𝕿𝖊𝖈𝖍𝖗𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙𝖘 Bulletin for Thursday, December 16, 2021 ┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅ Generated Fri 17 Dec 02:42:19 GMT 2021 Created by Dr. Roy Schestowitz (𝚛𝚘𝚢 (at) 𝚜𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚣 (dot) 𝚌𝚘𝚖) Full hyperlinks for navigation omitted but are fully available in the originals The corresponding HTML versions are at 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈 Latest in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕 and older bulletins can be found at 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕-𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 Full IPFS index in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔 and as plain text in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔/𝒕𝒙𝒕 Gemini index for the day: gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/12/16/ ╒═══════════════════ 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐒 ════════════════════════════════════╕ Previous bulletins in IPFS (past 21 days, in chronological order): QmWSgWCNaXdj4bqpVXJtFwGUpuJtUjJhMJNpvzpyfvb343 QmcVbvyKViSMyKpSnvawYzxL7fTBuhBFrU1Qs3vw1Dka8p QmUKBswRXMsDq5RCK5eUe68NysKpHtQ9EhcoUWes6WJbtG QmUS4fYkvuMboBGcVkEMNHsnTxKWQm7WKvLr6wGqwSsgk1 QmWxGDdEJSbvkgneVRR2pbXgmVk3pi5U6cgy64gq54Dsi7 QmThpqmVrTBjQ3aKEp3yrZKJUdKapNAGts5Lu3eYkGeBwf QmQPL4aU5VkHzGprihFtysZx7tMGqLPQa11SU2s4ao6H6r QmWDLoPpML1exaPTP8wfzYiKd4whiRGaCCqWNHJQ8Tgfgg QmXP9uUCLGPXq5XphWSHwKkEcNvzBUFmcGuun1rgVhDoMf QmbcSKJZiufM2XfxxnB92wQE323m9MsiAMo5YFmwFPu8VN QmWmC3AgPDFykej4Jpay8nnpKKVGMMEfv8MjggJ9Qw5Lm9 QmNPpiGqWGFQNEECwNKt72LSricBeH2VuxSzamtqTrESHV QmUNbGTar72DvDUxqyAh6Jdzfvu4JHUqaTFKqWpu9P64bk QmXFHTXDoB1z4Af36pfwwfrJcsZWK4nkbqqF2EndNyJ9YA QmcFJuq5PVoQgjijbLaMibeRbgr4h5pFcpzBYWqLap1cNu QmSBPP9JjsnqHFcHfShHhNsQwTc4eHz66BF5ihuBjaxpKM QmPrW6GPykdMyQtg8txV2DXmRYjghF1TQPv6CJcwVUx6iy QmVNVya1kBzPYdBdJekAHEpk3m857qJsnQet4QNxycPonK QmUQmiHKq1wV1JkS2hwXEf1etD3jM43Afc68V6omxpqaCi QmbheKKYhpyw3SvZSmHbavdgcv1PSaRtPdaQ746tgUFXbp QmZqoL722Mk7hDJcSz2oBxydXY7S2G5r4ByHgRdKBw7dUH ╒═══════════════════ 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐗 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⦿ The Free Software Foundation’s Code of Ethics Protects It From Infiltration and Skulduggery | Techrights ⦿ IRC Proceedings: Wednesday, December 15, 2021 | Techrights ⦿ The EPO is in ’Damage Control’ Mode (and It Shows) | Techrights ⦿ In Picture: Microsoft Windows Has Lost Another Half a Percent in Market Share Since Vista 11 Was Released | Techrights ䷼ Bulletin articles (as HTML) to comment on (requires login): http://techrights.org/2021/12/16/fsf-code-of-ethics/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/12/16/irc-log-151221/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/12/16/latest-epo-damage-control/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/12/16/real-windows-market-share/#comments ䷞ Followed by Daily Links (assorted news picks curated and categorised): http://techrights.org/2021/12/16/pgadmin-4-version-6-3/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/12/16/qemu-6-2-and-pappl-1-1/#comments ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 57 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/12/16/fsf-code-of-ethics/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/12/16/fsf-code-of-ethics/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 12.16.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ The_Free_Software_Foundation’s_Code_of_Ethics_Protects_It_From_Infiltration and_Skulduggery⠀✐ Posted in FSF at 8:22 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Video_download_link | md5sum f380b8f0512bb48b276b92d45f292217 http://techrights.org/videos/fsf-board-shielded.webm Summary: The Free Software Foundation (FSF) has made a smart move; it has formulated a set of rules, a set of carefully-worded guidelines, for people who represent and speak for the FSF THE past couple of years have been turbulent at the FSF. Many left, a few joined, and the FSF lost a lot of funding, based on IRS filings that are publicly_available. We mentioned the underlying financial figures earlier this month. Planning is important and building a cohesive community of administrators isn’t easy because people can defect (switch sides) and even choose_to_burn_down_a past/current_employer. So the concept of trust is very important and conflicts should be identified upfront. The Linux_Foundation is one massive conflict of interest because it’s governed by people who don’t understand Linux, don’t use Linux, and don’t care about Linux. Some of them are employed by (i.e. 100% of their salary comes from) companies that actively attack Linux, the licence of Linux (GPL), and are eager_to_humiliate_the_founder_of_Linux. “Planning is important and building a cohesive community of administrators isn’t easy because people can defect (switch sides) and even choose to burn down a past/current employer.”The FSF managed to recover from a real crisis, egged on by misleading social control media mobs and corporate media. A couple of hours ago a “Board_Member_Agreement” was announced_by_the_FSF, with an early_mention_by_Phoronix (any additional coverage will later be added to this_page). Will it improve matters? I’ve chosen to do a video on the subject as it’s a lot easier. Some of this is a tad sensitive because it contains loaded_and_potentially_divisive_terms_such_as_"diversity". █ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 118 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/12/16/irc-log-151221/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/12/16/irc-log-151221/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 12.16.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ IRC_Proceedings:_Wednesday,_December_15,_2021⠀✐ Posted in IRC_Logs at 2:35 am by Needs Sunlight Also available via the Gemini protocol at: * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-techrights-151221.gmi * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-151221.gmi * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-social-151221.gmi * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-techbytes-151221.gmi Over HTTP: 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_HTML5 #boycottnovell_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_HTML5 #techbytes_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_text #boycottnovell_log_as_text 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_text #techbytes_log_as_text Enter_the_IRC_channels_now =============================================================================== § IPFS Mirrors⠀➾ CID Description Object type IRC log for  QmZTF8UXJcrVEqRMv2P9v8io7PdpmqAZ62dCZq89omaQrL #boycottnovell 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #boycottnovell  QmZc6BrceGXaKoqRXghnPPRf25i84ZtauLCCjzGWiqt5eS (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for #boycottnovell-  QmNh2mCvNojB2wHe9Du4phewKG7fH3KnqLkXr4Z63cvgfg social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #boycottnovell-  QmeEN1Xt4hNJgqH1vKv4GiBZ9XLupuM3yJsjzq8x62Jgvg social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ (full IRC log as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for  QmfSvg5GCFmyFgMWc5PTQuuKTX2YbBHRmtiL548FmSXhPq #techbytes 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #techbytes  QmbrwgrDS7fb4gYj8gJ5v4ohTL9mESdRjkSfh9hDX8ZNAg (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for  QmSiTt17Bcynp5phvnmTfoJVMki7za4PNd9YRCriopVfVM #techrights 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #techrights  QmTHJopT8sWk4UXeQsbmPZtGozURQDtDeNpQLfksHu4tqU (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇IPFS logo⦈ § Bulletin for Yesterday⠀➾ Local_copy | CID (IPFS): QmZqoL722Mk7hDJcSz2oBxydXY7S2G5r4ByHgRdKBw7dUH ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 245 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/12/16/latest-epo-damage-control/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/12/16/latest-epo-damage-control/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 12.16.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ The_EPO_is_in_‘Damage_Control’_Mode_(and_It_Shows)⠀✐ Posted in Deception, Europe, Patents, Security at 9:24 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Haar meme: Wait, Haar isn't in Munich after all⦈ The 'difficult_legacy' of courts improperly located (in exile) to end soon? Summary: The regime of Team Battistelli/Campinos has issued some interesting statements during the ‘meeting’ and right after the ‘meeting’ (or this week’s ‘webchat’) of the Administrative Council LESS than a fortnight ago we pointed out the festival_of_lies at EPO.org, a vulnerable site that celebrates crimes. Over the past week we’ve repeatedly mentioned this_bug. We kept saying that the EPO was affected and its systems could definitely be exploited by just crafting special requests. It was horrifyingly simple. Well, they failed to patch their systems, but what do they know about software anyway? They’ve repelled/driven away many of their software experts and are instead promoting European_software patents in defiance of the will of actual software practitioners. “It seems likely they won’t be issuing any more communications until next year.”In any case, upon my birthday I was greeted with a bunch of pages tacitly indicative of the impact of our reporting, ranging from this_decision_or_“ [p]lan_to_relocate_Boards_of_Appeal”_back_to_Munich (warning: epo.org link). 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Plan_to_relocate_Boards_of_Appeal_presented_to_EPO_member states⦈_ Finally? A belated admission that this was wrong? What might this mean to all the decisions previously handed down in Haar? The EPO’s management hopes nobody will ever bring up that question again (the “Haar question”). They refused to even answer the question, instead deeming it “inadmissible” a couple of years back. Next we have this face-saving (warning: epo.org link) or red-faced admission: 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Protecting_EPO_systems_in_the_wake_of_Java_software_flaw⦈_ They’re not only affected. They were left completely vulnerable for a very long time. Some people reported this to us. This is what happens when there’s profound ‘brain drain’ (poor staff retention and lack of attraction as an employer — an inevitable side effect of crushing one’s own staff). Last but not least there’s this mindless fluff about_closure (warning: epo.org link) and a greeting (warning: epo.org link). Screenshots below. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Season’s_Greetings_from_the_EPO⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇epo-closure⦈_ It seems likely they won’t be issuing any more communications until next year. Maybe except the report from this week’s ‘meeting’. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇6 more parts in EPO series about 'Strike Regulations'⦈ Either way, get ready as we’ll be publishing 6 more parts in the ongoing series (“The EPO’s Overseer/Overseen Collusion“) and during the holidays we plan to publish some more documents and do a live ‘letter-ripping’ video (legal threats and SLAPP). █ ⠀⠀⠀⡄⣼⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀⣆⣄⠀⠀⠀⢰⣇⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣶⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣷⢶⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⣼⢠⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⣼⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⡿⠋⠉⠁⠺⢤⣄⡀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠠⡇⠀⠀⠰⡛⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⣿⣾⣿⣿⠆⠀⠀⣼⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣷⣀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣈⣻⣿⣶⣆⣼⣻⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⣇⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣍⣉⡙⢿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠁⢤⣤⣶⣤⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡗⢺⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⡇⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⢦⡀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⣿⣶⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣟⣀⣀⣿⣽⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣇⣸⣿⢿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣶⢺⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣤⡄⣠⡀⣤⣤⡄⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣥⡄⣤⣭⡝⠻⣿⣷⡶⣄⠀⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣭⠁⠺⠛⢰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢋⣤⠉⢻⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠈⣿⣠⣿⣧⣸⡇⢠⡶⢶⡞⢿⣿⠸⣿⡷⠟⢹⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣀⣸⣿⢀⣴⢶⣿⠀⣿⠶⣶⠠⣶⣶⣶⠁⠙⠷⣿⠀⣶⡶⡆⢿⣿⡿⣿⡿⠿⠇⢾⣿⠶⠀⠀⢠⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⢻⣿⠃⢿⣿⠀⢰⣟⣻⣇⠀⣿⠀⣿⣇⣀⣨⣿⣿⠋⢹⣿⠉⢹⣿⢠⣾⣻⣿⡀⣾⣛⣿⡀⣿⡇⠀⠀⣶⠀⣿⠀⣝⢻⣧⢸⣿⠀⣿⡄⡇⢀⢸⣿⣀⠀⣀⣾⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⠿⠁⠈⠋⠀⠈⠋⠀⠈⠛⠙⠋⠉⠉⣡⣝⣋⠁⣽⠏⣿⡀⠉⠉⠁⠉⠉⠁⠙⠉⠋⠁⣙⠋⠛⠉⠉⠉⠀⠂⣿⠉⠉⠁⠙⠛⠁⢹⣯⣭⣯⣭⣆⣚⡈⠛⠉⢀⣸⣻⡞⠏⣿⡏⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠘⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣯⡥⣽⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⢰⡿⣠⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠹⣗⡆⠀⠀⢀⣀⡸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢷⡷⣷⣦⡾⣿⣿⣇⠸⣿⡏⠃⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⠀⢀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠐⣶⣆⠀⢀⣿⡿⠓⣒⣟⣿⣿⠀⡀⢀⡀⠀⢴⡏⠀⠀⣀⡀⢿⡇⢀⡀⠰⠆⠀⠀⢈⡀⠀⢰⣟⡙⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⢃⡉⣿⠃⠻⣿⣿⠀⢻⡁⠈⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠘⣿⠈⣿⡿⢻⣷⠀⠀⠀⣿⢿⣆⣼⢿⡇⠈⣿⠈⣿⡏⢻⣿⠛⣿⠀⢻⡇⢰⡟⠙⠋⢸⡿⠛⣿⠀⠀⠐⢾⣋⣿⠀⢹⡟⠋⣿⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⡆⢻⡿⠻⠁⠘⣽⡿⠀⠐⠆⠘⢸⣿⣿⡶⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣇⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⢠⣿⣄⣿⣧⣸⣿⡀⠀⢣⣿⣌⢿⢏⣼⣧⠀⣿⣤⣿⣧⣼⣿⣠⣿⣄⣼⣧⠸⣷⣤⠖⣼⣧⢠⣿⡄⠀⠀⣿⣭⣿⡤⣼⣧⡀⢿⣧⠾⣿⣦⣴⠆⣼⣧⡀⠀⠀⣿⡿⠀⠀⠇⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡻⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⣠⣰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⡀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣶⣶⣦⠀⠀⠀⢰⡗⣾⡇⠀⠀⠁⠀⠰⠝⠛⠉⠁⠏⣯⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣴⠀⣤⡆⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⢧⠭⢭⢼⢼⢼⡄⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⡄⢈⣉⣹⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠊⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣒⠀⠎⢭⠨⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠀⣼⣿⣿ ⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣤⡄⠀⣿⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⡂⢹⢹⣩⡽⣷⡀⠀⠘⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠒⠛⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⣻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣔⠄⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⣴⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣽⢾⡇⠀⣿⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠇⠸⢒⣒⣗⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣦⣀⣈⣻⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⡯⠁⠀⡀⠀⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢶⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠷⠿⠷⠲⠿⠆⠾⠷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠠⠄⠆⠗⠿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣯⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⣿⢿⣻⣿⣭⠀⢀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠠⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣧⠀⠀⠀⠤⠈⠈⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⢠⣀⣀⣿⢏⡄⠀⠛⠂⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⡿⠀⠀⢀⣸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠾⠟⠋⠁⠸⣶⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣻⡿⠦⠈⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢰⠿⢻⠟⢩ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣤⡄⠀⠀⣠⣴⣶⣼⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣶⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡄⠘⠁⡏⠀⣸ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣴⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠠⣟⡇⢞⡻⠀⢰⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣿⠀⢿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡖⠉⠒⠈⠐⠒⠀⢸⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢬⣍⣉⣁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⢸⣆⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣷⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠟⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⡏⡿⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡧⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⡅⠀⢠⣿⣶⣤⣼ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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⣿⢿⠿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⠿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣬⣤⣧⣥⣤⣄⣤⣤⣴⣤⣤⣤⣾⣤⣬⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⠿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣸⣰⣄⣼⣀⣡⣤⣃⣇⣀⣿⣢⣔⣄⣀⣀⣠⣇⣠⣔⣤⣀⣀⣀⣆⣆⣀⣇⣀⣸⣀⣄⣄⣤⣠⣆⣀⣸⣀⣲⣀⣀⣾⣘⣇⣀⣀⣢⣀⣀⣷⣱⣃⣧⣀⣀⣆⣀⣀⣀⣂⣼⣀⣸⣖⣆⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡛⡛⠛⠛⣛⢛⠛⠋⠛⡟⡟⠛⠛⡋⡿⠙⢛⠟⢻⡟⠛⠋⠙⠻⠛⢟⠛⣏⣹⡟⠛⡻⠻⣉⡟⠻⣛⠛⠛⢛⠛⢛⢹⠛⢛⡟⠙⠛⡿⠻⡛⠋⡿⡛⣹⠙⠛⠛⡟⠻⠛⠟⠋⣻⡏⡿⡛⡛⠋⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣶⣶⢶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⢼⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⢷⣶⣶⣾⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡾⣶⢿⣷⢶⣦⣼⣯⣿⣷⣾⣿⣶⣶⣦⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣿⣶⣷⣶⣿⣾⣿⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⢶⣷⣶⣶⣷⣶⣾⣴⣷⣼⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣈⣂⣀⣀⣁⣈⣆⣸⣀⣸⣘⣀⣁⣑⣸⣀⣑⣰⣂⣀⣀⣇⣰⣘⣀⣂⣀⣀⣸⣀⣎⣂⣃⣀⣀⠌⣾⣀⣀⣀⣿⢊⣀⣠⣀⣰⣆⣀⣈⣈⣆⣸⣀⣀⣑⣐⣊⣀⣘⣷⣰⣀⣀⣧⣡⣃⣰⣀⣀⣆⣃⣀⣀⡊⣼⣿⣿ ⣿⠻⠛⠛⢿⠻⢛⢟⠿⠟⠻⡿⠻⢻⣛⢻⠟⠟⠟⡟⠛⠻⠛⠛⣻⡿⡻⢻⠛⡿⢻⠻⠛⠿⣿⠻⠛⠟⠟⠻⠟⠟⠛⡟⢟⣿⠛⠟⠻⢻⢟⠿⠛⠟⡿⢻⡿⠟⠻⠛⡿⠻⠻⠻⠟⠻⣻⡟⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣾⣶⣷⣶⣾⣿⣶⣶⣦⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣧⣿⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣷⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣷⣷⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣾⣧⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠉⣉⣉⡉⡉⡉⣏⡩⣹⣈⣁⡉⣩⣉⢉⣸⣯⡉⡉⣉⣉⣉⣍⡉⣹⠉⣉⡉⣿⣍⣛⠈⣉⢁⣹⡩⡈⠁⣉⢿⣥⢉⣹⡉⣉⡉⢉⣩⠩⣉⢉⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⢃⢣⡍⢈⠉⡏⠉⠉⠉⠛⠉⢯⠉⣏⢋⠙⡍⠁⠩⢩⠉⡏⠉⢙⠙⠉⠉⠉⡏⢭⡋⢹⢩⠉⠈⠉⡉⠉⣍⢽⠏⠉⠩⠉⠩⠉⠉⢿⠉⡝⠉⡇⠒⢀⡡⢌⣏⠉⠉⢹⠋⠋⡍⠉⠙⠅⢋⡏⠉⠉⢩⠍⠉⢸⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⡿⡿⢿⠿⣿⢿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⢿⡿⠿⡿⠿⠿⢿⢿⢿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⢿⡿⠿⢿⡿⢿⢿⢿⠿⣿⠾⠿⣿⠿⠿⡿⡿⡿⠿⠿⣿⢿⠿⡿⡿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⠿⢿⠾⠿⡿⢿⡿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣧⣼⣄⣸⣤⣽⣧⣤⣤⣦⣥⣤⣼⣬⣼⣧⣄⣄⣥⣤⣥⣤⣥⣤⣤⣤⣹⣧⣤⣬⣦⣧⣼⣦⣤⣴⣤⣿⣤⣼⣤⣤⣤⣦⣤⣤⣀⣧⣬⣦⣰⣇⣤⣥⣥⣤⣤⣤⣤⣧⣴⣧⣤⣤⣬⣼⣮⣴⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠛⠛⢛⠋⠛⠛⣿⠛⢛⠛⠉⠛⠙⠋⠉⠻⣟⠟⢻⠛⣿⣛⠋⡛⠙⠛⠻⢛⣻⢿⠩⠙⠟⣻⠙⠛⠹⢛⠛⡻⠛⠛⠛⠛⡿⠉⠛⠛⠻⣟⠉⠛⡏⠛⠛⠟⠛⠛⡟⠛⡛⢻⠛⠻⢛⠋⠙⠛⠋⢛⠛⢻⠙⢻⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⠿⣶⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⠿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣷⣾⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣠⣔⣄⣀⣀⣠⣇⣴⣔⣄⣀⣀⣠⣾⣀⣠⣸⣇⣴⣀⣀⣆⣼⣀⣣⣦⣁⣿⣴⣀⣆⣀⣠⣰⣀⣄⣀⣻⣆⣈⣿⣁⣜⣰⣀⣀⣸⣗⣆⣀⣿⣦⣠⣄⣸⣀⣄⣊⣆⣼⣂⣀⣀⣇⣦⣠⣄⣀⣀⣄⣴⣀⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠛⠻⠛⠋⡟⡛⣹⠛⠙⠛⢛⡿⠛⠉⣿⡛⠛⡟⢛⠛⠋⡛⠙⠋⢛⠛⢛⢹⠙⣻⣟⡛⠛⠙⠛⣿⠛⡟⠛⢻⣛⡛⠛⡏⠭⠩⡋⡝⡟⠛⡛⡋⡟⠛⡟⣻⠛⠛⠛⢛⠛⡟⠋⠛⡻⣿⠛⠛⠙⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣶⣶⣷⣶⣷⣾⣿⣶⣶⣶⣷⣷⣾⣶⣿⣾⣶⣷⣾⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣾⣷⣷⣾⣶⣾⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣷⣶⣷⣶⣾⣷⣾⣷⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣷⣶⣶⣴⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⢮⣭⢻⢑⣊⡗⡶⣿⣖⢺⢰⡎⡇⣶⣿⣧⣒⢿⣿⢸⣿⡟⡇⣞⣒⣺⢑⣂⡇⣾⣿⣷⢸⢱⡆⣧⣒⢿⣷⢰⢰⡇⣶⢹⢰⣾⡆⣿⣷⣾⢰⡎⣓⣒⣿⣿⢨⣭⣿⢸⣯⣇⢿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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⣿⣿⠛⠛⠃⢀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠙⠀⠚⠘⠋⠓⠛⠃⠋⠛⠛⣠⣿⠛⠺⣽⣷⡿⠀⠛⠑⠊⠛⠚⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿ ⣿⣿⣴⣿⣶⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⡆⠄⠠⢴⡆⡶⣶⣶⢲⣶⣶⡶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣩⢍⣀⡀⣝⣛⡃⡀⠀⠀⢀⣀⢀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿ ⣿⣿⠟⣿⠿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠧⠀⠨⠂⠿⠿⠿⠿⠸⠿⠏⠻⠐⠇⠗⠄⠀⠀⠀⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⣚⢛⢛⠛⡓⠛⢛⢃⠀⢀⢘⢛⡃⠃⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿ ⣿⣿⡀⣿⢀⡕⠂⠠⠤⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠚⠐⠚⠂⠙⠓⠘⠺⠀⠊⠊⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿ ⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⡿⣿⢿⡿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⢿⢿⡿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⢿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⣾⣿⣶⣿⣾⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣾⣾⣿⣿⣾⣶⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠛⠛⠿⠛⠻⣿⠟⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡛⡛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠻⣿⡟⣿⣿⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⢨⣭⡇⢈⣡⡇⢿⡷⢸⣿⢰⠆⡆⡆⡆⡇⡶⠅⢒⢸⢐⠸⣿⠡⡦⡇⠡⡆⠁⣐⠈⢐⢸⢰⠆⣿⡇⡆⢰⠰⡆⡇⣦⢰⢸⣿⠞⣡⡏⠀⢻⣿⢸⡿⢸⢐⡂⡇⡦⠇⣒⢸⢰⢠⡆⡇⡦⠉⢐⢸⢰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣶⣶⣿⣿⣶⣾⣷⣷⣷⣷⣶⣿⣶⣾⣶⣾⣿⣷⣶⣷⣷⣶⣷⣶⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣿⣷⣷⣾⣷⣶⣷⣿⣾⣾⣿⣶⣶⣿⣷⣿⣿⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣾⣾⣾⣷⣷⣶⣿⣶⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣩⠝⢋⣍⢏⣭⢹⡋⢹⣿⡋⠻⠛⢿⣿⣋⡍⣿⣿⡍⣿⠛⢻⠛⠛⡟⣿⢻⠛⢻⠛⠛⡿⢻⣟⣩⢹⢫⡍⣏⡭⢹⣩⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣁⣚⣜⢋⣌⣐⣺⣃⣘⣿⣇⣃⡛⣸⣿⣋⣐⣿⣏⢃⣏⢐⣘⣸⣇⣇⢛⣈⢐⣘⣸⣷⢁⣿⣟⣁⣚⣘⢃⣏⣐⣻⣁⣚⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⣿⣤⣈⣉⣉⣉⣩⣯⣉⣁⣉⣯⣩⣋⣁⣏⣉⣋⣽⣉⣀⣈⣉⣉⣹⣉⣁⣀⣇⣉⣹⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣁⣏⣉⣉⣉⣿⣩⣉⣹⣨⣉⣁⣉⣋⡉⣽⢉⣉⣡⣉⣉⣸⣈⣉⣩⣽⣇⣌⣍⣁⣉⢉⣿⣂⣁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⣿⡛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠻⠿⠿⣟⠛⢛⢻⢻⡿⠿⡟⠻⡿⠿⠿⠿⢿⢿⡛⣿⡻⢿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⣟⠛⢛⢛⢻⡿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⡿⠿⣿⣛⠻⠿⢿⢿⠿⠟⢻⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⡟⠿⡿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⣿⣶⣶⣾⣶⣾⣷⣶⣶⣾⣷⣶⣶⣾⣾⣷⣶⣷⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣥⣼⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣼⣷⣷⣶⣶⣾⣷⣷⣶⣶⣶⣾⣾⣶⣾⣿⣾⣶⣦⣿⣶⣷⣾⣾⣦⣶⣶⣾⣶⣦⣶⣶⣷⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⣿⣉⡈⣉⣉⣉⡩⠋⣗⢜⡗⡉⢉⣉⣋⣹⡍⣽⠢⣐⡀⡃⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⣷⣰⣈⣈⣹⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣇⣈⣉⣙⣿⣩⣹⣉⣉⣉⣉⣩⣙⣉⣉⣉⣉⣏⣉⣀⣨⣿⣄⣙⣉⣉⣇⣃⣈⣈⢆⡃⣇⣀⣠⣕⣚⣏⣉⣸⣏⣈⣩⣉⣹⣀⣉⣍⣅⣉⣇⣈⣉⣿⣀⣀⣩⡉⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⡿⠟⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠿⣿⠿⠿⠟⣿⠿⠿⠟⠿⠻⠿⢿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠛⠿⠿⢻⡿⠿⠿⠟⠿⠿⡟⠿⠿⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠛⠟⣿⠛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠛⠛⠛⡛⣿⠿⠿⠟⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣦⣼⣷⣶⣦⣼⣷⣶⣶⣷⣶⣾⣶⣷⣶⣾⣷⣶⣦⣶⣾⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣾⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⣗⣀⣗⣈⣉⣍⣋⣉⣩⢉⣇⣀⣀⣀⣀⣏⣉⣀⣸⣏⣉⣹⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣈⣉⣸⣙⣉⣁⣁⣸⣀⣟⣈⣉⣍⣉⣉⣩⠉⣗⣈⣂⣀⣀⣻⣠⣌⣉⣿⣤⣐⣲⣾⢉⣩⣉⣉⣉⣉⣙⣩⣉⣉⣇⣨⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠛⠿⠿⡿⠿⢿⠟⠿⠛⠿⡿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠻⢿⠻⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠛⢿⠟⠿⡟⠛⣻⡟⣿⠛⢟⣛⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⣷⣶⣴⣴⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣾⣾⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣿⣶⣾⣾⣾⣶⣿⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣿⣾⣿⣶⣾⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⢿⠿⠿⡿⠟⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠻⠿⢿⡿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠻⠿⠿⢿⠿⢿⡿⢿⠟⠿⠿⠻⣿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠻⢿⠛⠿⠿⡟⠛⠛⢛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣧⣮⣮⣤⣶⣾⣦⣮⣤⣤⣤⣤⣧⣼⣯⣧⣤⣧⣤⣵⣵⣴⣤⣼⣤⣦⣦⣾⣴⣧⣤⣤⣾⣦⣮⣾⣤⣾⣤⣴⣼⣧⣽⣧⣦⣤⣤⣾⣶⣷⣵⣴⣤⣤⣤⣶⣴⣿⣤⣾⣤⣼⣦⣷⣴⣧⣴⣾⣮⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣏⢅⠏⠁⢩⠉⣯⢭⢉⢉⡏⠉⠉⣍⢍⠅⡏⡁⠉⡇⠈⡉⣿⠀⢐⡅⢎⡌⣻⢉⠉⠀⠉⠉⣯⡄⠈⡍⢹⡍⡉⣩⣉⠈⠉⠉⢹⢡⠂⣩⡁⣩⡉⣹⢀⡀⠈⠉⠹⣿⠐⣩⠁⣩⡋⢹⢀⣸⠈⢉⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡿⡻⡟⢻⡟⠿⠻⠟⢿⡟⠻⠿⠿⢿⡟⠛⠛⠿⠿⣿⠿⠿⠟⣿⢿⠿⠿⢻⠟⠟⣿⢛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡟⠻⡻⡻⢻⣿⢟⠛⡟⠟⠛⡿⠿⢿⠻⠿⡟⠻⠿⣿⣟⡛⠿⢿⡿⢿⠟⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⢻⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣯⣬⣧⣦⣷⣤⣦⣤⣴⣷⣦⣤⣿⣿⣧⣦⣤⣤⣤⣷⣤⣧⣤⣼⣤⣼⣯⣼⣦⣦⣽⣤⣦⣤⣤⣤⣼⣬⣦⣦⣧⣴⣵⣬⣥⣼⣮⣤⣤⣮⣤⣷⣵⣿⣤⣴⣧⣦⣴⣽⣿⣧⣷⣼⣧⣤⣤⣤⣼⣷⣤⣥⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣭⠉⠁⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⢹⡡⡩⡉⡉⠁⠉⠉⣟⠉⢽⠘⠈⠋⣍⡩⣩⡍⢹⣑⡈⠉⠁⠉⠉⣭⢈⠀⠀⠉⣿⢍⠏⢈⠅⣩⠉⢹⠉⢩⡩⢸⢩⢹⠀⡋⣩⠀⠉⢼⡉⠁⠀⡏⠁⠉⠉⡇⢍⢉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡿⡿⠿⠿⠛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⡟⠿⢿⠟⠿⠿⣿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠟⡿⠿⠿⢿⠻⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⢿⡿⡻⠿⠿⠟⠿⠿⣿⠿⠛⠻⠿⢿⠻⠿⢿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣥⣧⣤⣤⣤⣮⣦⣴⣥⣧⣔⣾⣤⣧⣤⣿⣵⣬⣧⣮⣼⣤⣧⣤⣷⣥⣧⣤⣤⣿⣬⣦⣾⣤⣤⣤⣬⣷⣤⣽⣤⣼⣢⣿⣥⣿⣦⣮⣷⣵⣤⣮⣤⣬⣦⣿⣥⣤⣤⣤⣼⣼⣮⣮⣼⣤⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣏⠅⠍⠉⠉⠉⢙⠉⣍⠉⢹⡍⠉⠉⢻⡯⡉⢹⠈⠉⢩⡫⠈⠩⢸⠉⢽⡭⡍⠉⡏⢙⠍⡭⠉⢹⡋⠩⡏⠉⣍⢻⡫⣡⡏⠈⠉⣿⠒⢐⡁⢮⡍⣯⡄⡏⡍⢽⡯⠁⠀⠉⠉⠉⡏⢎⣉⠉⠉⠈⠁⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣟⢛⠻⠿⣿⡟⠿⡿⢿⠿⢿⡟⡻⠷⠿⠻⢟⣿⡿⡻⠿⢿⣿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⢿⠷⠿⠿⢿⣿⠿⠟⣿⠿⠿⠷⠟⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⡟⠿⠿⣿⠻⠿⠾⠻⢿⠿⠿⠿⡿⡿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣼⣤⣤⣿⣦⣤⣌⣬⣤⣬⣧⣤⣤⣼⣤⣜⣾⣧⣵⣤⣼⣯⣤⣤⣼⣧⣤⣤⣧⣧⣵⣤⣤⣧⣴⣤⣷⣥⣥⣧⣥⣧⣤⣤⣧⣬⣾⣤⣤⣵⣤⣬⣤⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣤⣤⣤⣼⣧⣤⣄⣅⣵⣵⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣟⠅⠏⠁⢩⠉⣿⠍⠏⠉⢨⠉⠉⠉⢹⢨⠩⡻⢩⠉⡏⢨⢩⠍⠉⠉⢨⠫⠹⠉⡏⢨⠉⣿⠍⠩⠉⠹⠉⠉⣿⢝⠉⠁⠩⠩⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⢰⠈⠉⣿⠀⢐⡅⢮⡍⣿⠀⣉⣉⠄⣯⡄⠈⠉⢽⡏⡉⣩⣉⠈⠉⢹⣉⠁⠀⡏⠉⢹⠉⡉⡩⡩⡉⠉⠉⡅⠉⠉⠈⠉⣍⢹⠅⡟⣉⠨⡍⡏⠁⢀⢉⢍⢽⢨⠉⣩⣽⡇⢿⠃⠉⢩⡹⠉⠏⢉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡿⡻⡻⠛⠛⡿⠿⠿⠟⡿⠿⡟⣿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⡟⠿⣿⡟⠻⠿⢻⠿⠿⡟⡛⠛⠿⠿⣿⡻⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣯⣬⣵⣬⣤⣧⣤⣧⣥⣧⣶⣧⣿⣵⣤⣧⣦⣮⣦⣤⣤⣤⣤⣧⣵⣼⣯⣵⣧⣼⣧⣤⣧⣶⣤⣼⣌⣿⣬⣥⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠻⠛⡿⡻⢻⠻⡻⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⠿⠿⢿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⢿⡿⠿⡿⠻⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⣿⢿⠿⢿⠻⡿⠻⢿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⢿⡟⠿⡿⡻⠿⡟⠿⠿⣿⣛⠛⠿⡿⢿⠟⡿⣻⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣯⣦⣤⣧⣥⣤⣤⣤⣯⣤⣤⣤⣧⣿⣤⣧⣼⣮⣼⣀⣤⣬⣿⣭⣼⣤⣼⣤⣬⣿⣤⣧⣼⣤⣭⣯⣧⣤⣢⣧⣤⣧⣼⣤⣥⣄⣼⣬⣮⣦⣤⣤⣭⣬⣼⣤⣼⣧⣧⣧⣥⣤⣧⣤⣤⣿⣶⣤⣼⣆⣸⣤⣵⣽⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣏⠙⠉⠃⡿⢝⠉⠈⠉⡉⣯⠉⠉⢹⠉⢫⠫⢸⠉⢸⠁⡝⠉⡟⡉⠉⠉⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠜⠒⢨⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣻⣿⣛⣿⡿⣿⣿⢻⣛⡿⢟⣿⣟⠃⣆⣀⣁⠸⣇⣘⡟⡿⣟⣁⣀⠀⣸⣻⡎⢻⣀⣐⡀⣉⣀⣐⣟⣻⣼⡻⠀⢰⠉⠚⠒⠠⠤⢄⣀⡀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣠⠄⠙ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⡈⡅⢼⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣟⢼⡇⣿⣿⣼⣿⡇⣿⡏⣿⡇⣿⣏⣿⡇⣿⣏⡁⠀⣿⣏⣿⡇⣿⣿⣇⢸⣿⣹⡷⠉⣿⡏⢹⣿⣝⠛⢴⣿⠉⠀⠒⠘⠒⠆⠏⠄⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠐⠂⠀⠰ ⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⣠⠲⠄⡃⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⢸⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⡏⣿⡆⣿⡟⠃⡀⣿⡟⣛⢱⣿⣼⣿⢸⣿⢹⣷⠂⣿⡇⢠⣭⢻⣷⣱⣿⠀⠉⠁⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠈ ⠀⠈⡀⢀⡶⠀⠀⠉⣄⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣟⣿⣻⣾⣇⣛⣛⣛⣛⣃⣙⣿⣟⣥⠛⠃⡛⢣⡛⠛⠃⠀⠛⠃⠀⠘⢛⣘⢛⣘⣛⣘⡛⠂⢛⡃⠈⠻⠿⢫⣿⣿⠄⠀⠀⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠃⠂⠀⠈⠰⠧⠘⠋⠻⡰⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠆⣤⣤⠄⠘⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠈⡀⠀⠀⠀⢴⣿⣿⠤⢄⣀⣀⢀⡀⢁⠀⠀⣼⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠ ⢀⠀⡑⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⢰⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣅⡖⣡⣴⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣄⣿⣟⣻⣯⣽⣿⣿⡧⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⠄⠼⠤⠤⠤⠥⠀⢀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠦⠀⢉ ⠀⠀⢀⢈⠿⡴⠲⣿⠆⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣽⣿⣦⣎⣿⠿⢿⠟⣛⣧⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡿⢿⣿⣿⢛⡿⣿⢩⠐⠒⢤⡜⣿⣿⣿⠒⠲⠒⠢⠤⣤⠴⠤⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠠⠠⠔⠉ ⠀⠀⢸⣋⠀⠀⠀⠤⠀⠘⡇⠀⠀⢸⣶⣿⣿⣥⣿⣤⣷⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡍⣿⣿⠁⣽⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣇⣛⠙⡫⠬⠾⢃⣾⣿⣯⣄⣀⣿⣿⣿⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠛⠛⠒⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡙ ⠀⠀⠘⠁⠀⢁⠰⣆⣀⠛⡁⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣋⣙⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⡆⢸⣷⣦⣮⣘⣟⢉⣉⡏⣱⡀⠀⣀⣀⡄⠀⢸⣷⣿⡏⣿⣶⣴⣿⡿⣹⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⡂⠐⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁ ⠀⠀⠀⠒⠀⡈⠬⢧⠆⠇⢢⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣯⣉⣉⣵⡏⠻⠿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠛⠤⠀⠈⠉⠁⢻⣿⣶⣾⣿⡇⠈⠙⠻⢆⠴⡾⢿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⢣⣿⣿⠾⡿⢟⡋⠙⠀⠀⠉⢹⠉⠉⣁⡀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠈⢩⠬ ⢲⠀⠀⠀⠀⢥⡀⠀⠰⣆⣼⣤⣶⣿⠿⠗⢿⡿⢿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠻⢿⣿⠋⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⣿⣿⠃⣿⣿⣿⡏⢸⣿⠏⢊⣠⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⠁⡉⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⢻⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠚ ⢤⠤⠬⣤⠄⠋⠔⠦⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠘⡿⠊⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⣾⣷⠌⡀⣸⡏⠄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡂⣠⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠨⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⢀ ⠒⠀⠠⠤⡼⢛⣜⠻⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⢱⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡿⠛⢿⡿⠛⢻⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⡼⣿⠀⣹⠏⠀⠀⡙⠀⠀⣸⡿⠿⢿⣛⣩⣽⣿⣷⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣉⠁ ⣘⠻⠟⠉⠞⠪⠯⠖⣡⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠉⠀⣥⣴⣶⠦⠁⠀⠀⢸⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠒⠒⠀⠀⢀⣄⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⡉⠄ ⠤⠂⡀⠀⠀⡠⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣭⣭⣯⣥⣤⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⠷⠀⠻⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠛⠃⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⢻⣋⠀⢭⣿⢿⣿⠀⠉⠁⠀⠈⠻⢿⣶⣶⣶⡦⠭⠰ ⠒⠉⠉⠤⢫⡣⠔⠋⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⢛⣭⡋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠒⠶⠷⠖⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣛⣛⣽⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠮⠀⢤ ⡀⠄⠠⢀⣋⡁⠀⠀⠤⣾⡿⣷⣿⣶⣶⢇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⣴⣾⠘⢿⣿⡉⣽⠏⠀⠀⠀⢀⣶⣶⣤⡐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠻⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠚ ⠀⠀⠶⠚⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣌⠛⠋⣡⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⠉⢱⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠅⠉⠁⠀⠀⠒⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠀⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐ ⠔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⡿⠺⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⡿⠟⣿⠿⣿⣿⡇⠃⢿⣇⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⡌⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⢀⣿⡌⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢛⣿⠀⠀⡯⣿⣿⣿⠇⢀⣶⠀⠘⢀⠀⡑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡀⠁⠁⠀⢧⠸⣿⠟⡗⢸⠁⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠉⠂⠀⠀⠄⠠⡻⣿⣯⠀⠀⠀⠀⠚⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣶⣶⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠓⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣡⠙⡛⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢢⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢾⣿⣿⠟⠿⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⠆⢴⡄⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠰⠄⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⡆⣾⡇⣾⠀⠈⣶⣶⡆⣶⡶⣦⣀⣶⢶⣦⢀⣀⣶⢶⣮⢰⣶⣶⢱⣶⢶⣦⢰⣶⢰⣶⣶⢠⣶⣶⡌⡆⢀⣶⣶⡀⣶⣶⣶⡄⣰⡶⣶⡄⣶⡆⣶⡆⣶⣶⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⣿⣷⣿⠀⠐⣿⣧⡄⣿⣧⣿⢻⣿⢸⣿⢸⣟⢿⣾⣍⢸⣿⣤⢸⣿⣼⣟⢸⣿⢸⣿⣬⠸⣿⣯⡑⠛⢸⣿⣿⡇⣿⣧⣿⡃⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⡇⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⣿⢹⣿⠀⠀⣿⣧⡄⣿⡇⠀⠸⣿⣸⣿⢸⡿⣿⣹⣿⢸⣿⣤⢸⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⣼⢹⣷⣹⡿⠀⣸⣿⢿⣧⣿⣧⣿⡇⢿⣇⣿⡇⣿⣇⣿⡇⢸⣿⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠁⠉⠀⠉⠀⢸⠉⠉⠁⠉⠁⠀⠒⠙⠉⠁⠈⢿⣯⠍⣡⣬⣭⣩⠌⠉⠈⣹⣾⣿⣾⣿⡏⣷⡉⠉⠁⠀⠉⠉⠈⠉⢩⣭⠿⢇⠈⠉⠉⠀⠈⠉⠉⠀⠈⢩⣶⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣿⢰⣿⣿⡆⠿⣿⡿⢸⣿⢿⣦⢸⣿⢸⣿⣼⡟⢸⣿⠿⢁⢸⣿⢿⣿⢹⣿⢿⢰⣿⢻⣮⢹⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⠀⣸⣿⣷⠸⢿⣿⠿⣿⡇⣴⡟⣿⡆⣿⣇⣿⡇⣾⣿⣷⢹⡗⣿⠹⢿⣿⡦⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⠀⠘⢿⣶⡄⠀⣿⡇⢸⣿⢾⣏⢸⣿⢸⣿⣿⡅⢸⣿⠶⢈⢸⣿⢾⣯⢸⣿⢾⢸⣿⣬⣽⢸⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⠀⣿⡿⣿⠈⢸⣿⣤⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⡇⠻⢿⣦⣲⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣷⣸⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⡇⢸⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⢻⣧⢸⣿⣾⣿⣾⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⣾⠸⣿⣼⣿⠸⣿⣾⡟⢸⣿⣦⣿⡟⣿⣇⣸⣿⠃⣿⡇⣿⣧⣿⠇⣿⡟⣿⡇⢿⣧⣿⢻⣿⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢺⣿⣿⠿⠛⠁⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣾⣿⣷⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣶⡀⢀⣶⣿⡷⠀⠀⢠⣾⣶⣾⡷⠐⣿⣾⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⡆⠀⢠⡼⠷⠶⠞⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 539 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/12/16/real-windows-market-share/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/12/16/real-windows-market-share/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 12.16.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ In_Picture:_Microsoft_Windows_Has_Lost_Another_Half_a_Percent_in_Market_Share Since_Vista_11_Was_Released⠀✐ Posted in Deception, FUD, Microsoft, Windows at 8:03 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz From 90% to just over 30% (sometimes_less) in little more than a decade 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Windows_market_share⦈_ Summary: As Android and GNU/Linux grow (Chrome OS is also based on GNU/Linux) we must come to accept and generally understand that Windows is rapidly losing its “default OS” status and Microsoft is currently filling the media with FUD (over an Apache bug that’s already patched anyway). The StatCounter-calculated Microsoft Windows market share for October: 32.44%. November: 32.34%. December (so far): 31.94%. That’s a 0.5% erosion in just two months. The corporate media wants us to think that Vista 11 has has been a success (Microsoft pays fake ‘journalists’ to say that it has certainly saved Microsoft and that Windows still has a market share of over 90%) Related: In_Picture:_After_Billions_Spent_on_Marketing,_With_Vista_11_Hype_and Vapourware,_No_Real_Gains_for_Windows | In_Picture:_In_December,_Microsoft’s Windows_Market_Share_Continues_to_Decrease_in_Spite_of_Paid-For_Vista_11_Hype ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⢻⡻⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣾⣷⣷⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠉⠀⠈⠉⠛⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣴⣽⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠻⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣾⣷⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣻⣻⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⠻⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠘⣿⠿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣹⣝⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⢻⡿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣾⣾⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⢤⣽⣯⢷⣽⣿⣿⣿⣟⢏⣿⣟⢗⣽⣿⠝⣾⣿⣵⣮⣿⣟⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣟⢟⣿⡯⢫⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣮⣽⣟⢧⣽⣿⡳⣽⣿⡥⣯⣿⠵⣯⣿⡿⣽⣿⡻⣻⣿⣟⣷⣿⡫⢹⣿⣿⢶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣋⣌⣽⡫⣞⣽⣿⣯⣾⢿⣕⣽⢿⣝⣿⢟⢝⣨⣟⣵⣫⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⡿⡯⣪⣿⡫⣚⣽⣫⣯⣿⣫⣯⣿⣿⣟⣽⢿⢝⣽⣟⢵⣪⣟⢕⣫⣿⣷⣷⡿⣿⣵⣿⣿⣵⡿⡿⢞⣽⣫⣹⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣾⣷⣿⣾⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣶⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣾⣿⣧⣾⣿⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣤⣿⣷⣷⣾⣷⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣾⣿⣶⣶⣿⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 609 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 12.16.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Links_16/12/2021:_Latte_Dock_0.10.5_and_pgAdmin_4_Version_6.3⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 4:11 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o ⚓ Play_a_digital_orchestra_with_Linux_Sampler_|_Opensource.com⠀⇛ Synthesizers have been attempting to emulate real-world musical instruments for decades. Famous synthesist Wendy Carlos worked hard to understand (and document, in her Secrets of Synthesis album) how synthesizers could capture the intent of music initially written for physical instruments. Musicians came to understand, though, that if you wanted to capture the exact sound and feel of an instrument, you had to record it, and the Mellotron famously pioneered this idea with tape loops connected to a keyboard. When synthesizer technology transitioned from analog to digital, sampling became a standard practice. In the context of musical synthesis, sampling is the process of recording a real instrument and then using that recording to make new music. It’s an important idea in music because few people have access to every instrument they happen to want to compose music for. And if you want to write a score featuring a full symphonic orchestra for a video game, it’s likely out of your budget to hire an orchestra, a studio, and engineers. However, with open source, you can certainly afford to hook your MIDI keyboard up to Linux Sampler. o § Server⠀➾ # ⚓ Kubernetes_1.23:_StatefulSet_PVC_Auto-Deletion_(alpha)⠀⇛ Kubernetes v1.23 introduced a new, alpha-level policy for StatefulSets that controls the lifetime of PersistentVolumeClaims (PVCs) generated from the StatefulSet spec template for cases when they should be deleted automatically when the StatefulSet is deleted or pods in the StatefulSet are scaled down. o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ PopOS_21.10_is_out_–_Linux_News_–_Invidious⠀⇛ # ⚓ Pop!_OS_21.10_overview_|_Streamline_your_Workflow._– Invidious⠀⇛ In this video, I am going to show an overview of Pop!_OS 21.10 and some of the applications pre- installed. # ⚓ Pop!_OS_21.10_–_Full_Review!_–_Invidious⠀⇛ Released on December 14th, Pop!_OS 21.10 is built on the latest Ubuntu base, and features a new application library feature. # ⚓ JingPad_Review:_The_KDE_Plasma_Fork_iPad?_(Music_fixed)_– Kockatoo_Tube⠀⇛ # ⚓ First_Look_At_The_Pinephone_Successor!_–_Kockatoo_Tube⠀⇛ o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # ⚓ What_does_2022_have_in_store_for_Asahi_Linux_on_Apple chips?_Drivers_aplenty,_but_that_GPU_still_needs_tackling⠀⇛ 2022 looks set to be the year of Linux on the desktop. By which we mean the Mac M1 desktop, judging by this week’s emission from the Asahi Linux team. While a good deal of Apple M1 support has turned up in the Linux kernel of late (early bits and pieces were released in 5.13, more has been merged into 5.16 and yet more is waiting in the wings for 5.17), it’s still not really ready for end users. And that’s without considering that new M1 Pro and Max chips have turned up in MacBook Pros. Project lead Hector Martin noted some of the challenges posed by the new M1 silicon as Apple shifted from a component seemingly lifted out of an iPhone and lightly breathed over to something that could scale up both in terms of memory and CPU cores. Updates required tweaks to support the increased physical address space. “Amusingly,” Martin wrote, “while implementing support for this in Linux, we ran into a bug in Linux’s ARM SMMU support that had been there ever since 52-bit address support was introduced. # ⚓ Linux_5.15.9⠀⇛ I'm announcing the release of the 5.15.9 kernel. Only change here is a permission setting of a netfilter selftest file. No need to upgrade if this problem is not bothering you. The updated 5.15.y git tree can be found at: git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ stable/linux-stable.git linux-5.15.y and can be browsed at the normal kernel.org git web browser: https://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/stable/ linux-s... thanks, greg k-h # ⚓ Linux_5.10.86⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux_5.4.166⠀⇛ # ⚓ Intel_Enabling_Resizable_BAR_To_Work_With_I/ O_Virtualization_On_Linux_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ Resizable BAR support (also known as ReBAR / AMD Smart Access Memory) has been popular with gamers for supported configurations for being able to improve GPU performance. Intel is now working on enabling the Linux kernel to support Resizable BAR when in the context of I/O Virtualization. Resizable BAR is a PCI Express feature can allow for the entire vRAM contents to be accessible by the CPU rather than being limited to a 256MB window. In turn that can lead to more efficient transfers between the CPU and GPU, but is contingent upon CPU/GPU/system support. Linux has supported Resizable BAR behavior as part of the PCIe specification and various Linux graphics drivers do make use of Resizable BAR in capable system configurations. # ⚓ Latest_Linux_5.17_Graphics_Drivers:_“Every_Single_Patchset In_This_PR_Is_Awesome”_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ Already a lot of DRM display/graphics driver changes have been queued into DRM-Next ahead of the Linux 5.17 merge window while now is the latest weekly batch of drm-misc-next material. DRM-Misc maintainer Thomas Zimmermann of SUSE commented, “every single patchset in this [pull request] is awesome.” This drm-misc-next pull request sent out today follows other exciting improvements to be queued recently too for Linux 5.17, including initial Raptor Lake S graphics support, Alder Lake P is now stable, various AMDGPU improvements, variable rate refresh (VRR) for Intel Ice Lake graphics, DRM privacy screen support, Broadcom VC4 [email protected] support for that driver used by the latest Raspberry Pi boards, and much more. # § Graphics Stack⠀➾ # ⚓ AMD_Launches_The_Accelerator_Cloud_To_Try_Out_EPYC CPUs,_Instinct_GPUs_+_ROCm_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ AMD has made public the AMD Accelerator Cloud. No, they aren’t getting into the cloud game per se, but rather allowing a place for customers to try out new EPYC processors and AMD Instinct accelerators running with the latest ROCm software components. With the AMD Accelerator Cloud are AMD’s latest wares both in the form of their newest processors and GPUs/accelerators as well as their latest software stack deployed for ensuring a turn-key trial of AMD’s offerings. o § Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Peter_Czanik:_The_syslog-ng_insider_2021-12:_Humio;_Log Management;_Panther;⠀⇛ This is the 97th issue of syslog-ng Insider, a monthly newsletter that brings you syslog-ng- related news. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ Digitalocean_Kubernetes_Challenge_2021_–_Harbor⠀⇛ In this is guide i will explain how to create a Kubernetes Cluster on Digitalocean using Terraform, then i will deploy the Harbor on Cluster as a internal container registry # ⚓ How_to_create_a_Systemd_service_in_Linux_–_Unixcop_the_Unix /_Linux_the_admins_deams⠀⇛ At times you create a script and then you want to have the scripts controlled by systemd or in some cases you wish to have the scripts getting restarted by itself when it is killed due to some reason. # ⚓ How_to_view_battery_information_in_Linux_–_Unixcop_the_Unix /_Linux_the_admins_deams⠀⇛ How to check your Laptop battery level from Terminal in your Linux system ? In this article, We have added three simple methods which will help you to check Laptop battery status and level in Terminal in any Linux distribution. # ⚓ How_to_Install_HTTP_Git_Server_with_Nginx_on_Debian_11⠀⇛ Git is an open-source version control system used by thousands of developers around the world. It is used to keep track of your software changes at the source level. It allows you to track changes, revert it back to previous stages and create an alternate version of files and directories. HTTP Git Server is an open-source project that uses an Nginx webserver to serve Git repositories over your Local Area Network (LAN). It is very simple and easy to set up. Anyone can manage it from the command-line interface. In this tutorial, I will explain how to set up an HTTP Git repository server with Nginx on Debian 11. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Gradle_Build_Automation_Tool_on_Debian_11_– VITUX⠀⇛ Gradle is a build automation tool that is based on a concept called ‘incremental builds’. It speeds up the development process by, for example, building only those parts of the project that have been modified. Incremental build works by (conceptually) tracking which files were changed and then using this information to determine what needs to be built. This helps Gradle avoid executing tasks that are not necessary. Gradle can be seen as an analog of Apache Ant or Make, but it also has features typically associated with continuous integration tools like Jenkins: tasks can be executed in parallel, and tasks can depend on other tasks (this makes it possible to specify task execution order). # ⚓ How_to_Setup_Opencart_with_LAMP_(PHP,_Apache,_Mariadb)_on Ubuntu_20.04_–_Citizix⠀⇛ In this guide, we will explore setting up Opencart in a Debian 11 Server with Apache serving it and Mariadb10 acting as the database. Opencart is an open-source eCommerce platform. Everything you need to create, scale and run your business”. It is an Open Source online store management system. It is PHP-based, using a MySQL database and HTML components. Apache is a popular web web server software that is often used to serve php content. Mysql is also a popular relational management system used by popular websites. # ⚓ How_to_install_and_set_up_PHP_and_Apache(LAMP_stack)_on Ubuntu_20.04⠀⇛ In this guide we are going to Install and set up Apache virtual host to serve PHP content on a Ubuntu 20.04 system. The Apache HTTP Server(Apache), is one of the most popular free and open-source cross-platform web server software, released under the terms of Apache License 2.0. Apache is popular as part of the LAMP setup, being the A in the Acronym. The apache server functionality can be extended with the many available modules. PHP is a general-purpose scripting language geared towards web development. It is one of the popular programming languages for the web. Popular tools such as WordPress are coded using php. Big companies like Facebook also uses php heavily. # ⚓ How_to_install_Webmin_in_Debian_11_–_Citizix⠀⇛ In this guide we will install and set up Webmin on an Debian 11 server. Webmin is a web-based system configuration tool for Unix-like systems, although recent versions can also be installed and run on Microsoft Windows. It s a free and open-source control panel for administering Unix/Linux servers. Webmin provides users with a graphical web-based user interface to configure common system tasks and settings. If you don’t like the idea of using the command line to manage your server, then Webmin is a good graphical alternative to you. The following is a list of functionalities provided by Webmin. # ⚓ How_to_List_Users_in_Ubuntu_Linux_–_buildVirtual⠀⇛ Do you need to find out which user accounts exist on your Ubuntu or Linux host? Read on to find out how to list users in Ubuntu Linux! In this tutorial we will be using some CLI tools to list Linux user accounts. Lets start by looking at the passwd file. # ⚓ How_to_Install_KDE_Plasma_Desktop_on_AlmaLinux_8_– LinuxCapable⠀⇛ The name KDE comes from “K Desktop Environment.” For those not familiar with KDE Desktop, it is a free, open-source desktop environment. It provides Linux users with an alternative graphical interface to customize their desktop environment and applications for everyday use enhancement. In AlmaLinux’s case, this is GNOME. Besides the graphical enhancements and changes, it is also a lightweight, fast, smooth environment with superior performance compared to native shipped desktops with some Linux Distributions. In the following tutorial, you will have learned how to install KDE Desktop Environment on your AlmaLinux 8 desktop environment. # ⚓ How_to_Use_lsusb_in_Linux_(With_a_Practical_Example)_– CloudSavvy_IT⠀⇛ lsusb is a command-line tool in Linux, installed by default as part of your (modern) Linux Operating System, which can list and enumerate all USB devices, including USB hubs found within the system on which it is being executed. It will work on desktops, servers, and other common Linux-running hardware like Raspberry Pi’s, etc. As the tool is installed by default, there is no need to install it, and it cannot be uninstalled. The only way to remove it completely from a system would be to use sudo to remove (rm) the actual binary (commonly at /usr/bin/lsusb) and the manual (commonly at /usr/share/man/man8/lsusb.8.gz). You can access the complete but small lsusb manual by issuing man lsusb at a Terminal command prompt. # ⚓ What_Is_BusyBox_and_Where_Is_It_Used?_–_CloudSavvy_IT⠀⇛ BusyBox is a collection of core Unix utilities packaged as a single binary. This makes it ideal for resource-constrained environments such as embedded devices. The complete distribution has almost 400 of the most common commands. BusyBox is open-source and licensed under the GPL. It was created in 1995 with the intention of making a bootable system fit onto a single floppy. Bundling commands together into one binary reduces overheads and permits code-sharing between seemingly independent applications. # ⚓ How_to_Upgrade_to_Linux_Mint_20.3_Una_–_LinuxCapable⠀⇛ Linux Mint has dubbed the new 20.3 release with the codename Una, the third major upgrade in the Linux Mint 20 series, which most would know is based on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS Focal Fossa distribution that will be supported until 2025. The Linux Mint 20.3 release will have similar upgrades that were seen in the Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS release; however will be sticking with Linux Kernel 5.4, One of the more exciting things in this upgrade is dark mode support Celluloid, GNOME Terminal, Hypnotix, Pix, and XViewer applications in Cinnamon and MATE. Still, XFCE will not feature dark mode support Pix and XViewer due to the Xfwm window manager not having the ability to support it. In the following tutorial, you will learn how to upgrade to Linux Mint 20.3 codenamed Una using the terminal method. # ⚓ How_to_Convert_Image_to_PDF_–_TREND_OCEANS⠀⇛ Snapped a picture of different subject notes in your class and want to align them in PDF? Maybe this or something else will be your reason, but converting the image to pdf is just a piece of cake. # ⚓ How_to_Debug_Your_Application’s_Performance_–_CloudSavvy IT⠀⇛ Snapped a picture of different notes in your class and want to align them in PDF? Converting the image to pdf is just a piece of cake. # ⚓ How_to_Migrate_an_AWS_S3_Bucket_to_Another_Account_or Service_–_CloudSavvy_IT⠀⇛ AWS’s Simple Storage Service (S3) is great for storing large amounts of objects, but it’s also an API that’s compatible with many other competiting services. If you want to move off AWS, transferring an S3 bucket is easy to do. # ⚓ The_Perfect_Server_CentOS_8_with_Apache,_PHP,_Postfix, Dovecot,_Pure-FTPD,_BIND_and_ISPConfig_3.2⠀⇛ This tutorial shows the installation of ISPConfig 3.2 on a CentOS 8 (64Bit) server. ISPConfig is a web hosting control panel that allows you to configure the following services through a web browser: Apache web server, PHP, Postfix mail server, MySQL, BIND nameserver, PureFTPd, SpamAssassin, ClamAV, Mailman, and many more. # ⚓ How_To_Run_A_Command_Or_Script_As_Root_On_Startup_/_Boot Using_systemd_or_A_Cron_Job_–_Linux_Uprising_Blog⠀⇛ This article explains how to run a command or script at startup / boot as root on Linux, in two ways: using systemd or a cron job. # ⚓ How_To_Install_SysStat_on_Ubuntu_20.04_LTS_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install SysStat on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. For those of you who didn’t know, Sysstat is a free and open-source system monitoring tool. This is the best tool I found for the debugging of performance issues on my Linux systems. You can view the system performance data in real-time or analyze data from the saved archives. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you through the step-by- step installation of the SysStat monitoring tool on Ubuntu 20.04 (Focal Fossa). You can follow the same instructions for Ubuntu 18.04, 16.04, and any other Debian-based distribution like Linux Mint. # ⚓ Unix_/_Linux:_Maximum_Character_Length_of_Arguments_In_a Shell_Command_–_nixCraft⠀⇛ What is the maximum character length of arguments in a shell command? How do I find out the maximum length of arguments for a new process under Linux or Unix like operating systems? If you get an error that read as – command: Argument list too long due to limit for the command line length. # ⚓ How_to_force_Composer_to_use_a_specific_PHP_version_– nixCraft⠀⇛ have multiple versions of PHP installed on my development VM. I am migrating all my projects from PHP 7.x to 8.x and testing it. However, this leads to specific problems. For example, my production Linux container is on PHP 7.4.26, while the development VM is on PHP 8.1. So they don’t match and causes problem even in the dev environment because I have 7.x and 8.x. Here is how to tell the composer to use different PHP versions per project requirements. # ⚓ A_guide_to_Kubernetes_pod_eviction_|_Opensource.com⠀⇛ One of the strengths of Kubernetes is scheduling. It handles application pod placement across nodes in a cluster and their resource allocation, so you don’t have to worry about balancing resources yourself. When it runs out of resources, Kubernetes can evict pods—but how does Kubernetes decide which pod to evict? # ⚓ Commands_to_install_Caddy_web_server_on_AlmaLinux_8_|_Rocky Linux_8⠀⇛ Caddy is an HTTP web server, under an open-source license, written in GO language. Here we will learn how to install Caddy Server on RHEL based AlmaLinux or Rocky Linux 8 using the command line (terminal) on VPS, cloud, or local machines. Although Caddy is not popular as Apache or Nginx, yet a powerful web server that is ready to cater to enterprises’ needs. It is modular and can be used for static file serving, reverse proxying, Kubernetes ingress, and more… Further, Caddy can fetch and renew TLS certificates for the website you are running automatically. Here are a few of its offerings, caddy supports HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2, and experimental HTTP/3, scalability, HTTPS support by the box; Dynamic configuration, low memory consumption, No Dependencies; Modular Stack, Caddy’s REST API makes it easy to automate; due to Go language – Caddy is a cross-platform web server that can run on Windows, macOS, Linux, BSD, Android, Solaris, 32- bit, amd64, ARM, aarch64, mips64… Its features can be extended with plugins. o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ Valheim_gets_christmassy,_armour_stands_and_silences_tamed wolves_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Iron Gate have given Valheim players an early Christmas present with a fresh update adding in a couple of seasonal bits and some free content. Do you have lots of wolves tamed? Good noise, they will no longer annoy the heck out of you by howling constantly. Troll animations were overhauled, tamed animals have decided they like fire now, there’s a profanity filter for the server list, a new armour stand to show off what you’ve got and a Yule tree! You can even craft little present boxes that act like tiny storage chests – how sweet. # ⚓ ΔV:_Rings_of_Saturn’s_demo_appears_to_help_sales,_now_lets you_save_your_game_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ ΔV: Rings of Saturn is a hard sci-fi physics-based space mining game from Kodera Software. A unique point about the demo was that you could previously play through everything, you just couldn’t save the game and now that’s changing. Writing in a post on Indie DB, the developer talks about the changes that have happened and continued talking about their feelings towards providing a demo. The main adjustments done recently mean you can save in the demo but you’re now limited to 30 days in-game time, which is still very generous. Kodera Software mention that “It’s a popular opinion in the game development circles that having a free demo hurts game sales”. They didn’t agree, so a demo was put up. After a while, a bug was noticed where code to make the demo stop wasn’t actually working and it wasn’t noticed for quite some time as it didn’t affect sales and so it became a proper thing. The developer still needs to eat though, and ΔV: Rings of Saturn is a game that can be tough to initially get into so having a save to come back to sounds like a great idea. # ⚓ Valve_reduces_the_size_of_SteamOS_on_the_Steam_Deck_to_10GB |_TechSpot⠀⇛ In context: While the Steam Deck has a lot of excitement surrounding it, there’s concern over how much the 64GB of eMMC storage in the base model could be a limitation—even with the SD slot. The fact that its Linux-based operating system had taken up 24GB of that space would have been even more worrying, but Valve has now managed to shrink it down to a more acceptable 10GB. As reported by PCGamesN, MetaCouncil forum member Madjoki shared release notes for SteamOS image 20211120.2. They show that the Steam Deck’s operating system now takes up around 10GB of space, 14GB less than its previous size. The reduction is good news for Steam Deck buyers, especially those opting for the base model. SteamOS will now take up a more acceptable 15% of its 64GB storage instead of the previous 37.5%. That’s pretty impressive when you consider that the PS5’s operating system takes up 158GB and the Xbox Series X’s OS comes in at 198GB, roughly 20% of the consoles’ storage. The Nintendo Switch’s OS, meanwhile, requires 4GB, around 12.5% of the base storage. # ⚓ Death_Carnival_shows_off_the_absolutely_insane_PvP_mode_| GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Death Carnival (previously known as BulletRage) is still in progress and a new trailer has just been shown off giving a little look into the PvP mode it will have. This is a game that has stuck with me for some time, after playing through their older demo when it was BulletRage it was pretty immense. What is it? A fast-paced arcade shooter with extreme weapons, wall-dashing and intense mid-air combat in online multiplayer action format like never before. Use the environment to discover new ways to destroy your enemies, and customize load- outs with the weapon socket system. Choose from over a dozen characters each with unique attacks and story campaigns. Enjoy the adrenaline-fuelled combat in single player, online co-op, or competitive PvP. # ⚓ Sparse_Mapping_Improvements_Help_Radeon_RADV_Driver_With Some_Games_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ Adding to the growing list of Mesa 22.0 features are more Radeon Vulkan “RADV” driver improvements to help with gaming performance. Samuel Pitoiset who for years now has been working on Valve’s open-source Linux GPU driver improvements has merged a set of sparse mapping improvements for RADV. These sparse mapping improvements to the RADV winsys code in Mesa 22.0 should help with the performance for at least some games. # ⚓ Baldur’s_Gate:_Dark_Alliance_to_get_a_Steam_release_and_for Linux_too_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Well this is something of a surprise, the classic Baldur’s Gate: Dark Alliance appeared on Steam just recently and it seems the developer is ensuring there will be a Linux port too. Originally released in 2001 for the PlayStation 2, Xbox and later other consoles it recently saw an improve re-release for the latest generation of consoles. Black Isle Studios are now bringing it to Steam, with the store page going live just recently and going by the store page trailer it will go to GOG too but no store page there yet. # ⚓ SteamOS_for_the_Steam_Deck_gets_slimmed_down_to_10GB_| GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ One thing that is a little concerning is how much storage the bottom edition of the Valve Steam Deck will have without plugging in a microSD card, seems we now have a better idea. Thanks to a developer posting on the MetaCouncil forum, there were shots shared from behind the scenes where Valve has been posting changelogs for those with Steam Deck devkits. Considering the low-end Steam Deck is only 64GB, it’s not exactly a lot of room, although we know games will load quickly from an expansion card it’s still useful to know what you’ve got to work with. The post shows that Valve has put SteamOS on quite the diet sitting now at 10GB. # ⚓ Cute_Bee_management_game_Hive_Time_sees_a_new_trailer_and free_update_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Celebrating two years since the release, the chilled-out Bee management game Hive Time has a new update out and there’s also a new trailer with a few random quotes from people who enjoyed it. Developed by Cheeseness, who has contributed articles to GamingOnLinux in the past. In Hive Time you’re responsible for ensuring these vital creatures are well cared for. Harvest resources, grow your hive, and produce a new Queen before the current one dies. You need to manage different roles for bees, send out foragers, make various choices that affect how your play-through goes and there’s even a wasp attack or two to deal with and maybe some outlaw slugs. o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾ # ⚓ psifidotos:_Latte_Dock_v0.10.5_|_Bug_Fix_Release⠀⇛ Let’s welcome Latte Dock v0.10.5 the 5th Official Bug Fix Release of v0.10.x branch! # § GNOME Desktop/GTK⠀➾ # ⚓ An_Optimization_Proposed_For_GNOME_+_NVIDIA_On_High Refresh_Rate_Displays_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ GNOME-focused Ubuntu desktop developer Daniel Van Vugt of Canonical has proposed an optimization that could help with running NVIDIA graphics on high refresh rate displays. For those using a high refresh rate display with NVIDIA graphics on GNOME, especially with today’s 240Hz or even 360Hz displays, better handling is on the way to allow more time for rendering each frame to complete before GNOME’s Mutter falls back to a slower frame interval. o § Distributions⠀➾ # ⚓ Relax_with_some_Makulu_Vibes_–_MakuluLinux⠀⇛ Had a Difficult or Long day ? Relax with some Mukul Themed Vibes … # § SUSE/OpenSUSE⠀➾ # ⚓ Celebrate_the_first_openSUSE_BAR_anniversary!_– openSUSE_News⠀⇛ This was the birth of our beloved openSUSE BAR! Since then, the BAR has been a place for contributions, for fixing things together and just hanging out. The BAR evolved into an important part of our community that helps people get to know each other in the project. It has on-boarded new contributors, strengthened old friendships, brought fixes for various issues on the way and was the place for historical events, such as probably the oldest openSUSE User (89 y.o.) meeting the youngest openSUSE Member (16 y.o.). During the online openSUSE Leap 15.3 release party, which was aimed to last for 24 hours, the bar passed the marks of a 50+ guests and a 100-hour-BAR session on June 6, 2021, which was followed by reaching a mark of a 200- hour-BAR session on June 10, 2021. # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾ # ⚓ Red_Hat_and_Boston_University_Announce_Red_Hat Collaboratory_Research_Incubation_Award_Recipients⠀⇛ Those attending Red Hat Summit this past April heard Red Hat CEO Paul Cormier announce our partnership with Boston University, which included expanding the Red Hat Collaboratory to drive innovative research and education in open source technology. Today, I’m very excited to share the inaugural recipients of the Red Hat Collaboratory Research Incubation Award. # ⚓ CPE_Weekly_Update_–_Week_of_December_13th_–_17th_– Fedora_Community_Blog⠀⇛ This is a weekly report from the CPE (Community Platform Engineering) Team. # ⚓ Red_Hat_Insights_feature_highlights:_Latest_additions to_Drift_for_RHEL_troubleshooting_and_alerting⠀⇛ If you are looking to troubleshoot issues in your Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) hosts more easily, Drift is the right tool for you. Drift is part of Red Hat Insights, and Insights is included with your RHEL, Red Hat OpenShift or Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform subscription. In this post, we will explore new features added to Drift that support RHEL and, most recently, Ansible Automation Platform, including enhancements to Drift notifications and its user interface (UI) and user experience (UX). # ⚓ 3_common_challenges_of_using_Apache_Kafka⠀⇛ Apache Kafka has had a major impact in a short time. With the project reporting more than 60% of Fortune 100 companies using it today to modernize their data architecture, Kafka has proven to be a popular event streaming platform across a range of industries. Apache Kafka is an open source software platform developed by the Apache Software Foundation that can publish, subscribe to, store, and process streams of records in real time. Some use cases of Apache Kafka include messaging, website activity tracking, metrics, and log aggregation. # ⚓ Can_UX_solve_software_performance_issues?_Spoiler: Yes,_we_can!⠀⇛ Contrary to the assumption that user experience (UX) design is all about “making things pretty,” UX design extends far beyond simple aesthetics. Let me tell you a story of how Red Hat’s User Experience Design (UXD) team worked closely with our engineering team to improve performance on Red Hat 3scale API Management using design. But before we get into potential UX solutions, we first need to establish the user frustrations that sparked our explorations in the first place. # ⚓ Being_autistic_in_an_open_organization⠀⇛ In many ways, I’m surprised at the level of success I’ve had. Corporate success didn’t just feel out of reach when I was younger; it was something I never really aspired to at all. During college, when I did an internship at a corporate giant in New York City, and after college when I tentatively started navigating the working world, I had some very negative work experiences. This was driven largely by my behavior, my confusion of how to “be” in a corporate setting, and my ambivalent career aspirations. After several years of a winding and incoherent path, through a series of lucky coincidences, I found a job at Red Hat. It was here that I started to feel like I’d “figured out” the formula for navigating life and work in an organization, which eventually led to some tangible success. Inseparable from my success, I believe, is the fact that I have spent the majority of my career working in an open organization. # ⚓ CentOS_Stream_9_Improves_Performance_For_Intel_Xeon, AMD_EPYC⠀⇛ Earlier this month marked the general availability of CentOS Stream 9 as the bleeding-edge of Red hat Enterprise Linux 9 development. Since then I’ve been running benchmarks of CentOS Stream 9 and with modern hardware it’s been offering some nice performance upgrades over CentOS Stream 8 / RHEL8 especially with modern hardware platforms like Intel Xeon Scalable “Ice Lake” and AMD EPYC 7003 “Milan” servers. Here are benchmarks of CentOS Stream8, CentOS Stream 9, Intel’s Clear Linux, Fedora Server 35, Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS, and Ubuntu 21.10 on both AMD and Intel servers. # ⚓ Kubernetes_labels:_11_things_to_know⠀⇛ Using Kubernetes labels effectively requires an understanding of tagging methods, labeling use cases, best practices, and things you definitely want to avoid. # ⚓ IT_security:_4_issues_to_watch_in_2022⠀⇛ You can say this with confidence about security: It’s not boring. From ransomware to initial access brokers to automated attacks to data poisoning and adversarial ML, 2021 was plenty exciting in the IT security realm. On the brighter side, the days of security as an IT hanger-on are coming to an end, at least in larger organizations. Security ranked as the number-one IT funding priority in Red Hat’s Global Tech Outlook 2021 report, with 45 percent of respondents listing it as their top funding focus. “Security has historically often been underfunded and under-prioritized but there’s quite a bit of evidence here and elsewhere that a shift may be underway,” Red Hat technology evangelist Gordon Haff said about the finding. Paired with the growth of DevSecOps culture and practices, that becomes a powerful force for shrinking the threat landscape down to a manageable scope and improving your security readiness – which is good because the attackers and their methods don’t take days off. “Hackers won’t wait for you to write a policy or procedure, ransomware won’t wait for you to encrypt those databases, and script kiddies won’t wait for your next patch management cycle before they launch their latest exploit,” says Aladdin Elston, head of information security at Altimetrik. # ⚓ IT_careers:_10_essential_skills_for_2022_|_The Enterprisers_Project⠀⇛ Are you looking to thrive or reinvent yourself in the IT profession? The first step is to be fully aware of your weaknesses, strengths, and passions, and then build upon your assets or gaps from there. Soft skills play an important role in workplace success, along with other key traits and talents. # § Debian Family⠀➾ # ⚓ Fedora_&_Debian_Developers_Look_At_Packaging_ROCm_For Easier_Radeon_GPU_Computing_Experience_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ When it comes to the Radeon ROCm GPU software support AMD only officially supports it on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, RHEL / CentOS, and Ubuntu LTS releases. But Arch Linux already makes it fairly easy to deploy with their third-party packages and now Fedora and Debian have developers also eyeing possible packaging of the Radeon Open eCosystem software for more easily deploying on those distributions. If you are on Ubuntu, RHEL/CentOS, or SUSE as the supported enterprise Linux distributions, AMD has an installation guide and packages available for setting up their open-source GPU compute software. But for those on other distributions, your mileage may vary with no universal installer and rather complicated build steps in rolling your own ROCm binaries. # ⚓ Freexian’s_report_about_Debian_Long_Term_Support, November_2021⠀⇛ Every month we review the work funded by Freexian’s Debian LTS offering. Please find the report for November below. [...] We continue to looking forward to hearing about Debian project proposals from various Debian stakeholders. This month has seen work on a survey that will go out to Debian Developers to gather feedback on what they think should be the priorities for funding in the project. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # ⚓ 8Bit_Computer_Made_in_Germany⠀⇛ it ain’t fast, but it is fast enough, to run a web stack and serve the http://mycpu.eu/ website, absolutely amazing! # ⚓ UP_Squared_6000_–_AAEON_introduces_Elkhart_Lake_SBC_and Edge_computer_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛ AAEON has unveiled a new single board computer and edge system from the “UP bridge the gap” family with UP Squared 6000 equipped with Intel Atom x6000, Celeron, or Pentium Elkhart Lake processor, up to 8GB DDR4, 64GB eMMC flash, two Gigabit Ethernet ports, DisplayPort 1.2, HDMI 2.0b, eDP video interfaces, SATA and M.2 storage, and more. The UP Squared 6000 is available in four different SKUs with notably an industrial SKU powered by the Intel Atom x6425RE optimized for automation, robotics, and industrial applications with support for Intel Time Coordinated Computing (TCC), Time- Sensitive Networking (TSN) via its 2.5GbE port. # ⚓ Rockchip_RK3588_datasheet_available,_SBC’s_coming_soon_– CNX_Software⠀⇛ We had most Rockchip RK3588 specifications so far for the long-awaited Cortex-A76/Cortex-A55 processor, but at today’s Rockchip Developer Conference 2021, more information surfaces with impressive CPU and GPU benchmarks, and the Rockchip RK3588 datasheet has just dropped from the sky directly into my laptop, as such document usually does. At least two single board computers are expected to soon follow from Radxa and Pine64. # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ Keynote_Video:_Elecia_White_Finds_Treasure_In_The Memory_Map_|_Hackaday⠀⇛ Elecia starts out with the map file from a “hello world” program, but it’s a hello world running on an RTOS, so already there’s enough meat to dig into. She starts out with the top-level overview: flash for the code and RAM for the program to use. In flash, the code lives in .text and .const, and RAM has sections that should be familiar to you like .heap and .stack, but also .data and .bss. The memory map file also follows this structure: first an overview, then the section markers, and then the details of what’s inside each section. If you get a crash, for instance, and you know where the numerical value of program counter when it went all pear-shaped, the .text section lists the function name where that happened. The section with global variable definitions, listed alphabetically? You can probably just scroll on by that — there’s a lot of redundancy in the map file, sometimes sorted by memory address, sometimes sorted alphabetically. You don’t want to read a map file, you just want to dip in, get what you need, and get out. Got a variable that you think is getting overwritten? Find it in the section listed by address, and look at its neighbors — one of them might be overrunning. # ⚓ Small-scale_autonomous_boat_made_out_of_recycled water_bottles_and_a_Tupperware_container_|_Arduino Blog⠀⇛ As part of their city’s beach restoration project, Instructables users Kousheek Chalraborty and Satya Schiavvina, who go by the team name Technovation, needed to construct a small and cheap boat that could assist in mapping the depth of the sea floor at various locations. The design they were able to come up with achieved this goal and even went beyond it by incorporating an autonomous navigation system into their watercraft. The hull of the boat was made from a leftover Tupperware container and discarded water bottles, therefore reducing the cost significantly and integrating recycled materials. After the pontoons were attached to the bottom, a pair of brushless DC motors were screwed into place at the top, along with an 11.1v LiPo battery and dual 30-amp ESC modules. # ⚓ This_maker_designed_an_interactive_LED-lit_dress inspired_by_Katniss_Everdeen’s_|_Arduino_Blog⠀⇛ Inspired by Katniss Everdeen’s burning dress from the Hunger Games series, Cindy Li set out to create her own version that uses fabric-attached LEDs to both simulate fire when movement is detected and illuminate in other ways when a certain button is pressed. This light-up dress was based around two development boards: a Circuit Playground Bluefruit from Adafruit that handles the lights and an Arduino Nano RP2040 Connect, which connects to a sensor, some buttons, and a speaker for extra functionality. Li started building this project by sewing the Circuit Playground onto he fabric and then running a strip of individually addressable LEDs in an arch shape, with conductive thread tying it all together. Next, the Nano RP2040 Connect was wired to the speaker, buttons, and APDS- 9960 sensor and placed within a custom-cut acrylic enclosure. Finally, another string of LEDs was wrapped around the bottom of the dress to act as the “fire” component. o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # § SaaS/Back End/Databases⠀➾ # ⚓ PostgreSQL:_pgAdmin_4_v6.3_Released⠀⇛ The pgAdmin Development Team is pleased to announce pgAdmin 4 version 6.3. This release of pgAdmin 4 includes 31 bug fixes and new features. For more details please see the release notes. pgAdmin is the leading Open Source graphical management tool for PostgreSQL. For more information, please see the website. # § FSFE⠀➾ # ⚓ Lack_of_public_code_cost_the_city_of_Stockholm_€100 million⠀⇛ Öppna skolplattformen was developed out of the frustration of some parents in Stockholm when they noticed some irregularities and security issues in the proprietary school platform provided by the city. The original app cost the city one billion Swedish krona (around €100 million) and it turned out to be badly flawed. [...] Over the last four years, the Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE) has been advocating for more software freedom in the public sector in the framework of the Public Money? Public Code! initiative. It requires that publicly financed software developed for the public sector should be made publicly available under Free Software licenses. The arguments for this demand are based on the benefits that Free Software can foster, such as saving long-term costs, promotion and support of the local economy, transparency, interoperability, and more. # § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ How_we_overcame_performance_nightmares_in_our monolith_app_–_IBM_Developer⠀⇛ Subscriber and Subscription Management (SSM) is the system that funnels orders for IBM SaaS offerings offered through IBM and third- party marketplaces to the appropriate endpoints. This provisions orders for the customers and manages their entire subscriber and subscription lifecycle. It handles about 2,000 requests per hour. SSM is a legacy monolith app. However, dealing with such a mission-critical application with millions of lines of code can be a nightmare. Making it more complex is the transaction handling implemented at every smallest service layer unit. To support high- end business use cases, there are dozens of composite APIs that SSM supports. These composite APIs internally make calls to the smallest-unit APIs, holding multiple DB connections for a single composite API request. # ⚓ BH_1.78.0-0:_New_Upstream,_Two_New_Libraries⠀⇛ Boost is a very large and comprehensive set of (peer-reviewed) libraries for the C++ programming language, containing well over 100 individual libraries. The BH package provides a sizeable subset of header-only libraries for (easier, no linking required) use by R. It is fairly widely used: the (partial) CRAN mirror logs (aggregated from the cloud mirrors) show over 40 million package downloads. # ⚓ 6_Excellent_Free_Books_to_Learn_Racket_–_LinuxLinks⠀⇛ Racket is a general-purpose, object-oriented, multi-paradigm, functional, imperative, logic based programming language based on the Scheme dialect of Lisp. It’s designed to be a platform for programming language design and implementation. Racket is also used to refer to the family of Racket programming languages and the set of tools supporting development on and with Racket. It has a powerful cross-platform GUI library built in. Racket’s core language includes macros, modules, lexical closures, tail calls, delimited continuations, parameters (fluid variables), software contracts, green and OS threads, and more. The language also comes with primitives, such as eventspaces and custodians, which control resource management and enables the language to act like an operating system for loading and managing other programs. Racket is often used for scripting, computer science education, and research. It’s an open-source project (Apache/MIT). # ⚓ Qt_Creator_6.0.1_released⠀⇛ We are happy to announce the release of Qt Creator 6.0.1! # § Perl/Raku⠀➾ # ⚓ My_Favorite_Warnings:_syntax⠀⇛ Warnings category syntax contains a number of sub-categories representing possibly-problematic syntax. These include ambiguous syntax, problematic bareword usage, invalid printf conversions, and more. But there are also syntax diagnostics that do not fall under any of the sub-categories. These tend to be a miscellaneous group, and a normal-sized blog post can do no more than to give a sample. o § Standards/Consortia⠀➾ # ⚓ Two_ODF_Toolkit_releases_in_a_row!_–_The_Document Foundation_Blog⠀⇛ ODF is the OpenDocument Format, the native format used by LibreOffice (and supported by many other apps too). Then there’s the ODF Toolkit, a set of Java modules that allow programmatic creation, scanning and manipulation of ODF files. * § Leftovers⠀➾ o § Hardware⠀➾ # ⚓ Christmas_Lithophanes_Make_Neat_Decorations_|_Hackaday⠀⇛ Lithophanes are neat little artistic creations that use variations in the thickness of a material to reveal an image when lit from behind. 3D printing is a great way to make lithophanes, and they can make for beautiful Christmas decorations, too! It’s easy to make lithophane decorations for your Christmas tree with the help of the ItsLitho tool. The online application takes any image you upload, and can generate lithophane geometry that you can 3D print at home. Print your custom bell or bauble, add the printed hooks, and then the final decoration can be backlit to reveal its image by inserting an LED from a string of Christmas lights. # ⚓ A_Hacker’s_Journey_In_Developing_A_New_VR_Controller_| Hackaday⠀⇛ [Rob Cole] had an ambitious side project: to build an improved version of the Valve Index VR controllers. His effort, named Project Caliper, aims for optimal ergonomics and modularity for the handheld devices. [Rob] originally had plans to develop it as a consumer product by forming a small startup company, but after taking a hard look at the realities of manufacturing delays, semiconductor shortages, and the high costs of developing hardware, decided that the idea just didn’t seem justified at the time. o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # § Pseudo-Open Source⠀➾ # § Privatisation/Privateering⠀➾ # § Linux Foundation⠀➾ # ⚓ A_2021_Linux_Foundation_Research Year_in_Review_–_Linux_Foundation [Ed: Fake "research" (marketing)]⠀⇛ Through LF Research, the Linux Foundation is uniquely positioned to create the definitive repository of insights into open source. By engaging with our community members and leveraging the full resources of our data sources, including a new and improved LFX, we’re not only shining a light on the scope of the projects that comprise much of the open source paradigm but contextualizing their impact. In the process, we’re creating both a knowledge hub and an ecosystem-wide knowledge network. Because, after all, research is a team sport. # ⚓ OSPOlogy:_Learnings_from_OSPOs_in 2021_–_Linux_Foundation⠀⇛ A wide range of open source topics essential for OSPO related activities occurred in 2021, featured by OS experts coming from matured OSPOs like Bloomberg or RIT and communities behind open source standards like OpenChain or CHAOSS. The TODO Group has been paving the OSPO path over a decade of change and is now composed of a worldwide community of open source professionals working in collaboration to drive Open Source Initiatives to the next level. # § Security⠀➾ # ⚓ Security_updates_for_Thursday⠀⇛ Security updates have been issued by Debian (apache-log4j2 and mediawiki), Fedora (libmysofa, libolm, and vim), Oracle (httpd), Red Hat (go-toolset: rhel8), and Ubuntu (apache-log4j2 and mumble). # ⚓ U.S._State_Department’s_new_spyware_report:_a big_step_forward⠀⇛ Access Now, Committee to Protect Journalists, Freedom House, and Human Rights First applaud the U.S. Congress for passing legislation that directs the U.S. State Department to develop a list of spyware purveyors with whom the Department should avoid doing business because of their poor human rights records. Included in the National Defense Authorization Act, this provision could provide greater transparency on invasive surveillance technologies, such as NSO Group’s Pegasus spyware, that are used against activists and journalists. The law mandates that the State Department submit the spyware company list annually to Congress for a period of five years. This report should inform inter-agency coordination, especially to ensure that the Commerce Department continues to add human rights-violating spyware firms to the Entity List. (In November, the Department added NSO Group and Candiru to the List.) It also sends a strong message to the spyware industry and their investors that their days of operating in the shadows with impunity are over. “For over a decade, the U.S. State Department has trumpeted internet freedom and human rights online, all while U.S. companies sold powerful surveillance technologies to the enemies of those cherished ideals,” said Jennifer Brody, U.S. Advocacy Manager at Access Now. “If leveraged to its full potential, the Department’s new spyware report will help to protect at-risk activists and journalists and safeguard freedom of expression in the most repressive environments. The U.S. must finally own its role in the global trade of these cyber weapons.” # ⚓ PinePhone_Malware_Surprises_Users,_Raises Questions_|_Hackaday [Ed: If you actively install malicious code, it will do malicious things]⠀⇛ On December 5th, someone by the IRC nickname of [ubuntu] joined the Pine64 Discord’s #pinephone channel through an IRC bridge. In the spirit of December gift-giving traditions, they have presented their fellow PinePhone users with an offering – a “Snake” game. What [ubuntu] supposedly designed had the potential to become a stock, out-of- the-box-installed application with a small but dedicated community of fans, modders and speedrunners. Unfortunately, that would not be the alternate universe we live in, and all was not well with the package being shared along with a cheerful “hei gaiz I make snake gaem here is link www2- pinephnoe-games-com-tz replace dash with dot kthxbai” announcement. Shockingly, it was a trojan! Beneath layers of Base64 and Bashfuscator we’d encounter shell code that could be in the “example usage” section of a modern-day thesaurus entry for the word “yeet“. [...] That’s true for a lot of places – GitHub and GitLab releases, DockerHub, NPM, RubyGems, browser extension stores, PyPi, and even some supposedly safe Linux repositories, like F-droid, are vulnerable. Providing sourcecode along a malicious package adds legitimacy, and takes away incentives for skilled people to check the binary in the first place – hey, the code’s there to see already! If [ubuntu] did just that, perhaps we’d be talking about this incident a few days later and in a more somber tone. Supply-chain attacks are the new hotness in 2020 and 2021. [...] The PinePhone community has implemented some new rules, some channeling into the “automation” territory. This will possibly help a specific kind of problem to be less impactful in the future – though I’d argue that institutional memory should play a larger part in this. Beware of Greeks bearing gifts… until they learn how to work around your Discord bot’s heuristics? I already have, for instance. This is a monumental topic with roots beyond the Great PinePhone Snake Malware of 2021, and this article isn’t even about that as much as it’s about helping you understand what’s up with important aspects of Linux security, or maybe even the security of all open source software. # ⚓ Pegasus_vs._Predator⠀⇛ At the time of writing, we believe that Cytrox’s CEO is Ivo Malinkovksi, as stated on his LinkedIn page. Notably, Malinkovksi’s now-private Instagram account includes a 2019 image of him in front of the Pyramids of Giza in Egypt. A 2019 report in Forbes states that Cytrox was “rescued” by Tal Dilian, a former Israel Defence Forces (IDF) Unit 81 commander, whose company WiSpear (which appears to have been renamed Passitora Ltd.) is based in Limassol, Cyprus and reportedly acquired Cytrox in 2018 according to the Atooro Fund. Dilian is also known as the founder of Circles, a prominent cellular network surveillance company. In December 2020, the Citizen Lab published an investigation into Circles’ government clients. Dilian is also the founder and CEO of Intellexa. # § Log4j Dramatisation⠀➾ # ⚓ Apache_Log4j:_remote_code_execution vulnerability⠀⇛ A high impact vulnerability was discovered in Apache Log4j 2, a widely deployed software component used by a lot of Java applications to facilitate logging. An attacker who can control the log messages or their parameters can cause the application to execute arbitrary code. In Ubuntu, Apache Log4j2 is packaged under the apache-log4j2 source package – this has been patched already to address this vulnerability as detailed in USN- 5192-1 (Dec 14) and USN-5197-1 (Dec 15). # ⚓ More_Log4j_News⠀⇛ Log4j is being exploited by all sorts of attackers, all over the Internet… # ⚓ Log4J_Vulnerability_Isn’t_Going_Anywhere Soon_–_Invidious⠀⇛ While Log4j has now been patched the problem is by no means over and this vulnerability is going to be with us going years into the future until every company patches or replaces their software. # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ Key_Takeaways:_The_JPC_Report_and_the Data_Protection_Bill,_2021 #SaveOurPrivacy⠀⇛ The report of the Joint Parliamentary Committee on the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 was finally tabled in Parliament on December 16, 2021. Read on to learn about the 10 key takeaways from the report on issues such as user consent, user rights, the nature of the proposed Data Protection Authority, and exemptions granted to governments. [...] After almost two years, the report of the Joint Parliamentary Committee (‘JPC’) on the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 was finally released on December 16, 2021. The Report also contains a new version of the law titled as, “The Data Protection Bill, 2021”. This period has seen multiple consultations, a change in JPC members, and even a change in the Chairperson. For our part, we have parallelly worked on two tracks, engaging with the committee through submissions & consultations and engaging with the public through our various explainers & briefs on various aspects of the Bill. # ⚓ Personal_Data_Protection_Bill:_this_is not_the_privacy_law_India_needs_–_Access Now⠀⇛ Access Now is calling for immediate, concrete moves to protect people’s privacy after the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) on the Personal Data Protection Bill failed to safeguard rights in its report tabled in the Indian Parliament today. “The current legislative vacuum puts the fundamental right to privacy of millions of people in India at risk,” said Namrata Maheshwari, Asia Pacific Policy Counsel at Access Now. “However, authorities have failed to seize this opportunity for positive change, and the JPC’s report does not adequately address the shortcomings in the current draft. As it stands, this is not the legislation India needs.” o § Transparency/Investigative Reporting⠀➾ # ⚓ Meet_Ghislaine:_Daddy’s_Girl⠀⇛ The trial of Ghislaine Maxwell, the alleged madam of Jeffrey Epstein’s sexual blackmail and sex trafficking network, has attracted considerable mainstream and independent media attention, though not as much as one might expect given the level of media attention that surrounded Epstein’s 2019 arrest and death or given the public interest in the Epstein/Maxwell scandal and its broader implications. Unsurprisingly, the broader implications of the Epstein/Maxwell scandal have been largely, if not entirely absent, from mainstream media (and some independent media) coverage of Ghislaine Maxwell’s trial as well as absent from the case itself. For example, despite physical evidence of sexual blackmail stored at Epstein’s residences being shown by the prosecution (with the names of those incriminated being notably redacted), the prosecution chose not to mention even the potential role of blackmail in Ghislaine Maxwell’s activities and motives as it related to her involvement in sex trafficking activities alongside Jeffrey Epstein. Not only that, but the names of Ghislaine’s close contacts and even some of her defense witnesses, along with considerable information about her role in Epstein’s network that is very much in the public interest, is due to be filed under seal and forever hidden from the public, either due to “deals” made between the prosecution and the defense in this case or due to rulings from the judge overseeing the case. o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ Kenya_must_bin_its_repressive_Computer_Misuse_and Cybercrimes_Bill_–_Access_Now⠀⇛ Access Now is once again urging the Kenyan parliament to protect human rights, and uphold its constitution by throwing out the current Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes (Amendment) Bill draft. “As it reads now, the Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes (Amendment) Bill is set to create an oppressive system of government-domination of Kenya’s online spaces,” said Bridget Andere, Africa Policy Associate at Access Now. “We have repeatedly called on parliament to scrap this iteration of the law, and to partner with civil society in ensuring human rights are the foundation of any amendments.” Alarmed by the threats to freedom of association, religion, and expression, Access Now and a coalition of civil society organizations sent an open letter and memorandum to the Kenyan parliament in July, 2021, advising against passing the bill in its current form. The bill is set to be presented in parliament for its third and final reading in early 2022. If passed, the bill will restrict online freedoms by: ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 2600 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 12.16.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Links_16/12/2021:_QEMU_6.2_and_PAPPL_1.1⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 9:21 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ BSDNow_433:_GhostBSD_of_Christmas⠀⇛ GhostBSD 21.11.24 ISO available, why v7 matters so much, OpenBSD on VIA Eden X2 powered HP t510 Thin Client, OctoPkg GUI Package Manager, chdir(2) support in posix_spawn(3), install doas on FreeBSD, Access Modem’s Web Interface with OPNsense, and more # ⚓ Trying_to_do_Simple_Tasks_on_Linux_lol_–_Invidious⠀⇛ # ⚓ The_Linux_Link_Tech_Show_Episode_934⠀⇛ log4j, java, couchbase, containers, soda o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # ⚓ FIPS-compliant_random_numbers_for_the_kernel_[LWN.net]⠀⇛ The Linux random-number generator (RNG) seems to attract an outsized amount of attention (and work) for what is, or seemingly should be, a fairly small component of the kernel. In part that is because random numbers, and their quality, are extremely important to a number of security protections, from unpredictable IP-packet sequence numbers to cryptographic keys. A recent post of version 43 of the Linux Random Number Generator (LRNG) by Stephan Müller is not likely to go any further than its predecessors, but the discussion around it may lead to support for a feature that some distributions need. The cover letter for the LRNG patch set is titled “/dev/random – a new approach”, which is true, but also sure to elicit highly skeptical responses or cause the patches to be ignored entirely. As was reiterated in the discussion, kernel development generally does not proceed along the “wholesale replacement” path; features are added slowly, in bite-sized chunks, instead. But LRNG is meant to be a drop-in replacement for the existing kernel RNG, while adding a long list of additional features—some of which would likely be welcome if they were separated out. # ⚓ A_reference-count_tracking_infrastructure_[LWN.net]⠀⇛ Reference counts are a commonly used mechanism for tracking the life cycle of objects in a computing system. As long as every user of an object correctly maintains its references by incrementing and decrementing the reference count, that object will persist for as long as it is needed and will be properly destroyed once the last user is done. The “correctly” in that sentence is important, though; things do not work as well in the presence of reference-counting errors. Networking developer Eric Dumazet is working on a reference-count tracking system that could prove useful for finding these errors in the networking subsystem and, someday, throughout the kernel. Bugs in reference-count manipulation can be hard to find because the references themselves are anonymous. It may become clear, for example, that some user of an object has failed to release a reference before forgetting about that object, but there is generally no way to know which user has done this. So the kernel ends up with an unused object that cannot be released, but there is no way to know where the reference-counting mechanism failed, or even which reference was lost. If there were a way to determine which of (say) several dozen references to an object was leaked, the task of finding the erroneous release path would be made considerably easier. # ⚓ A_filesystem_for_namespaces_[LWN.net]⠀⇛ It is natural, when looking at the kernel development process, to focus on patches that find their way to acceptance and become a part of future kernels. But there can be value in looking at work that doesn’t clear the bar; in failing, these patches often reveal things about the kernel and the community that creates it. Such is the case with the proof-of-concept namespacefs patch series recently posted by Yordan Karadzhov. One should not expect to see namespacefs in a future kernel but, in failing, this work showed a real use case and why it is hard to satisfy that use case in the kernel. Namespacefs is, as one might expect, a virtual filesystem implemented by the kernel. Its job is to display the hierarchy of namespaces running on the system; this information reflects the hierarchy of containers that are running. By using namespacefs, administrators can more readily see what is happening on their systems; it is also meant to facilitate complicated use cases like tracing multiple containers and watching how they interact. The initial implementation was limited to the PID and time namespaces. One can use it to traverse the hierarchy of PID namespaces (time namespaces are not hierarchical) and obtain the list of processes running in each. Other types of namespaces are not supported in this posting, but the intent was seemingly to add that support in a future version if namespacefs looked like the right solution to the problem. # ⚓ Detecting_missing_memory_barriers_with_KCSAN_[LWN.net]⠀⇛ Writing (correct) concurrent code that uses locking to avoid race conditions is difficult enough. When the objective is to use lockless algorithms, relying on memory barriers instead of locks to eliminate locking overhead, the problem becomes harder still. Bugs are easy to create and hard to find in this type of code. There may be some help on the way, though, in the form of this patch set from Marco Elver that enhances the Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer (KCSAN) with the ability to detect some types of missing memory barriers. KCSAN works in a statistical manner by watching accesses to specific memory addresses and trying to detect racy patterns; the algorithm used is described in this article. In its current form, though, KCSAN can only catch certain types of race conditions, specifically those that arise from locking errors. Other types of races remain invisible to this tool, including a number that can arise in incorrect lockless code. KCSAN is, by design, blind to the kinds of problems that occur when CPUs and memory controllers reorder the visibility of memory writes. o § Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ 10_Best_Linux_Video_Players_in_2021⠀⇛ In this new age watching movies or tv shows is easily done through online streaming sites such as Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Hulu. But not always these streaming sites are available in your region nor everyone can afford a paid subscription. In such cases, people prefer free-online sites but those come with the excessive ads pop-ups after every few mins. To avoid such situations and hassle-free watching of your favorite movies and shows users simply download their favorite shows and movies from different online sources and watch them using Video Players. # ⚓ QEMU_6.2_Emulator_Released_–_itsfoss.net⠀⇛ The presented release of the project is QEMU 6.2 . As an emulator, QEMU allows you to run a program compiled for one hardware platform on a system with a completely different architecture, for example, to run an application for ARM on an x86-compatible PC. In virtualization mode in QEMU, the performance of code execution in an isolated environment is close to the hardware system due to the direct execution of instructions on the CPU and the use of the Xen hypervisor or the KVM module. The project was originally created by Fabrice Bellard to enable x86-built Linux binaries to run on non-x86 architectures. Over the years, support for full emulation has been added for 14 hardware architectures, the number of emulated hardware devices has exceeded 400. In the preparation of version 6.2, more than 2300 changes were made from 189 developers. # ⚓ PAPPL_1.1_Open-Source_Printer_Framework_Adds_WiFi Configuration,_IPP-USB ⠀⇛ While CUPS 2.4 was recently released as the first big update in years and since OpenPrinting took over upstream development, CUPS founder Michael Sweet continues concurrently developing PAPPL as a modern, open-source printer appication framework. Wednesday marked the release of PAPPL 1.1. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ How_to_fix_Ubuntu_apt-get_stuck_at_0_[Connecting_to us.archive.ubuntu.com]⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_update_GIMP_in_Ubuntu_20.04_LTS_without_using Flatpak_or_Snap_–_itsfoss.net⠀⇛ How to update GIMP in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS without using Flatpak or Snap, GIMP is a special application for me, which I use almost daily -for little things in general, but that is another story- and that I like to keep updated, although it has not been easy for me in the last year … because for this specific case, neither Flatpak nor Snap meet what I need. My needs, of course, are what they are: I mainly use distributions based on the latest Ubuntu LTS that has come out, and I use several of the plugins that are still packaged in the Ubuntu repositories. This is the basics, and since Ubuntu does not update applications like GIMP in the same version, and that versions like Ubuntu LTS last for me installed for more or less a couple of years, the price to pay is to miss all the news that GIMP is implementing , which for some time now has accelerated its development and leaves us releases as interesting as the recent GIMP 2.10.28. # ⚓ Installing_Asterisk_on_Debian_–_Unixcop_the_Unix_/_Linux the_admins_deams⠀⇛ In this guide, we explain how to install and setup Asterisk on a Debian 11.1 server. Connect a soft- phone to an Asterisk server for a great VOIP solution. # ⚓ How_to_Create_and_Execute_Bash_Scripts_in_Linux⠀⇛ Shell scripts are a great way to automate repetitive tasks on Linux. You can write Bash scripts that perform system-related tasks such as installing software, adding new users, dynamically configuring the desktop, just to name a few. But what’s the prerequisite? You should have in- depth knowledge of the Bash shell and its commands, including how to wrap these commands in a script—and the most important—how to run the script. Here’s how you can create and execute Bash scripts on Linux. # ⚓ How_to_Set_Date_and_Time_in_Rocky_and_AlmaLinux⠀⇛ Whether you are a system administrator, network administrator, or a normal user under a Linux operating system, it is important to ensure your system is set to the correct date and time in regard to your location. For instance, your prowess in Linux administration might take you to different time zones and locations. Under such circumstances, you might need to update your Linux system with the correct date and time values so that you are not caught off guard during important activities like project presentations. Also, some programs that run under Linux reference the system date and time values as part of their input and output data. The misrepresentation of such values can yield logical consequences. # ⚓ How_to_Create_LVM_Partition_in_Linux_(Step_by_Step)⠀⇛ LVM (Logical Volume Manager) is the recommended way to manage disk or volume in Linux system. One of the major benefits of LVM partitions is that we can extend their size on the fly without any down time. In this post, we will learn how to create LVM partition in linux step by step. For demonstration purpose, I have attached 10 GB disk to my Ubuntu system and will create lvm partition on it. Let’s deep dive into the steps. # ⚓ How_to_Manage_Flatpak_Permissions_Graphically_Using Flatseal⠀⇛ Flatseal is a GUI utility app that enables you to review and modify all the permissions given to your Flatpak applications. If you are familiar with managing app permissions on an Android device then this will not be a new concept to you. If you are a frequent FossMinter, then you must know what Flatpak is – the utility that allows developers to sandbox applications with curated access to network interfaces, system resources, file storage, etc. Unlike Android, however, which has native support for tweaking its permissions via the CLI and GUI, Flatpak has these settings available only via the command line as Flatpak commands. Flatseal has stepped into the chat room and given users the ability to control their Flatpak permissions via the convenience of a GUI. o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾ # ⚓ Top_10_Unknown_KDE_Application_to_Boost_Your Productivity⠀⇛ We list top 10 KDE application that are relatively unknown to many, and give you an overview of their amazing features. Read on. o § Distributions⠀➾ # ⚓ Blatant_Self-Promotion⠀⇛ Liam Proven’s NixOS and the changing face of Linux operating systems is a very interesting discussion of Linux distros and package management. He starts by discussing radical restructuring of Linux distros, focusing on NixOS and GoboLinux. Then he looks at less radical alternatives: So, instead of re-architecting the way distros are built, vendors are reimplementing similar functionality using simpler tools inherited from the server world: containers, squashfs filesystems inside single files, and, for distros that have them, copy-on-write filesystems to provide rollback functionality. The goal is to build operating systems as robust as mobile OSes: periodically, the vendor ships a thoroughly tested and integrated image which end users can’t change and don’t need to. In normal use, the root filesystem is mounted read-only, and there’s no package manager. # § BSD⠀➾ # ⚓ Persistency_management_of_memory_based_filesystem_on OpenBSD⠀⇛ For saving my SSD and also speeding up my system, I store some cache files into memory using the mfs filesystem on OpenBSD. But that would be nice to save the content upon shutdown and restore it at start, wouldn’t it? I found that storing the web browser cache in a memory filesystem drastically improve its responsiveness, but it’s hard to make measurements of it. # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾ # ⚓ Secure_your_Kubernetes_deployments_with_eBPF_|_Red Hat_Developer⠀⇛ Numerous adaptations of the Linux kernel—notably seccomp, SELinux, and AppArmor—bolster its security through runtime checks on sensitive activities such as file access and system calls (syscalls). In particular, seccomp denies access to system calls that don’t match rebuild profiles of allowed calls. But the creation of seccomp profiles for Kubernetes workloads can be a major obstacle to deploying containerized applications. Those profiles have to be maintained over the complete life cycle of the application because changing the code might require changes to the seccomp rules as well. To overcome this burden, it would be absolutely stunning if developers could record seccomp profiles by running a test suite against the application and automatically deploy the results together with the application manifest. But how to record seccomp profiles? Well, the Security Profiles Operator in Kubernetes offers several ways to record activity. This article shows how to use the Operator to secure your applications and how the recorder that uses extended Berkeley Packet, eBPF (or just BPF) does the job. # ⚓ An_elegant_way_to_performance_test_microservices_on Kubernetes⠀⇛ Application programming interfaces (APIs) are the core system of most services. Client, web, and mobile applications are all built from APIs. They sit on the critical path between an end-user and a service, and they’re also used for intra-service communication. Because APIs are so critical, API performance is also essential. It doesn’t matter how well-built your front-end application is if the API data sources it accesses take several seconds to respond. This is especially true in a world of microservices, where services depend on each other to provide data. In my opinion, the best feature your API can offer is great performance. To measure API performance, you need to benchmark your APIs as reliably as possible, which can be challenging. The optimal approach depends on your performance objectives. In this article, I’ll guide you through an elegant process for measuring the performance of backend applications running on Red Hat OpenShift or Kubernetes. You’ll also learn how to use Vegeta, a versatile HTTP load testing and benchmarking tool written in Golang. We will deploy Vegeta on OpenShift and run performance tests in both standalone and distributed modes. # § Debian Family⠀➾ # ⚓ The_Raspberry_Pi_A+,_and_Pi-Hole⠀⇛ Installation of Pi-Hole was as easy as any console-based tool I’ve ever used. I didn’t think I needed the web-based GUI, and wasn’t sure how well it’d run with the A+’s limited resources, but I opted to install it anyway. It’s been a month or so now, and the A+ has been sitting on top of my bhyve box with just a USB power lead and the Wi-Pi module, filtering our DNS. It works a treat, and the GUI uses very little memory. I suspect these were the sorts of use cases the A+ was designed for. # § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾ # ⚓ Pop!__OS_21.10_Released,_developing_the_COSMIC desktop_–_LinuxStoney⠀⇛ Pop! _OS 21.10 Released, developing the COSMIC desktop, company System76 , a specializing in the production of laptops, PCs and servers shipped with Linux, has released the distribution Pop! _OS 21.10 . Pop! _OS is based on the package base Ubuntu 21.10 and comes with its own desktop environment COSMIC . The developments of the project are distributed under the GPLv3 license. ISO images are generated for x86_64 and ARM64 architectures in variants for NVIDIA ( graphics chips 2.9 GB ) and Intel / AMD ( 2.5 GB ) , as well as for boards Raspberry Pi 4 ( 2.4 GB ) The distribution is primarily aimed at people who use a computer to create something new, such as developing content, software products, 3D models, graphics, music, or scientific work. The idea of developing its own edition of the Ubuntu distribution came after Canonical’s decision to transfer Ubuntu from Unity to GNOME Shell – the developers of System76 started creating a new theme based on GNOME, but then realized that they were ready to offer users a different desktop environment, providing flexible tools for customizing for the current desktop process. # ⚓ Canonical_Kubernetes_1.23_hits_GA⠀⇛ The Kubernetes crew at Canonical is delighted to announce that Canonical Kubernetes 1.23 is now generally available. The team is committed to releasing in tandem with upstream so our users and customers can benefit from the latest features and improvements as soon as they become available. This blog is a quick introduction to Canonical Kubernetes and the top features available in release 1.23. # ⚓ How_we_designed_Ubuntu_Pro_for_Confidential_Computing on_Azure [Ed: Canonical_is_working_for_Microsoft instead_of_competing_with_Microsoft]⠀⇛ # ⚓ Finding_Ubuntu_(and_Debian)_packages_that_are_in_odd state⠀⇛ The other day, we discovered that an important package on one of our Ubuntu servers had wound up in what the package system considered an odd state. The only relatively obvious sign of this was that ‘apt-get -u upgrade’ reported that there was work to do despite not having any packages to install or upgrade (unfortunately I didn’t save the specific output). This state was sticky because for reasons beyond the scope of this entry, the package’s postinstall script was reporting an error. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ Green_information_technology_and_classroom discussions⠀⇛ # ⚓ December_update:_a_year_in_review⠀⇛ As far as news is concerned, we are happy to let you know that the PinePhone Pro Explorer Edition and PinePhone Pro keyboard production is steaming ahead with units available soon. # ⚓ Pine64_and_Radxa’s_new_Pi_CM4-compatible_boards⠀⇛ Since the Raspberry Pi was introduced, hundreds of clones have adopted the Pi’s form factor (from the diminutive Zero to the ‘full size’ model B). Often they have better hardware specs, and yet they remain a more obscure also-ran in that generation of Single Board Computer (SBC). So when I saw Radxa’s CM3 and Pine64′s SOQuartz, I wanted to see if either would be—as they advertised—’drop in, pin- compatible replacements’ for the Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4. # ⚓ Christmas_Tree_PCB_Just_The_Trick_For_Festive_Glee_| Hackaday⠀⇛ It’s a forward-looking project, complete with USB-C connector, future-proofing it for some time until yet another connector standard comes along. When plugged in, like many similar projects, it blinks some APA102 LEDs in a festive way. The PCB joins in on the fun, with white silkscreen baubles augmented by golden ones created by gaps in the soldermask. An ATTiny167 is the brains of the operation, using the Micronucleus bootloader in a similar configuration to teh DigiSpark Pro development board. It relies on a bit-banged low-speed USB interface for programming, but the functionality is largely transparent to the end user. It can readily be programmed from within the Arduino IDE. # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Samsung_Galaxy_A13_4G_Specifications_Tipped_by Geekbench_Listing;_May_Feature_Exynos_850,_Android_12_| Technology_News⠀⇛ # ⚓ Android_12L_could_add_Face_Unlock_support_for_the Pixel_6_Pro_–_Pocketnow⠀⇛ # ⚓ This_Nokia_mid-ranger_is_getting_Android_12_before your_phone⠀⇛ # ⚓ [Poll]_Should_Google_bring_back_Android_12_status_bar Clock_app_shortcut?⠀⇛ # ⚓ Samsung_Galaxy_Tab_A8_arrives_in_January_w/_Android 11_–_9to5Google⠀⇛ # ⚓ Nvidia_releases_recovery_images_for_Shield_Experience 9.0.0⠀⇛ # ⚓ Wallpaper_Wednesday:_Android_wallpapers_2021-12-15_– Android_Authority⠀⇛ # ⚓ Rockchip_RK3588_benchmarks_–_Geekbench4,_GFXBench_– CNX_Software⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_check_your_Android_smartphone’s_charging_speed –_Phandroid⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_share_your_family_photos_on_Android_– 9to5Google⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_Set_Up_Voicemail_on_Android⠀⇛ # ⚓ Tecno_plans_to_launch_the_first_Android_with_sensor shift_IS,_is_working_on_a_telescopic_camera_– GSMArena.com_news⠀⇛ # ⚓ The_best_end-to-end_encrypted_messaging_apps_for_your Android_phone⠀⇛ # ⚓ The_10_Best_Ad-Free_Music_Player_Apps_for_Android⠀⇛ # ⚓ AH_Reader’s_Choice_Awards_2021:_Best_Android_Tablet_– Samsung_Galaxy_Tab_S7_FE⠀⇛ # ⚓ Top_10_Best_Keto_&_Paleo_Diet_Android_Apps_–_2021⠀⇛ # ⚓ 20_popular_Android_launchers_to_give_your_phone_a_new look_|_Gadgets_Now⠀⇛ # ⚓ Holiday_Android_app_deals:_Baldur’s_Gate_II,_Earth 3D,_Data_Defense,_and_more_–_9to5Toys⠀⇛ # ⚓ Sony_Xperia_1_III_review:_Android_enthusiast excellence_–_9to5Google⠀⇛ # ⚓ Wear_OS_3_watch_faces_tease_elusive_Pixel_Watch, Fitbit_integration_|_Android_Central⠀⇛ # ⚓ Twitter_begins_testing_edge_to_edge_tweets_on_Android –_The_Hindu_BusinessLine⠀⇛ o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # ⚓ People_Should_Really_Be_Thankful_For_Open_Source_Software Developers⠀⇛ Users don’t usually realize the value of open source software they get for free. Things like Linux, LibreOffice, Firefox and basically every programming library may be essential in the daily life of each of us. However, we may not actually feel “pleasure” for those software developers who provided us with all of this. They may not feel the value of what they have. Although we are talking about open source software, it is rightful to note that “free” as in “free coffee” is an inevitable conclusion of “free” as in “freedom”. If you ask an engineer, a doctor, a professor, a teacher or a farmer to give you one of the products they do for free, probably they will just refuse. You won’t find a professor working full time in a university for free. You won’t find a civil engineer working on building houses for free. You won’t find a farmer giving you vegetables for free. However, you do find software developers giving it for you for free. # § Web Browsers⠀➾ # § Chromium⠀➾ # ⚓ Controlling_Chrome_from_the_CLI⠀⇛ Here’s how I used the chrome-cli tool to help me open up URLs in different tabs in a new Chrome window. From the command line. In analysing various GitHub issues and pull requests recently, I needed to be able to open up a number of them in my browser, one in each tab. The GitHub issue and pull request URLs are determined from a script, and I wanted to be able to open up a new Chrome window on the screen with all of the URLs loaded. # § SaaS/Back End/Databases⠀➾ # ⚓ [Old] Meet_MUMPS,_the_Archaic_Health-Care_Programming Language_That_Predicted_Big_Data⠀⇛ In 1966, when MUMPS was first developed by a pair of researchers working in an animal laboratory, the data that would even come pouring in from high-resolution sky mapping projects and social media platforms with hundreds of millions of users would have been unimaginable. But our bodies and their limitless data points were already there. # § Productivity Software/LibreOffice/Calligra⠀➾ # ⚓ New_user_guide_for_Base⠀⇛ Another user guide was published by the LibreOffice documentation team on December 8: the LibreOffice 7.2 Base Guide, for the database component. It is available in free PDF or ODT from the LibreOffice website, or in a low-cost printed copy from Lulu.com. Given the very few changes in Base since LibreOffice 6.4, the team decided to just rebrand the previous book, as part of an effort to produce a complete set of books for v7.2. If you want printed copies and already have the Base 6.4 book, you could choose to save some money by not buying this one. # § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ Sublime_❤︎_Clojure⠀⇛ REPL is Clojure’s superpower. For a long time, I’ve been enjoying Sublime Text but was unable to match it with Clojure. This ends today: I’m happy to present my new Sublime Text plugin, Sublime Clojure. # § Python⠀➾ # ⚓ Python_discusses_deprecations_[LWN.net]⠀⇛ Feature deprecations are often controversial, but many projects find it necessary, or desirable, to lose some of the baggage that has accreted over time. A mid-November request to get rid of three Python standard library modules provides a case in point. It was initially greeted as a good idea since the modules had been officially deprecated starting with Python 3.6; there are better ways to accomplish their tasks now. But, of course, removing a module breaks any project that uses it, at least without the project making some, perhaps even trivial, changes. The cost of that is not insignificant, and the value in doing so is not always clear, which led to higher-level conversation about deprecations. # § Rust⠀➾ # ⚓ This_Week_In_Rust:_This_Week_in_Rust_421⠀⇛ * § Leftovers⠀➾ o ⚓ The_Senate’s_Finsta_Problem⠀⇛ Earlier this year we wrote about Senator Richard Blumenthal’s viral “finsta” debacle in which he asked a Facebook executive to “end Finsta” as if (1) it was a product, or (2) it was “endable.” Some people pushed back on the mocking of Blumenthal, noting that he (or at least his staffers) actually understood what “finsta” meant, since he had given an accurate description earlier, and his staff had set up a fake Instagram account, pretending to be a young girl to see what happened. However, as we and others noted, if he actually understood “finsta” that made his demand to “end Finsta” even worse, because it meant he was calling for an end to anonymity on Instagram, which would have huge problems — especially for more marginalized people or those at risk, who have very good reasons for not using their real names on social media. o ⚓ ‘My_child_was_there,_all_alone_—_that’s_all_I_could_think_about’: In_a_heart-wrenching_excerpt_from_her_book,_Russian_activist Anastasia_Shevchenko_recalls_losing_her_daughter_while_under_house arrest⠀⇛ Anastasia Shevchenko was the first person in Russia to be charged with the criminal offense of taking part in the activities of an “undesirable” organization. At the time, she was a member of the federal board of the human rights group Open Russia. A criminal case was launched against her for organizing a political debate and publishing a post about a lecture. Shevchenko was placed under house arrest on January 23, 2019, and on February 18, 2021, she was sentenced to four years’ probation. While under house arrest, Shevchenko was initially denied permission to visit her eldest daughter Alina, who was in the hospital in critical condition. A judge eventually allowed Shevchenko to go to her daughter’s side the night before she passed away. Earlier this year, Anastasia Shevchenko published a book titled “Undesirable” (edited by Olga Borisova). Meduza shares a translated excerpt from her memoir here. o ⚓ Why_Should_I_Change_the_Way_I_Talk?⠀⇛ The first time I realized I was code-switching, I was making an appointment over the phone while sitting on the couch with my 14-year-old niece. My voice became higher and more gentle, and I purposely avoided saying certain words that would emphasize my accent. This story was produced for Student Nation, a program of the Nation Fund for Independent Journalism, which is dedicated to highlighting the best of student journalism. For more Student Nation, check out our archive or learn more about the program here. StudentNation is made possible through generous funding from The Puffin Foundation. If you’re a student and you have an article idea, please send pitches and questions to [email protected]. o ⚓ The_Last_Days_of_the_Beatles⠀⇛ Which version is right? o ⚓ An_‘Incalculable’_Loss:_Acclaimed_Feminist_Author_bell_hooks_Dies at_69⠀⇛ The influential feminist author, critic, and public intellectual bell hooks died on Wednesday at age 69 in Berea, Kentucky. hooks was the author of more than 40 books, including volumes of poetry, essay collections, and children’s stories. Born Gloria Jean Watkins, she chose the pen name bell hooks after her great-grandmother and declined to capitalize the name to encourage readers to focus on the “substance of books, not who I am.” o ⚓ Revolutionary_Reconstitution_or_Common_Ruin⠀⇛ Our job on the actual Left (not to be confused with the corporate and imperial Democratic Party) is to change the fracturing equation. Without ignoring the need to defeat of lethal enemies to our “red” (how ironic) right, we need at the same time to move the nation (and world) beyond bourgeois democracy, fascism, and capitalism towards socialism by polarizing the population vertically between the majority populace on one hand and the parasitic capitalist and imperial system on the other. In explaining why, just to pick one area in recent headlines, with extreme weather, which has just wreaked murderous havoc across “flyover” zones in Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Why did a record-setting wave of high-powered night-time tornadoes kill many dozens of people and level thousands of structures across a 200 mile-plus stretch of the nation’s rural heartland in the second week of December? This was no random act of God. Intimately related to the fact that local weather broadcasters in Chicago are telling me to (idiotically) look forward to 60 degrees tomorrow, ten days out from Christmas (as if this is a good thing), it is a product and symptom of escalating climate change. And that (catastrophic) climate change is the outcome of a capitalist system that is driven to relentlessly expand while hopelessly and lethally addicted to the extraction and burning of fossil fuels. o § Education⠀➾ # ⚓ The_Greatest_Teacher_of_America’s_Great_Art_Form⠀⇛ Harmony is the art of resolution, but not all resolutions are equally artful. A story circulates about how Franz Joseph Haydn’s son, returning drunk from late-night partying, loudly played a single dominant chord on the living room piano before going to bed. Startled awake, the great composer got up, went to the keyboard, and resolved the son’s argument with single soft tonic before returning to peaceful slumber. # ⚓ Academic_Publishing_–_Market_Or_Collectivization?⠀⇛ Last week’s podium on the commodification of open science entitled “If you are not paying for the product, you are the product?” was surprisingly unanimous on the need to radically modernize academic publishing and abolish the current publishing system relying mainly on corporate publishers with monopoly status. It appeared as if the present funders, librarians, scientists and other experts essentially only argued about how and when this replacement for corporate publishers should be brought abut, not if. It was also unexpected that this was probably the first time I was not representing the most radical position on the panel. The proposals to remove usage rights from publicly funded research papers, or to ban for-profit publishers altogether, prompted the moderator, Jan-Martin Wiarda, to ask if these were calls for an expropriation of the publishers. Julia Reda was quick to point out that the goal was not to expropriate anybody, but that the accurate technical term for what she was proposing was “collectivization”. o § Hardware⠀➾ # ⚓ RC_Sub_Built_With_A_Water_Bottle_|_Hackaday⠀⇛ Submarines are one of the harder modes of transport to build in radio-controlled form. Doing so involves tangling with sealing electronics from water ingress and finding a way to control the thing underwater. It’s a challenge, but one relished by [Project Air] in his latest build. The body of the sub was built from a drink bottle, serving as a stout container upon which could be mounted all the necessary hardware. Filling the bottle with water allowed buoyancy to be adjusted to a neutral level. Twin brushless motors were used for drive, while servos were waterproofed using a combination of rubber gaskets, olive oil, and sealing spray. # ⚓ Intel_thinks_the_metaverse_will_need_a_thousand-fold increase_in_computing_capability⠀⇛ As Koduri notes in his editorial, we can’t even put two people in a truly detailed virtual environment with today’s technology. “Consider what is required to put two individuals in a social setting in an entirely virtual environment: convincing and detailed avatars with realistic clothing, hair and skin tones – all rendered in real time and based on sensor data capturing real world 3D objects, gestures, audio and much more; data transfer at super high bandwidths and extremely low latencies; and a persistent model of the environment, which may contain both real and simulated elements.” And that’s just for two people — scaling up to the hundreds of millions of users that a Ready Player One, Snow Crash, or Matrix-style metaverse concept would require much, much more computing infrastructure. # ⚓ Best_USB_microphones_for_streaming:_Upgrade_your_stream with_high-quality_audio⠀⇛ When selecting our picks for the best USB microphones, we look for models that offer easy setup, great quality, and a fair price, as well as flexibility with voice types and volumes. If you want to learn more about how to pick the best microphone for your particular needs, scroll down to our section below on the key features and what to look for in a USB microphone. o § Health/Nutrition/Agriculture⠀➾ # ⚓ US_Passes_Another_Unfathomable_COVID_Milestone,_Reaching 800,000_Deaths⠀⇛ # ⚓ Public_Health_Advocates_Demand_Public_Ownership_of_mRNA Manufacturing_in_US⠀⇛ A coalition of public health advocates is urging the Biden administration to retain public ownership over “any new domestic manufacturing capacity that is established” as a result of the White House’s plan to increase the global supply of Covid-19 vaccines, which remain out of reach for billions of impoverished people worldwide due to dose hoarding by rich countries and knowledge hoarding by Big Pharma. “Publicly financed vaccine production should be publicly controlled.” # ⚓ Warning_of_Omicron_Wave,_WHO_Chief_Says_‘If_We_End Inequity,_We_End_the_Pandemic’⠀⇛ The head of the World Health Organization warned Tuesday that the new Omicron variant is spreading at an unprecedented rate and reiterated his assessment that ending the coronavirus pandemic requires ending global vaccine inequity. “If we allow inequity to continue, we allow the pandemic to continue.” # ⚓ Debunking_Pharma_Lies,_Experts_Identify_100+_Firms_Ready_to Make_mRNA_Vaccines⠀⇛ Public health experts on Wednesday unveiled a report spotlighting more than 100 firms in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that have the potential to produce mRNA vaccines for Covid-19, putting the lie to the Big Pharma narrative that developing countries lack manufacturing capacity to make the lifesaving shots. “People are dying for corporate profit—it’s that simple.” # ⚓ The_Roots_of_Vaccine_Hesitancy_in_Polygamous_Communities⠀⇛ Fundamentalist branches of Mormonism, however – groups who began separating from the LDS church after it ended the institutionally sanctioned practice of polygamy in 1904 – took a different route. Many fundamentalists have refused to take the vaccine and have sought alternative therapies, including the controversial use of Ivermectin, a drug commonly prescribed to treat intestinal parasites. Nationwide, about 30% of Americans have not received any vaccine dose against COVID-19. Many express skepticism about government intervention in their families’ health, opinions that are sometimes rooted in misinformation or conspiracy theories. # ⚓ Why_I_Oppose_Dr._Robert_Califf’s_Nomination_to_Run_the FDA⠀⇛ Not only have the drug companies spent over $4.5 billion on lobbying and hundreds of millions of dollars in campaign contributions over the past 20 years, they also have created a revolving door between the FDA and the industry. Shockingly, nine out of the last ten FDA Commissioners went on to work for the pharmaceutical industry or to serve on a prescription drug company’s board of directors. Unfortunately, Dr. Califf is not the exception to that rule. After leaving the FDA in 2017, he received consulting fees from Merck, Biogen and Eli Lilly. According to his financial disclosure form, he owns up to $8 million in the stocks of major drug companies. That is exactly the close relationship Big Pharma has exploited to regulate the FDA, instead of the FDA regulating them. # ⚓ Boris_Johnson:_“It’s_My_Party,_and_I’ll_Cry_If_I_Want_to, Lie_If_I_Want_To”⠀⇛ Last Christmas the UK was in a government-ordained second pandemic lockdown, during which all indoor social gatherings were prohibited (though on 16 December indoor gatherings confined to household bubbles were permitted). At the end of last month the Daily Mirror newspaper revealed that BoJo’s prime ministerial residence at Downing Street was the venue for 2 parties in the lead-up to Christmas 2020, the lockdown notwithstanding, # ⚓ When_Home_Is_a_Toxic_Hot_Spot⠀⇛ When the Environmental Protection Agency hosted a meeting last week to discuss hazardous air pollution in Verona, Missouri, Mayor Joseph Heck came armed with demands for round-the-clock air monitoring and a study of local cancer rates. “We’re here to find out more about the ethylene oxide pollution,” Heck said, referring to a potent chemical that can cause cancer by mutating DNA. “We know it is here. We know it’s dangerous, and we want answers.” The EPA had announced the event a few weeks after ProPublica published a unique, detailed analysis showing hot spots across the country where cancer risk is elevated by pollution from nearby industrial facilities, and after TV station KY3 aired a segment highlighting our analysis’s implications for the city’s 620 residents. One of Verona’s largest employers, the BCP Ingredients manufacturing facility, was substantially increasing the cancer risk in the area with its ethylene oxide emissions, our analysis showed. In some places, including the post office and city hall, the industrial cancer risk was an estimated 27 times the level that the EPA considers acceptable. The company said in a statement that the facility “is in full compliance” with federal and state regulations. # ⚓ RFK_Jr._then_vs._RFK_Jr._now:_Still_fiercely_antivaccine after_all_these_years⠀⇛ There are times when I feel as though I’m in some sort of endless loop, in which certain things keep happening and certain people keep popping up again and again. I’m going through just such a time now with Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., or RFK Jr., as he’s most commonly called. Although he has repeatedly claimed to be “fiercely pro-vaccine,” in reality his activities over the last 16 years have definitively shown him to be fiercely antivaccine. The reason is that RFK Jr. has been popping up in the news lately and has a best selling conspiracy- mongering book about Anthony Fauci out that he’s promoting, as are his fellow antivaxxers, like Del Bigtree: # ⚓ Thousands_displaced_from_Oahu_military_base_due_to contamination_in_Navy_water_system⠀⇛ We’ve since learned that samples from the Red Hill Shaft contained petroleum levels that were 350 times the level considered safe, and that some 3,000 military members and their families have been relocated to temporary housing. The Navy says it’s found the source of the gas leak, but state officials and environmental activists are still calling for the facility to be permanently shut down. Here’s a look at the context and latest developments: [...] # ⚓ Benton_Harbor,_Michigan_sees_decreasing_levels_of_lead_in drinking_water⠀⇛ From the same data, 1 in 4 of America’s poorest ZIP codes, where median household income is less than $35,000, has at least one water district with excessive lead contamination. o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # ⚓ Ransomware_attack_threatens_paychecks_just_before Christmas [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ # ⚓ Opening_of_email_attachment_led_to_HSE_cyber_attack, report_finds [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ The opening of a malicious Microsoft Excel file attached to a phishing email led to the cyber attack that crippled the national health service earlier this year, according to a report on the incident published on Friday. The file was opened at a HSE workstation on March 18th, with the email having been sent to the “patient zero workstation” two days earlier. # ⚓ Weak_defenses_made_cyberattack_on_Irish_hospitals easy,_experts_find [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ The HSE’s failure meant that, until mid- September, many doctors nationwide lost access to patient information, clinical care and laboratory systems. With email and networked phones turned off, hospitals were reduced to using pen and paper, faxes, personal mobile phones and face-to-face planning — in the midst of a national rollout of COVID-19 vaccinations. Tens of thousands of appointments and procedures, particularly for cancer patients, were cancelled. # ⚓ HSE_publishes_independent_report_on_Conti_cyber attack [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ On 14th May 2021, the HSE was subjected to a serious criminal cyberattack, through the infiltration of IT systems using Conti Ransomware. With over 80% of IT infrastructure impacted and the loss of key patient information and diagnostics, this resulted in severe impacts on the health service and the provision of care. The HSE employed the assistance of An Garda Síochána, the National Cyber Security Centre, Interpol and the Irish Defence Forces. # ⚓ Inside_Ireland’s_Public_Healthcare_Ransomware_Scare_– Krebs_on_Security [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ Ireland Health service manager (HSE), which operates the country’s public health system, was hit by Conti ransomware on May 14, 2021. A timeline in the report (above) states that the first infection of the “patient zero” workstation occurred on March 18, 2021, when a employee on a Windows computer opened a Microsoft Excel document in a phishing email that had been sent two days earlier. Less than a week later, the attacker had established a reliable backdoor connection to the employee’s infected workstation. After infecting the system, “the attacker continued to operate in the environment for a period of eight weeks until the detonation of Conti ransomware on May 14, 2021,” the report states. # § Pseudo-Open Source⠀➾ # § Privatisation/Privateering⠀➾ # § Linux Foundation⠀➾ # ⚓ Vision_2022:_Open_Networking_&_Edge Predictions_–_Linux.com⠀⇛ As we wrap up the second year of living through a global pandemic, I wanted to take a moment to both look ahead to next year, as well as recognize how the open networking and edge industry has shifted over the past year. Read below for a list of what we can expect in 2022, as well as a brief “report card” on where my industry predictions from last year landed. # § Security⠀➾ # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ Apple’s_Android_App_to_Scan_for_AirTags is_a_Necessary_Step_Forward,_But_More_Anti- Stalking_Mitigations_Are_Needed⠀⇛ # ⚓ EXCLUSIVE_Zoom_has_joined_tech_industry counterterrorism_group⠀⇛ GIFCT’s founding members were Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter (TWTR.N) and Alphabet’s (GOOGL.O) YouTube. Its membership has risen to 18 companies with five new platforms joining this year including home- rental firm Airbnb (ABNB.O), social network Tumblr and online publishing platform WordPress. It said it plans for more in 2022. # ⚓ Zoom_joins_counterterrorism_tech_group⠀⇛ Video conferencing platform Zoom has joined an independent counterterrorism group that shares information among major tech companies to combat violence and extremism. The Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) announced Wednesday that Zoom had joined the group. The forum was founded by Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter and YouTube in 2017 and now has 18 members. # ⚓ Instagram_hits_2_billion_users_but_won’t disclose_it_to_the_world⠀⇛ Meta-owned Instagram has reportedly hit two billion monthly active users, but the photo-sharing platform may not officially disclose these figures as it faces intense scrutiny over its alleged role in damaging the mental health of kids and teenagers. According to a CNBC report, anonymous employees broke this news, saying Instagram reached the 2-billion users’ figure about a week before Facebook changed its name to Meta in October. # ⚓ At_Europe’s_newest_multipurpose_arena, Nokia_Arena,_doors_open_with_mobile phones⠀⇛ “We have introduced a wide range of keys. Access permits can be sent to smart devices, in which case the door opens with the help of a mobile phone or smartwatch in the blink of an eye. This way, for example, an ice hockey team training in the rink does not have to worry about losing the keys or returning them to the right place when the access rights expire at the end of the game shift. When granting access, it is also possible to determine which premises can and cannot be accessed,” says Jani Helenius, Property and Security Manager at Nokia Arena. # ⚓ Press_briefing:_Transparency_complaint against_secret_EU_surveillance_research “iBorderCtrl”⠀⇛ The EU is funding the development of a supposed “video lie detector” that would be used on travellers before entering the EU. Member of the European Parliament and civil liberties activist Patrick Breyer (Pirate Party) filed a lawsuit on 15 March 2019 for the release of classified documents on the ethical justifiability and legality of the technology. The European Court of Justice will deliver its judgment in public in Luxembourg on 15 December 2021 at 11 am (Case T- 158/19). A landmark ruling could shed light on EU-funded “security research” in general. o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ Demanding_‘Global_Peace_Dividend,’_Nobel_Laureates_Call_for 2%_Cut_in_World’s_Military_Spending⠀⇛ In a move they say will save $1 trillion over five years “to fight planetary emergencies” like “pandemics, climate change, and extreme poverty,” a group of over 50 Nobel laureates this week published an open letter calling on countries to generate a “global peace dividend” by reducing their military spending by 2%. “Humankind faces risks that can only be averted through cooperation. Let us cooperate, instead of fighting among ourselves.” # ⚓ Opinion_|_Current_Dispute_Over_ICBMs_Is_a_Quarrel_Over_How to_Fine-Tune_the_Doomsday_Machinery⠀⇛ Nuclear weapons are at the pinnacle of what Martin Luther King Jr. called “the madness of militarism.” If you’d rather not think about them, that’s understandable. But such a coping strategy has limited value. And those who are making vast profits from preparations for global annihilation are further empowered by our avoidance. # ⚓ Was_the_Attack_at_Pearl_Harbor_Inevitable?⠀⇛ But there was at least some solace to be taken in one’s heroes. And I think the ideal embodied in the policies and persons of one’s heroes is important. For decades, Franklin Delano Roosevelt has been one such hero, and when a hero is from among the elite, well, doesn’t that contribute to the sense that at least some things in this system of government and larger society do work for the common good? There are some elements of the New Deal that were among the best accomplishments of the federal government during the Great Depression. There were serious blemishes in some of those programs, like racism. The government worked for some ordinary people. # ⚓ The_U.S._Military_Budget_as_a_Mushroom_Cloud⠀⇛ Final approval of the latest military budget, formally known as the 2022 National Defense Authorization Act, or NDAA, may slip into January as Congress wrangles over various side issues. Unlike so much crucial funding for the direct care of Americans, however, don’t for a second imagine it won’t pass with supermajorities. (Yes, the government could indeed be shut down one of these days, but not — never! — the U.S. military.) Some favorites of mine among “defense” budget side issues now being wrangled over include whether military members should be able to refuse Covid-19 vaccines without being punished, whether young women should be required to register for the selective service system when they turn 18 (even though this country hasn’t had a draft in almost half a century and isn’t likely to have one in the foreseeable future), or whether the Iraq War AUMF (Authorization for Use of Military Force), passed by Congress to disastrous effect in 2002, should be repealed after nearly two decades of calamity and futility. # ⚓ There’s_Always_More_Money_for_the_Pentagon⠀⇛ Where are you going to get the money? That question haunts congressional proposals to help the poor, the unhoused, and those struggling to pay the mortgage or rent or medical bills, among so many other critical domestic matters. And yet—big surprise!—there’s always plenty of money for the Pentagon. In fiscal year 2022, in fact, Congress is being especially generous with $778 billion in funding, roughly $25 billion more than the Biden administration initially asked for. Even that staggering sum seriously undercounts government funding for America’s vast national security state, which, since it gobbles up more than half of federal discretionary spending, is truly this country’s primary, if unofficial, fourth branch of government. # ⚓ Kyle_Rittenhouse_and_the_Hierarchies_of_Rights_and_Fire⠀⇛ It registers the white man’s right to bear arms, feel threatened by his others (Blacks, crowds, opposition groups, etc.), and shoot with impunity. It is also a reminder of how this right is not extended to others (including the dissident, multi- ethnic, crowd Rittenhouse shot at, and his individual white victims who were part of that crowd). As former NAACP chair Cornell William Brooks said in an interview with Politico: “I don’t have to tell you this, there is no set of circumstances, no reading of the law, no rendering of the imagination, in which a Black person could get away with this.” All this should be perfectly clear (even if the right wing tries to cloud it, and even as some liberals want to act confused). What remains is to explain the culture of the white shooter, the white master of fire, and his threatening, incendiary, subhuman others, against whom he enjoys the privilege of feeling threatened and the privilege of shooting. As the right wing attempts to paint the gun-teen as both a hero and a victim, and as many liberals are playing the same both-side-ism they have played since the shooting, it is important for the left to look at the conditions that made the crime, and the acquittal, possible. # ⚓ Iran_Nuclear_Talks_Falter_as_Biden_Administration_Squanders Window_for_Diplomacy⠀⇛ # ⚓ Iran_Nuclear_Talks_Falter_as_Biden_Admin_Threatens “Alternatives”_After_Squandering_Window_for_Diplomacy⠀⇛ The United States is continuing talks with Iran over its nuclear program after President Trump withdrew from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in 2015. With a new Iranian administration after April’s controversial election, many worry that if talks fail, tensions between the two countries could turn into military escalation fueled by pressure from Israel. “The new hard-line team has been coming in to the negotiation table with more demands than the previous administration,” says Iranian American journalist Negar Mortazavi. “They want sanctions relief from the U.S. in exchange for them scaling back part of their nuclear program.” # ⚓ Germany_expels_two_Russian_diplomats_following_alleged_FSB officer’s_murder_conviction⠀⇛ After convicting an alleged FSB officer of the murder of former Chechen field commander Zelimkhan Khangoshvili, Germany has expelled two diplomats from the Russian Embassy in Berlin. # ⚓ The_Chaotic_Evacuation_From_Afghanistan_Has_Distracted_From the_UK’s_Deeper_Failures_During_the_War⠀⇛ Among those abandoned “in sight of help” was a man whose nine-year-old child was no longer breathing after being crushed in the crowd of 25,000 desperate people trying to escape the Taliban. A senior military officer friendly to the British returned to Kabul expecting to be murdered because he would otherwise have had to leave behind several of his children who did not have the right documents. Even if they had received them, they might have failed to get inside the airport through the milling crowds because no buses had been arranged by the Foreign Office. As for the “slothfulness that wasted and the arrogance that slew”, what better exemplar could there be of these two lethal qualities than the then foreign secretary Dominic Raab? He extended his holiday in Crete at the height of the crisis, and was culpably out of his depth when he finally returned. Raphael Marshall, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office whistle-blower, told the Commons Foreign Affairs Committee how Raab had said “he would need all the cases [for evacuation] set out in a well-presented table to make decisions”. # ⚓ Austria:_Islamic_“guardians_of_public_morals”_beat_up_women and_children_in_Vienna_–_for_religious_reasons⠀⇛ It is not the first attack by so-called ” guardians of public morals” on women who have not behaved according to “the religious rules”. This time, however, the attack was particularly brutal. In previous years, it had always been Chechen gangs and clans who were responsible. In the latest case, it is known: The men come from the “Russian Federation”. # ⚓ The_Guy_Behind_the_Anti-Democracy_PowerPoint_Is_Now_Giving Election_Reform_Advice_at_the_State_Level⠀⇛ Phil Waldron, the retired Army colonel who promoted an anti-democracy PowerPoint referenced in the material Mark Meadows turned over to the committee investigating Jan. 6, addressed a Louisiana voting commission this week. The Washington Post reported on Wednesday that the election fraud conspiracy theorist was welcomed as an “expert,” and that his 90-minute address to the body included a suggestion that the commission should start counting paper ballots by hand. # ⚓ The_Meadows_Texts_May_Be_the_Watergate_Tapes_of_the_1/ 6_Inquiry⠀⇛ o § Environment⠀➾ # ⚓ Antarctic_ice_shelf_could_crack,_raise_seas_by_feet_within decade,_scientists_warn⠀⇛ A dramatic chain reaction in the ice could occur by 2031, starting with the Thwaites Glacier, said Erin Pettit, a professor at Oregon State University who studies glacier and ice sheet dynamics. The glacier, a river of flowing ice, is blocked from falling into the sea by the eastern ice shelf, which sits atop an underwater mountain and is disintegrating. # ⚓ If_Build_Back_Better_Fails,_Warns_Climate_Group,_Democrats ‘Will_Lose_and_They_Will_Deserve_It’⠀⇛ The youth-led Sunrise Movement warned Wednesday that Democrats will get wiped out in the upcoming midterm elections—and potentially beyond—if they fail to pass the Build Back Better Act, which is on the verge of collapse as right-wing Sen. Joe Manchin continues to withhold his support from the party’s agenda. “If Democrats come to the midterm elections with a message of ‘we tried, please vote for us,’ they will lose and they will deserve it,” Varshini Prakash, Sunrise’s executive director,  said in a statement. “This is why people feel neglected and disillusioned by our government, and this is why an entire generation of young people are losing hope in the political process.” # ⚓ House_Progressives,_Climate_Coalition_Demand_End_to_‘Fossil Fuel_Handouts’⠀⇛ Progressives in the U.S. House of Representatives and a coalition of 140 advocacy groups this week ramped up pressure on Senate Democrats to serve people and the planet, not polluters, with the climate provisions of the Build Back Better Act. “Congress members, senators, and the president are negotiating with people’s lives.” # ⚓ These_10_Imperiled_Species_in_US_Are_Hanging_by_a_Thread_in Face_of_Climate_Threat⠀⇛ A new report released Wednesday by the Endangered Species Coalition details the plight of 10 rapidly vanishing species in the United States that are already suffering the destructive consequences of the global climate emergency—characterized by rising temperatures that bring increasingly frequent, prolonged, and intense heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, storms, and floods. “Without sufficient and vibrant biodiversity, we lose the resources… to support life.” # ⚓ EPA_Sued_Over_Refusal_to_Close_Deadly_Pesticide_Loophole Decimating_Honey_Bees⠀⇛ After waiting nearly five years for the Environmental Protection Agency to respond to a petition calling for the closing of a regulatory loophole which has proven deadly for honey bee colonies—spelling disaster for farmers’ crops, food security, and biodiversity—two advocacy groups are suing the agency and demanding officials take immediate action to end the use of harmful pesticides known as neonics. Joined by Pesticide Action Network (PAN) North America, the Center for Food Safety (CFS) filed the lawsuit saying the petition it sent to the EPA in April 2017 regarding the continued use of neonics, or neonicotinoids, provided “the legal blueprint to solve this problem and the legal impetus to do it.” # § Energy⠀➾ # ⚓ What_the_Campaign_Against_a_North_London_Waste Incinerator_Teaches_Us_About_the_Green_Movement’s Diversity_Problem⠀⇛ By Rachel Parsons, London-based multimedia journalist.The drizzle thickened over a working-class neighbourhood in northeast London on a cold June evening, as activist Delia Mattis stood waiting for friends, parka hood pulled up against the biting mist, clutching a sack full of campaign leaflets.  For the next two hours, the small group walked door to door distributing anti-waste incineration fliers in a community that was largely unaware it sits within the radius of a smokestack plume of a municipal waste incinerator, or MWI, one of five across the city.  # ⚓ Bitcoin_mining_consumes_0.5%_of_all_electricity_used globally_and_7_times_Google’s_total_usage,_new_report says⠀⇛ Bitcoin’s negative environmental impact is expected to become a bigger issue as cryptocurrency gains more popularity. # ⚓ Crypto_Mining_in_Texas_May_Demand_5_Times_More Electricity_by_2023,_ERCOT_Predicts⠀⇛ With Bitcoin mining picking up steam in Texas, US, its grid operator Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) has foreseen a five-fold increment in energy loads. In the next two years, by 2023, ERCOT predicts that it would have to produce at least up to 5,000MW more electricity to support [cryptocurrency] mining and data centres. The [cryptocurrency] industry is already consuming up to 1,000MW of electricity in Texas, ERCOT officials have revealed to the media during a recent interaction. Texas emerged as a Bitcoin mining hub after the Chinese government criminalised all [cryptocurrency]-related activities earlier this year. Excessive power consumption in [cryptocurrency] mining was one of the important reasons why China took the drastic measure. The state offers a 10-year tax abatement, sales tax credits, and state-sponsored workforce training to [cryptocurrency] miners, attracting more of them, a report by Data Center Dynamics said. # ⚓ Texas_pipeline_company_charged_in_California_oil spill⠀⇛ Amplify Energy Corp. and its companies that operate several oil rigs and a pipeline off Long Beach were charged by a federal grand jury with a single misdemeanor count of illegally discharging oil. # ⚓ Why_stocks_and_[cryptocurrency]_are_the_hottest holiday_gift_this_year⠀⇛ Apps like PayPal, Venmo and Cash App have made it simple for people to send cryptocurrency to anyone with an account. Some platforms charge a fee, but otherwise it moves from account to account like cash. But stocks are more difficult to give because most brokerage firms require a receiver to have an account and the gift giver must know that account information, Wang said. Stockpile and Cash App are currently the only platforms that sell gift cards for stocks, with Cash App announcing this week that users can gift Bitcoin even if the account owner does not own any cryptocurrency or stocks. Robinhood’s Tenev told investors in October that gifting stocks is “definitely something that we’ll consider for the future.” # ⚓ Kazakhstan’s_Power_Shortages:_[Cryptocurrency]_Miners and_Geopolitics⠀⇛ “The 8 percent increase in consumption is largely due to mining data centers operating in the country. The main suppliers of electricity for mining data centers are coal and gas power plants,” the note said. # ⚓ Bitcoin_Sucks_Up_More_Electricity_than_Many_Countries —_How_Is_That_Possible?⠀⇛ The process of creating Bitcoins consumes 91 terrawatt-hours of electricity annually, and that’s more than the yearly consumption of the full country Finland (population: 5.5M). If Bitcoin were a country, it would rank 33ʳᵈ in the world’s energy consumption. # § Wildlife/Nature⠀➾ # ⚓ Project_Animalia:_A_Year_in_365_Animal_Paintings⠀⇛ # ⚓ Big_Victory_for_Grizzly_Bears_and_Wild,_Free-Roaming Elk_in_Montana⠀⇛ Back in the 1980’s, the Forest Service implemented a land management plan, called a “forest plan,” which set out certain mandatory protections for wildlife habitat on the Helena National Forest.  One mandatory protection requires conservation of unlogged forested areas as “hiding cover” for wildlife.  Another mandatory protection sets a limit on road-building in the forest.  There is a scientific consensus that logging and road-building are two of the most harmful activities in elk and grizzly habitat because both activities disturb and displace wildlife from its preferred habitat. Despite the mandatory protections for wildlife in the forest plan, over the past decade, the Forest Service has adopted a practice of exempting logging and road- building projects from compliance with these protections.  In short, if a logging project will violate the protections, the Forest Service simply issues a “site-specific forest plan amendment” to exempt the project from compliance.  By repeatedly issuing these successive “site-specific” exemptions for every project where the protections apply, the Forest Service was in effect rendering the protections completely useless.  Conservationists filed their lawsuit to hold the government accountable for this end-run around critical habitat protections for grizzly bears and free-roaming wild elk herds. o § Finance⠀➾ # ⚓ More_Universal_Programs_Would_Drastically_Improve_Financial Stability_for_US_Families:_Analysis⠀⇛ Calling on the U.S. Senate to improve the wellbeing of families across the country whose working hours and incomes are unpredictable or unstable, a new analysis published Tuesday details how universal programs have helped these families in the past—and how millions of Americans will benefit if these provisions are included and expanded in the Build Back Better Act. Economic justice advocates say the Democratic Party currently has an historic opportunity to pass universal benefits as part of the Build Back Better Act, which has been passed by the House and is being negotiated by the White House and the Senate ahead of a Christmas deadline for passage. # ⚓ Opinion_|_The_Plan_to_Tax_Stock_Buybacks_From_Corporations With_Record_Breaking_Profits⠀⇛ While Black, white, and Brown working people are struggling to recover from the pandemic, C-suite executives are using legalized self-dealing to take an ever-growing share of profits.  According to the Commerce Department, the last time margins were this large was 1950. Even Morgan Stanley economists are raising the alarm about the widening mismatch between what workers get paid and the profits the C-suite takes home. # ⚓ Will_We_See_Deflation_in_the_Next_12_Months?⠀⇛ # ⚓ Opinion_|_The_Ongoing_Humiliation_of_Underpaid_Teachers_Is a_National_Disgrace⠀⇛ Comedian Rodney Dangerfield used to joke that he got no respect. For this punchline to work today he’d probably have to be a teacher. Because few other professions are less appreciated. A viral video making the rounds on social media shows South Dakota educators scrambling to pick up $1 bills in a hockey game sideshow.   This was an opportunity for them to grab a few hundred dollars to buy school supplies for their classrooms.  Can you imagine any other professional doing that?  # ⚓ The_Bankers_of_the_Round_Table⠀⇛ There’s no way that just one person could rule the world, right? That would take an absurd, comic- book-supervillain amount of money. But at COP26 earlier this year, former Bank of England governor Mark Carney said, “Hold my beer.” # ⚓ Not_Just_Billionaires_—_the_Average_Rich_Person’s_Pay_Has Risen_During_COVID⠀⇛ # ⚓ Bowman_Blasts_‘False_Choice’_Between_Senate_Action_on_Build Back_Better_Act_or_Voting_Rights⠀⇛ Congressman Jamaal Bowman on Wednesday called out his U.S. Senate colleagues following reports that Democrats may put off a vote on the Build Back Better Act until the new year and instead turn their attention to advancing voting rights legislation. “We can pass both bills and must do so immediately.” # ⚓ Study_Confirms_How_Citizens_United_Made_‘Mockery’_of Campaign_Finance_Rules⠀⇛ As a report published Wednesday revealed that political consulting firms raked in $1.4 billion while simultaneously working for campaign committees and purportedly independent groups during the 2018 and 2020 election cycles, progressives renewed calls for Congress to pass the Freedom to Vote Act to protect and strengthen democracy. “The findings in this study add to the overwhelming evidence that campaign committees and outside groups frequently are not truly independent of one another.” # ⚓ Opinion_|_This_Outrageous_Global_Inequality_Is_a_Political Choice⠀⇛ The World Inequality Report 2022, produced by the Paris-based World Inequality Lab, is a remarkable document for many reasons—starting with its demonstration of the immense power of patient collective research. # ⚓ ‘We_Need_to_Do_Better_to_Deserve_Victory’:_Khanna_Implores Biden_to_Act_on_Student_Loan_Debt⠀⇛ Rep. Ro Khanna warned Tuesday that the Biden administration’s plan to restart federal student loan payments in February could hurt Democrats’ chances in the upcoming midterm elections by placing an additional financial burden on millions of people, right in the middle of a deadly pandemic. “There’s no excuse for the choice to resume payments, especially during an election year.” # ⚓ Rep._Ro_Khanna_Implores_Biden_to_Act_on_Student_Loan_Debt⠀⇛ # ⚓ Striking_Kellogg’s_Workers_Need_the_PRO_Act⠀⇛ President Biden issued a suitably blunt statement last week in support of striking Kellogg’s workers, who faced the threat of being permanently replaced by the cereal company that has decided to ditch its cheerful Frosted Flakes image and play union- busting hardball. Unfortunately, corporations are going to need more than a push from the president to clear the way for workers to organize unions and negotiate for fair pay and workforce protections. # ⚓ Reno_May_Use_Federal_Funds_to_Address_Housing_Crisis⠀⇛ Reno officials are preparing initiatives to address the city’s affordable housing crisis, including potentially spending their entire allotment of federal pandemic recovery funds on housing, according to a city council member speaking at a recent forum organized by ProPublica. Council member Devon Reese declined to provide details on plans that he described as “not fully baked” yet, but said conversations have included remodeling existing hotels or motels into housing, taxing property owners who hold vacant land and reopening a recently closed shelter to alleviate overcrowding at a new campus for the unhoused. He said about $50 million in American Rescue Plan Act funding could be brought to bear on the crisis. # ⚓ The_Great_Inheritors:_How_Three_Families_Shielded_Their Fortunes_From_Taxes_for_Generations⠀⇛ President Franklin D. Roosevelt pounded on his desk and swore. His treasury secretary had handed him a series of memos detailing the many ways the wealthy were avoiding taxes. Enraged by a rich businessman’s schemes, Roosevelt asked his treasury secretary to publicly denounce the man as a “son of a bitch.” # ⚓ Reddit_Lays_Groundwork_for_Public_Offering_With Confidential_SEC_Filing⠀⇛ Co-founded by Alexis Ohanian and currently led by CEO Steve Huffman, Reddit was most recently valued at $10 billion in an August fundraising round led by Fidelity Management and Research Company LLC. At the time, Reddit said it had hit the $100 million mark in advertising revenue during its second quarter and sought out the funding to help boost the company’s international expansion and advertising offerings. # ⚓ Reddit_files_to_take_the_company_public⠀⇛ In the August announcement, Reddit said it had made $100 million in ad revenue for the second quarter of 2021, a nearly 200 percent increase from the previous year. The company said earlier this year that it planned to double its staff by the end of 2021 to around 1,400 employees. o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾ # ⚓ Against_Plutocrats,_Platitudes_—_About_Democracy_—_Will Always_Be_Pitiful⠀⇛ # ⚓ The_Working_Class_is_Not_Voting_Against_Its_Interests⠀⇛ In truth the Democrats are the misguided fools; the working class knows exactly what it is doing. It is voting for anyone—whether Donald Trump or Bernie Sanders—who promises to blow up the current system, a system which favors billionaires and corporations. And when the choice is between a bomb thrower and someone representing the party of Goldman Sachs and free trade, that choice is a no- brainer. If Democrats were to actually listen to working class voters—especially those Rust Belt and Coal Belt voters whose good paying union jobs were made obsolete by Clintonian policies like NAFTA—they would find that these voters believe they are voting for the party of the working class. Or the party that at least pretends to be pro-working class. # ⚓ Mark_Meadows_Held_in_Contempt_of_Congress_as_Jan._6_Probe Expands._How_Long_Can_Trump_Hold_Out?⠀⇛ The U.S. House voted to recommend the Department of Justice charge former President Trump’s former Chief of Staff Mark Meadows with criminal contempt of Congress for defying a subpoena from the select committee investigating the January 6 Capitol attack. The vote came after the committee released a series of text messages from Republican lawmakers and Fox News hosts to Meadows on January 6 that begged him to convince Trump to tell his followers to leave the Capitol. The messages show that Trump and his inner circle were “in the know” in the plot to overturn the election, says Daily Beast reporter Jose Pagliery. # ⚓ Chile’s_Future_at_Stake:_Runoff_Election_Pits_Leftist Student_Leader_Against_Far-Right_Pinochet_Defender⠀⇛ In Chile, voters this weekend will determine a close runoff election between far-right candidate José Antonio Kast and leftist Gabriel Boric, a former student leader. If Boric, who holds a narrow lead, wins the race, he would become Chile’s youngest and most progressive president in years. Meanwhile, Kast’s win would make him “an authoritarian taking power with anti-immigrant, anti-abortion, nationalistic and very hateful rhetoric in relation to everything that is progressive,” says Chilean American author Ariel Dorfman. # ⚓ Senate_Slammed_for_Passing_‘Bloated’_NDAA_But_Delaying Build_Back_Better_Act⠀⇛ As a bill authorizing $778 billion in military spending breezed through the U.S. Senate Wednesday amid darkening prospects for the Build Back Better social and climate investment package, peace and civil society groups decried what they called the misplaced priorities that place the military- industrial complex and corporate greed above dire human and planetary needs. “Where is all the hand-wringing over the $778 billion military bill that we’ve seen over Build Back Better, which costs less than a quarter as much annually?” # ⚓ Warren_Says_Expand_Supreme_Court_to_Counter_‘Powerful Threat_to_Our_Democracy’⠀⇛ Democratic Sen. Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts announced Wednesday her support for expanding the number of justices on the U.S. Supreme Court, warning that without such reform the court’s right- wing majority would “continue to threaten basic liberties for decades to come.” “When a court consistently shows that it no longer is bound by the rule of law, Congress must exercise its constitutional authority to fix that court,” the Massachusetts Democrat wrote in a Wednesday op- ed in the Boston Globe. # ⚓ Texas_Is_Winnable._Beto’s_the_Candidate_to_Do_It.⠀⇛ Just as Stacey Abrams’s 2018 Georgia gubernatorial campaign laid the foundation for the transformation of US politics in 2020 and 201, Beto O’Rourke’s 2022 Texas gubernatorial candidacy has the potential to bring about similar long-term revolutionary changes in American politics and public policy priorities for decades to come. # ⚓ Not_a_Single_Republican_Votes_for_Ilhan_Omar’s_Bill_to Combat_Islamophobia⠀⇛ Not one single Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives joined with Democrats on Tuesday night to pass Rep. Ilhan Omar’s legislation intended to address rising Islamophobia worldwide. “As Americans, we should stand united against all forms of bigotry.” # ⚓ ‘Are_They_Trying_to_Lose?’_Critics_Ask_After_Pelosi_Defends Stock_Trading_by_Lawmakers⠀⇛ Progressives and government watchdog groups on Wednesday condemned House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s defense of individual stock trading by members of Congress, days after an extensive report revealed dozens of conflicts of interest by lawmakers who own stocks related to the healthcare industry and other sectors Congress is supposed to regulate. After being asked by Business Insider at her weekly press conference whether members of Congress and their spouses should be barred from trading stocks, Pelosi said the practice should be permitted to continue because “we are a free market economy.” # ⚓ How_China_Uses_Western_Influencers_As_Pawns_In_Its Propaganda_War⠀⇛ China’s efforts to subdue the turkic-speaking Uyghurs in the Xinjiang region will be familiar to Techdirt readers. International awareness is increasing, too, not least thanks to the diplomatic boycott of the Beijing Winter Olympics that the US and other countries have announced. That presents an interesting challenge to the Chinese authorities: how to counter the growing evidence of pervasive surveillance and large-scale arrests of the Uyghurs. Using official outlets like China’s Global Times is one way, but its articles are easily dismissed as crude propaganda. Much more interesting is the approach described by the New York Times, which looks at how China is helping Western YouTubers to report on the country: # ⚓ ‘Democracy_Is_Under_Attack’:_200+_State_Lawmakers_Tell Senate_to_Delay_Recess_to_Pass_Voting_Rights⠀⇛ More than 200 state lawmakers from across the nation on Tuesday urged the U.S. Senate to postpone its upcoming holiday recess for as long as necessary to pass voting rights legislation, warning that failure to do so would enable the GOP’s “unparalleled” assault on democracy. “State lawmakers have done everything we can to defend our democracy and protect the voices of our constituents, but we are out of options,” reads a new letter the coalition of lawmakers delivered to Senate leaders. “While we’ve tried to work with our Republican colleagues to set policies that safely and securely protect ballot access, they refuse to act in good faith to uphold the sanctity of our elections.” # ⚓ Opinion_|_The_Class_War—Waged_and_Being_Won_by_the_Rich—Is Destroying_US_Democracy⠀⇛ Almost a year after Joe Biden’s narrow election victory over Donald Trump, the United States remains on a knife-edge. Many political outcomes are possible. These range from the gradual economic and political reform that Biden is seeking to the subversion of elections and constitutional rule that Trump attempted last January—and that he and the Republican Party are still intent on pursuing. # ⚓ Federal_Judge_Rules_Against_Trump,_Gives_Congress_Access_to His_Taxes⠀⇛ # ⚓ America_Besieged⠀⇛ That’s precisely what’s happening in several Republican-led battleground states. The goal is to ensure that if Donald Trump loses another presidential election, if he runs, he still may be able to be declared the winner by subverting the balloting, disenfranchising the voters – to do in 2024 what the Trumpists couldn’t accomplish in 2020. Elections could wind up being thrown to the courts. More than 60 percent of Republicans believe Trump’s biggest, boldest lie — that he defeated Joe Biden for the presidency, that the election was stolen from him, according to a May Reuters/Ipsos poll. It’s very difficult to believe so many people can be duped. # ⚓ Contrasting_Crackdowns:_Media_Coverage_of_2021_Elections_in Ecuador_and_Nicaragua⠀⇛ (By “enemy,” I mean a government that poses no threat to the U.S.,  but still gets hit with  crippling sanctions, or worse, that it endures as best it can.) A search of the Nexis news database for the word “crackdown” in articles about Ecuador and Nicaragua in newspapers in the U.S.,  Canada, and the UK for a five-month period before the election in each country reveals a significant contrast between reporting on Nicaragua and Ecuador. In the case of Ecuador, not a single headline alleged any kind of  crackdown on opposition to the government. In the case of Nicaragua, 55 headlines alleged an unjustifiable crackdown. Some examples: # ⚓ Could_GDPR_policy_erase_your_games?_It_happened_to_an Ubisoft_customer⠀⇛ Reached for comment, Ubisoft officials said their policy is necessary to comply with Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation. # ⚓ Opinion_|_Will_Multimillionaire_Joe_Manchin_Help_Kids_Stay Out_of_Poverty?⠀⇛ I work hard to make ends meet for my family. But as an educator in West Virginia, that’s hard sometimes—especially with child care to pay for. # ⚓ Build_Back_Better_Verges_on_Collapse_as_Manchin_Attempts_to Kill_Child_Tax_Credit⠀⇛ The Build Back Better Act is teetering on the brink of collapse following reports Wednesday that right- wing Democratic Sen. Joe Manchin wants to eliminate the boosted child tax credit, a move that would push millions of kids across the U.S. back into poverty. Meanwhile, Manchin (D-W.Va.) on Wednesday voted in favor of a sprawling $778 billion military spending bill—the 11th consecutive Pentagon budget he’s supported without complaining about the cost. The legislation easily passed in bipartisan fashion, 88-11. # ⚓ Manchin_yells_at_reporter:_‘You’re_bull—-’⠀⇛ Democratic senators say frustration with Manchin is rising, and many of them are fed up with his refusal to sign off on Biden’s signature domestic social spending proposal. # ⚓ Democratic_talks_with_Manchin_show_signs_of_melting_down⠀⇛ Manchin lost his temper when Arthur Delaney, a reporter for HuffPost Politics, asked Manchin if he opposed providing the expanded child tax credit in monthly installments of $300 to families with young kids. # ⚓ Everything_you_need_to_know_about_Zim’s_new_e-passport⠀⇛ Old type passport holders have until the end of December 2023 to make the switch and the new e- passport which to be honest is kind of inconvenient if you spent a day plus in a queue for a conventional passport and the government wakes up and decides to make this change. What is an e-passport and what are its advantages? An electronic passport or e-passport is a conventional passport with the addition of a readable electronic chip that carries the same information that is printed on the physical document. On top of the conventional information, some e-passports also have on their digital record, biometric data, the bearer’s photograph and in some cases the holder’s iris pattern. # ⚓ US_House_approves_proposed_State_Dept_anti-Islamophobia office⠀⇛ The US House of Representatives voted on Tuesday to approve a Democratic proposal for a US State Department office to address anti-Muslim bias after a Republican congresswoman used an Islamophobic slur against a Democratic colleague. The House backed the bill in a party-line vote of 219-212. # ⚓ Ilhan_Omar_Bill_to_Require_State_Department_to_Monitor ‘Islamophobia’_Moves_Forward⠀⇛ Islamic advocacy groups and their leftist allies have been insisting for years that such analysis, too, constituted “Islamophobia.” Omar and Schakowsky speak of Islamophobic violence, but if this Special Envoy is created, he or she will without any doubt crack down on any honest discussion of how Islamic jihadis use the texts and teachings of Islam to justify violence and oppression, because for years such discussion has been labeled “Islamophobia” along with real acts of anti-Muslim bigotry. o § Misinformation/Disinformation⠀➾ # ⚓ Fox_News_passes_Trump’s_loyalty_test:_It’s_about_more_than lying_—_it’s_about_teaching_how_to_lie⠀⇛ Privately, the network’s biggest stars were freaked out by the Capitol insurrection. They clearly, and correctly, saw it as something Donald Trump purposefully instigated. Publicly, however, they were willing to deflect blame from Trump, defend the rioters and minimize the violence. But rather than apologize to their viewers for spending 11 months lying to them, the hydra-headed Fox News monster just threw out a bunch of contradictory and not even remotely persuasive excuses. Laura Ingraham whined about “left wing media hacks” who are in “spin and defame mode.” Tucker Carlson flatly claimed that the texts were “exculpatory” and “a tribute to the people who wrote them.” Sean Hannity sneered that the release of his text messages was “a weak attempt to smear yours truly and presumably I guess President Trump.” In reality, Republican Rep. Liz Cheney of Wyoming — who is a hardcore conservative, but is just an outlier in finding fascist insurrections distasteful — simply read the texts verbatim, no garnish needed to expose these two as sleazy liars. [...] While good faith actors are busy picking apart Excuse A, Fox News hosts are busy churning out Excuses B, C, D, and E. There’s no keeping up with the firehose of bullshit. This is gaslighting and not just garden variety lying. There’s no intent here to fool anyone — not the media, not liberals, and certainly not Fox News viewers. Instead, the intent is to flood the zone with so much nonsense that the opposition becomes exhausted and gives up fighting for truth. Most importantly, Fox is training their audiences to embrace the same approach to politics. o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾ # ⚓ Content_Moderation_Case_Study:_Nintendo_Blocks_Players_From Discussing_COVID,_Other_Subjects_(2020)⠀⇛ Summary: Nintendo has long striven to be the most family-friendly of game consoles. Its user base tends to skew younger and its attempts to ensure its offerings are welcoming and non-offensive have produced a long string of moderation decisions that have mostly, to this point, only affected game content. Many of these changes were made to make games less offensive to users outside of Nintendo’s native Japan.  # ⚓ School_Library_Journal_Starts_a_Library_Censorship_Tips Hotline⠀⇛ In response to this wave of censorship attempts, the School Library Journal has opened a library censorship tips hotline, which allows library professionals to report censorship attempts anonymously. Hopefully, this will give a more complete picture than the ALA numbers and shed light on censorship happening that is not getting covered on the news. The censorship tips hotline form asks for name and email (both optional); the library/school district, and state; and a comments field: “Tell us who is behind the objection—parents, school board members, or other parties—and how the district/library responded. Was challenge policy followed? Let us know anything else relevant.” # ⚓ The_Communist_Party_thinks_China’s_prolific_censors_are_not censoring_enough⠀⇛ Chinese [Internet] companies have long been subject to government crackdowns, with their executives frequently summoned by the CAC for “criticism and rectification.” But it is rare for government regulators to openly admonish platforms for doing a botch job on censorship, analysts say. # ⚓ Censor_Trouble_for_Hindi_Version_of_Allu_Arjun,_Rashmika Mandanna’s_Pushpa:_The_Rise⠀⇛ Part 1 of Allu Arjun and Rashmika Mandanna-starrer ‘Pushpa: The Rise’ will hit the theatres worldwide on December 17. The film will be released in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, and Hindi. Ahead of its release, the Hindi version of Sukumar directorial has landed in censor trouble. The makers of the film are yet to obtain the censor certificate for the Hindi version. The film has managed to maintain the hype and fans are eager to find if Allu Arjun-starrer is up to the mark. The makers of Pushpa could not send the final print of the film’s Hindi version on time to the censor board. The board officials reportedly refused to watch the “unfinished” film. Later, the team sent the final print of Pushpa’s Hindi version, and now it will likely get clearance before its scheduled release on December 17. o § Freedom of Information/Freedom of the Press⠀➾ # ⚓ British_Court_Trusts_US_to_Protect_Assange_Even_Though_CIA Plotted_to_Kill_Him⠀⇛ # ⚓ Russia_Today_sues_merch_distributor_supporting_Meduza_with ‘foreign_agent’_clothing⠀⇛ Russia Today’s parent company is suing Feelosophy, a Moscow-based store that recently started selling merchandise branded with the phrase “foreign agent” (inostrannyi agent and inoagent) to raise support for Meduza. Available court records indicate that ANO TV-Novosti’s lawsuit is against Georgy Saribekyan, Feelosophy’s founder. RT’s parent company seeks 500,000 rubles (about $6,775) in damages. o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ WI_AG_Says_He_Won’t_Enforce_172-Year-Old_Abortion_Statute If_Roe_Is_Upended⠀⇛ # ⚓ ‘Why_couldn’t_you_save_me?’_How_a_teenager_in_Perm_who dreamed_of_being_a_chemist_built_and_ran_a_drug_lab_in_a rented_apartment⠀⇛ In January 2021, police officers in Perm detained a 16-year-old high school student and his “twin assistants.” According to officials, they had been dealing illegal substances. The official police press release claimed the teenager had rented an apartment separate from his parents in a typical Russian high-rise building to “grow strawberries there,” but ended up setting up a meth lab instead. The media has reported how the detainee was a great student, especially when it came to biology. According to his friends and teachers, he was interested in science; nobody had any idea there was anything untoward going on. Meduza special correspondent Irina Kravtsova traveled to Perm to find out what really happened. # ⚓ bell_hooks,_Black_Feminist_Scholar_and_Intellectual_Giant, Has_Died⠀⇛ # ⚓ More_Info_Leaks_About_The_CBP’s_Counter-Terrorism Division’s_Targeting_Of_Journalists⠀⇛ For a few years now, information has come to light showing Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has been engaged in the sort of activity that’s gotten other federal law enforcement agencies in trouble in the past: the targeting of journalists. # ⚓ Kentucky_to_Investigate_Termination_Threats_to_Workers_at Factory_That_Collapsed⠀⇛ # ⚓ Portraits_in_Minneapolis⠀⇛ # ⚓ Opinion_|_Why_Expanding_the_US_Supreme_Court_Is_More_Urgent Than_Ever⠀⇛ Since John Roberts’s appointment as Chief Justice in 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court has handed down a spate of transformational ultra-right decisions on a dizzying array of subjects, including voting rights, gerrymandering, union organizing, the death penalty, qualified immunity for police, gun control, campaign finance, and most recently, abortion. # ⚓ Rising_Citizen_Backlash_to_Bad_Policies_and_Poor Governance⠀⇛ What’s worth noting is that unlike the rest of the superheated political arena where everything seems to be painted in terms of R vs D, red vs blue, the uprising against the Republican officeholders has everything to do with the policies they are enacting, not the letter behind their name. The list is long and growing, but last week saw public school superintendents from the state’s largest school districts take the unprecedented step of sending a letter of no confidence to the Superintendent of Public Instruction, Elsie Arntzen, due to a number of actions, policies, and complications from a vast 90% turnover in staff at the Office of Public Instruction. They were joined by a similar letter from superintendents from four county school districts only days later saying “it’s time we voice our dissent.” # ⚓ What’s_behind_suicides_by_thousands_of_Indian_housewives?⠀⇛ Housewives accounted for 14.6% of the total 153,052 recorded suicides in India in 2020 and more than 50% of the total number of women who killed themselves. And last year was not an exception. Since 1997 when the NCRB started compiling suicide data based on occupation, more than 20,000 housewives have been killing themselves every year. In 2009, their numbers rose to 25,092. # ⚓ Derek_Chauvin_pleads_guilty_to_federal_charges_in_George Floyd’s_death_–_CSMonitor⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_Amazon_warehouse_policies_put_workers_at_risk⠀⇛ But crucially, there was no legal obligation for how the Edwardsville warehouse needed to respond to the warnings. The federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires most businesses to have Emergency Action Plans, which include evacuation procedures, but US law leaves it up to employers to make the call on whether to send employees home ahead of a natural disaster. A spokesperson for OSHA wrote in an email to The Verge that they were “not aware of any policy or requirement of a business to shut down and send people home.” # ⚓ Man_exonerated_in_Malcolm_X_murder_sues_New_York_state⠀⇛ One of two men wrongfully imprisoned for decades over the 1965 assassination of civil rights leader Malcolm X sued New York state for at least $20 million in damages Tuesday. # ⚓ Nicola_Sturgeon’s_Motivation⠀⇛ It is a simple fact that, to get any senior international job, be it at the United Nations, the IMF, the World Bank, NATO, the Council of Europe, the OSCE, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, or any other intergovernmental organisation, you must have the endorsement of your own government. In the case of Nicola Sturgeon, that means the endorsement of the state recognised by those organisations, which is the United Kingdom. Derek Chauvin pleaded guilty on Wednesday to violating George Floyd’s civil rights when he killed the man by kneeling on his neck during an arrest. Three other former officers, indicted alongside Mr. Chauvin, are scheduled for trial early next year. * § Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾ o ⚓ How_Attacks_On_Section_230_Could_Put_Addiction_Recovery_Efforts At_Risk⠀⇛ We keep trying to highlight the pitfalls and dangers of attacking the problems seen on social media as if Section 230 is the cause of them, rather than the mirror highlighting societal problems that other policies have failed to fix or have exacerbated. We already have one strong example of how attacking 230 only makes societal problems worse with FOSTA, which has put sex workers’ lives at risk, made it much harder for law enforcement to track down sex traffickers, and has done absolutely none of the things the backers of the law promised in terms of solving societal problems. o ⚓ The_(Still_Secret)_Online_Harms_Consultation:_What_the_Government Heard,_Part_One⠀⇛ Finally, many focused on the inadequacy of the consultation process, noting that it took place during an election period. That may have limited public participation and raised questions about a caretaker government dealing with such controversial subject matter. The consultation materials themselves were also viewed insufficient because they did not ask open-ended questions or provide justification for the problems addressed and solutions proposed. o ⚓ FAA_Ignores_FCC,_Limits_U.S._5G_Over_Unsubstantiated_Safety Concerns⠀⇛ We’d already noted that the FAA had been pushing to impose limits on 5G deployments in certain bands due to safety concerns. The problem: the FCC, the agency with the expertise in spectrum interference, has repeatedly stated those concerns are unfounded based on the FCC’s own research. Worse, the FAA has proven a bit intractable in providing the FCC with data proving their claims of harm. The FAA claims that deploying 5G in the 3.7 to 3.98 GHz “C-Band” will cause interference with certain radio altimeters. But the FCC has shown that more than 40 countries have deployed 5G in this band with no evidence of harm. o ⚓ Web3:_The_next_generation_of_the_web_is_here…_apparently⠀⇛ The growing scepticism around web3 can be summed up by the titles of a few recent blog posts. Web3 is B*llsh*t. Web3? I have my DAOts. Web3 is not decentralization. Or how about: Web3 is not Decentralisation — it’s a Ploy to put Crypto Bros in Charge. Or Keep the web free, say no to Web3. For balance, let’s look at what some of the advocates say: Is Web3… anything? And Web3 is a stupid idea. What is this clearly controversial technology? Web 1 was simple HTML, later on with a bit of JavaScript for some interactivity. Web 2.0, as The Reg explained in 2008, turned websites into apps running in the browser. Web3 refers to the addition of the power of blockchain to the web, which, among other things, would enable smart contracts via distributed identities. The idea is that you enforce trust using cryptographically signed tokens, allowing world+dog to decentralise the web via federation. It’s confusing. We asked some experts in the area, such as London-based developer and web entrepreneur Stephen Diehl. He said: “Unlike previous iterations on web technology (AJAX in web2, JavaScript, etc), web3 offers nothing but an attempt to turn every site into a gambling portal to trade cryptocurrency. There is no technical benefit to end users other than to seduce them into trading more crypto coins.” * § Monopolies⠀➾ o § Trademarks⠀➾ # ⚓ The_Papas_and_the_Pappas:_Burger_Joint_Rebrands_Over Trademark_Dispute⠀⇛ We’re going to keep repeating this until it becomes common knowledge: trademark law is designed to keep the public from being confused as to the source of a good or service, not as some mechanism for businesses to lock up language in a competitive marketplace. In other words, if there is no risk of customer confusion, trademark laws very rarely come into play in terms of disputes or infringement. o § Copyrights⠀➾ # ⚓ Report:_Bruce_Springsteen_Sells_Publishing_Catalog_to_Sony for_$500_Million⠀⇛ The musician has sold his masters to Sony Music and his publishing to Sony Music Publishing in a combined deal, according Billboard sources. A rep for Sony declined to comment on the deal. Springsteen has remained with Sony’s Columbia Records since he launched his career, and was given ownership of his earlier albums. According the the RIAA, his album catalog has sold 65.5 million in the U.S., which includes his 15-times platinum Born in the U.S.A. and five-times platinum The River. A rep for Springsteen did not immediately return Rolling Stone‘s request for comment. # ⚓ YouTube’s_New_Copyright_Transparency_Report_Leaves_a_Lot Out⠀⇛ The major thrust of this report is to calm the major studios and music labels. Those huge conglomerates have consistently pushed for more and more restrictions on the use of copyrighted material, at the expense of fair use and, as a result, free expression. YouTube has plenty of incentives to try to avoid the wrath of these deep- pocketed companies by showing how it polices allege copyright infringement and generates money for creators. The secondary goal of the report is to claim that YouTube is adequately protecting its creators. That rings hollow, since every user knows what it’s like to actually live in this ecosystem. And they have neither the time nor money to lobby YouTube for improvements. Worse, as a practical matter, YouTube is the only game in town, so they can’t make their anger heard by leaving. Here are the big numbers YouTube just released for the first half of 2021: # ⚓ Reddit_Bans_‘No_Way_Home_Leaks’_For_Excessive_Copyright Complaints⠀⇛ Reddit’s patience with a subreddit dedicated to leaks and spoilers relating to the expected blockbuster Spider-Man: No Way Home has been stretched to breaking point. A few minutes ago /r/ nowayhomeleaks was banned from the platform for excessive copyright complaints, with reports suggesting that a link to the entire movie was posted to the forum. # ⚓ “The_Witcher”_Season_2_Premiere_Leaks_Early_on_Pirate Sites⠀⇛ Fans of the popular fantasy TV series “The Witcher” had to wait nearly two years for the second season to arrive on Netflix. The official premiere is scheduled for this Friday but, due to an early leak, online pirates already have access to it. # ⚓ UEFA_DMCA_Blitz_Has_Kept_A_Traditional_TV_Station_Delisted In_Google_For_Months⠀⇛ There are two ways to go about using the DMCA as a content provider in order to keep copyright infringement at bay: the right and good way, or the bad and lazy way. The right and good way is to use DMCA takedown requests sparingly, to be very targeted in their use, and to do some minor legwork to ensure that the target is in fact an infringing actor. The wrong way is how most large companies go about it instead, which is to go on a DMCA blitz on multiple targets all at once, often timed around some big event or product release, and in a way that nearly always results in at least some collateral damage. These here Techdirt pages are littered with examples of the latter. ╘══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╛ ¶ Lines in total: 5823 ➮ Generation completed at 02:43, i.e. 41 seconds to (re)generate ⟲