             In a letter sent yesterday to Supreme Court
                             Chief Justice Roberts, senators Leahy and
                             Tillis have asked for the US Judicial
                             Conference to re-examine rules on venue and
                             assignment of judges in patent cases


                      # ⚓ Leahy,_Tillis_launch_WDTX_attack;_$650mn_CRISPR_IP
                        deal;_Merck_UN_covid_licence_agreement;_Samsung_hit_by
                        Russia_injunction;_InterDigital_strikes_gold;_plus_much
                        more [Ed: No, IAM, WDTX itself is the attacker, it is
                        not under attack. IAM is funded by patent trolls and
                        fanatics, so it is sidling with crooks.]⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Letter_to_the_Chief_Justice_about_Judge_Albright.
                        [Ed: Belated action against crooked judges who turn
                        courts they preside over into something like for-profit
                        corporations, looking to invite trolls by not obeying
                        the law]⠀⇛


                             Rather, in a bipartisan letter Senators
                             Tillis and Leahy have asked Chief Justice
                             Roberts to provide a report on the “extreme”
                             and “problematic” situation in the Western
                             District of Texas where pro-patentee Judge
                             Albright is hosting about 25% of all pending
                             district court patent litigation.


                      # ⚓ Meet_Gil_Hyatt,_the_inventor_who’s_spent_$7m_fighting
                        the_USPTO [Ed: Rani Mehta grooming a charlatan_and
                        fraud who only patent extremists respect]⠀⇛


                             Gilbert Hyatt, who has spent more than $7
                             million on USPTO fees but has not received a
                             patent since the 1990s, discusses the ups and
                             downs of his fight


                      # ⚓ Apple_to_pay_UK_court’s_FRAND_rate,_escapes_sales_ban
                        [Ed: These price-fixing patent cartels that include
                        illegal patents harm everyone who buys a device;
                        parasitic elements amass capital by gaming the patent
                        system and then weaponsing the system at the state
                        level]⠀⇛


                             Apple was faced with a UK-wide FRAND
                             injunction unless it agreed to pay the still-
                             unknown global FRAND rate


                      # ⚓ At_IAM_Auto_IP_conference,_calls_for_patent_licensing
                        meet_exhortations_to_hold_out:_more_automotive_SEP
                        litigation_may_just_be_inevitable [Ed: IAM has no
                        conferences; this is just a think tank for its
                        handlers, including corrupt EPO management and patent
                        trolls. Great example of stacked panels for
                        lobbying.]⠀⇛


                             The automotive industry is facing a learning
                             curve with respect to standard-essential
                             patent (SEP) licensing. Given what I heard at
                             yesterday’s IAM Auto IP Europe conference in
                             Munich, I see partial progress–such as
                             Avanci’s announcement of 4G patent license
                             agreements with three more automotive
                             brands–while some automotive industry players
                             appear to be learning too slowly for their
                             own good. As a result, we’re going to see
                             more litigation, such as the cases recently
                             brought by Intellectual Ventures (not an
                             Avanci licensor) over a mix of three SEPs and
                             even more non-SEPs.


                             In my previous post I reported on a Qualcomm
                             executive’s perspective on the illegality of
                             licensing negotiation groups. In this post
                             I’ll discuss some of the other things that
                             were said.


                      # ⚓ Huawei_and_regular_advisors_succeed_in_revoking
                        SolarEdge_patent [Ed: Corrupt EPO management wasted and
                        misused its budget greenwashing_loads_of_patents that
                        turn out to be fake patents]⠀⇛


                             It is a major win for Huawei’s defence
                             against SolarEdge’s lawsuits over solar
                             technology. In 2018, the Israeli solar
                             technology manufacturer filed suit against
                             competitor Huawei and its German sales
                             company Wattkraft in Mannheim for infringing
                             three patents. Now the European Patent Office
                             has upheld the patent’s revocation.


                             In mid-October, the Boards of Appeal at the
                             European Patent Office rejected SolarEdge’s
                             appeal against the revocation of the patent
                             in suit EP 29 30 839 B1 (case ID: TO678/20-
                             3.5.02). The patent, which protected a multi-
                             level inverter, is now obsolete. Furthermore,
                             SolarEdge is likely to withdraw the lawsuit
                             in Mannheim in the next few days before the
                             Israeli company faces a costly dismissal of
                             the infringement suit.


                             The market for solar technology is considered
                             highly competitive. In 2019, Hanwha Q-Cells
                             brought cases over solar technology against
                             Jinko, REC and Longi before Düsseldorf
                             Regional Court. Hanwha Q-Cells and Longi are
                             also battling in France and the Netherlands
                             over the technology.


                      # ⚓ Ireland_Short_on_Time_to_Avail_of_Unified_Patent
                        Court_Opportunities [Ed: The strategy of Team UPC is
                        faking_things, then hoping to pull off something
                        illegal and let courts take years to rule that
                        unlawful]⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Ireland_Short_On_Time_To_Avail_Of_Unified_Patent
                        Court_Opportunities [Ed: Ireland_is_not_in_the_UK_and
                        Dublin_is_not_London,_but_Team_UPC_is_trying_to_break
                        the_law_for_financial_gain]⠀⇛


                             The commencement of a new unified patent
                             system in 2022 is set to revolutionise the
                             EU’s patent protection regime. While EU
                             regulations establishing the Unitary Patent
                             system entered into force in 2013, they will
                             only apply when the Unified Patent Court
                             (“UPC”) Agreement has been ratified by 13
                             member states (including mandatory
                             ratification by France, Germany and Italy as
                             the Member States in which the highest number
                             of European patents had effect in 2012).


                      # ⚓ FOSS_Patents:_In_Nokia_v._OPPO_jurisdictional
                        decision,_UK_court_affords_limited_deference_to_Chinese
                        determination_of_global_patent_portfolio_licensing
                        terms⠀⇛


                             In a decision that came down yesterday, Judge
                             Hacon of the England and Wales High Court
                             (EWHC) denied OPPO’s request to stay the UK
                             proceedings regarding Nokia’s assertions of a
                             couple of standard-essential patents pending
                             the resolution of a Chinese case in which
                             OPPO is seeking a global portfolio license
                             from Nokia. After Nokia brought its
                             infringement cases against OPPO in multiple
                             jurisdictions, OPPO raised various FRAND
                             issues with the No. 1 Intermediate People’s
                             Court of Chongqing Municipality of the
                             People’s Republic of China, with the ultimate
                             objective of obtaining a global portfolio
                             license on terms to be set by the Chongqing
                             court.


                             At first sight, the outcome is simply
                             consistent with the UK Supreme Court’s
                             jurisdictional decisions in Unwired Planet v.
                             Huawei/Conversant v. ZTE: the UK judiciary
                             has no qualms about setting global portfolio
                             rates and forcing implementers, under the
                             threat of allowing the enforcement of patent
                             injunctions, to take worldwide licenses on
                             terms set in the UK.


                      # ⚓ FOSS_Patents:_Avanci_patent_pool_signs_up_Jaguar,
                        Land_Rover,_Aston_Martin:_4G_SEP_licenses_without_prior
                        litigation [Ed: Florian Müller on Avanci_the_patent
                        troll]⠀⇛


                             Just an ultrashort post while I’m attending
                             the IAM Auto IP Conference: Avanci Senior VP
                             Laurie Fitzgerald mentioned new standard-
                             essential patent license agreements in her
                             panel presentation with Jaguar, Land Rover,
                             and Aston Martin. She said those agreements
                             had been concluded last week. I haven’t been
                             able to find any media coverage of those
                             deals yet, so I thought I should share the
                             information in time for today’s email
                             notifications, which most of my subscribers
                             will receive in a couple of hours.


                      # ⚓ EPO_referral_G2/21:_Can_post-filed_evidence_be_used
                        to_demonstrate_the_existence_of_a_technical_effect_for
                        patentability? [Ed: This is the same rigged_tribunal
                        that_is_stacked_by_EPO_management_to_deliver_the
                        “required”_outcome]⠀⇛


                             In recent European Patent Office (EPO)
                             Decision T 116/18, the Board of Appeal has
                             referred important questions to the Enlarged
                             Board of Appeal (EBA) regarding the issue of
                             to what extent an invention must be plausible
                             from the application as filed. A decision on
                             this issue by the EBA would have important
                             ramifications for how much experimental data
                             is required to be included in a patent
                             application, especially in the chemical and
                             pharmaceutical sectors.


                      # ⚓ Day_in_the_life_of_a_Canadian_patent_examiner [Ed:
                        Pure fluff or ad; this is how publishers die]⠀⇛


                             Christopher Fitz-Hardy, patent examiner at
                             CIPO, talks about how he starts his mornings
                             and the joys of playing hockey with his
                             colleagues


                      # ⚓ EU_Unified_Patent_Court_a_Step_Closer [Ed: This is
                        false,_or_fake_news, but patent litigation firms do not
                        care what’s legal and what’s true]⠀⇛


                             Germany’s recent ratification of the Protocol
                             on Provisional Application of the Unified
                             Patent Court Agreement (Protocol) brings the
                             establishment of the Unified Patent Court
                             (UPC) another important step closer.


                             [...]


                             Italy qualifies as the third biggest EU
                             Member State for UPC purposes following the
                             UK’s withdrawal from the EU. It is expected
                             that Italy will therefore replace the UK by
                             hosting one of the sections of the central
                             division of the UPC, with the others being in
                             Germany and France. Initially the allocation
                             of disputes to the three sections of the
                             central division was according to the top
                             level codes of the International Patent
                             Classification. Paris was allocated (B)
                             performing operations and transporting, (D)
                             textiles and paper, (E) fixed constructions,
                             (G) physics and (H) electricity, Munich was
                             allocated (F) mechanical engineering,
                             lighting, heating, weapons, blasting and the
                             London was allocated (A) human necessities
                             and (C) chemistry and metallurgy. It is not
                             yet clear whether Italy will take over the
                             UK’s allocation or whether the allocation of
                             subject matter will be redistributed.


                      # ⚓ Enlarged_Board_of_Appeals_of_the_European_Patent
                        Office_strengthens_the_parties’_rights_during_oral
                        proceedings [Ed: Again, no mention of the overt
                        corruption associated with this 'case']⠀⇛


                             On October 28, 2021, the Enlarged Board of
                             Appeals released the full text of the
                             Decision G1/21 that concerns the
                             admissibility of oral proceedings via video
                             conference against the expressed will of the
                             parties.


                             The European Patent Office has, starting with
                             the travel restrictions after the outbreak of
                             the corona virus in Europe, initiated a pilot
                             program to hold oral proceedings in
                             examination and opposition proceedings as
                             video conference. Moreover, the rules of
                             procedure of the Board of Appeals were
                             amended and allow to hold oral proceedings in
                             Appeal proceedings via video conference at
                             the discretion of the deciding Board of
                             Appeal. Thus, the rights of the parties of
                             the proceedings were restricted. Shortly
                             after the implementation of the new rules,
                             the legality of the new rules was questioned
                             by a referral to the Enlarged Board of
                             Appeals, the highest instance at the European
                             Patent Office.


                      # ⚓ Compatible,_not_optimal:_G_1/21_and_future_EPO_video
                        conferencing [Ed: JUVE became a propaganda mouthpiece
                        of corrupt EPO management somewhere along the way,
                        painting kangaroo_courts as legitimate]⠀⇛


                             The EPO Enlarged Board of Appeal has
                             published its final reasoning regarding the
                             outcome of the G 1/21 referral. In March
                             2021, in case T1807/15 electronics firm Rohde
                             & Schwarz referred the question “[can] oral
                             proceedings under Article 116 EPC be replaced
                             by a video conference without the parties’
                             consent?” to the Enlarged Board of Appeal.


                             The EPO had begun the practice in 2020, in
                             order to avoid a backlog of cases during the
                             coronavirus pandemic. Now the EBA has
                             followed up a preliminary decision released
                             in July 2021 with, theoretically, its final
                             answer.


                      # § Software Patents⠀➾


                            # ⚓ IPO_Webinar_on_Post-Grant_Attacks [Ed: IBM
                              front group IPO is misleading. The attacks are
                              the patent aggressors, not those looking to bring
                              #patents to a saner number.]⠀⇛


                                   The Intellectual Property Owners
                                   Association (IPO) will offer a one-hour
                                   webinar entitled “Post-Grant Attacks on
                                   Patents: Understanding the Benefits and
                                   Perils of All Options”


                            # ⚓ IPO_Webinar_on_AIA_Post-Grant_Attacks [Ed: It
                              is that astounding reversal of narratives wherein
                              this IBM front group portrays the attacked as the
                              attacker and the aggressor as merely
                              "surviving"]⠀⇛


                                   The Intellectual Property Owners
                                   Association (IPO) will offer a one-hour
                                   webinar entitled “Strengthening Your
                                   Patent Portfolio to Resist AIA Post-
                                   Grant Attacks” on November 2, 2021 from
                                   2:00 pm to 3:00 pm (ET). Ashita Doshi
                                   of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Nichole
                                   Valeyko of Merck & Co., Ben Searle of
                                   HP Inc., and Todd Walters of Buchanan
                                   Ingersoll & Rooney PC will discuss
                                   strategies and practical tips for
                                   obtaining patent portfolios that
                                   survive post-grant attacks, including a
                                   discussion of the following topics:
                                   PTAB statistics, application drafting,
                                   claim drafting strategies, prosecution
                                   strategies, obtaining a robust
                                   portfolio, and knowing when and where
                                   to assert your patents.


                            # ⚓ A_Tale_Of_Two_Jurisdictions:_Sufficiency_Of
                              Disclosure_For_Artificial_Intelligence_(AI)
                              Patents_In_The_U.S._And_The_EPO [Ed: There’s no
                              such thing as “Hey Hi” patents; it’s just a new
                              dressing for illegal_and_bunk_software_patents,
                              but litigation companies play along with
                              buzzwords and hacks; We’re in a terrible state of
                              affairs when in order to become a paid
                              (“professional”) journalist one must lie for the
                              rich and powerful media owners, advancing their
                              agenda as the business model instead of actually
                              informing the wider public]⠀⇛


                                   In order to prepare applications for
                                   filing in multiple jurisdictions,
                                   practitioners should be cognizant of
                                   claiming styles in the various
                                   jurisdictions that they expect to file
                                   AI-related patent applications in, and
                                   draft claims accordingly. For example,
                                   different jurisdictions, such as the
                                   U.S. and EPO, have different legal
                                   tests that can result in different
                                   styles for claiming artificial
                                   intelligence(AI)-related inventions.


                            # ⚓ UK:_Facebook_Ireland_Limited_v_Voxer_IP_LLP
                              [Ed: Example of fake patents like software
                              patents being granted by the awful EPO, which
                              violates the EPC every day for the sake of
                              profit]⠀⇛


                                   The UK Supreme Court introduced a
                                   doctrine of equivalents into UK patent
                                   law in the summer of 2017 (see http://
                                   eplaw.org/uk-actavis-v-eli-lilly-
                                   supreme-court/). In this short judgment
                                   arising from a Pre-Trial Review (PTR),
                                   Lord Justice Birss provided guidance on
                                   how, and at what stage of proceedings,
                                   a party should plead a case based on
                                   the doctrine of equivalents.


                                   The patent in issue was EP (UK) 2 393
                                   259 entitled “Telecommunication and
                                   Multimedia Management Method and
                                   Apparatus”, which Voxer alleged was
                                   infringed by the Facebook Live and
                                   Instagram Live functionality offered by
                                   Facebook.


                            # ⚓ Second_InterDigital_EPO_Patent_Challenged [Ed:
                              EPO grants illegal software patents and Unified
                              Patents needs to clean_up_a_little_of_the_whole
                              mess]⠀⇛


                                   On October 26, 2021, Unified filed an
                                   opposition proceeding against another
                                   patent owned by InterDigital, EP
                                   1872588 B1. The EP ’588 patent is part
                                   of a family purportedly essential to
                                   HEVC and part of the Access Advance
                                   patent pool. This filing is a part of
                                   Unified’s ongoing efforts in its SEP
                                   Video Codec Zone.


                            # ⚓ In-house_seek_clarity_on_AI_and_obviousness
                              after_DABUS_events [Ed: Patent parasite IBM shows
                              up again, as usual in service of patent
                              maximalism (which is what this site is for),
                              equipped with buzzwords and provocation/PR
                              stunt]⠀⇛


                                   Counsel at Western Digital, Siemens,
                                   Bitmovin and IBM weigh in on whether
                                   AI-generated inventions would and
                                   should change the standard for
                                   obviousness under Section 103


                # § Trademarks⠀➾


                      # ⚓ It’s_a_hard_rock_life_for_UNIVERS_as_the_EU_General
                        Court_upholds_a_finding_of_bad_faith⠀⇛


                             Bad faith is the ground du jour in the EU due
                             to the SkyKick saga, which recently held that
                             Sky did not act in bad faith when filing
                             broadly. But what happens when the proprietor
                             of a Chinese registration is ‘beaten to the
                             punch’ in the EU? Is it bad faith? A recent
                             decision of the General Court (GC) answered
                             “yes”. The GC affirmed a decision of the
                             Board of Appeal (BoA), holding that a
                             registration for AGATE was invalid, having
                             been made in bad faith [BoA decision here, GC
                             decision here, case no T-592/20].


                             [...]


                             The EUIPO’s Cancellation Division upheld the
                             request on the grounds of bad faith (here).
                             It did not examine the second ground for
                             invalidity. The Division found that UNIVERS
                             had filed the application to exploit the lack
                             of formal protection of Shandong’s mark in
                             Bulgaria, and to take over Shandong’s clients
                             and the market share created by Shandong’s
                             distributor, Omnifak Ltd.


                             UNIVERS filed an appeal, which was dismissed
                             by the BoA (here). The BoA held that the two
                             marks were identical and the goods at least
                             highly similar. In light of the evidence
                             filed and the chronology, it thought it
                             practically impossible that (1) UNIVERS had
                             no knowledge of Shandong/Omnifak’s use of the
                             AGATE Logo in Bulgaria, and (2) that it
                             intended to honestly use the contested mark,
                             not to block Shandong from the Bulgarian
                             market. UNIVERS then appealed to the GC.


                      # ⚓ No_likelihood_of_confusion_between_LEGALROOM_and
                        LEGALZOOM [Ed: Very different words with very different
                        meanings]⠀⇛


                             In a recent judgment, the Patent and Market
                             Court of Appeal emphasised the conceptual
                             differences between the trademarks LEGALROOM
                             and LEGALZOOM. The Court considered the
                             relevant Swedish public to have good
                             knowledge of English and therefore to be
                             capable of grasping the different meanings of
                             “room” and “zoom”. The Court concluded that
                             the visual and phonetic similarities between
                             the trademarks did not outweigh their
                             conceptual differences.


                      # ⚓ When_a_commonly_used_trade_name_is_at_issue,_it
                        matters_whether_it_is_an_oyster_or_a_lobster⠀⇛


                             Holding Pte Ltd and Lukes Seafood LLC, are
                             the respective franchisee and franchisor of a
                             casual takeaway restaurant chain specialising
                             in lobster rolls known as “Luke’s Lobster”.
                             Both TMRG Pte Ltd and Lukes Seafood LLC are
                             the registered owners of the trade mark
                             pertaining to their respective restaurants
                             (the “Luke’s Oyster Bar mark” and “Luke’s
                             Lobster mark” respectively) in Class 43. The
                             plaintiffs also use an unregistered mark
                             containing the Luke’s Oyster Bar logo (the
                             “Unregistered Mark”). The defendants also
                             registered the Luke’s Lobster mark overseas.


                             [...]


                             Sixth, the reliance by the plaintiffs on out-
                             of-court statements from interviewees as
                             evidence of actual confusion in the Survey
                             was improper and breached the rule against
                             hearsay evidence.


                             This case provides a useful roadmap for
                             businesses planning to operate restaurants
                             with commonly-used names. Care should be
                             taken to ensure that the marks used by these
                             restaurants are both visually and
                             conceptually different from existing
                             establishments. When conducting a survey to
                             ascertain the likelihood of confusion,
                             businesses would also do well to ensure that
                             the questions asked are fair and not tend to
                             elicit a certain response from interviewees.


                      # ⚓ CJEU_confirms_that_partial_designs_may_be_protected
                        as_unregistered_designs_(but_conditions_apply) [Ed:
                        Trademark and patent maxiamlists don't typically get
                        their way in higher courts that are harder to
                        corrupt]⠀⇛


                             In the national proceedings, the Italian car
                             manufacturer Ferrari sued Mansory Design, a
                             car modification company, for infringement of
                             UCD rights in several parts of the Ferrari
                             FXX K [see also an earlier post by The IPKat
                             for a more detailed overview of the national
                             case].


                             Ferrari FXX K was first made available to the
                             public through the publication of a press
                             release, which included several images of the
                             new racing car. Mansory Design, a German car
                             modification company, sells tuning kits (ie,
                             a front bumper lip spoiler), which allow one
                             to modify earlier Ferrari models to make it
                             look like the FXX K. Ferrari alleged that the
                             publication of images of the Ferrari FXX K as
                             a whole gave rise to individual protection a
                             separate UCD for various parts of the car
                             (such as the front bumper lip spoiler, which
                             Mansory Design sold).


                             [...]


                             The first and second instance courts sided
                             with Mansory Design, ruling that Ferrari had
                             arbitrarily chosen parts of the Ferrari FXX K
                             for UCD protection, when such rights were
                             “non-existent”, this because the claimed
                             parts lacked “certain autonomy” and “certain
                             consistency of form” to be a valid UCD. In
                             the view of the German courts, the
                             publication of a product only amounted to UCD
                             protection for the product as a whole.
                             Ferrari appealed to the Bundesgerichtshof,
                             which stayed the proceedings and asked the
                             CJEU:


                             (1) whether UCD protection for individual
                             parts of a product arise as a result of
                             disclosure of an overall image of a product;
                             and


                             (2) if so, whether additional legal criteria
                             are to be considered when assessing the
                             individual character of a component part of a
                             complex product (as characterized by the
                             referring court in terms of “certain
                             autonomy” and “certain consistency of form”).


                             In August, Advocate General (AG) Øe advised
                             the Court to answer that partial designs may
                             indeed be protected under UCD rights. For
                             such protection to arise, the appearance of
                             the part of the product must be ‘clearly
                             identifiable’, and, if made available through
                             a photograph, such part shall be ‘clearly
                             visible’. The AG also opined that no
                             additional criteria shall be applicable (ie
                             ‘autonomy’ or ‘consistency’, as advanced in
                             the second question from the
                             Bundesgerichtshof).


                      # ⚓ Australia_and_NZ:_‘Reasonable_Efforts’_to_Join_the
                        Hague_Agreement_on_Industrial_Designs_Mean_Nothing⠀⇛


                             Recently, both Australia and New Zealand have
                             reached ‘agreement in principle’ on proposed
                             free trade agreements (FTAs) with the UK.
                             Details of the Australia-UK agreement in
                             principle can be found on the Australian
                             Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
                             (DFAT) website, while the NZ-UK agreement in
                             principle is available from the NZ Foreign
                             Affairs and Trade website. Each document
                             states that Australia/NZ will make all
                             reasonable efforts to join the UK as members
                             of the Hague Agreement, which provides an
                             international registration system for
                             industrial designs. An article which appeared
                             on the Lexology site last month stated that
                             these developments imply that ‘Australia has
                             (finally!) agreed to join the Hague Agreement
                             on Industrial Designs’.


                             This is not true. I do not see Australia
                             joining the Hague Agreement in the
                             foreseeable future, Australia-UK FTA
                             notwithstanding. I am less familiar with the
                             political position in New Zealand, but
                             suspect that the situation is not much
                             different in the Land of the Long White
                             Cloud.


                      # ⚓ How_Well_Do_You_Know_Gucci’s_Gs? [Ed: Convicted
                        corrupt 'law' firm Marks & Clerk protecting brands of
                        oligarchs, by means of monopoly expansions. This is how
                        they make money.]⠀⇛


                             Distinctiveness of well-known brands: It can
                             sometimes seem contradictory that brands with
                             an enhanced distinctive character are
                             afforded broader protection.


                             Aren’t consumers less likely to be confused
                             when faced with copycats of a luxury brand?


                # § Copyrights⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Italy_has_transposed_the_DSM_Directive⠀⇛


                             During the summer, The IPKat discussed the
                             content of some of the most ‘interesting’
                             draft provisions that Italy was considering
                             adopting to implement the Directive into its
                             own law. The final text of the Italian
                             Legislative Decree does not substantially
                             depart from that draft legislation.


                             Let’s take a closer look at of some of the
                             provisions – online content sharing service
                             providers (OCSSPs), text and data mining
                             (TDM), press publishers’ right – eventually
                             adopted and see what mark the new Italian
                             provisions may deserve from the perspective
                             of compliance with their EU counterparts –
                             respectively: Articles 17, 3-4, and 15 of the
                             Directive.


                             [...]


                             Insofar as the transposition of Article 15 of
                             the Directive is concerned, the Italian
                             solution has been the subject of heated
                             discussions in the country.


                             The draft Italian provision was drafted in
                             such a way that an obligation would subsist –
                             on the side of both information society
                             service providers (ISSPs) and press
                             publishers – to negotiate a licensing
                             agreement. The draft text also referred to a
                             ‘fair compensation’ (equo compenso) to which
                             press publishers would be entitled and the
                             possibility for AGCOM to determine the amount
                             of such fair compensation in the event that
                             no agreement was reached between the parties.


                             Following the unveiling of the draft
                             transposition text, last September, even the
                             Italian Competition Authority (AGCM) issued a
                             highly critical opinion, holding that a
                             system in which public authorities like AGCOM
                             are involved would be not just contrary to EU
                             law but also such as to represent an undue
                             restriction of private parties’ contractual
                             freedom.


                             Well, the final text of the Italian press
                             publishers’ right (Article 43-bis) does
                             provide that AGCOM shall not just issue a
                             regulation containing the criteria to
                             determine the fair compensation due to press
                             publishers, but – lacking an agreement
                             between the parties and standing the right to
                             start judicial proceedings – shall be also
                             competent to determine the fair compensation
                             due in specific cases.


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