𝕿𝖊𝖈𝖍𝖗𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙𝖘 Bulletin for Friday, March 04, 2022 ┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅ Generated Sat 5 Mar 02:40:16 GMT 2022 Created by Dr. Roy Schestowitz (𝚛𝚘𝚢 (at) 𝚜𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚣 (dot) 𝚌𝚘𝚖) Full hyperlinks for navigation omitted but are fully available in the originals The corresponding HTML versions are at 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈 Latest in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕 and older bulletins can be found at 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕-𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 Full IPFS index in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔 and as plain text in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔/𝒕𝒙𝒕 Gemini index for the day: gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2022/03/04/ ╒═══════════════════ 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐒 ════════════════════════════════════╕ Previous bulletins in IPFS (past 21 days, in chronological order): QmRogUf31QThSc3fc9qKNWAZGJTDSwdv1pupuEmsuUuu26 QmZRqBo3ysfz1YXExEqVuEuy5xb4ME8cK3jBDpd8wGSwwX QmT6UzkVGBqiGJqW9tNXHnJ2F7GjgkFTQ1tvxxFeYF4VH3 QmfSu9XMsGzj9YkPDP79UmwB6R9G9p3HQjsSCvUovR8y4o QmeC7QgpY53w9VR36JGVyYSzhMZkHLkGiYWgd57Dskr9pH QmZHDDpdkiKdpvVjLb94b8X2LhPVMcNQweiDqukj1DyKVT QmPgCJca3XFthf3S9xSXFzx2JdpEDjUZ3HPfAnGbLWi5kr QmXBF3kDxFdmKcnVa7vYpbU6MyXrd1r3Y1NNrKZ3hrTTFa QmbGvonNbAJzqBpoefSxdJSBAiUubKnrKDWzMQhqE8sKy9 QmNyjuGQ9G6aZFzvjbDENKmySNxf1JG2psBTi252HdEGHE QmdSS5zduBpaVEqHBiz53YJo7JbLv9XgUWbU3sJWZqfSG8 QmcEFBoREHvxtA22UaNuV5Mx1EPRF8ANqTeNuB9Sx6DA3x QmV9oFmNWDMaAuL1QNuyBGhpy9H8TqW8N8q4jqiKvJET2U QmR9imX83RDB4ivhdNUQMapcgk6SnnNyJnM4q43hj4rq3v QmX3rMb63HxLvj9FqPyymwV4TDWUAY1bdbtXfufZPb287E QmUWSqFs7G64P11sRgFghydAWm5vaGowUWhjb5bQ6WVLjv QmeVoLY6Zx3HEzqi2Ycfzv79DNidwPTPBUM7zgf846qztA QmcRCrUwjMkvCTjxN4RTXVgnt8vzjyT5Cf4ktnEzhysN1Z QmWigayprvGPhmqrB8DCEjNTBh2aibrVVhgyYkneAYcRUi QmX39Uj3zNHXvo6UXgn8MUmiP1s2P2jWstyvLEP12ScWQd QmeoPNJBdBB1zPmJmSvBG32dJf6VC4BkQZF2nzHHVVuvf5 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐗 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⦿ Today is the Last Goodbye to Social Control Media | Techrights ⦿ IRC Proceedings: Thursday, March 03, 2022 | Techrights ⦿ Melinda Gates Has Just Confirmed What We Knew All Along About Jeffrey Epstein and Bill Gates | Techrights ⦿ How the EPO is Like Putin’s Russia | Techrights ⦿ Quite Likely My Last Tweet (Almost My Millionth Tweet, With a Rounding Error) | Techrights ䷼ Bulletin articles (as HTML) to comment on (requires login): http://techrights.org/2022/03/04/goodbye-social-control-media/#comments http://techrights.org/2022/03/04/irc-log-030322/#comments http://techrights.org/2022/03/04/melinda-gates-jeffrey-epstein-and-bill-gates/#comments http://techrights.org/2022/03/04/putinist-patent-office/#comments http://techrights.org/2022/03/04/twitter-is-done/#comments ䷞ Followed by Daily Links (assorted news picks curated and categorised): http://techrights.org/2022/03/04/free-software-in-ukraine/#comments http://techrights.org/2022/03/04/tumbleweed-updates/#comments http://techrights.org/2022/03/04/usd-39-mangopi/#comments ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 61 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2022/03/04/goodbye-social-control-media/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2022/03/04/goodbye-social-control-media/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 03.04.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Today_is_the_Last_Goodbye_to_Social_Control_Media⠀✐ Posted in Site_News at 6:29 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Video_download_link | md5sum 37ea9b132fcb09c4c154ef756aa71e0c Ending Social Control Media Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 4.0 http://techrights.org/videos/quitting-social-control-media.webm Summary: Social Control Media (no matter if it’s proprietary, centralised, Free/libre, federated/decentralised, or self-hosted) isn’t the future of the Internet; there has never been a better time to leave it all behind, even actively_boycott_it (it is an awful, unreliable, biased and censorious modality which encourages or at least rewards mean-spirited behaviour, misinformation, and oppression by platform owners) THE naysayers in Social Control Media want you to think that Gemini has nothing to offer, even though Social Control Media itself is imploding (see what happened to the valuation of Twitter and Facebook lately) and is becoming a_net negative, a burden on society and liability to the world. After nearly a week of significantly reduced activity in Social Control Media I’ve decided that today, with my_main_hub_for_Social_Control_Media_shutting down (it was JoinDiaspora after Identica), I’ll quit participating completely. And sure, I might still post only links to new articles that I wrote, but nothing beyond that. And for the coming week/s not even that. “Here in Techrights we shall be posting more Daily Links, including Gemini links.”As a reminder, Techrights never bothered with such Web sites. In hindsight, it was a good decision. Looking back, retrospectively, Social Control Media was always just a bubble, based on the wrong expectation that it would become the future of the Internet. That’s clearly not the case, so those who bet on the wrong horse are busy making up new hype/buzzwords/cargo cults like “Web3″ or “metaverse” (yesterday we saw “plasmaverse” too). As we recently noted, in 2019 Web traffic was estimated to have already decreased to less than a quarter of the whole. IPTV and DRM platforms are unfortunately flooding networks and taking up most of the Internet’s capacity. GulagTube (YouTube) has meanwhile become more and more like cable_television — a similarity that has many facets and aspects. Here in Techrights we_shall_be_posting_more_Daily_Links, including Gemini links. Recent_work_on_code has already improved the presentation and utility of such links, which we hope can help tackle webspam. JoinDiaspora shuts_down_in_less_than_9_hours_from_now (almost as_originally planned after more than a decade online!), but I’ve come to peacefully accept that. I will still post articles, even more frequently than before, but the best way to follow them is RSS feeds (both here and in my_personal_site; there’s a ‘proper’ RSS feed for Gemini coming soon too, likely in this address). We need to encourage sites to manage things on their own, freely, not via some third party/ies. Reliance on a third party was always risky because third parties have a tendency to shut down when it’s least desirable to the “tenants” and they silence “tenants” when that suits any owner/s of the third party. We’ve seen lots of that over the past week, in response (mostly) to the Russian invasion. We also saw that earlier this year with Gulag/FeedBurner. As Vivek Gite put it weeks ago: “Google decided to kill the last part of Feedburner. Back in the old days, I and many others used FeedBurner. At some stage, Google acquired FeedBurner, and now they are putting it into maintenance mode. Hence, this new change will affect those getting daily emails via FeedBurner when new content is posted here. Therefore I urge you to update your feed. [...] The lesson is evident here, not to trust 3rd party with your RSS feed or content. I will never forgive Google for erasing Google Reader RSS/Atom feed aggregator. I lost many readers because of that move.” Clown computing and Social Control Media have this in common (overlapping threats). It’s always about outsourcing operations, data, and even communications. More_people_access_Techrights_over_gemini:// and there will soon be 2,200 capsules, a 10% growth in just over a month*. Those who conveniently assume that the World_Wide_Web is here to stay and thrive for decades to come grossly underestimate the speed at which software changes (or overestimate digital cadence). █ _____ * Lupa says that “[t]here are 2176 capsules. We successfully connected recently to 1773 of them.” It was 2,000_in_the_end_January and 1,600_in_mid_January, respectively. ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 170 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2022/03/04/irc-log-030322/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2022/03/04/irc-log-030322/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 03.04.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ IRC_Proceedings:_Thursday,_March_03,_2022⠀✐ Posted in IRC_Logs at 2:38 am by Needs Sunlight Also available via the Gemini protocol at: * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-techrights-030322.gmi * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-030322.gmi * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-social-030322.gmi * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-techbytes-030322.gmi Over HTTP: 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_HTML5 #boycottnovell_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_HTML5 #techbytes_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_text #boycottnovell_log_as_text 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_text #techbytes_log_as_text Enter_the_IRC_channels_now =============================================================================== § IPFS Mirrors⠀➾ CID Description Object type IRC log for  QmS2b79a8M67z8fGRyA8GUD8LVd7FtPZ57wYycbeGDKumW #boycottnovell 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #boycottnovell  QmY63M7Vir9PUmXAhDnvsNSBveKtBFWrpLvLxVRD2E3JrL (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for #boycottnovell-  QmQ2kuWuJH4uwMad7QEjnMKjgbBtpJ8U56ojwXbbFMwUG6 social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #boycottnovell-  Qmcjj7nHrss2QYXzBKLsSNequREBVH9cnRMpArfEsR59wW social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ (full IRC log as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for  QmTP68RPowsANG95V2NChKi8FeumsFAp2RaGvX9jsdfAce #techbytes 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #techbytes  QmQrKAtmq1ECcFzceE5FebRFQp1pW2XAnZuTpb4bMe4Wsn (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for  QmZ9S7G993uPPwEnU8JLBC8wBiDgQKdFbk2sJrJEp6VPa1 #techrights 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #techrights  QmPP89t6hJgzudHF7XkKw27vJgwp39J4e9RYn2C5ELFaMo (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇IPFS logo⦈ § Bulletin for Yesterday⠀➾ Local_copy | CID (IPFS): QmeoPNJBdBB1zPmJmSvBG32dJf6VC4BkQZF2nzHHVVuvf5 ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 297 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2022/03/04/melinda-gates-jeffrey-epstein-and-bill-gates/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2022/03/04/melinda-gates-jeffrey-epstein-and-bill-gates/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 03.04.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Melinda_Gates_Has_Just_Confirmed_What_We_Knew_All_Along_About_Jeffrey_Epstein and_Bill_Gates⠀✐ Posted in Bill_Gates at 7:19 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Jeffrey Epstein and Bill Gates⦈ Summary: For anyone who is still in denial (willful ignorance over what caused Melinda to divorce Bill and the timing of it), this_new_article ought to suffice (we’ve_been_saying_it_for_a_very_long_time and it wasn’t_about_him cheating_with_adult_women_at_Microsoft; he does_not_deny_this_by_the_way) ⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛ ⠀⢰⢰⠀⢰⢀⢀⣠⢖⡁⡄⣦⡀⡆⡆⠢⢰⢰⠀⢤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠻⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠻⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣻⠛⠛⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢀⣂⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠶⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣶⣴⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠿⡟⠂⠸⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠖⠁⠒⠠⠤⢀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠰⣒⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⢶⠀⠀⠀⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠘⠁⠀⠀⡐⠀⠘⡏⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠛⠛⠻⠗⣀⡤⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢚⠛⠋⡏⠛⣏⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠙⠀⠀⢰⣾⣦⢸⡇⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠄⠤⣤⣤⠀⡠⠀⢠⣴⣿⣤⠀⠀⢰⡄⠀⣐⣾⣾⠜⣿⢐⣽⡆⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠈⠁⢀⠀⠀⠁⠈⠁⠀⠘⠁⢀⡑⠂⢤⠤⡤⣴⣆⣶⡶⠟⠋⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣄⠈⣷⠀⣹⣯⡿⠷⠯⠀⢙⠇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠁⠀⠠⡁⠄⠈⢚⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠌⡀⠀⠉⠀⣎⠕⠉⣀⣠⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⣀⠀⠬⡷⢰⡿⣷⡦⠈⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⣒⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⠢⡉⠈⢃⠺⠋⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⡃⠀⡛⠸⠀⠁⠙⠻⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⣄⣉⣉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠁⠓⠄⠈⠀⠀⠠⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢀⠄⠀⠀⢠⡉⠀⠀⣠⣆⢛⠀⠹⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠏⠳⠓⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠄⠀⠀⠹⠉⠒⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⠄⣀⠀⣶⣆⣠⣺⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠕⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣷⣯⣷⣟⠹⣼⡆⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⠿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠞⠂⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡠⠆⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢫⢔⣧⡚⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠁⠛⠚⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⣴⠤⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣘⣿⣯⣬⣀⣥⣡⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⡟⡏⡟⡟⣟⢿⣿⡟⡿⠿⢿⣿⢿⢿⢿⢿⢻⢿⡟⡿⡿⠿⠿⢿⡿⣿⡿⡿⡟⡟⠿⣿⡟⣿⡻⠿⢿⡿⡟⡿⡿⡏⡿⡿⣿⡟⡿⡿⣿⡟⠿⠿⡿⢿⣿⢻⣿⢿⢻⠿⡏⡿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⣇⣇⣇⣇⣿⣪⣿⣇⣇⣿⣘⣜⣾⣸⣸⣸⣸⣪⣅⣇⣸⣸⢸⣼⣷⣱⣹⣇⣇⣇⣻⣸⣇⣺⣻⢸⣔⣌⣇⣇⣳⣇⣇⣇⣿⣇⣇⣇⣷⣇⡇⣧⣜⣶⣸⣸⣯⣸⣸⣸⣇⣷⣹⣜⣾⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⣿⢿⡿⣿⠿⣿⡿⡟⡏⡿⡿⣿⢿⠿⢿⡿⡿⢿⣿⡿⣿⢿⢿⢿⡿⣿⣿⡻⡿⢻⢿⣿⢻⢽⢿⢿⢿⢻⠿⣿⡿⣻⣟⣿⢿⠿⡿⢿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣘⣘⣢⣹⣇⣧⣛⣼⣇⣇⣇⣷⣹⣼⣣⣘⣇⣻⣌⣶⣻⣗⣭⣹⣸⣬⣗⣽⣿⣧⣽⣸⣘⣾⣸⣸⣸⣸⣸⣸⣹⣸⣧⣻⣇⣋⣸⣘⣅⣷⣢⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⡏⣿⣿⢻⢿⢿⡿⣿⢿⡿⣿⡟⡟⢿⣿⢻⣿⣿⢹⡟⣿⢿⢻⣿⡟⣿⢿⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⢯⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⢻⣿⣿⣟⡟⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣿⣹⣻⣟⣿⣿⣹⣿⣻⣍⣟⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⣍⣿⣹⣿⣿⣏⣿⣟⣽⣻⣿⣹⣿⣏⣏⣏⣿⣿⣿⣽⣸⣏⣿⣯⣹⣿⣿⣏⣿⡿⣇⣿⣹⣻⣻⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣼⣿⣽⣿⣾⣿⣿⣼⣿⣵⣽⣽⣽⣧⣿⣾⣷⣿⣼⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 377 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2022/03/04/putinist-patent-office/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2022/03/04/putinist-patent-office/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 03.04.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ How_the_EPO_is_Like_Putin’s_Russia⠀✐ Posted in Deception, Europe, Patents at 8:01 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Summary: Looking carefully at the way Team Battistelli and Team UPC operate, they’re no better than RT and Sputnik, but their lies are being tolerated and even spread by European politicians; the EPO is a massive stain on the EU’s reputation/credibility, contributing to deaths and instability instead_of advancing_science Political analogies/metaphors are a sensitive and potentially distasteful thing at the moment. Many people grieve. Then again, EPO_corruption is no laughing matter either. It costs lives; not only EPO examiners die because of depression and suicides (depression begets health issues that shorten one’s life). As a result of patent monopolies — e.g. patents on vaccines — millions of human being die needlessly each year. In this post I wish to quickly explain why the EPO is a lot more like Putin’s Russia (or Putin’s regime, not the same as Russian people), not ‘civilised’ Europe, and what can be said about Ukraine’s rush to embrace the EU as if the EU is the beacon of freedom. As Team UPC has demonstrated to us, the EU is also happy to embrace and cover_up_lawlessness, in the name of supposed ‘unity’ (like United_Russia). 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Austria, Slovenia, Ramsay, and UPC⦈ Bearing in mind this is a precarious topic — albeit one that António_Campinos is happy_to_exploit_for political_gain — we’ll choose softer terms. Russia is often condemned for spying on and censoring its population. How about the EPO? Yes, it does the exact the same thing on many level. So tick that box, António! 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Team UPC and Constitutions⦈ Constitutional aspects in Russia are being routinely disregarded by the dictator. Does the same thing happen in the EPO? Yes, UPC is a violation of Conventions, Constitutions and so on. The EPC (Convention) is very routinely violated, along with the Vienna_Convention. Constitutions were violated also last year by António's_fudge_factory. So out the window goes adherence to the most fundamental law. The EPO is run by opinionated_fundamentalists_who_understand_no_language_other_than_money. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Hotline Stalin: 'Ideas are far more powerful than guns. We don`t let our people have guns. Why should we let them have ideas?' -Joseph Stalin⦈ Next, what about freedom of association? Over the past year ILOAT has repeatedly blasted the EPO for attacks on these rights. Did the EPO comply with rulings? Barely. It wrote_a_dozen_words_about_it and moved on as if nothing happened… 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO data scandal⦈ What about privacy? The privacy of examiners and stakeholders is being grossly violated. As an EU person, António very well understands that, but he chooses to sweep his violations under some rug while hiring old friends to pretend there’s compliance. Just like in Russia… 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Navalny, Google and more: the curious case of the ‘Smart Voting’ trademark⦈ Does the EPO tolerate dissent? No, not even from its own judges, whose task is to scrutinise the Office. So tick that box, António! You may look very different from Putin, but your_temper_tantrums give your true self away. Vodka is no wine, but the net effect is the same. You’re drunk on power! 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Doesn't matter if it's illegal if my puppets vote for it⦈ Speaking of power, who’s keeping that under check? The man from the Eastern Bloc? The EPO is a deeply defunct institution. That the European officials (EU/EC/EP) do nothing on the matter is a total embarrassment to Europe. Speaking of which, the EU has hardly done anything for the Ukrainian people. It’s mostly “token” support, as skin-thin/surface-level platitudes are seen as opportunistically desirable in appeasement of tyrants like Battistelli and Campinos, who bought a lot of their support from countries_formerly_under_the_thumb_of_the_Soviet Union. These lousy politicians think that posting a flag and pressing “like” on stuff will save people from shelling. █ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO Rating Cartoon⦈ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢨⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢹⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀ ⣿⡇⣤⣤⣤⢈⣭⡟⣿⡿⣻⣿⣿⡛⣿⣭⣭⣤⣬⣥⣤⡀⣤⡄⢠⣤⣤⠀⠸⢈⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢀⣴⣶⣿⣶⣄⠀⡆⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⠃⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⣯⡛⠃⣽⣿⣯⣽⣿⣏⣿⡇⣿⡇⣸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠈⠉⠉⠉⠀⠈⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡘⡅⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇ ⣿⢰⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⡇⣿⡇⣮⡿⣿⣇⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡟⣿⡆⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⣶⣦⢰⣶⠀⢠⣶⣾⣯⢹⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⡆⣶⣯⢻⣿⢻⣿⠛⣿⣿⡏⣿⡇ ⣿⠸⠿⠿⠿⠏⠻⠷⢿⣣⡻⠷⠿⣯⣿⡿⢷⡿⠿⠇⠿⠇⠿⠧⠿⠏⠿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣮⡉⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⢸⣿⡾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡄⣿⣿⣾⣿⢸⣿⢰⣿⢿⣿⢿⣇ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢿⣻⡿⠋⠁⠀⠀⠘⠫⠻⠿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣾⢻⣿⢸⣿⣀⢸⣿⢸⣿⠃⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⣏⡁⣿⡿⣿⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⣾⣿⣸⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠛⠋⠘⠛⠛⣈⠛⠛⠋⠀⠛⠛⠛⠘⠛⠛⠛⠛⠃⠛⢻⣾⣿⣿⣿⣼⣛⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣹⣟⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣬⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠙⠀⠈⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢒⡒⠒⠂⠀⢨⣾⣤⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣴⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠿⣷⣴⣿⢷⣦⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⡻⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣽⡿⣆⠻⠃⠀⠀⠀⠙⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⢛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣘⢿⢇⣀⡀⢀⣀⠀⣂⡀⢀⣀⠀⢀⣀⡀⣀⠀⣀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣷⢸⣿⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⡧⣿⣻⠷⣸⣿⣇⢻⣿⡿⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟ ⣤⠄⠀⢠⣶⣶⣾⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⢸⡿⣿⣿⡇⣽⢻⣷⣿⣿⣿⠈⣿⡇⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⡿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠋⠛⠛⠃⠛⠙⠃⠛⠛⠋⢛⠛⠛⠀⠛⠃⠀⢠⣴⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠓⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠽⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠍⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡀⠀⠀⢘⣃⣤⣤⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣶⣾⣿⡆⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣄⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⢠⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠈⠙⠛⠛⠛⣛⡛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣶⡀⠀⠀⠀⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⢸⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⡀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠈⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢒⣒⣲⣾⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣴⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣾⣿⠀⣻⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢠⣤⣤⠀⢠⣤⣤⣴⣤⣤⡄⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠤⠤⠄⠴⠤⠠⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⣤⣤⣤⢠⣤⡄⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⢠⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣴⣤⣤⣤⣤⣦⡄⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠ ⢸⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢸⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠿⠿⠻⠿⠷⠃⠀⠀⠈⠀⢠⠀⠀⣿ ⢸⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣠⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⣿ ⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠘⠹⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⡷⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⣹ ⢾⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢺⣿⡧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⠠⣢⠀⠀⠃⠀⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⣿⠟⠉⠀⠓⠍⠁⠀⠀⠀⡃⠀⠀⣴⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⠟⠃⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⣿ ⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠂⠿⠆⠠⡀⠀⠀⠖⠀⢸⢖⡙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⢿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⣿ ⢸⣿⣇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠀⡉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠸⠷⠗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠈⡄⠀⠀⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿ ⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⡀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠐⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿ ⢸⣿⣷⠀⣤⣼⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⢸⣿⠃⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⣦⣶⡟⣶⣶⣦⡖⣤⣶⣦⡄⠀⠂⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼ ⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡄⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣇⣿⡇⣿⡇⠿⠿⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠘⠁⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣷⣾⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⡇⣶⣶⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⢰⣶⣿ ⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⢰⣾⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠿⠟⠡⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⠿⠟⠃⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣂⣉⣀⣀⣒⣂⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⢸⠀⠁⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⠀⢀⣠⢿⣿⣿⢿⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠸⡇⡌⣷⣿⣧⣯⡇⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠹⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠓⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⡇⣇⣿⣿⣿⣟⣾⣷⡆⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⢀⡀⢻⣿⣶⣴⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠟⠋⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⡟⣻⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣷⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⣷⣗⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣳⣿⣄⢾⣯⣿⣯⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣷⣹⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠰⠂⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀ ⠀⡇⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠇⢐⢿⣿⣛⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣽⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠏⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠆ ⠀⠁⠇⠀⢀⣀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠻⠏⠀⢸⡶⠉⠙⢁⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢃⣀⣸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣶⣶⣿⡿⢠⣾⣿⣾⣿⣷⡄⠠⠿⠿⠿⠿⠛⠛⠁⠀⠈⠛⠙⣛⣿⣿⡿⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠛⠛⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣬⡉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⠇⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣦⣴⣶⣿⣿⡀⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣶⣶⣀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠐⢿⣿⣿⣶⡂⢀⡈⠙⠛⠿⠛⠿⢟⣿⣶⣦⣄⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀ ⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⢤⠀⠟⣿⣿⣿⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⢠⣄⣀⣀⣀⣐⠆⣀⡀⠾⠆⠀⠻⣿⣿⣯⡿⢿⠳⠆⠀⠀⠰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠇⠀⠀ ⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⢉⣉⣤⡤⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⢰⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⢊⣴⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⡏⢹⣿⣛⢸⣿⣿⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢰⣶⢶⣶⢰⣶⣦⡄⣬⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠸⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⠏⢠⣠⣶⡆⣿⡇⢸⣿⡙⣾⣯⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⢸⣿⣸⣿⣿⢿⣿⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣿⡇⠀⣰⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢃⢀⢤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠐⠉⠁⠀⠙⠃⠘⠛⣛⣛⠃⠛⣻⠿⡿⠻⠿⡁⠸⢿⣾⠟⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⣸⡿⢿⣿⡿⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠿⠁⠀⠀⠈⡿⠷⣴⣿⣿⣿⠦⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⡾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣯⠁⢸⣷⡀⠹⠀⡤⣱⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠳⣬⠉⠀⠈⠿⠃⠀⠀⢀⢴⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀ ⢠⣾⣿⣿⣟⣳⡼⠻⠿⠏⢽⣿⣿⣿⠗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣏⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⠙⠶⠶⠀⢸⣿⠆⠈⠉⠁⠀⠀⢿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠓⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠞⠿⠿⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣷⣿ ⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⡟⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠙⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣤⡄⠓⠀⠠⣷⣃⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠋⠁⡠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠇⠏⠀⠂⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠾⠛⢿ ⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⡀⢸⡿⠀⢀⣠⢶⠦⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣹⣿⣶⡟⢻⣿⣷⣴⡄⣤⣿⣿⠆⠀⣸⠂⡀⠀⠀⠀⠺⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣰⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣾⣾⡟⠞⣲⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡸⠅⠒⠳⠐⠤⢨⣠⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⡅⠀⢀⣠⣤⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣏⠀⣴⡏⡰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠿⠋⠀⠀⣻⣿⡿⠛⢧⣴⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠨⠁⠀⠈⠀⠍⠀⠀⢹⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣧⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⠛⢻⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢱⣿⣿⣿⡶⠀⣀⠀⠐⠡⠒⡄⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠃⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣧⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀ ⠀⠀⠈⠿⠻⢿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⠶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠂⣾⣷⣾⣿⣿⠯⢻⣿⡿⠋⣸⣿⣿⢟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣆⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣘⣃⡀ ⠀⢀⣴⣤⢀⣀⡈⠁⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⠈⠁⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠈⠁⠁⠀⠀⣀⣴⣾⠃⢀⣾⣿⡯⠁⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠗⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣟⣿⣿⣷ ⠀⣼⣇⣛⣼⢿⡿⣾⣷⣆⣤⣤⣀⣈⠙⠿⣿⣿⣷⣶⠆⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣶⣶⣿⣿⢿⣟⢠⣾⡿⠛⠃⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠠⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠙⠛⠃⠿⡾⢻⣿⣿⣩⣿⡏⢸⡿⢻⡟⢶⡾⣭⣍⣀⣈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⡧⠼⠿⢄⠀⠀⣠⣤⣱⣶⡙⡛⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠙⠛⠃⠿⠃⣿⢃⣿⢃⣿⣽⡏⣽⡟⣿⣯⣽⣽⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠎⠻⠶⢀⡈⠹⠛⢿⣿⠾⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠈⠻⠟⢠⣿⢠⣿⣾⢷⡿⣾⣷⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠙⠛⠱⠏⢿⢱⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠙⠛⠛⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢇⢠⡴⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿ ⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠭⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⡻⡻⢿⡝⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⢿⠻⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢴⣀⣆⠀⠀⠀⣤⢢⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣻⡇⣟⢺⡿⣴⣆⣺⢳⣿⣿⣿⣷⢻⣐⣶⡼⣿⢻⡗⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣾⡿⠀⣀⣀⣾⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡗⡟⣽⠸⢿⣭⣷⣶⣏⡵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡷⣝⡷⣶⣽⣝⠿⢺⡝⡇⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣲⣖⡄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⠀⠀⠓⠻⠛⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢽⢿⣷⢼⢧⣯⢟⣿⣖⣟⣼⢭⣚⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⡪⢽⣝⣗⣾⣿⢯⣧⢿⢴⣿⣷⣙⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠙⣩⣶⣾⣷⣶⣦⣤⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣄⣀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣸⣷⣭⣟⣻⡿⣽⢿⣻⣽⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣽⡻⣽⣽⢿⣛⡯⣽⡯⣻⢻⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣄⣀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠷⠻⠛⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⡿⣾⣿⢺⣿⣿⣇⡿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡝⠋⠑⣽⣻⣫⢺⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⢻⡾⣷⣽⣼⣿⣿⡿⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⣿⣯⣿⣜⣵⡻ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠶⠶⢬⣿⣿⢭⣴⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⢃⡿⣽⣭⣷⣫⢿⡿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⡽⣿⢣⢳⣯⣽ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣷⣿⣿⣶⣦⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⠷⣯⢿⣿⡿⣾⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠰⢿⣹⡿⣯⣿⢿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣟⣻⡗⣿⣹⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠛⢿⣯⠭⣻⣟⣏⣻⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⣼⣇⣿⣿⣹⡏ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠷⢿⡻⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣟⣻⣞⣿⣻⣽⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣺⣯ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⣿⣹⣯⢵⣿⢾⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⢠⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⢍ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣠⣶⣶⢿⣷⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣻⣺⣿⢿⣯⣿⢟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⡿⣷⣿⡿⡋⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⣀⣸⣿⣿⣏⢟⢮⣿⢿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⢻⢽⢿⣋⣿⡼⣟⡽⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠋⠀⠈⠻⣿⣷⣿⣗⡝⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠼⠛⢿⣿⡿⣼⣟⣼⣯⣻ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢶⡆⣦⣾⣯⣷⠏⣷⡎⣶⡎⠉⣶⡄⡶⡄⣶⠆⢰⡶⣴⡆⣶⣦⠀⣶⣴⡎⣴⣦⣴⢦⢸⡶⠉⣶⣧⣵⣦⣶⣴⣰⣶⡶⣶⢦⢰⡶⣶⣶⣾⢉⠰⡶⢰⣴⣦⣶⢰⣦⡆⠀⣿⠟⠹⠸⠙⠛⠛⠑ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣴⣶⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣡⡿⣧⣝⡷⢸⡿⣧⡏⡇⣿⡁⢸⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⡿⡇⣿⣿⣿⢹⢸⣏⠀⣿⠉⣿⡿⢻⡟⣿⢸⣏⣿⢻⢸⡏⣿⡿⣿⡀⠁⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠠⣹⣡⡠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤ ⠀⠀⢀⣤⣾⠗⠈⠛⢉⣥⣠⣄⡄⣄⡄⣠⣄⢶⢠⣄⡄⣄⣤⡄⢠⣤⣀⣤⡀⡄⡄⠤⢠⣤⠀⣤⢀⣤⣠⣴⠶⣠⣄⣠⢠⢠⣤⡀⢠⣄⢠⣤⣠⣄⢠⣄⢠⡀⣤⡄⢠⣤⡄⣤⣠⡄⡄⣤⡄⠀⠈⠉⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣶⣿⠟⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣟⣻⣯⠘⢸⣿⣷⡇⣿⠂⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⡇⠀⠀⡇⠀⣿⢸⡗⢸⡇⡆⣿⣿⣿⣸⢸⣿⡅⢸⡟⢻⡗⣿⣸⢸⡟⢸⡇⣿⠂⢸⣿⣷⣿⡟⣿⡇⣿⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⢟⣿⣛⣽⣿ ⡟⠃⡀⢀⢀⠀⠀⡀⢈⠉⠁⢉⢁⡁⡁⡉⡉⡁⡀⠉⣈⠁⡉⡁⢈⠉⡁⡉⢁⠁⡁⠀⢀⡁⡀⠉⢉⡉⢈⡵⣿⡭⣩⡬⢍⣈⢉⢁⠈⣁⢈⠉⡈⠉⡈⢁⢈⠉⢉⢁⢈⣉⠉⡉⠁⠉⢁⡉⢁⠀⢀⡀⢀⡛⠩⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣾⣙⢸⣿⣿⣷⡇⢯⡇⠀⢸⣼⣿⣿⣧⡏⢷⠇⠸⣿⣻⣿⡇⡏⣷⣿⣿⣿⠀⡏⣷⠸⣿⣿⡿⣿⠅⢸⡇⣿⡍⣿⢁⡈⣿⢹⣿⣿⡯⢸⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣸⣿⢻⣾⢹⡯⠀⣿⣿⣿⢸⡅⣿⣇⢿⣟⣛⣿⢙⣣⣿⣿ ⣿⣝⣚⣚⠛⠛⠛⠃⠓⠛⠂⠘⠛⣛⣛⣃⣃⣘⣀⣘⣛⠛⠛⠃⠓⠋⠛⠛⠛⠂⠓⠋⠀⠛⠘⠃⠛⠂⠘⣓⣛⣂⣛⣼⣧⣛⣘⣛⣛⣓⣘⣙⣛⣤⣛⣛⣛⣙⣘⣛⣘⣓⣤⣛⣛⣛⣘⣒⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠋⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⢀⡤⠔⠚⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⠉⣡⣤⣄⠀⣠⣤⣄⠀⣤⣤⡄⣠⣤⣄⡀⣤⣄⣻⣿⢿⡿⣻⣭⣟⢋⣭⣭⣭⡉⣭⣭⡝⢩⣭⠙⢩⣭⢉⣭⡉⣭⡝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠊⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⢸⣿⢹⣿⡿⣿⣏⠛⠃⣿⣏⡁⣿⣿⣹⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⣿⣏⡛⠋⢹⣿⡏⢁⣿⢿⣇⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⢸⣿⣧⣿⡇⠿⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢀⠎⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⠰⠶⠆⢸⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⣇⣭⡻⣿⡆⣿⡟⠃⣿⣿⠛⠃⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡟⣭⡿⣿⡆⢸⣿⡇⢸⣿⣼⣿⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⢸⣿⢿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣈⣀⣨⣷⠯⠤⠰⠿⠟⢈⠿⠿⠿⡁⠻⠷⠿⠃⠿⠿⠷⠿⠿⣀⡀⠿⠿⠿⠿⣼⣧⡻⠷⠿⢃⠸⠿⠇⠸⠿⠹⠿⠼⠿⠿⠸⠿⠸⠿⠘⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠘⡀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠴⠟⠋⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢐⣻⡐⠘⠁⠀⢀⣼⡇⠾⠲⢻⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣶⣿⣷⣾⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣿⠂⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠁⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢤⠀⠀⠒⢾⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⢸⡁⠁⠀⠀⠀⢋⡿⠟⣽⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠃⠀⣼⣷⣪⣄⣂⣠⣾⣿⣷⡶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⢸⣿⣦⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠙⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠐⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢲⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⢏⢤⢉⡉⢫⣷⣮⡻⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣼⣹⣿⣿⣿⡅⠈⠀⠊⢀⣈⣁⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠱⣞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠿⠿⣿⣿⣧⣦⣾⣿⣍⣫⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠂⣨⣾⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡅⠰⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⢿⣿⠿⠋⠉⠙⢿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠈⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣖⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⢿⣿⠏⠙⡧⠂⠀⠲⠛⢫⣿⣷⣄⡠⢤⠄⠀⠀⠤⠤⠤⢄⣃⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠿⠿⠄⠀⠀⠀⡀⢀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠯⡈⣃⣵⢛⣦⠢⡈⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⢀⠔⣈⢛⣿⣿⣿⡛⠍⢩⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡿⢿⣡⠤⢖⡊⡁⠃⠫⣁⠖⣈⠢⠀⣀⡀⠐⠁⢊⡰⡋⠈⠊⠉⢛⣶⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠐⠰⠆⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠥⢓⣫⣥⣶⣾⣿⣷⣿⡆⠀⠀⠑⠌⠀⠈⠛⠁⠀⠀⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⡟⢛⣁⣀⣀⣀⠀⠉⠂⢐⠖⠀⠠⠔⠀⢀⣾⡿⠿⣿⠿⠟⠿⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣳⣷⣒⣰⣶⣮⣤⣈⡀⢸⡿⠇⡐⠀⠀⣀⠖⢋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢁⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠃⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣋⣭⠀⣠⣷⣶⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢟⣛⣫⣭⣵⣶⣾⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣟⣛⣫⣭⣽⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣻⣭⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣯⣭⣛⠿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣛⣿⣭⣽⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢋⣴⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡦⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣃⣿⣯⣦⣶⣾⣿⣵⣯⣿⣼⣽⣿⣵⣵⣵⣵⣷⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣋⣭⡌⣿⣿⣶⣿⣾⣦⣵⣷⣷⣼⣴⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡘⠋⠉⠟⢈⠀⠈⠙⢿⣿⣿⣋⡁⠀⠀⠀⠉⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⡻⣬⣭⣥⣯⣯⣏⣯⣥⣬⣭⣿⣿⣿⢟⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⡀⠀⢹⣿⣿⡿⢿⣇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠉⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣭⣛⡻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⡏⣾⡟⠟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⢀⣿⡿⣷⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠿⠿⠿⡟⠿⢿⣿⣿⡏⣭⣛⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣭⣻⣿⣿⣟⣄⣿⣭⣭⣭⣉⣛⡇⠀⣸⣿⡿⡿⠿⠟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢦⡀⠀⠐⢶⡶⣟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣭⣛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡮⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⠃⠰⠟⠛⠉⣷⣶⣿⣿⡏⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣷⢀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣤⣧⣿⣧⣮⣿⣯⣥⣯⣽⣿⣷⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⢠⣽⡇⢰⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⡅⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣍⣟⣹⣿⣏⣋⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⠿⠟⠋⠁⣘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠀⠀⠀⣾⡏⠁⢸⡇⣠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠀⣜⢿⣿⣿⣟⡟⠟⠟⣿⡻⠻⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⡿⣫⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠟⠛⢿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠿⠣⢸⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⡇⠨⣙⠻⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠟⣻⣽⣾⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡿⠃⣰⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢳⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠛⠀⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⠃⠀⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠀⠀⣲⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡏⠀⢠⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢷⡗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠈⠛⠿⠿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢈⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⣾⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡶⡶⡆⠀⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣦⣴⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⣀⣠⣶⡄⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠛⠿⠽⢽⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡆⠀⠀⣾⢇⢃⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠁⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡛⢳⣶⡤⢹⠃⠙⠁⡙⠛⠋⡋⡉⠙⠊⠉⠀⢛⠛⠛⠛⡁⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡿⠿⠿⠻⠿⣿⣿⡧⠤⠤⠤⢼ ⣧⣌⡛⣁⣼⣐⣄⣄⣀⣄⣤⣃⣀⣠⠀⢀⣤⣴⣄⠀⢀⣧⣀⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣁⣀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣿⠕⠒⠒⠒⢺ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣷⣶⣾ ⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣟⠛⡻⠛⡿⠻⠿⠿⠻⠟⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣽⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠀⠁⠀⠉⠋⠉⠋⠙⠉⠀⠀⠋⠉⠹⠉⣿⣽⠁⠀⠈⢙⠉⠙⠉⠙⠋⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⢉⠉⠙⡁⢈⠋⠙⢉⠉⠉⠉⠋⠉⠉⠙⢫⣃⢀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⡉⢉⡉⢙⠉⠉⡁⠈⠉⠉⢉⠉⠙⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠀⢀⠀⣀⢀⣀⡁⢀⣀⣀⣀⢘⣀⠈⠀⠉⣾⡄⣀⠀⣈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⠀⢀⡀⠘⠀⢀⣁⢈⣁⢀⡈⡀⠀⣁⣀⣁⢀⡀⣈⢋⣀⢀⣁⡀⠀⣀⢅⣀⡁⣈⠀⡀⠁⢀⢁⠀⢈⢀⣀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠛⠛⠻⢻⡟⠟⠿⢿⣿⠿⠟⠛⠙⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠻⢻⡟⠋⠋⠋⠡⠴⠄⡻⠟⣛⠿⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠻⠟⠛⠛⠛⠿⢛⠿⠟⠛⠻⠛⠻⠟⠛⠿⡿⠛⠛⠻⠿⠿⠻⠛⠛⠛⡟⠟⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣻⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡡⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⢘⣠⡄⠄⠀⠀⠀⡂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⣤⠘⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⣤⣶⠀⠄⠠⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⢠⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⡆⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣤⣶⣶⣦⣦⣦⣴⣦⣿⣤⣴⣦⣬⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣼⣿⣧⣴⣤⣤⣤⣦⣦⣶⣦⣤⣤⣤⣭⣴⣾⣴⣤⣴⣦⣤⣤⣦⣄⣤⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣴⣤⣤⣦⣶⣦⣤⣦⣶⣤⣤⣦⣖⣤⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢿⠿⠿⢿⣿⡿⡿⡿⠿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⢿⡿⣻⠿⡿⢿⠿⡟⡿⣿⡟⠿⡿⠿⢿⠿⣟⠿⠿⡿⣿⣿⠟⠿⠿⣿⠿⢿⡿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⡿⢿⡿⡿⠿⠿⢿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⢿⢿⠿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿ ⡶⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⢀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠆⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠰⠀⠆⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⣿⣿⣿ ⠾⠶⠶⢾⠆⠀⠀⠶⠆⠰⠶⠶⠾⠶⠶⠶⠀⠶⠆⠰⠶⠾⠶⠎⠀⠀⠶⠶⠾⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠆⠈⡅⠰⠶⠶⠶⠾⠶⠾⠀⡈⠶⠶⠶⠾⠷⠶⠶⠶⠶⠀⠶⠶⠄⠠⠶⠶⠶⠆⠰⠷⠶⢷⠶⠶⠾⠶⠶⠶⣶⣿⣿⣿ ⣁⣀⣀⣐⡀⣂⣀⣀⢀⡀⢀⣀⣀⢀⡀⣀⡀⠀⠐⣀⢀⡀⢀⣀⣀⢀⢀⡂⠀⡀⣐⡀⣀⢀⣀⣀⡀⡀⣀⢐⢀⣀⣐⣀⠂⣀⢀⡀⢀⣀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⢀⠀⢀⠐⣐⡀⡂⢀⡀⡀⢀⠀⡀⠀⣀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠛⠛⠋⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⠛⠛⠙⠛⠛⠛⠛⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⡄⢰⣥⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⢇⢉⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣏⢀⣐⣷⣿⣿⡆⠈⠉⠹⣿⣿⣿⠱⠰⠂⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣯⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣶⣾⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡟⡛⠋⠙⠉⠛⠉⠋⠙⠋⠙⠋⠛⠉⠛⣛⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡿⣿⠿⠿⠻⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢿⠀⠈⢁⠀⠉⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠉⠀⠉⠉⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠾⠷⠾⠶⠿⠷⠾⠶⢾⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣂⡀⡀⣠⣀⣀⡀⣀⣀⣀⣀⢀⢂⣀⠀⣀⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠩⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠫⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⢹⣏⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠍⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉ ⠀⠀⣾⡟⣿⢰⣿⢻⡆⣷⡶⢢⣶⣶⡄⣶⣰⡦⣤⣤⣤⣤⠀⢠⣤⢀⣀⡀⣀⣀⠀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣤⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⣿⣇⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⣿⠟⢈⡻⣶⣠⣿⣿⡇⠉⠀⣿⠀⠀⣼⣿⣼⣿⢃⣿⣿⡀⢹⣿⠛⢻⡟⢻⣿⠛⣼⡟⣶⠀⢰⣶⢰⣶⠞⡟⣯⣭⣭⣭⣭⡍⣠⣤⡀⠀⣀⡀⣀⡀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⡅⠀⠛⢛⡋⠈⠛⠛⠁⠻⠷⠘⠷⠿⠻⠟⠿⠇⠀⢰⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⡟⣿⢸⡿⣿⡇⢸⡇⡀⣾⡇⢸⣿⠃⣿⡟⣯⢰⢸⣿⢸⡷⢎⡇⣿⡇⣸⡇⣬⡕⢿⣜⡃⠀⣿⡇⣿⠇⢸⡇⢸⣿⠛⣼⡟⣷⠀⣿⣶⠀⣶⠀⠀ ⠆⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡶⠀⣀⣉⣈⣁⣩⣥⣌⡁⠣⡛⠃⠘⠛⠋⠛⠛⢿⣼⡸⢿⠼⢇⣿⡇⣿⠀⣿⡇⣿⡹⣶⣽⡇⠀⣿⡇⣿⣀⣿⣇⢸⣿⠃⣿⡗⣶⢸⣟⣿⣤⣿⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡹⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣷⡌⠁⠀⠀⠉⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠘⠛⠃⠙⠛⠛⠚⠋⠿⠿⠿⠆⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠟⠻⣿⣿⡿⠛⠙⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⢽⣿⣿⡿⡛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣻⣿⣿⡇⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣷⣠⡀⣈⣿⡇⠀⣐⡓⢂⣀⣬⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢀⣱⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠻⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⠆⠀⣰⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⢌⠾⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⢠⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠝⡾⢿⣿⡀⠀⠀⡀⠰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠸⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠆⠄⢚⡏⠁⢐⣈⠀⠀ ⡀⠀⠀⢼⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢛⢻⡿⠧⠦⠀⡿⢶⠠⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⣿⣿⣿⣟⣛⣛⣛⣿⣿⣿⡿⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⢛⣼⣿⣿⣿⡏⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠ ⠐⠀⠀⠐⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢲⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣙⣿⠧⠶⠿⠛⠛⠛⣿⠁⡏⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣷⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠁⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘ ⢠⡆⣄⡆⠀⠀⠀⠰⠠⡶⣤⣀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣍⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠱⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⢻⣿⣭⣁⣠⣴⣿⣿⠏⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠿⠃⣇⠁⠀⢠⠀⣡⠂⣰⣿⠙⠁⠉⠀⠈⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣠⣶⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⠋⠁⠀⠀⢀⡄⠀⠀⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣌⣀⢲⣶⡀⠚⡦⢻⣿⣷⣆⣤⣧⠀⠖⢦⠀⠀⢀⣴⠟⠀⠀⡾⠁⢠⡀⠉⣙⣯⢝⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣽⣿⢿⣿⠋⡙⢿⣿⢤⡤⠀⠀⢴⣶⡖⣀⣀⣴⣿⡿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⡀⠀⠠⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣠⣿⣽⣿⣷⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣴⣤⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠙⠀⠀⢰⣿⡿⠁⠀⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠺⣿⣿⣄⠙⠐⠛⢰⡆⣀⣶⣾⡏⠀⢉⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢞⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⣀⣧⣄⢛⡏⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣫⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢍⠙⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢏⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢋⡄⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢯⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠏⣠⣿⣿⣴⣶⣾ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⢻ ⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⠗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢹⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⣸⣭⡽⢿⣿⣿⠏⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢃⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⠏⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣥⣤⣠⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢁⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⢹ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⢀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠠⠿⠛⠉⢻⣿⣶⠯⠤⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⣟⣺ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⠋⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⡏⢻⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠸⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⡇⠠⠋⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢶⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣠⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣀⣿ ⠉⠉⢉⣉⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⣯⣥⡜⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⢠⣾⣿⣿ ⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢋⣠⣶⠛⢹⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⢉⣁⡙⠛⠛⠋⠉⠁⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢿⣿⣿⣧⡅⠈⠻⣿⢣⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡟⣫⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠀⠉⠹⠳⣤⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣋⣀⡀⠀⠈⠩⠿⠆⣀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⡀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⢿⣿⠿⠿⡟⠿⠿⡿⡿⠘⢻⠛⠛⡻⢟⣛⠛⠛⠛⢻⠿⡻⡿⢛⣛⠿⢿⡿⠿⡿⡿⠛⡻⡿⠋⠉⡉⠁⣀⡀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠩⡌⡙⡒⡛⠛⢛⢻⣿ ⠀⠀⣿⡇⣿⡟⠃⠀⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⢻⣇⣿⠁⠀⣿⡟⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⢻⡇⣿⡟⣿⣾⣿⠛⠘⢻⣿⠃⣿⡿⠿⠀⠘⣿⣶⣿⢷⣿⢹⣿⠘⣿⡟⠃⣿⡟⠃⠀⣿⡟⠃⣾⡏⣿⡆⣿⡟⣿⠀⠀⣿⡇⢻⣿⠛⣸⣿ ⠀⠀⣿⡇⣿⡟⠃⠀⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⠈⣿⡏⠀⠀⣿⡟⠛⢸⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⢛⡃⣿⡟⢛⢹⣿⠛⠀⢸⣿⠀⣙⡻⣷⠀⠂⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⠀⣿⡇⠀⣿⡟⠃⠀⣿⡟⠃⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⡟⣿⠀⡆⣿⡇⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠿⠇⠿⠇⠀⠀⠿⠇⠿⠸⠿⠀⠿⠇⠀⠀⠿⠇⣰⣜⠿⠾⢟⡸⠿⣸⣇⠿⠇⣿⠸⠿⠷⢆⡸⠿⣄⠻⠷⠿⠀⠀⠹⠿⠟⠈⠿⠾⠟⣀⠿⠇⡄⠿⠷⠆⡄⠿⠇⣀⠻⠷⠿⠁⠿⠇⠿⢄⡇⠿⠇⡸⠿⢀⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢃⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠓⢿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡟⢻⡿⣛⢻⢛⡻⡟⣛⡻⢛⠻⠟⡛⡟⢻⠟⡟⣛⣻⠻⡟⣟⠛⣻⣿⢛⡻⡟⣛⣻⣿⢛⡻⡿⣛⠻⠛⡛⢿⢛⣛⣿⠟⡛⢿⢛⡻⡟⢻⠟⡟⣛⢻⢛⣛⣛⢛⡛⣛⣻⠻⡟⡿⢛⠻⠛⠛⣛⡿⣛⢻⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⢡⣄⣗⠂⣹⡒⢈⡇⠒⢚⡒⣈⡒⢂⡅⡎⣀⡇⠐⢺⢰⡀⣿⣀⣿⣧⡘⢃⡄⣬⣽⣧⡘⢛⣇⠛⣠⣀⣄⢺⠐⢚⣿⣘⢛⣣⡘⢃⡄⡎⣀⡇⣭⣼⠐⠒⣿⢸⡇⠒⢺⢰⡀⣇⡛⣛⣀⡀⠒⣗⠂⣹⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡇⠒⢈⠋⢹⠉⡇⡏⡍⡟⡝⢹⣯⢠⢫⠙⢙⣽⡇⡏⣋⢛⠩⢋⢸⢸⢨⢹⡏⡅⡅⡟⣍⠋⢩⢹⠩⢻⢸⣿⢘⡃⡟⠍⡏⣹⠩⢻⠩⢹⠩⢹⢩⢉⢹⠫⠙⢙⡙⡅⣽⡟⠍⡏⣽⡇⢐⣲⠐⠆⡏⣴⡌⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣦⣶⣦⣷⣷⣷⣗⣂⣼⣿⣾⣮⣶⣾⣿⣷⣷⣿⣶⣦⣾⣼⣾⣾⣦⣶⣧⣷⣷⣴⣶⣾⣾⣴⣾⣾⣿⣾⣷⣷⣶⣷⣿⣶⣾⣮⣾⣮⣾⣾⣾⣾⣶⣶⣾⣷⣧⣿⣷⣶⣷⣼⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣷⣦⣶⣿⣿⣿ ⡟⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⢛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⡛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣿⣇⣁⣡⣇⣰⣆⣸⣄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣜⣂⣎⣢⣁⣩⣒⣀⣗⣸⣿⣿⢸⣀⣅⣴⣀⣠⣀⣁⣀⣔⣄⣡⣂⣆⣸⣿⣿⣀⣄⣼⣀⣀⣺⣜⣃⣠⣡⣀⣘⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⡿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⡿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣆⣴⣧⣰⣥⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣁⣇⣸⣈⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣼⣴⣤⣺⣧⣴⣤⣬⣂⣔⣦⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠋⠉⠙⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠰⠉⠩⠉⠅⠉⡭⠉⢸⠀⣤⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⡫⠀⣩⠉⡋⠍⠍⠉⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢸⣧⣵⣶⣈⣩⣽⣉⣏⣉⣹⣉⣹⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠁⠀⠀⠉⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠀⠈⠉⠻⡿⣽⣿⠁⢸⣿⣿⡟⣛⠛⣿⠛⡛⠙⣛⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⢠⣤⡄⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⡇⡟⠁⠀⠀⠆⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠈⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠠⣤⠀⠀⠈⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣾⣶⣷⣶⣾⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⡀⠐⠒⡉⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡯⠐⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠈⠋⠁⠀⠠⣿⠁⠀⣾⣿⠟⠛⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⠉⠉⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠠⠆⠀⠐⠆⠀⢀⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠷⣭⣅⠋⠁⡸⡛⠛⢋⣡⣤⣾⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⠟⢁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⡅⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡏⠀⠀⣿⡏⠀⠐⠶⠀⢹⣿⢸⠀⠈⠀⠀⠠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⡇⡄⠈⢲⠴⠶⠖⠋⠀⠀⠰⣪⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠁⠀⠀⠀⢧⣄⡀⠀⠸⣫⠀⠉⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢋⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⢸⣤⠀⠁⠀⢠⣿⣿⣇⣀⣀⡀⢀⠀⠀⢀⠠⠀⡇⡍⠉⠩⡇⣿⣶⠆⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⠁⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠛⠉⠁⠀⠈⢿⣦⣄⣀⣴⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠸⠻⣄⡀⠀⠸⢿⣿⡟⠉⠁⠀⢜⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠣⠀⠀⡇⣿⡏⢠⡤⠊⠛⠀⠀⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣘⣿⣀⣸⣿⣀⣀⣀⣀⣸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣦⠀⣶⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣋⢈⡀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠈⢹⠀⢀⣠⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⣿⣦⣀⡔⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⠿⠿⡿⠿⢿⠿⡿⡿⡿⡿⠿⢿⡇⣿⣿⣿⡧⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⡍⠟⢻⠛⠛⣿⠛⢟⠛⡟⢛⣿⣿⡟⣿⠛⢻⡟⣛⠋⡻⠛⢛⠛⣿⠛⣟⢻⢸⡟⠟⠟⡿⡟⡿⠿⢻⠟⣻⠿⢿⠟⣿⣿⣧⣦⣼⣤⣧⣬⣼⣠⣤⣤⣮⣤⣇⣼⡇⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⢀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⡿⢶⠷⢿⠾⢳⠿⢵⠷⢾⢶⠾⣿⣿⣷⢾⠶⡾⣷⡾⠶⡷⢶⡾⡶⡿⡶⢷⣾⢸⣷⣷⣶⢿⣶⣶⡶⣶⣶⢿⣶⣾⣶⣿⣿⣿⣏⣊⣀⣇⣉⣂⣈⣸⣁⣑⣃⣸⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⡏⠈⠩⠑⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣧⣤⣧⣼⣥⣴⣥⣢⣧⣤⣼⣤⣿⣿⣿⣬⣤⣦⣼⣬⣤⣼⣼⣰⣇⣯⣤⣥⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣼⣠⣧⣂⣼⣠⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣟⠀⠀⢀⣱⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣈⣏⣸⣉⣿⣍⣙⣇⣉⣏⣁⣏⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡏⢍⠉⡏⠉⠉⡏⠉⡍⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⡇⣿⠛⡻⡿⠻⠿⠿⡟⠿⡿⠟⢿⠿⢿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⠁⢀⡀⠹⣿⡇⣿⣮⣶⣷⣮⣶⡾⣷⣧⣧⣶⣷⣷⣾⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣯⣽⠙⠋⠛⢹⡟⠋⠏⠋⢻⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡇⣿⣿⣀⣗⣀⣨⣀⣸⣀⣰⣁⣪⣈⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⡿⡟⠻⠿⠻⡿⠿⠿⠿⡟⠻⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢛⠒⠀⠀⠐⠛⢛⠿⠿⢇⡀⢀⡼⠷⠇⣿⣿⢿⠿⠿⠟⣿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣷⣷⣦⣷⣶⣷⣾⣷⡶⡷⣶⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⡧⠸⠁⠀⠀⣿⡿⣼⣦⣮⢦⣿⣤⣧⣧⣴⣧⠿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣧⣀⣦⣠⣦⣨⣷⣠⣆⢄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⢶⠿⠿⠿⢶⣶⣶⣶⢾⠿⠿⢶⣶⡆⣿⣇⣈⣈⣀⣸⣐⣿⣇⣠⣱⣀⡸⣸⣿⣿ ⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣴⣤⣤⣬⣽⣿⣿⣿⣴⣭⣽⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 716 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2022/03/04/twitter-is-done/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2022/03/04/twitter-is-done/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 03.04.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Quite_Likely_My_Last_Tweet_(Almost_My_Millionth_Tweet,_With_a_Rounding Error)⠀✐ Posted in Site_News at 2:38 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Video_download_link | md5sum 8911b43d9baad09ac9681cee91d9648a Less Social Control, More Media Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 4.0 http://techrights.org/videos/last-tweet.webm Summary: Social Control Media (or social control media, to spare the capitalisation) is yesteryear’s runaway train; we won’t be waiting for the crash, we’re moving on to what truly matters in today’s Internet (and it’s not a bunch of “mindfarts”, “shower thoughts”, and hashtags) A couple of hours ago I finally changed the code to omit social control media, as noted_this_morning. I then committed all the changes to Git. The same was then repeated for Tux Machines and the changes committed, too. “The same was then repeated for Tux Machines and the changes committed, too.”Does that mean I’ll never do social control media ever gain in my lifetime? Maybe. I don’t want to make promises. But one sure thing is, any comeback would likely be impersonal (like bots*). So I’ve decided to record something about my likely last tweet, which is presented in the video above. This_is_the_end_my_friend. █ ______ * I don’t think that a bot qualifies as personally getting involved again and I usually do keep promises to myself (I might run that account as a bot some time in the future, just for Techrights and TuxMachines, linking to new posts automatically) ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 771 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 03.04.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Links_5/3/2022:_GNUnet_0.16.1_and_Free_Software_in_Ukraine⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 9:35 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o § Desktop/Laptop⠀➾ # ⚓ The Star MY ☛ Linux_can_get_your_tired_old_computer_up_and running_again_|_The_Star⠀⇛ Linux, the open-source operating system that uses a penguin as its symbol, offers plenty of advantages yet it’s only rarely seen on private computers. The reason why is easily explained. “The normal PC user usually buys his computer with a pre-installed operating system such as Windows and usually has no incentive to go to the trouble of installing Linux,” says Keywan Tonekaboni, who writes desktop tips for an industry magazine. Here are four good reasons why you should consider getting the penguin onto your computer. Freedom and flexibility “Linux focuses on the freedom of the user,” says IT advice specialist Matthias Wellendorf. In principle, anyone can reprogram or further develop the system as they wish. “Free also means free of charge. The operating system can be downloaded free of charge and installed on any as many computers as you want,” Wellendorf says. Linux comes with work interfaces that differ only slightly from Windows in terms of appearance and operation. o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ Going_Linux_Mar_05_#420_·_Pop!_OS⠀⇛ The long-awaited review of Pop!_OS, the Linux distribution from the makers of System76 computers. Our impressions, our opinions and our observations. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ ID Root ☛ How_To_Install_Discourse_on_Debian_11_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install Discourse on Debian 11. For those of you who didn’t know, Discourse is an open-source Internet forum (aka online message board). It is designed to work as a forum, chat software, or mailing list. It integrates easily with other platforms, and its functionality can be expanded with plugins. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you through the step-by- step installation of the Discourse on a Debian 11 (Bullseye). # ⚓ Chrome Uboxed ☛ Three_ways_to_play_Minesweeper_on_your Chromebook⠀⇛ Before you begin, you’ll need to make sure your device is set up and ready to use Linux applications. To do so, check out this Command Line article on getting started with Linux on Chrome OS. All finished? Great. Let’s move on. To install xdemineur, just open up the Terminal app from your Chrome OS app launcher and paste the following command. To paste, simply right-click anywhere in the terminal after you have copied the code. Once it’s finished, you should find xdemineur in your app launcher. You can also launch it from the terminal by typing xdemineur and hitting enter. Easy, peasy. # ⚓ Make Use Of ☛ 9_Advanced_MySQL_Security_Tips⠀⇛ MySQL is one of the most popular relational database management systems that is a jackpot for attackers trying to sneak into the databases. A newly-installed MySQL database server can have many vulnerabilities and loopholes. Since data security is of great importance, it’s mandatory to understand every aspect of MySQL security. This article focuses on the auditing and security of your MySQL database and provides nine tips to harden its security. # ⚓ Install_DEB_file_on_Ubuntu_22.04_Jammy_Jellyfish_Linux⠀⇛ A file that has the .DEB file extension is a Debian software package file. They contain software to be installed on Debian or a Debian based operating system. Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish falls into that category, being based on Debian and capable of executing .DEB files. In this tutorial, we will go over the steps to install a DEB file on Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish and talk about some best practices along the way. # ⚓ How_to_add_and_switch_keyboard_layout_on_Ubuntu_22.04 Desktop⠀⇛ In this guide, we are going to show you how to change your keyboard layout in Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish. This will allow you to access the characters of another language and enable switching between multiple keyboards if you would like. # ⚓ Linux Made Simple ☛ How_to_install_Pencil2D_on_a Chromebook⠀⇛ Today we are looking at how to install Pencil2D on a Chromebook. Please follow the video/audio guide as a tutorial where we explain the process step by step and use the commands below. If you have any questions, please contact us via a YouTube comment and we would be happy to assist you! # ⚓ Configure_Network_Teaming_on_Linux⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_create_loop_devices_on_Linux⠀⇛ A loop device is a pseudo-device which doesn’t correspond to a real, physical block device, but can be used to make a file appear and be treated like one. To manage loop devices on Linux, we can use the losetup command: the utility let us create new loop devices, detach them and retrieve information about existing ones. In this article we learn how to use losetup to perform the aforementioned actions. # ⚓ Bash_script:_Shebang_usage_and_best_practices⠀⇛ If you have looked at some of our Bash script examples across our website, or seen some others online to learn from, you may have noticed that all of the Bash scripts begin with a shebang. A shebang is on the first line and starts with two characters #!. Following these characters is the path to the interpreter that should be used to parse the rest of the script. In most cases, this will be the Bash shell, which has a default path of /bin/bash on Linux systems. But there are other interpreters that can be used, or even flags that we can use with them. In this tutorial, we will go over shebang usage in Bash scripting. We will cover some best practices and show you examples of how to use shebangs in your own shell scripts. # ⚓ How_to_install_LibreOffice_Ubuntu_22.04_Jammy_Jellyfish Desktop⠀⇛ LibreOffice is a free and open source office suite project of The Document Foundation. It is available on all Linux systems, including Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish. The LibreOffice suite includes applications for word processing, creating spreadsheets, creating and presenting slideshows, diagrams, database management system, and more. Sometimes it is installed by default on Ubuntu 22.04, depending which installation option you chose. In this tutorial you will learn how to install LibreOffice on Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish Desktop. # ⚓ Firewall_–_ufw_status_inactive_on_Ubuntu_22.04_Jammy Jellyfish_Linux⠀⇛ The default firewall on Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish is ufw, with is short for “uncomplicated firewall.” Ufw is a frontend for the typical Linux iptables commands, but it is developed in such a way that basic firewall tasks can be performed without the knowledge of iptables. Ufw should already be installed on your Ubuntu 22.04 system, but if your firewall status says inactive, that means ufw is turned off and currently not enforcing any rules. In this tutorial, you will see how to activate the UFW firewall on Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Inkscape_on_Ubuntu_22.04_LTS_– LinuxCapable⠀⇛ Inkscape is a free and open-source vector graphics editor used to create vector images, primarily in Scalable Vector Graphics format. It is a fantastic tool for anyone who wants to create their artwork, whether just starting or looking to get more creative with their work. It has many features that will help make any design come alive, including scalability and import/export options so it can be used anywhere! Other formats can be imported and exported, and Inkscape can render primitive vector shapes and text. In the following tutorial, you will learn how to install Inkscape on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish using three installations method of APT, Flatpak, and Snap to install the graphics editor using the command terminal. # ⚓ Make Use Of ☛ How_to_Install_and_Use_Cerebro:_A_Spotlight Alternative_for_Linux⠀⇛ If you’re a fan of customization and on the lookout for ways to boost your productivity on Linux, then Cerebro is a must-have app for your computer. It’s essentially a search app for Linux—much like Spotlight on macOS—that lets you easily search your computer and perform various operations on it efficiently. So if you’ve switched from a Mac and always wanted a Spotlight-like search functionality on Linux, Cerebro can help you achieve just that. Follow along as we walk you through the steps to install and use Cerebro on Linux. # ⚓ Dedoimedo ☛ VirtualBox_&_NS_ERROR_FAILURE_error⠀⇛ Recently, on one of my systems, VirtualBox stopped working. No matter which virtual machine I tried to launch, it would throw the same error. The popup window would read: Failed to open a session for the virtual machine [Whatever the name is]. In the details box, it would say: NS_ERROR_FAILURE (0×80004005). Weird. The message is cryptic and generic, and doesn’t really give you a clue as to might be wrong right away. Well, I set about troubleshooting, and after some trial and error, this little guide was born. Now, in all likelihood, it won’t solve ALL your problems (with the same error code), but you might get just enough guidance to figure out what in your specific system is not working. Follow me. # ⚓ H2S Media ☛ Install_Brew_on_Ubuntu_22.04_LTS_Jammy_Linux_– Linux_Shout⠀⇛ Let’s go through the steps to install Homebrew (Linux brew) on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy JellyFish to install packages available through its library. Open source Homebrew (package manager) is meant to install various packages easily on macOS as well as Linux. Although the Linux package manager offers a wide range of applications to install, however, still if you are an existing user of macOS and now switching to Linux – Homebrew can be an option to get a familiar command line to install packages. Homebrew in Linux is called “Linuxbrew”. # ⚓ H2S Media ☛ 3_Ways_to_install_Blender_3D_on_Ubuntu_22.04 LTS_Jammy_–_Linux_Shout⠀⇛ Go through this guide to learn the commands for installing open source Blender 3D software on Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy JellyFish Linux. Blender is a free open-source 3D program that can be used to create 3D models, photorealistic images, and animations. We know such animations, for example, from films like Shrek or the Pixar productions Cars. Furthermore, Blender has a built-in game engine with which interactive content is possible and is fully programmable with Python. Blender is licensed under the “General Public License”, which means, among other things, that anyone can use the program free of charge. Although Blender is free, it is very powerful and comprehensive. It doesn’t have to hide behind expensive commercial products. For a glimpse of what Blender can do, check out Sintel, the latest short film made with Blender. This 3D graphics creator platform is constantly being developed by the Blender Foundation and a large community and the number of fans has continued to grow since the first release in 1998. # ⚓ Linux Journal ☛ 17_Important_Linux_Interview_Questions_with Answers [Ed: This is GROSS revisionism (below); That was GNU! Also referring to UNIX as "UNIX OS" is the least among the many flaws in this article. What has Linux Journal succumbed to?]⠀⇛ The Linux operating system was invented by Finnish software engineer Linus Torvalds along with the Free Software Foundation in 1991. [False] [...] Linus Torvalds was a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland. He wanted to create an academic version of Unix OS for free. [False] o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ Get_some_Boomer_Shooters_in_the_latest Humble_Bundle_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Ready for some retro shooter action? Humble has a mighty fine Best of Boomer Shooters Bundle available now. As usual, here’s a rundown of what titles are in and what you can expect to see on Steam Deck and normal Linux desktops. Bundles will probably look like this for a while with many not going through Deck Verified yet. # ⚓ Forbes ☛ Hey_Linux_Users:_New_Steam_Deck_Owners_Really_Need Your_Help⠀⇛ Valve’s Steam Deck is capable of being much more than a handheld game console. It doubles as a powerful Linux PC that could realistically be your daily driver. Because of that, some experienced PC gamers may feel completely out of their depth when booting into the Steam Deck’s desktop mode. It’s a potentially foreign land full of new acronyms and terminology, unfamiliar menus, and a strange concept known as The Terminal. # ⚓ Forbes ☛ Valve_Issues_SteamOS_Warning_To_Curious_Steam_Deck Users⠀⇛ This week Valve quietly released a new SteamOS image, but it’s not the one so many curious PC users (myself included) are waiting for. The 2.5GB image is for recovering, repairing or re-imaging your Steam Deck and not the highly anticipated, complete version of SteamOS 3.0 that you can install on any PC. # ⚓ OneXPlayer_Mini_VS_Steam_Deck:_Which_one_you_should_buy? [Ed: Arch Linux, SteamOS 3.0 at $399, Vista 11 at $840; so you pay more than double for Windows!]⠀⇛ It’s been a pretty crazy week for higher-end handheld PC gaming systems, with Valve’s Steam Deck launching just a week ago, with our lord and savior Gabe Newell hand-delivering consoles to the public like some kind of wandering demigod. Anyway, into the fold comes the OneXPlayer Mini AMD, which features a brand-new AMD CPU, in a smaller form factor than the likes of Valve’s long sold-out handheld console. But, is it going to be any good, and is it going to be worth jumping at this device, instead of getting yourself a Steam Deck? We’ll go through everything that you possibly need to know about getting one of these devices. # ⚓ John_Romero_releases_new_Doom_II_map_to_“support_the Ukrainian_people”⠀⇛ In a surprise treat for ’90s first-person shooter fans, Doom series co-creator John Romero emerged this week with a brand-new map for the 1994 classic Doom II. While it’s priced somewhat high for this kind of content—€5 for a single old-school map—there’s a good reason. Romero makes clear in the release’s template file that this WAD’s sale is intended to “raise funds to support the Ukrainian people.” It can be purchased at his personal shop site, where he says all proceeds will go toward two humanitarian organizations: the Ukrainian Red Cross and the UN Central Emergency Response Fund. (On the non-charity front, Romero’s store also sells a bunch of Doom-era goodies.) # ⚓ TechSpot ☛ Trying_to_play_Destiny_2_on_the_Steam_Deck_could get_you_banned⠀⇛ In brief: Are you looking forward to playing Destiny 2 on the Steam Deck? You may want to temper those hopes; developer Bungie is warning that doing so could result in a ban from the looter shooter. Like Fortnite, Destiny 2 isn’t officially supported on the Arch Linux-based SteamOS used by Valve’s new handheld, and its developer doesn’t want people trying to circumvent the incompatibility measures. [...] There’s also a warning for anyone who tries to get Destiny 2 running on SteamOS: “Players who attempt to bypass Destiny 2 incompatibility will be met with a game ban.” # ⚓ 9to5Google ☛ Google_Stadia_works_with_the_Steam_Deck,_but waiting_on_an_update_to_use_game_pad_[U]⠀⇛ Valve has officially released its PC gaming-focused portable handheld this week, and the flexible machine has garnered a fair bit of praise for its performance on local games. However, if you were hoping to play cloud games from Google Stadia and similar services on the Steam Deck, it seems you’re in for a rude surprise. # ⚓ Sportskeeda ☛ Why_Call_of_Duty:_Warzone_is_not_on_Steam Deck?⠀⇛ Fans might be disappointed, but that doesn’t eliminate the fact that Valve’s new handheld device runs on Steam OS 3.0, based on Arch Linux architecture. It is a custom build of Linux made out of Wine and Proton and does not support anti- cheats that run at the kernel level. o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § GNOME Desktop/GTK⠀➾ # ⚓ Ubuntu Handbook ☛ ‘Getting_Things_GNOME’_is_a Flexible_ToDo_list_&_Tasks_App_for_Ubuntu_Linux⠀⇛ Looking for task manager or todo list app for Linux? ‘Getting Things GNOME’ is worth a try! There are quite a few task managing apps for Linux desktop. ‘Getting Things GNOME’ (GTG in short) is one of the best for the GNOME desktop. I’m using Gnome ToDo to write down what to do in next days. It’s easy to use, and has a good-looking UI that turns dark automatically according to sunrise / sunset. It’s so good until I found GTG. # ⚓ #33_Fabulous_Screenshots_·_This_Week_in_GNOME⠀⇛ Update on what happened across the GNOME project in the week from February 25 to March 04. o § Distributions⠀➾ # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾ # ⚓ Evaluating_Google_Cloud_for_Integration_Testing_· Martin_Pitt⠀⇛ Testing Cockpit is not an easy task – each pull request gets tested by over 300 browser integration test cases on a dozen operating systems. Each per-OS test suite starts hundreds of virtual machines, and many of them exercise them quite hard: provoking crashes, rebooting, attaching storage or network devices, or changing boot loader arguments. # ⚓ Friday’s_Fedora_Facts:_2022-09_–_Fedora_Community Blog⠀⇛ Here’s your weekly Fedora report. Read what happened this week and what’s coming up. Your contributions are welcome (see the end of the post)! # ⚓ Red Hat Official ☛ 6_ways_Grafana_can_help_you improve_performance_in_Red_Hat_Virtualization⠀⇛ As an administrator, it can be difficult to get the right level of visibility across your infrastructure. With the Red Hat Virtualization monitoring portal and Grafana dashboards, you can understand your data, identify problems early, utilize your resources efficiently and much more! The portal includes 20 dashboards, and at least 150 panels to monitor the Red Hat Virtualization environment. Find more information about how to configure and use Grafana in Visualize and Monitor the Red Hat Virtualization Environment with Grafana. You might still be asking yourself: what exactly can Grafana do in Red Hat Virtualization? In this post, we cover six ways you can use Grafana to monitor and obtain metrics and logs from your Red Hat Virtualization system. Let’s dive in. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # ⚓ Liliputing ☛ Purism’s_Librem_5_Linux_smartphone_costs_$1299 after_the_latest_price_hike⠀⇛ The Purism Librem 5 is a smartphone designed to run mainline GNU/Linux software with an emphasis on privacy and security. When the phone was first announced it was one of the most powerful devices of its type. But it was also one of the most expensive… and it’s only gotten more expensive since then. When Purism launched a crowdfunding campaign for the Librem 5 in 2017, backers could pre-order the phone for $599. The price has gone up several times since then, and now the Librem 5 costs more than twice as much. # ⚓ Linux Gizmos ☛ Tiny,_1GHz_RISC-V_SBC_launches_at_$39⠀⇛ MangoPi has opened $39 preorders for a 40 x 40mm “MangoPi-Nezha MQ” SBC that runs Linux or RT-Smart on a 1GHz, RISC-V based Allwinner F133-A SoC with 64MB DDR2. The SBC supplies 2x Type-C, WiFi, MIPI- DSI, RGB touch, DVP camera, GPIO, and audio I/O. The MangoPi project from Beijing Wadora Technology Co. teased its MangoPi-MQ1 SBC last October with minimal details. The tiny RISC-V board has now arrived in a Crowd Supply campaign as the MangoPi- Nezha MQ. Equipped with the Allwinner F133-A (D1s), a spin-down of the Allwinner D1 that powers Sipeed’s LicheeRV SBC, the MangoPi-Nezha MQ is available for $39, with free global shipments starting on July 7. The SBC was originally intended to be sold for $10, but as we documented in our recent Linux hacker board catalog, prices are way up across the industry. MangoPi is also prepping a MangoPi MQ-Dual SBC with the same form factor and features as the MangoPi-Nezha MQ, but with a dual- core Cortex-A7 Allwinner T113-S3. There are also preliminary product pages for an Allwinner D1-based MQ-Pro SBC, as well as MangoPi A1 (Amlogic S905) and A1-Pro (hexa-core -A73 and -A53 Amlogic A311D) SBCs (see farther below). # ⚓ The New Stack ☛ Arduino_Fan_Builds_the_World’s_Smallest Space_Invaders_Game⠀⇛ Shock. Disbelief. Somehow an Arduino hobbyist built a Space Invaders arcade game that was just 3.1 inches tall. A mere 80 millimeters in height — its joystick made from a tiny hypodermic needle. A video on YouTube proudly proclaimed it “the smallest fully-functional Space Invaders model in the world.” # ⚓ Linux Gizmos ☛ Adlink_and_Congatec_announce_COM-HPC_and Type_7_modules_based_on_latest_Xeon_D_CPUs⠀⇛ Adlink and Congatec have each unveiled Linux-ready COM-HPC Server and COM Express Type 7 modules based on Intel’s Ice Lake-D Xeon D-2700 and D1700 SoCs with up to 20x and 10x cores, respectively, and support for up to 48x PCIe and 8x 10GBASE-KR. # ⚓ Linux On Mobile ☛ LINMOB.net/Linux_on_Mobile_–_Weekly Update_(9/2022):_Crickets,_Tumbleweeds,_Cameras_and_the Backstory_on_Sxmo⠀⇛ In an earlier iteration of this I joked that it would be so funny if my Librem 5 1600 days after ordering – and this week I finally received the mail to confirm my address; and later another one that it’s likely going to be shipped in the coming two weeks. This is great! I am looking forward to having a second Librem 5 to test (and maybe showcase) distros side-by-side. It’s also bad, because it means that I will need to write one or more articles about the device – I promised this years ago. While writing itself is not necessarily bad, it certainly takes time (and should not be done hastily, as I may have learned again this week (see below)). And time is so scarce, especially now, as I am finally making progress on a road that should lead towards a LinuxPhoneApps.org launch: Fixing LINMOBapps performance was always a major goal. Hoping that the next mention of that project will be a link to a post on the LinuxPhoneApps.org website, I conclude this editorial with a plea for peace: May the world be as peaceful and boring as these weeks Mobile Linux news are! # ⚓ The Register UK ☛ Apple_seeks_patent_for_‘innovation’ resembling_the_ZX_Spectrum,_C64_and_rPi_400 [Ed: Apple abuses the system at the EPO. Why not in the US too? Just claim to have invested everything, even in areas already explored and covered by others decades back.]⠀⇛ Apple has filed a patent application for a device that – wait for it – has the computer and the keyboard all in one unit. Mind. Blowing. Except for one thing: isn’t that what all computers used to look like? US Patent Application 20220057845 describes a “computer in an input device”, which is but one way of visualising this startling innovation. Another could be as an input device stuck on top of a computer. It’s a sort of philosophical conundrum. The patent poets at Apple wax lyrical, thusly: “A computing device can include an enclosure that defines an internal volume and an external surface. An input component can be positioned at the external surface. A processing unit and a memory can be communicatively coupled and disposed within the internal volume.” # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ How_to_share_Chrome_tabs_between_PC_and_Android phone⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_Scan_For_a_Virus_on_Android⠀⇛ # ⚓ Make Use Of ☛ 6_Specs_Android_Power_Users_Must_Have in_Their_Phones⠀⇛ # ⚓ HowTo Geek ☛ Samsung_Will_Fix_Your_Throttled_Android Apps,_Eventually⠀⇛ # ⚓ XDA ☛ Android_13_might_include_a_new_Hub_Mode_for tablets⠀⇛ # ⚓ 9to5Google ☛ Google_hires_Dieter_Bohn_to_join Android,_Chrome_division_–_9to5Google⠀⇛ o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # ⚓ The New Stack ☛ Where_Does_Open_Source_Fit_into_Russia’s War_with_Ukraine?_–_The_New_Stack⠀⇛ Earlier this week, open source gateway Scarf began limiting access to open source packages for Russian government and military entities, via its gateway. In the company’s announcement, Scarf CEO and founder Avi Press wrote that “Scarf will be blocking all package and container downloads originating from Russian Government sources until further notice.” The company is not the only one to make such a move this week, with Oracle suspending all operations in the Russian Federation, Hashicorp prohibiting access to its products, and Apple stopping all sales in Russia. There were numerous others, but Scarf’s actions stand out — in that the restriction here applies to open source, not proprietary, software. When it comes to open source software, the Open Source Initiative’s definition is quite clear: there must be “no discrimination against persons or groups” and “no discrimination against fields of endeavor.” Each of these criteria applies to the license of said open source software, while the distribution of that same software may be a different matter entirely, argues Press. “There’s a difference between the code and the repositories where we collaborate on the code, versus the distribution channels where that code gets distributed,” said Press in an interview. “Just because you have the free permission to pull down the source code itself, versus, say, pull down a Dockerized application so that I can spin up an entire infrastructure ecosystem within my firewall and it all just works at the click of the button, those are two completely different things. Having more control over that distribution channel, that doesn’t really impact the nature of what the scope of these licenses are talking about.” While Press agrees that bypassing such restrictions, at least when just one company is implementing them, can be somewhat trivial, he asserts that the open source community at large could make a difference by working together. “If we cut off the software supply chain at all these different levels, it could quickly get quite untenable,” said Press. “I think that really just underlines the idea that if there’s a lot of different parties creating and maintaining this kind of software that are all working together, it actually could really make a difference over time.” # § Web Browsers⠀➾ # § Mozilla⠀➾ # ⚓ The Register UK ☛ Apple,_Google,_Microsoft, Mozilla_united_for_web_developers_•_The Register⠀⇛ There was a similar web tech compatibility check called Compat 2021 that began in 2019 and showed up last year. It focused on five pain points – CSS Flexbox, CSS Grid, position: sticky, aspect-ratio, and CSS transforms – but did not include Apple or its WebKit team, at least publicly. # § Content Management Systems (CMS)⠀➾ # ⚓ WP_Briefing:_Episode_26:_Matt_Mullenweg_on_Ukraine, Community,_and_WordPress⠀⇛ Matt Mullenweg speaks to WordPress contributors worldwide on this special edition of the WP Briefing podcast with Josepha Haden Chomphosy. Join us to hear Matt’s thoughts on Ukraine. # ⚓ The_Month_in_WordPress_–_February_2022⠀⇛ There’s a lot going on in the world right now, and safety is top of mind for everyone in the WordPress community. If you don’t know where to begin, or how to support your peers, Executive Director Josepha Chomphosy’s advice to the global community is to start small. Overall, February has been a busy month for WordPress. To begin with, it was thrilling to see the enthusiasm for the release of WordPress 5.9 Joséphine from January continue last month, and that’s not all. We have many exciting updates to share, so keep reading to learn about the latest achievements from the WordPress community. # § FSF⠀➾ # § GNU Projects⠀➾ # ⚓ GNUnet_0.16.1⠀⇛ This is a bugfix release for gnunet 0.16.0. # § Licensing/Legal⠀➾ # ⚓ ACS_says_government_should_reconsider_copyright changes⠀⇛ ACS has called on the government to “go back to the drawing board” with its attempts to update existing copyright laws so they are more suitable to digital technology. In its response to a discussion paper about the Exposure Draft Copyright Amendment (Access Reform) Bill 2021, ACS said the government’s approach to copyright law fails to keep up with technology. “The proposed rules being discussed in this paper are generally solving problems more than a decade old but leave little leeway for interpretation with respect to new technologies,” ACS said in its submission to the discussion paper. “If we look at the proposed rules, for example, there seems little consideration given for software development, for web archival and transmission, for data mining and AI, for social media use or for copyleft licenses.” # § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ The_top_1,000_open-source_libraries_|_ZDNet⠀⇛ When you think of important open-source projects you almost certainly recall Linux, the Apache Web Server, LibreOffice, and so on. And, that’s true. These are vital, but beneath these are the critical software libraries that empower hundreds of thousands of other programs. These are far less well known. That’s why the Harvard Laboratory for Innovation Science (LISH) and the Linux Foundation’s Open Source Security Foundation (OpenSSF), recently put together a comprehensive survey, Census II of Free and Open Source Software – Application Libraries, of these under-the-hood critical programs. # ⚓ Techstrong Group ☛ Linux_Foundation_Lists_Top_Open Source_Libraries⠀⇛ # ⚓ SDTimes ☛ Linux_Foundation_releases_data_on_the_most widely_used_open-source_application_libraries⠀⇛ The Linux Foundation and Harvard’s Lab for Innovation Science have teamed up to educate developers and security professionals on what the most widely used open-source application libraries are. The report, Census II, is a follow-up to Census I, which was conducted in 2015 to identify the packages in Debian Linux that were most critical to the operation and security of the kernel. According to the Linux Foundation, Census II allows for a more “complete picture of free and open source (FOSS) adoption.” # ⚓ Blogging:_That_Thing_I_Forgot_About⠀⇛ Gallivm is the nir/tgsi-to-llvm translation layer in Gallium that LLVMpipe (and thus Lavapipe) uses to generate the JIT functions which make triangles. It’s very old code in that it predates me knowing how triangles work, but that doesn’t mean it doesn’t have bugs. And Gallivm bugs are the worst bugs. For a long time, I’ve had SIGILL crashes on exactly one machine locally for the CTS glob dEQP- GLES31.functional.program_uniform.by*sampler2D_samplerCube*. These tests pass on everyone else’s machines including CI. Like I said, Gallivm bugs are the worst bugs. # ⚓ The_best_way_to_learn_JavaScript_as_beginner._– NextGenTips⠀⇛ In this tutorial we are going to learn the best way to learn JavaScript as a beginner. JavaScript is the most popular programming of the web alongside HTNL and CSS. Have you wandered how you can start programming as a beginner? Programming is not the best medicine for most IT forks. As a technology enthusiast like me, I will choose other things other than programming. But for a programmer it comes with many benefits, working from home for example, flexible time, more benefits like pay. There is more to programming and the best way to start as a beginner is to start a frontend web developer. # § Perl/Raku⠀➾ # ⚓ Perl ☛ Perl_Weekly_Challenge_154:_Missing Permutations_and_Padovan_Primes⠀⇛ # § Java⠀➾ # ⚓ Apache Blog ☛ [ANNOUNCE]_Apache_NetBeans_13 released_:_Apache_NetBeans⠀⇛ The Apache NetBeans team is pleased to announce that Apache NetBeans 13 is released today on March 4, 2022. Apache NetBeans is a full IDE for Java SE, Java EE, PHP, JavaScript, HTML5 and more, including some support for Groovy and C/C++. * § Leftovers⠀➾ o ⚓ Tedium ☛ How_Monkee_Mike_Nesmith_Became_a_Movie_Maverick⠀⇛ Like much of my New England-bred elder millennial cohort, I first saw The Monkees as part of an afterschool cartoon block on local UHF station WLVI-56. Unlike much of my cohort, I hated it. The songs were cloying, and Micky and Davy’s toothy grins and loud, sing-songy speaking styles reminded me of the teachers in my special ed math class who talked down to me because I was a little behind in arithmetic. Since the other kids in my neighbor’s babysitting group loved the series, however, I had to get through it to see the Bugs Bunny cartoons I adored. I began to identify with the rangy, plainspoken guy in the green wool hat whose sarcastic asides and stoic, slightly irritated facial expressions suggested that he didn’t want to be here, either. Little did I know that the guy in the hat would be my Virgil, guiding me through pre- gentrification Downtown LA in a series of influential feature films. In today’s Tedium, I’m exploring Mike Nesmith’s second act as a film producer and distributor. o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # § Pseudo-Open Source⠀➾ # § Privatisation/Privateering⠀➾ # § Linux Foundation⠀➾ # ⚓ Three_Ways_to_Engage_with_Open Source_Program_Offices [Ed: Openwashing offices, pretending that a bunch of proprietary firms are the very opposite of what they really are; it's akin to greenwashing, wherein massive polluters pretend to value and improve the environment]⠀⇛ Do you engage in open source-related tasks within your organization? You know that collaboration is key. Here are three ways to engage and network with your open source peers and leverage your organization’s open source program! # § Security⠀➾ # ⚓ Video Cardz ☛ NVIDIA_in_even_bigger_trouble⠀⇛ Following (now) multiple reports of the ransom cyber attack on NVIDIA servers, the hacking group LAPSUS$ now demands NVIDIA should release their drivers for Windows, MacOS and Linux as open source. Should NVIDIA fail to meet this demand, the group threatens to release chipset files, graphics, and silicon information for existing and upcoming GPUs. It is unclear what the stolen data contains, but the group confirmed that there are 250GB of hardware related data in their possession. Furthermore, the group confirmed they have evaluated NVIDIA position, which means that NVIDIA is might trying to communicate with the group to prevent future leaks. # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ The Register UK ☛ Amazon_Alexa_can_be hijacked_via_commands_from_own_speaker [Ed: This isn't even the worst aspect of such listening devices]⠀⇛ Without a critical update, Amazon Alexa devices could wake themselves up and start executing audio commands issued by a remote attacker, according to infosec researchers at Royal Holloway, University of London. By exploiting a now-patched vulnerability, a malicious person with some access to a smart speaker could broadcast commands to itself or to other smart speakers nearby, allowing said miscreant to start “smart appliances within the household, buy unwanted items, tamper [with] linked calendars and eavesdrop on the [legitimate] user.” o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ Ukraine_and_the_New_Al_Qaeda⠀⇛ The eruption of war between Russia and Ukraine appears to have given the CIA the pretext to launch a long-planned insurgency in the country, one poised to spread far beyond Ukraine’s borders with major implications for Biden’s “War on Domestic Terror” As the conflict between Ukraine and Russia continues to escalate and dominate the world’s attention, the increasing evidence that the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is and has been working to create and arm an insurgency in the country has received considerably little attention considering its likely consequences. This is particularly true given that former CIA officials and a former Secretary of State are now openly saying that the CIA is following the “models” of past CIA-backed insurgencies in Afghanistan and Syria for its plans in Ukraine. Given that those countries have been ravaged by war as a direct result of those insurgencies, this bodes poorly for Ukraine. Yet, this insurgency is poised to have consequences that reach far beyond Ukraine. It increasingly appears that the CIA sees the insurgency it is creating as more than an opportunity to take its hybrid war against Russia ever closer to its borders. As this report will show, it appears the CIA is determined to manifest a prophecy propagated by its own ranks over the past two years. This prediction from former and current intelligence officials dates from at least early 2020 and holds that a “transnational white supremacist network” with alleged ties to the Ukraine conflict will be the next global catastrophe to befall the world as the threat of Covid-19 recedes. o § Environment⠀➾ # ⚓ The Washington Post ☛ New_polar_vessels_make_Antarctica more_accessible_to_travelers⠀⇛ o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾ # ⚓ Russia_bans_Facebook_and_Twitter.⠀⇛ I sent this to electoral-vote dot com as a comment. I noticed that Russia banned access to Facebook after Facebook banned all Russian ads. Then they banned Twitter. No doubt that Putin was angry about not being able to easily access Facebook and run ads designed to prop up the Republican Party with his troll farms, but also Putin doesn’t want the Russian public to know how badly the invasion of Ukraine is going, and that’s difficult to maintain when Ukraine is showing dead Russian soldiers and POWs on Telegram, Facebook, and Twitter. ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1946 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 03.04.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Links_4/3/2022:_DXVK_1.10_and_openSUSE_Tumbleweed_Updates⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 3:04 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o ⚓ Top_10_Articles_About_Linux:_February_2022 [Ed: When news is so slow that all they can post is "meta" 'articles']⠀⇛ Read these articles about Linux, Linux news, and expert tips to catch up on the latest developments. o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ Video ☛ Answering_ALL_your_Steam_Deck_questions._– Invidious⠀⇛ I’ve had the Steam Deck for a week and it’s been an absolute joy. Lots of folks have asked me questions about the software, in particular. o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # ⚓ Barry Kauler ☛ Ext4_with_or_without_journal_on_flash stick⠀⇛ The ext4 filesystem with journal enabled, will write frequently to a flash stick, shortening its life. EasyOS image file has ext4 working-partition. Originally, it had the journal disabled; however, sometime early in 2020 I enabled the journal. o § Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Linux Links ☛ Linux_Candy:_Rusty_Aquarium_–_monitoring_by visualization⠀⇛ Rusty Aquarium is a utility that’s billed as a “monitoring visualization as an aquarium” software. The program should not be confused with traditional real-time systems monitoring tools such as top and other alternatives. This open source utility is written in Rust. # ⚓ Its FOSS ☛ Vim_vs_Nano:_Which_is_the_Best_Terminal_Text Editor?⠀⇛ We need to utilize the text editor to take notes, write a program, or edit a system configuration file to get something done. Your Linux distribution already comes pre-installed with text editors, no matter the requirements. You will most likely notice some of the best modern text editors like Gedit, Geany, Kate, etc., pre-installed in your Linux distribution. However, these are all GUI- based programs. # ⚓ MakeTech Easier ☛ 9_of_the_Best_Email_Clients_for_Linux⠀⇛ Email is the bread and butter of electronic communication. It is simple, efficient and programmable. If you are looking for a desktop email client for Linux, there are many around. Here are some of the best email clients available for Linux. # ⚓ 9to5Linux ☛ Meet_System_Monitoring_Center,_a_Powerful System_Performance_and_Usage_Monitoring_Tool⠀⇛ Written in GTK and Python, System Monitoring Center is a powerful system performance and usage monitoring software that comes with a lot of unique and interesting features if you’re looking for a more complex system monitoring utility for your GNU/Linux desktop. The app comes with a more than generous graphical user interface that displays all sorts of details about your computer’s hardware and software, including but not limited to CPU, GPU, RAM, disk, network, processes, services, startup, system sensors, general system information, and users. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ ID Root ☛ How_To_Install_Varnish_on_AlmaLinux_8_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install Varnish on AlmaLinux 8. For those of you who didn’t know, Varnish cache is an open-source, high- performance HTTP accelerator designed for speeding up web servers. Varnish exclusively focuses on HTTP as compared to other proxy servers which focus on FTP, SMTP, and other network protocols. It is purely designed to speed up caching of heavy dynamic websites. Varnish sits between Nginx and clients that receive requests from clients and forwards them to the backend. This will improve the webserver performance because Varnish will serve content from memory. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you the step-by- step installation of the Varnish cache on AlmaLinux 8. You can follow the same instructions for CentOS and Rocky Linux. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Atom_Text_Editor_on_Ubuntu_22.04_LTS_– LinuxCapable⠀⇛ Atom is a free and open-source text and source code editor that supports many cross-platforms such as macOS, Linux, and Microsoft Windows with support for plug-ins written in JavaScript and embedded Git Control, developed by GitHub. The catchphrase that Atom calls itself is the “hackable text editor for the 21st century”. Atom, compared to competitors, is more user-friendly, with plenty of options for extensions to add syntax highlighting for languages and formats, add dynamic linting, and integrate debuggers, runtime environments, video and music player controls, and much more. In the following tutorial, you will learn how to install Atom Text Editor on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish using the command line terminal and optional version builds of stable, beta, and nightly. # ⚓ nixCraft ☛ How_to_on_enable_kernel_crash_dump_on_Debian Linux⠀⇛ # ⚓ ID Root ☛ How_To_Install_Hiri_Email_Client_on_Ubuntu_20.04 LTS_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install Hiri Email Client on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. For those of you who didn’t know, Hiri is the best email client for Managers on Windows, macOS, and Linux. It allows us to have email, calendar, contacts, and tasks. Hiri is not free to use; however, you can enjoy 7 days trial period. Once the trial period is expired, you need to buy the Hiri subscription to keep using it. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you through the step- by-step installation of the Hiri Email Client on Ubuntu 20.04 (Focal Fossa). You can follow the same instructions for Ubuntu 18.04, 16.04, and any other Debian-based distribution like Linux Mint. # ⚓ Make Use Of ☛ How_to_Use_Google_Messages_on_Linux⠀⇛ If you’re an Android user, you probably use Google Messages to send and receive text messages on your device. But did you know you can also access Messages from your computer and chat with your contacts while sitting at your desk? Well, it’s possible to do so, thanks to the device pairing feature on Messages. If you’re wondering how to get it on your Linux desktop, it’s possible using Google Messages for Desktop and Messages for Web. Let’s take a look at using both of these methods to get Messages on your Linux desktop. # ⚓ How_to_Enable_&_Disable_AppArmor_on_Ubuntu_22.04_LTS_– LinuxCapable⠀⇛ Ubuntu operating systems come with AppArmor, a Linux kernel security module that allows the system administrator to restrict programs’ capabilities with per-program profiles. Profiles can allow network access, raw socket access, and permission to read, write, or execute files on matching paths. Rhel family users would notice this is similar to Selinux; however, they work differently and have pros and cons. The following will cover how to enable and disable AppArmor and individual profiles on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish. Usually, most users would not need to adjust any settings with AppArmor, but if the need arises, some simple commands are all needed in the tutorial will explain. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Nmap_on_Ubuntu_22.04_LTS_–_LinuxCapable⠀⇛ Nmap, also known as Network Mapper, is a free, open-source tool network administrators use to scan for vulnerabilities within their network and network discovery. Nmap allows finding devices running on their network and discovering open ports and services that, if not secure or hardened, can lead to potential hackers exploiting known vulnerabilities security risks. In the following tutorial, you will learn how to install Nmap on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish desktop or server, along with some basic command examples to get you started before you know to use Nmap more thoroughly for users wanting to get more out of the scanner beside the standard port scan. # ⚓ How_to_Install_VLC_Media_Player_on_Ubuntu_22.04_LTS_– LinuxCapable⠀⇛ The VLC media player is an open-source, free portable, cross-platform media player software and streaming media server developed by the VideoLAN project. VLC can play nearly all known multimedia files and DVDs, Audio CDs, VCDs, and various streaming protocols and can be extended and customized with multiple plugins. In the following tutorial, you will learn how to install VLC Media Player on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish using three installations method of APT, Flatpak, and Snap. # ⚓ Ubuntu Pit ☛ Learn_Usage_of_chgrp_Command_(Change_Group)_in Linux_System⠀⇛ In Linux, the change group or the chgrp command is mostly used to change the user group of the system. The chgrp command works for both Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. If you’re a system admin, you must already know that the chgrp, chmod, and chown commands are the most powerful and most used terminal commands. Conventionally, the chgrp command is run with the sudo or root privilege in the system, but if you’re the owner of that particular file or directory, you can execute the change group command as well. The most common usages of the change group command are installing a new package in the group, moving one file to another directory from the user group, and editing a non-read/writable file. This chgrp command can be very much handy and a life savior in critical situations. o § Wine or Emulation⠀➾ # ⚓ 9to5Linux ☛ DXVK_1.10_Adds_More_Improvements_for_God_of War,_GTA_IV,_Quantum_Break,_and_Other_Games⠀⇛ DXVK 1.10 is here about five weeks after DXVK 1.9.4 with a plethora of performance improvements and fixes for some of your favorite games, including Age of Empires 2: Definitive Edition, Anno 1800, ArmA 2, Assassin’s Creed: Origins, Black Mesa, Elex II, Final Fantasy XIV, God of War, GTA IV, Nier Replicant, Quantum Break, Resident Evil 0, Resident Evil 5, Resident Evil 6, Resident Evil: Revelations 2, The Evil Within, and Total War: Warhammer III. # ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ DXVK_v1.10_and_VKD3D-Proton_v2.6_out improving_Proton_for_Linux_and_Steam_Deck_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Two vital open source projects for the Steam Deck had new releases today, with the DXVK and VKD3D- Proton layers that translate Direct3D / DirectX to Vulkan. With these two, Proton that runs Windows games on the Steam Deck and Linux desktops should see some nice improvements with a future release. I won’t go over all the changes, as it’s aimed at quite a technical audience but for us regular users here’s a few highlights. o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ Valve_open_sources_SteamOS_Devkit_Client for_Steam_Deck_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Want to develop for the Steam Deck / SteamOS and get testing? Now it’s a whole lot easier, as Valve has now put up the tools needed under open source licenses. There’s two projects included with the SteamOS Devkit Client and the SteamOS Devkit Service, both of which are available on their GitLab page. Setting it up, at least on Linux, was pretty painless thanks to the clear instructions so even someone like me can give it a try and see what it’s like. # ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ One_Deck_Dungeon_gets_‘optimized’_for_the Steam_Deck⠀⇛ One Deck Dungeon developer Handelabra Games Inc. announced recently that a new upgrade is available, which should make the experience on Steam Deck much nicer. “Adventure calls… but you don’t always have time to spend hours optimizing your character sheet or managing your inventory! One Deck Dungeon lets you jump right in to bashing down doors, rolling dice, and squashing baddies with style. Get a full roguelike game experience, boiled down to its essence, and captured in a single deck of cards and a handful of dice! One Deck Dungeon is a dungeon crawling adventure game for one or two players.” # ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ XCOM_2′s_multiplayer_being_removed_but_will still_work_on_Linux_and_Steam_Deck⠀⇛ XCOM 2 developer Firaxis Games has announced that the multiplayer modes are going to be shut down, if you’re using the Windows version that is. In the support article, it notes “As a heads up to the XCOM 2 community, we wanted to share that we will be retiring services for Multiplayer and Challenge Mode for the Steam version of the game”. Why? Resources (money): “The decision to retire these services isn’t something done lightly, but it does allow us to refocus our resources”. Planned for March 28, it’s a shame but there’s an interesting silver lining here. If you run Linux, or the Steam Deck, you will still be able to play it online as it also mentions how “this won’t affect XCOM 2 on console platforms, or on Mac and Linux”. # ⚓ PC_Gaming_Using_Linux_As_Your_OS_Here’s_What_You_Need_to Know_–_TREND_OCEANS⠀⇛ Traditionally, when people consider PC gaming, the overwhelming majority have only really considered Microsoft Windows as the operating system of choice. However, those thoughts are slowly changing, with Linux becoming more accepted. Experts at Steam published a hardware survey stating that more people are choosing Linux as the base for their PC gaming rig than ever before. The survey revealed that as many as 1.2 million active Linux users are currently on Steam, and that number is expected to continue to rise. Previously, gamers have strayed away from Linux mainly due to compatibility issues. Most games are only programmed to utilize the power of Direct X, which is only available on Windows. As a result, graphics card manufacturers focus their drivers on working seamlessly with Direct X, meaning that many of the games ported to work on Linux previously struggled to run as the developers intended, but that is something that is changing. # ⚓ Plasma_GameMode⠀⇛ For when you are using Feral Interactive’s GameMode and want some UI indication of its use. # ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ Bungie_has_more_to_say_on_Destiny_2_for Steam_Deck_and_it’s_still_a_no_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Recently, I highlighted that Bungie gave a very clear no to Destiny 2 on Steam Deck. Seems a lot of people noticed and Bungie has issued an update — but it’s still a no for now. # ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ Steam_Deck_Verified_and_Playable_hit_a thousand_games_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Just about a week after the Steam Deck formally released, we have officially hit over one thousand games that are either Steam Deck Verified or Playable. Quite a fun milestone that, however quality is better than quantity and there’s been some rather curious titles that have been through verification recently. # ⚓ Boiling Steam ☛ 1000_Games_On_The_Steam_Deck_Now!_–_Boiling Steam⠀⇛ As expected it did not take too long to reach this new milestone for the Steam Deck with more than 1000 games working on the device! # ⚓ Its FOSS ☛ Epic_Games_Store_Now_Works_on_Steam_Deck_–_It’s FOSS_News⠀⇛ Steam Deck is already making waves to enhance the game support for the Linux platform. It runs on Steam OS 3.0 (based on Arch) and features KDE Plasma. Kudos to Valve for not locking down the platform and letting users experiment with it. While it is not available for everyone, it is an exciting piece of hardware challenging handheld Nintendo Switch. o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § GNOME Desktop/GTK⠀➾ # ⚓ Linuxiac ☛ Just_Perfection_Extension_Now_Supports GNOME_42⠀⇛ The rapidly gaining popularity GNOME extension Just Perfection now has added support for the upcoming release of GNOME Shell 42. Just Perfection Extension helps you to make any changes to your GNOME Shell. You can change the visibility of almost all components of GNOME Shell, behavior tweaks and customize panels, and more. o § Distributions⠀➾ # § SUSE/OpenSUSE⠀➾ # ⚓ Tumbleweed_Has_Six_Snapshots,_Leap_Gets_Quarterly Respin_–_openSUSE_News⠀⇛ This week was filled with good news surrounding openSUSE. On top of openSUSE Leap 15.4 reaching its beta build phase, rolling release Tumbleweed had six snapshots that updated a few networking packages and Leap 15.3 is putting out its second quarterly respin iso. The latest snapshot is 20220302. NetworkManager 1.36.0 reworked the handling of Layer 3 configurations that results in more robust behavior when addressing information from multiple sources (DHCP, manually configured, VPN) when applied simultaneously. Performance and memory should also slightly improve with the update. PipeWire 0.3.47 had a fix that removed infinite loops and the buffer size handling was fixed that made some applications stutter. Other packages to update in the snapshot were nftables 1.0.2, ruby3.1 3.1.1, xscreensaver 6.03 and a couple of Python Package Index version updates. Caching proxy squid 5.4.1 was updated in the 20220301 snapshot; the package had some code cleanup and made some visible developer changes. Window manager screen 4.9.0 eliminated a Common Vulnerability and Exposure that made a denial of service attack possible via a crafted UTF-8 character sequence; this was fixed by replacing the dropped combchar.diff. Other packags to update were autoyast2 4.4.32, yast2-trans and more. # ⚓ openSUSE_Tumbleweed_–_Review_of_the_week_2022/09⠀⇛ Another week, filled with snapshots, is coming to an end. Tumbleweed has been rolling full speed ahead, bringing you 6 snapshots in 7 days (0225, 0226, 0227, 0228, 0301, and 0302). # ⚓ openSUSE_Conference_2022:_June_02-04_in_Nuremberg, Germany_–_Call_for_Proposals_|_SUSE_Communities⠀⇛ This year’s openSUSE Conf will again be held at the Z-Bau in Nuremberg, from Friday, June 02 to Sunday, June 04. The Call for Proposals (CFP) is already open, and the submission period will close on April 14. # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾ # ⚓ Red Hat Official ☛ How_to_cope_when_your_job_and hobby_overlap⠀⇛ Do you dream of turning your hobby into a profession so that you can earn a living while doing work you enjoy? At first glance, this seems desirable. You work 40 hours a week (sometimes even a little more). Work takes up a large part of your life. It’s nice to fill this time with an activity that gives you pleasure, like your favorite hobby. For example, if you enjoy building and maintaining your media server on your home network, you might want to translate that into a career as a sysadmin. # ⚓ Red Hat Official ☛ New_Podman_features,_file_sharing with_Samba,_and_more_tips_for_sysadmins_|_Enable Sysadmin⠀⇛ Check out Enable Sysadmin’s top 10 articles from February 2022. # ⚓ Fedora_Community_Blog:_CPE_Weekly_Update_–_Week_of February_28th_–_March_3rd⠀⇛ This is a weekly report from the CPE (Community Platform Engineering) Team. If you have any questions or feedback, please respond to this report or contact us on #redhat-cpe channel on libera.chat (https:// libera.chat/). # ⚓ Create_an_Azure_Red_Hat_OpenShift_cluster_in_less than_5_minutes_|_Red_Hat_Developer [Ed: Red Hat is once again shilling Microsoft; imagine Ukraine's minister of defend shilling Putin]⠀⇛ Microsoft Azure Red Hat OpenShift is a fully managed service of Red Hat OpenShift on Azure, jointly engineered, managed, and supported by Microsoft and Red Hat. Azure Red Hat OpenShift takes care of cluster and resource management, freeing developers to focus on developing new services (see Figure 1). The service offers a highly available control plane with fully managed master and application nodes—no virtual machines to operate and no patching required. Azure Red Hat OpenShift is backed by the expertise of site reliability engineers throughout the world. # ⚓ Enterprisers Project ☛ IT_leadership:_3_tips_to nurture_IT_talent⠀⇛ Huge financial incentives are commonplace in the skill-hungry tech sector as a way to acquire and retain scarce talent. However, compensation on its own is neither effective nor sustainable as a staffing tactic in the long term. It’s also wasteful. This is because most organizations have a ready pool of loyal workers who, with training and support, can be a fit for many tech jobs that are going unfilled today. # ⚓ Enterprisers Project ☛ Digital_transformation:_3_IT culture_traps_that_can_hold_you_back⠀⇛ A successful digital transformation strategy involves more than just technology. It also requires empowering IT teams to move digital transformation forward. This means not only replacing on-premises servers with Internet services but adopting models that free up more space for technical professionals to work creatively. This adoption doesn’t always go smoothly. To avoid additional challenges, organizations should prioritize an approach that puts IT and technologists at the heart of the business, while empowering business leaders to understand how IT works. # ⚓ Should_Fedora_banish_Russians_as_they_banished Iranians?⠀⇛ In 2021, Ahmad Haghighi wrote about being erased from Fedora. Matthew Miller, Fedora Project Leader, didn’t follow due process or give Haghighi any reason for erasure. He just vanished, as if one of Putin’s vacuum bombs had been detonated under his computer. US sanctions against Iran don’t prohibit voluntary and academic pursuits, they only restrict financial relationships. The only woman to ever win the Fields medal is the Iranian academic Maryam Mirzakhani. Stanford University had no problems employing her, would Matthew Miller exclude this brilliant foreigner from Fedora just as he excluded Haghighi? Other community members have made similar pleas for racial tolerance, for example, Justin Flory’s blog on Red Hat and Iran. Nonetheless, if Red Hat, Fedora and Matthew Miller are taking this hard line on people born in Iran, shouldn’t they show exactly the some rudeness to developers from Russia and Belarus today? # § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾ # ⚓ Ubuntu ☛ Ubuntu_Pro_20.04_FIPS_is_now_available_for AWS,_Azure_and_GCP⠀⇛ In the last few weeks the FIPS profile has become available for the Ubuntu Pro 20.04 images for AWS, Azure and Google Cloud Platform. The FIPS profile for Ubuntu 20.04 was already available on on premise environments through Ubuntu Advantage for Infrastructure. Ubuntu 20.04 FIPS includes cryptographic validated modules that enable organisations to run and develop applications for the US public sector and Federal government, including regulated industries such as healthcare and finance. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # ⚓ CNX Software ☛ Renesas_introduces_RZ/Five_Linux-capable_64- bit_RISC-V_microprocessor_family⠀⇛ Renesas has launched its first RISC-V processor family with the RZ/Five general-purpose microprocessors based on an Andes AX45MP 64-Bit RISC-V CPU core, and with long-term Linux support via the industrial-grade CIP Linux that offers maintenance for over 10 years. The RISC-V processor is pin-to-pin compatible with the Arm Cortex-A55/ M33–based RZ/G2UL processor family, and while being a general-purpose family, the RZ/Five chips are specifically well-suited to IoT endpoint devices such as gateways for solar inverters or home security systems. # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ Best_Raspberry_Pi_Browsers_of_2022⠀⇛ Choosing a Raspberry Pi browser is as tricky as choosing your favorite pie. Find out the best ways to surf the web on a Raspberry Pi! # ⚓ Arduino ☛ Arduino_is_among_the_top_vendors_in Gartner’s_latest_digital_business_report [Ed: Nothing to be celebrated here if one understands what_Gartner actually_is]⠀⇛ # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Android Authority ☛ What_happened_to_the_Android_One program?_–_Android_Authority⠀⇛ # ⚓ Android Headlines ☛ Five_Best_Tools_To_Build_An Android_App_For_Your_WordPress_Blog⠀⇛ # ⚓ TechRadar ☛ Leaked_Xiaomi_12_price_points_to_a surprisingly_expensive_Android_phone_|_TechRadar⠀⇛ # ⚓ TechRadar ☛ The_first_Android_phone_from_Nothing might_launch_in_April_|_TechRadar⠀⇛ o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # § Web Browsers⠀➾ # § Mozilla⠀➾ # ⚓ Four-year_Moziversary [Ed: Mozilla hire to turn Firefox into spyware.]⠀⇛ It’s my fourth Moziversary. It’s been 4 years (and three days) now since I joined Mozilla as a Telemetry engineer. I joined Mozilla as a Firefox Telemetry Engineer in March 2018, I blogged three times already: 2019, 2020, 2021. The past year continued to be challenging. Except for a brief 3-week period the Berlin office stayed close, so we all continue to work from home. I haven’t met (most of) my team mates in person since 2020. I hope that in 2022 I will have the chance to meet some of them again, maybe even all at once. # § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ Open_source_tools_to_introduce_students_to_computer science⠀⇛ Snap! is a tool developed as a collaborative effort between UC, Berkeley, SAP, and various other institutions and used as the primary learning tool for students and adults using the BJC curriculum to learn the foundations of computer science. The Snap! source code is fully open source and licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License v3.0. Snap! is a visual, drag-and-drop programming language that is fully browser-based and features the ability to work with first-class data types (such as integers, variables, arguments, and arrays), procedures, and continuations. This enables Snap! to be powerful enough for a serious introduction to computer science while also allowing for high accessibility through its visual, drag-and-drop nature. Since Snap! is browser-based, learners can access it from any computer, phone, or tablet without purchasing or installing additional or specialized software. # ⚓ Qt ☛ Video_capture_in_Squish_7.0_–_feature_focus⠀⇛ Squish GUI Tester 7.0 is the first Squish edition to offer a unique new feature: video capture of test executions to debug and document tests. For a long time, it has been possible to capture screenshots of the desktop where AUT was running with Squish, whether automatically in case of a test failure or on-demand using API functions in scripting languages. While this helped users get an overview of the situation in AUT and on the desktop at the point of failure, it provided a rather static picture of the events. # § Python⠀➾ # ⚓ Top_5_Best_Python_Development_Tools_(IDEs)_and Code_Editors⠀⇛ Python program editors are designed to make it easier for programmers to write and debug their programs. We have discuss, top 5 best Python development tools (IDEs) and Code editors. A huge codebase may be easily managed and deployed quickly with the help of these Python IDEs. Desktop and web applications can be created using these editors. For continuous integration, developers are use following popular Python IDEs. # ⚓ Data_conversion_in_Pandas_dataframes:_3 approaches_to_try⠀⇛ I have been working on data analysis for almost three years, and there are some starters that I think are essential for every data analyst using the popular Pandas library for Python. If you often do data transformations in Pandas, you know how annoying it can be to search the web for basic information every time you get started with a new dataframe. For me, one of those sore points is encoding text data. For some reason, I can never remember a good way to encode data when I need it. So, I decided to note down my three favorite ways of doing so. Let me know in the comments if you have any other alternatives. * § Leftovers⠀➾ o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # § Pseudo-Open Source⠀➾ # § Openwashing⠀➾ # ⚓ CNX Software ☛ WCH_CH348_is_an_8-port_USB to_serial_chip_with_up_to_48_GPIOs_–_CNX Software⠀⇛ The good news is that WCH shared the documentation on Github, but they did so in a weird way since they are just updating a zip file with all datasheet for CH34x chips as they get released, instead of having a directory, and commit new files or revision as they come by. # § Security⠀➾ # ⚓ Bruce Schneier ☛ Samsung_Encryption_Flaw [Ed: How do you know it's not an international back door?]⠀⇛ Researchers have found a major encryption flaw in 100 million Samsung Galaxy phones. # ⚓ Threat Post ☛ Samsung_Screwed_Up_Encryption_on 100M_Phones_|_Threatpost⠀⇛ One cryptography expert said that ‘serious flaws’ in the way Samsung phones encrypt sensitive material, as revealed by academics, are ’embarrassingly bad.’ Samsung shipped an estimated 100 million smartphones with botched encryption, including models ranging from the 2017 Galaxy S8 on up to last year’s Galaxy S21. Researchers at Tel Aviv University found what they called “severe” cryptographic design flaws that could have let attackers siphon the devices’ hardware-based cryptographic keys: keys that unlock the treasure trove of security-critical data that’s found in smartphones. # ⚓ Qt ☛ Security_advisory:_QLockFile, QAuthenticator,_Windows_platform_plugin [Ed: Microsoft_Windows_TCO]⠀⇛ Recently, the Qt Project’s security team was made aware of an issue regarding Qt’s usage of LoadLibrary in a few locations and determined it to be a security issue on Windows only. # ⚓ Reproducible_Builds_(diffoscope):_diffoscope 207_released⠀⇛ The diffoscope maintainers are pleased to announce the release of diffoscope version 207. This version includes the following changes: * Fix a gnarly regression when comparing directories against non- directories. (Closes: reproducible-builds/ diffoscope#292) * Use our assert_diff utility where we can within test_directory.py ⚓ LWN ☛ Security_updates_for_Friday⠀⇛ Security updates have been issued by Debian (varnish), Fedora (barrier and polkit), openSUSE (bitcoin, conmon, libcontainers- common, libseccomp, podman, firefox, nodejs-electron, nodejs8, php7, and webkit2gtk3), SUSE (conmon, libcontainers-common, libseccomp, podman, cyrus-sasl, expat, firefox, nodejs8, php7, tomcat, and webkit2gtk3), and Ubuntu (containerd). ⚓ Video ☛ Enterprise_Linux_Security_Episode_20_–_Cloud_Governance_–_Invidious⠀⇛ Cloud Computing is all the rage these days – but what happens when a company moves to the cloud to quickly? While cloud computing can be a very rewarding technology, it can also get out of hand quite quickly. ⚓ CISA ☛ Trailer_Power_Line_Communications_(PLC)_J2497 [Ed: Proprietary software in its full glory]⠀⇛ Exploitable remotely/low attack complexity ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 2949 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 03.04.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Links_4/3/2022:_$39_MangoPi,_Linux_Mint_Changes⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 3:34 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o § Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Ubuntu Pit ☛ Jrnl_–_Express_Your_Feelings_on_the_Digital Diary_in_Linux_Terminal⠀⇛ Just say ‘Dear Diary’ and express your untold feelings in the note. When you have literally no one to share your thoughts with, a diary can be your best friend. It is much more than saying things to yourself. However, carrying a diary seems burdensome when we have our PC. So, a digital diary seems a good idea for sure. Let’s get introduced to Jrnl, a modern digital diary on the Linux terminal. Jrnl is an open source journaling app available on the Linux terminal. And recently, I got to learn about it. While giving it a try on this application, I found it surprisingly fun and exciting. So, here is a simple content of my experience with Jrnl. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ ID Root ☛ How_To_Install_OBS_Studio_on_Debian_11_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install OBS Studio on Debian 11. For those of you who didn’t know, OBS Studio is software designed for capturing, compositing, encoding, recording, and streaming video content, efficiently. You can use OBS studio screen-cast including screen recording, camera image, and sound record. It can be used to stream content on various servers such as Twitter, Twitch, YouTube, and many other providers. It is available for Windows, Linux, and Mac. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you through the step-by-step installation of the OBS (Open Broadcaster Software) on a Debian 11 (Bullseye). # ⚓ How_to_change_the_sudo_password_time⠀⇛ Although many don’t like sudo, it must be admitted that many users still use it. And many newbies who are still learning to use Linux should use it. One of the most asked questions is how to change the sudo password time. Let’s go for it. # ⚓ Display_disk_partition_sizes⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_disable/blacklist_Nouveau_nvidia_driver_on_Ubuntu 22.04_Jammy_Jellyfish_Linux⠀⇛ The purpose of this tutorial is to show how to disable the default Nouveau kernel driver on Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish Linux Desktop. # ⚓ How_to_switch_back_networking_to_/etc/network/interfaces_on Ubuntu_22.04_Jammy_Jellyfish_Linux⠀⇛ This tutorial will explain how to switch back networking from NetPlan/CloudInit on Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish Linux to the – now already obsolete – networking managed via /etc/network/interfaces. # ⚓ Graphics_driver_check_on_Ubuntu_22.04⠀⇛ This tutorial will show you how to check what graphics driver your Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish system is currently using and what graphics card model is part of your system’s hardware. Knowing your video card model and graphics driver version can help you determine if you need to install a newer driver, and which model to download the driver for. # ⚓ How_to_configure_DHCP_Server_on_RockyLinux_8_/_AlmaLinux_OS 8?⠀⇛ Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol stands for DHCP. In short, we are talking about a network protocol that allows us to assign IP addresses automatically under the parameters and time that we define. This is significant because in large networks, DHCP sends the parameters necessary for the connection to the network to be established. In addition to this, it assigns an IP address so that we do not have to do this manually. In this post, we are going to configure a DHCP server that can do this by itself. For this, we will use a Rocky Linux 8 system, but it will also be compatible with Alma Linux 8 and other derivatives of the RHEL family. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Nginx_on_Ubuntu_22.04_LTS_–_LinuxCapable⠀⇛ NGINX is an open-source, free HTTP server software. In addition to its HTTP server capabilities, NGINX can also function as a proxy server for e-mail (IMAP, POP3, and SMTP) and a reverse proxy and load balancer for HTTP, TCP, and UDP servers. The goal behind NGINX was to create the fastest web server around, and maintaining that excellence is still a central goal of the Nginx project. NGINX consistently beats Apache and other servers in benchmarks measuring web server performance and is now the most popular used web server according to W3Tech. In the following tutorial, you will learn to install Nginx on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish desktop or server with a free TLS/SSL certificate from Let’s Encrypt and some basic configuration setup with server block and Nginx file permissions. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Slack_on_Ubuntu_22.04_LTS_–_LinuxCapable⠀⇛ Slack is an app that lets you communicate with your team in real-time. It’s the perfect solution for development teams and corporations who want to integrate many services, run groups meetings, etc., using Slack’s channels system, which allows users (teams) to create their topics or discuss customer issues cohesively within one channel while also featuring voice & video calls as well file-sharing capabilities or just about anything else! In the following tutorial, you will learn how to install Slack on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish using two different methods of installations Flatpak and Snap along with how to update, maintain or remove using both package managers. # ⚓ How_to_resize_a_qcow2_disk_image_on_Linux⠀⇛ Qcow2 is the default virtual disk storage format used by Qemu (qcow stands for qemu copy-on-write). This image format makes use of thin provisioning, so, after we initially set the maximum virtual size of a disk, space is actually allocated only when used, but not made available back to the host when freed.In this article we see how to “sparsify” a qcow2 disk image to reclaim available space, how to expand it or shrink it, and how to manage the partitions layout on it from the host system, connecting it by using the NBD protocol. # ⚓ Bash_Scripting:_Conditionals⠀⇛ A conditional in Bash scripting is made up of two things: a conditional statement and one or more conditional operators. Bash scripts give us two options for writing conditional statements. We can either use an if statement or a case statement. In some situations, a nested if statement can also be helpful. These conditional statements only work by using operators. An operator could tell the statement to check if two numbers are equal, or if one is greater than other, etc. The combination of conditional statements and operators is how we write Bash scripts that can proceed with a specific set of instructions depending on whether or not a condition matches our specifications. In this tutorial, you will learn how to use conditionals in Bash scripting on a Linux system. # ⚓ How_to_exit_from_Bash_script⠀⇛ If you are writing a Bash script or even just executing one, an essential thing you will need to know is how to exit from a Bash script. There are keyboard combinations that can exit from a Bash script while it is executing in your terminal, and there are ways to exit from within a Bash script using various exit codes. We will show you examples of both. In this tutorial, you will learn how to exit from a Bash script either from within the script or from the command line while the script is executing on a Linux system. # ⚓ Bash_script:_String_comparison_examples⠀⇛ The need to compare strings in a Bash script is relatively common and can be used to check for certain conditions before proceeding on to the next part of a script. A string can be any sequence of characters. To test if two strings are the same, both strings must contain the exact same characters and in the same order. It could be a word or a whole sentence. For example, string one is equal to string one but is not equal to string two. Get the idea? In this tutorial, we’ll show you how to compare strings in a Bash script on a Linux system. We’ll show this in the context of a simple if/else Bash script so you can see how testing for this condition would work when developing scripts. o § Distributions⠀➾ # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾ # ⚓ Who-T:_libei_–_adding_support_for_passive_contexts⠀⇛ A quick reminder: libei is the library for emulated input. It comes as a pair of C libraries, libei for the client side and libeis for the server side. libei has been sitting mostly untouched since the last status update. There are two use-cases we need to solve for input emulation in Wayland – the ability to emulate input (think xdotool, or Synergy/Barrier/InputLeap client) and the ability to capture input (think Synergy/Barrier/InputLeap server). The latter effectively blocked development in libei [1], until that use-case was sorted there wasn’t much point investing too much into libei – after all it may get thrown out as a bad idea. And epiphanies were as elusive like toilet paper and RATs, so nothing much get done. This changed about a week or two ago when the required lightbulb finally arrived, pre-lit from the factory. So, the solution to the input capturing use-case is going to be a so-called “passive context” for libei. In the traditional [2] “active context” approach for libei we have the EIS implementation in the compositor and a client using libei to connect to that. The compositor sets up a seat or more, then some devices within that seat that typically represent the available screens. libei then sends events through these devices, causing input to be appear in the compositor which moves the cursor around. In a typical and simple use-case you’d get a 1920×1080 absolute pointer device and a keyboard with a $layout keymap, libei then sends events to position the cursor and or happily type away on-screen. # ⚓ Remi_Collet:_PHP_version_8.0.17RC1_and_8.1.4RC1⠀⇛ Release Candidate versions are available in testing repository for Fedora and Enterprise Linux (RHEL / CentOS) to allow more people to test them. They are available as Software Collections, for a parallel installation, perfect solution for such tests, and also as base packages. # ⚓ The Register UK ☛ Enterprise_open-source_is_on_the_up and_proprietary_software_on_the_way_down [Ed: Made_on_a Mac_with_proprietary_software]⠀⇛ The use of proprietary software in enterprise organizations is expected to decline eight percentage points over the next two years, while the use of enterprise open-source software is expected to increase five percentage points. So say 1,296 IT leaders around the world, according to Red Hat’s fourth annual “The State of Enterprise Open Source” report. Currently, report respondents say 45 per cent of their software is proprietary and they expect that figure to drop to 37 per cent in two years. Meanwhile, enterprise open source software, presently 29 per cent of the organizational software mix, is expected to reach 34 per in that same time span. And community-based open source software, now at 21 per cent, is predicted to see a slightly smaller gain, reaching 24 per cent two years hence. Red Hat’s report, released on Wednesday, attempts to measure how enterprises see business-oriented open source software within their organizations. As a vendor of open source software and related services, Red Hat has something of a vested interest in the report’s findings. # § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾ # ⚓ OMG Ubuntu ☛ Linux_Mint_is_Making_a_Major_Bluetooth Change⠀⇛ An improved Bluetooth experience is expected to feature in the next major release of Linux Mint. Current versions of the Linux distro ship with Blueberry as the default Bluetooth manager tool, which uses the gnome-bluetooth backend. This handle connections to Bluetooth devices like headphones, headsets, games controllers, smartphones, etc, and the integration of devices within the Cinnamon desktop UI. But Linux Mint 21 —due for release later this year— is likely to use Blueman and the bluez backend. Why the change? Well, the short answer is that Blueman works better. Testing by Mint shows it successfully connects to a wider range of devices (audio equipment in particular). And when you’re shipping a desktop OS used by millions you ought to be using what works best, right? o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ CNX Software ☛ $39_MangoPi-Nezha_MQ_RISC-V_developer board_runs_OpenWrt,_Debian,_or_RT-Smart_RTOS_ (Crowdfunding)_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛ MangoPi-Nezha MQ tiny developer board with Allwinner F133-A (aka Allwinner D1s) RISC- V processor with 64MB on-chip RAM has just launched on Crowd Supply for $39, and delivery is expected in July 2022. The 4x4cm development board comes with a MicroSD card slot, display and camera interfaces, an on- board microphone, as well as WiFi connectivity, two USB Type-C ports, and two 22-pin headers for expansion. # ⚓ Raspberry Pi ☛ How_did_we_build_the_new_Astro_Pi computers_for_the_International_Space_Station?⠀⇛ # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Notebook Check ☛ Sony_Xperia_1_II_and_Xperia_Pro start_receiving_Android_12_updates_in_the_US_– NotebookCheck.net_News⠀⇛ # ⚓ Android Central ☛ Huawei_P50_Pocket_review:_The fashion-forward_flip_phone_|_Android_Central⠀⇛ # ⚓ Phone Arena ☛ Ultra-affordable_Moto_G22_goes_official with_90Hz_screen,_Android_12,_and_stellar_battery_life –_PhoneArena⠀⇛ # ⚓ Android Headlines ☛ 5_Android_Apps_You_Should_Avoid⠀⇛ # ⚓ HowTo Geek ☛ This_Android_Malware_Has_Been_Downloaded 10,000_Times⠀⇛ # ⚓ 9to5Google ☛ How_to_enable_or_disable_Live_Captions in_Android_12_–_9to5Google⠀⇛ # ⚓ Lenovo’s_Yoga_Tab_11_runs_Android_11_at_an_all-time low_of_$250_–_9to5Toys⠀⇛ # ⚓ The Verge ☛ Google_tests_an_even_darker_‘dark_mode’ for_its_Android_app_–_The_Verge⠀⇛ # ⚓ The_Best_Metroidvania_Games_on_Android_–_Droid Gamers⠀⇛ o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # § Web Browsers⠀➾ # § Mozilla⠀➾ # ⚓ Tor ☛ Tor:_Supporting_our_community⠀⇛ The goal to help internet users privately access an uncensored web has united lots of different people from different places. Fostering this community is very important to us. That is why we decided to write this post about some of our community partners, how we are supporting them, and how you can support them too. For example, the birth of Tor itself relied on community support. Our project was first sponsored by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). To return this support, we have helped our community in any way we can—we’re proud to have been the fiscal sponsor for Library Freedom Project and to have supported Open Observatory of Network Interference, once a team that was part of the Tor Project. Now both of these projects have moved on to become their own organizations, doing amazing work to build a cohort of librarian privacy advocates and to measure and report on internet censorship! * § Leftovers⠀➾ o § Education⠀➾ # ⚓ ABC ☛ COVID-19_Has_Left_Millions_Of_Students_Behind._Now What?⠀⇛ Kids learned plenty during the pandemic, Kuhfeld told me. The problem, she said, is that they aren’t learning as much or as quickly as they were each year before the pandemic. Nationally, third-graders in fall 2021 were, on average, testing significantly below where third-graders were testing in fall 2019 in reading and math. The NWEA assessments showed these declines extended across third-graders through eighth-graders, too. o § Hardware⠀➾ # ⚓ Hackaday ☛ Hardware_Hacking_101_Needs_Matching_Toolkit⠀⇛ One doesn’t always have the luxury of sipping tea comfortably while hacking a piece of hardware at a fully-equipped workbench, where every tool is within reach. To address this, [Zokol] shares an early look at a hardware hacking toolkit-in- progress, whose purpose is to make hacking sessions as productive as possible while keeping size and weight within reasonable limits. There isn’t a part list yet, but there are some good tips on creating your own. # ⚓ Hackaday ☛ CAD_Up_Some_Shoes,_But_Don’t_Start_From Scratch⠀⇛ Nothing helps a project get off the ground better than a good set of resources, and that’s what led  [DaveMakesStuff] to release his Digital Shoe Design Kit, which is a set of 3D models ready to customize into a basic running shoe. # ⚓ PC World ☛ 7_mechanical_keyboards_that_offer_custom-built features_for_half_the_price⠀⇛ Mechanical keyboards are more than a product category. Over the last decade they’ve become an online phenomenon, with an enormous community of fans and tinkerers (including yours truly) joining in the fun. Not only has that made the market for keyboards explode with a wide array of options, it’s caused some interesting transference between the hobbyists and the manufacturers. o § Health/Nutrition/Agriculture⠀➾ # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ TikTok_Hysteria_Returns:_AGs_Launch_Mental Health_Impact_Inquiry⠀⇛ While the repeated freak outs over TikTok tend to be bipartisan, they’re often motivated by different things. The Trumpist right generally doesn’t like TikTok because Chinese people made a product that’s better and more successful than U.S. tech platforms (the latter point being obvious if you spend thirty seconds comparing the Facebook/Instagram and TikTok video platforms). This is dressed up under all manner of other pretenses (see: Trump trying to offload the whole company to his friends at Oracle and Walmart under the pretense he was just suddenly and uncharacteristically, super concerned about consumer privacy). Then of course there’s another segment of TikTok hysteria common on the right and left, which, as we’ve seen throughout history when new tech is involved, requires tearing your hair out about a parade of perceived horribles being caused by something you don’t actually understand. The latest example of that segment of TikTok hyperventilation can be seen in a new multi-state AG investigation into weather TikTok is causing mental and physical health issues in teens: # ⚓ Pro Publica ☛ What’s_Holding_Up_the_COVID_Vaccines_for Children_Under_5?⠀⇛ As the United States relaxes pandemic restrictions, advising some 70% of Americans they no longer need to wear a mask, many parents of young children are desperate to know when they can expect a vaccine to be authorized for kids under 5. But opaque communication from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and drugmakers, on top of whiplash over the shifting timeline and unexpected delays, has led to confusion and angst. Some parents are obsessively tracking every press release, investor report and social media announcement to glean information, and a few have even lied about their kids’ ages to get their children vaccinated. Many feel they are on their own. # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ What’s_Holding_Up_COVID_Vaccines_for_Kids_Under 5?⠀⇛ # ⚓ RTL ☛ Collective_of_US_states_investigate_TikTok’s_impact on_children⠀⇛ A consortium of US states announced on Wednesday an investigation into TikTok’s possible harms to young users of the platform, which has boomed in popularity especially among children. Officials across the United States have launched their own probes and lawsuits against Big Tech giants as the national government has failed to pass new regulations due in part to partisan gridlock. The consortium of eight states will look into the harms TikTok can cause to its young users and what TikTok knew about those possible harms, said a statement from California attorney general Rob Bonta. o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # ⚓ IT Wire ☛ Chinese_firm’s_disclosure_of_NSA_malware ignored_by_most_tech_sites⠀⇛ What makes this event even more of an outlier, is the fact that the details, released by Pangu Lab last week, come nine years after it claims to have discovered the malware. Chinese security firms rarely, if ever, do what American infosec outfits do as a matter of course: provide the details of some exploit or the other and attribute it to one country or another. Most of the time, the countries that are blamed are Russia, China, North Korea and Iran – which, rather coincidentally, happen to be the top four enemies of the US Government. # ⚓ Broadband Breakfast ☛ Justin_Reilly:_Rising Ransomware_Threats_on_Schools_Require_Better_Approach to_Cybersecurity [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ Cyberattacks against school districts went up by 18 percent in 2020, the height of the pandemic. The trend has continued since and isn’t expected to slow down in 2022. Among attacks against school districts, ransomware – an attack that locks users out of files on their own systems and then demands ransom money to return their rightful access – is by far the most common variety. # ⚓ Computer World ☛ Splunk_appoints_Gary_Steele_as_new CEO⠀⇛ We now know that leader is Gary Steele, who was the founding CEO of SaaS (software-as-a- service) security vendor Proofpoint, a company he led for nearly 20 years. During that time, Steele navigated both an IPO in 2012 and a private equity buyout from Thoma Bravo last year. He will start on April 11, when he will also take a seat on Splunk’s board. # § Security⠀➾ # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ EFF ☛ Cybersecurity_Experts_Urge_EU Lawmakers_to_Fix_Website_Authentication Proposal_That_Puts_Internet_Users’_Security and_Privacy_at_Risk⠀⇛ o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Reflections_from_the_Netherworld:_Advice from_JFK_to_Joe_Biden⠀⇛ I send greetings from the other side — and no, I don’t mean the other side of the aisle. I refer to the place where old politicians go to make amends for their sins. Apart from our shared Catholicism and affinity for sunglasses, I suspect you and I don’t have a lot in common. Actually, that may not quite be true. After all, your family and mine have both experienced more than our share of tragedy and you and I both did make it to the top rung of American politics. # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Putin,_Lenin,_Imperialism_and_the_(Real) History_of_Ukraine⠀⇛ Ukraine is a place few people in this country can find on a map. Far fewer have any idea of when and how the Ukrainian state originated, or how it has related to its neighbors over time. So I might make up any random narrative about it, weaving in bits and pieces of truth here and there, and perhaps the majority of my listeners would nod agreeably at my presentation finding no flaws. There are a whole lot of ingredients to work with and to play with when it comes to Ukraine’s history. In 2014 having, having given little thought to Ukraine to that point, people in this county (self- defined Americans and others) were informed by the most authoritative sources they knew, the cable TV news anchors and commentators. They were treated to a history lesson that went something like this: The country of Ukraine has always been oppressed by Russia. It was colonized by Russia for centuries. Russia still, after the end of the Soviet Union, wants to control Ukraine! So it responded to a popular revolution in Kyiv, an expression of the Ukrainians’ longing to fulfill its “European aspirations,” by invading Ukraine! # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ We_Only_Want_the_Earth⠀⇛ Over a hundred years after Connolly’s execution, capitalism still dominates. If anything, it’s more deep-rooted and more injurious particularly because of neoliberal policies which have resulted in unprecedented levels of income and wealth inequalities and environmental devastation. And even worse, neoliberalism brought with it the “end of history” and a pervasive new message that “there is no alternative” (TINA). So, despite its imperfections, capitalism is the best system there is for achieving prosperity and personal freedom. That message is so engrained that many on the Left find it hard to defeat. Not believing we can win, not believing there is an alternative is the biggest obstacle we face. What are the ramifications of this propaganda? # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Protect_Wilderness_From_Fighter_Jet Trainings⠀⇛ The proposal would authorize low-level fighter jet maneuvers and supersonic flights that cause sonic booms above rural and Tribal communities, some of the Southwest’s most fragile sky-island ecosystems, and beloved wilderness areas and national monuments. The Air Force also wants to permit dropping of flares at lower altitudes, increasing the risk of human-caused wildfires across landscapes already experiencing severe drought. Additionally, the proposal would allow release of aluminum-coated silica “chaff” over public lands, polluting the environment. # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Now_Is_the_Time_for_a_Global_Movement_Demanding Nuclear_De-escalation⠀⇛ # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ War_is_‘Til_We_Stop_It⠀⇛ A high school sophomore invited me to dinner with her family in a tree-lined neighborhood a short distance from my hotel by bus. Their house overlooked the city. She described the sparkling of the commercial center at night. In the days before the war, she’d held her sweet sixteen party in a hotel ballroom downtown. She still had the cream- colored dress. The young woman’s English was perfect. She adored Shakespeare. She had hoped to apply to study in Oxford. But that was before the war. # ⚓ The Nation ☛ War_and_Peace_in_Ukraine⠀⇛ War is a tragedy, a crime, and a defeat. the nation condemns the decision of Russian President Vladimir Putin to abandon the path of diplomacy by brutally attacking and invading Ukraine, a blatant violation of international law. # ⚓ The Nation ☛ Take_It_From_JFK—Appeasement_Over Confrontation⠀⇛ # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Russia_has_blocked_Meduza’s_website⠀⇛ Many Internet users in Russia are currently unable to access Meduza’s website. Our newsroom was first informed of this by our readers on the evening of Thursday, March 3. # ⚓ Meduza ☛ The_war:_day_seven:_Photos_of_intensifying_Russian attacks_on_Ukrainian_cities⠀⇛ On the morning of February 24, Vladimir Putin announced a “special military operation,” saying its purpose was the liberation of the self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk people’s republics and the “de- Nazification” and “demilitarization” of Ukraine. Russia then sent its troops into Ukraine. Fighting in the vicinity of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Mariupol, and other cities has continued for several days. People are hiding in shelters, subway stations, and underground parking garages. Others are fleeing to neighboring countries — the United Nations says more than 1 million refugees have now left Ukraine. These photos were taken during the seventh day of the war. # ⚓ Meduza ☛ You_can’t_silence_us:_Russia’s_president_will lose,_too,_when_the_nation’s_free_press_is_gone⠀⇛ We’re publishing this text while there’s still time for us to mark the beginning of yet another historic development: Russia has officially introduced state censorship. What do we mean by “still time”? Within a few days, maybe even today, it is possible that there will be no independent media left in Russia. Very soon, it’s possible that anyone in Russia seeking information from the “enemy voices” of independent sources will need to make the same efforts as those who lived behind the Iron Curtain. # ⚓ Democracy Now ☛ Russia’s_War_in_Ukraine_Could_Spark_Nuclear Catastrophe;_Calls_for_Global_Disarmament_Grow⠀⇛ Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov has warned that if a Third World War were to take place, it would be a nuclear war. His comments come just days after Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered Russia’s nuclear forces on high alert and after Russian nuclear submarines set sail for tests in waters near Norway. Meanwhile, voters in Belarus have approved a referendum opening the door for Russia to station nuclear weapons in Belarusian territory, and Russia has called on the U.S. to remove its nuclear weapons from European soil. “We need to acknowledge that nuclear weapons are clearly not a cause of stability in the world, as we’re often told,” says Daniel Högsta, campaign coordinator for the Nobel Peace Prize-winning International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. “They don’t deter conflicts; they in fact have the potential to exacerbate them.” Högsta also explains the dangers of imposing a no-fly zone in Ukraine despite Russia’s continued threats of using nuclear weapons, which he says amount to a kind of “nuclear blackmail.” # ⚓ Democracy Now ☛ Report_from_Kyiv:_Solidarity,_Perseverance &_“Full_Mobilization”_Against_Russian_Invasion⠀⇛ As the United Nations reports more than a million refugees have now fled the violence in Ukraine, the U.N. General Assembly voted 141 to 5 to denounce the Russian invasion. Meanwhile, Russian troops have reportedly seized their first city: the strategically located southern port of Kherson. Heavy shelling continues to be reported in the cities of Kharkiv, Chernihiv and Mariupol, and a 40-mile-long Russian convoy approaching Kyiv has been stalled due in part to Ukrainian resistance. We go to Kyiv to speak with Tymofiy Mylovanov, president of the Kyiv School of Economics and former Ukrainian trade minister, who details the global financial costs of the war and describes how the Ukrainian government is mobilizing to fight the resistance. We also speak with Kyiv-based human rights lawyer Oleksandra Matviichuk, who calls on the international community to impose more sanctions on Russia. # ⚓ FAIR ☛ ACTION_ALERT:_NBC_Off_by_18_Years_on_US’s_Last_Use of_Cluster_Bombs⠀⇛ NBC Nightly News (2/28/22) falsely reported that the United States has not used cluster bombs since 1991—when it fact the US has employed the weapons as recently at 2009, and has even more recently sold them to allied countries that have dropped them. # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ The_West’s_SWIFT_Kick_is_Aimed_at_Russia, But_it_Will_Also_Hit_the_US_Dollar⠀⇛ SWIFT is a messaging service that connects banks worldwide. It’s not a bank itself. It’s not even, strictly speaking, a payment network. It carries instructions for transfers, but the transfers take place via other networks. It’s just one moving part in the world’s complex finance and trade system. As with most such measures, giving Russian banks the boot from SWIFT  is certain to hurt the sanctioners along with the sanctioned. In this case, the potential victims with the most to lose are  the issuers and holders of US dollars. # ⚓ Site36 ☛ Demands_from_EU_member_states:_Greece_to_upgrade borders_with_helicopters,_drones,_police_dogs⠀⇛ Following a review by other Schengen states, the Greek government is improving surveillance and control of its external borders, funded by EU funds. This could encourage pushbacks in violation of international law. # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ US_Must_Not_Use_Ukrainians_as_a_Foreign_Policy “Tool,”_Sanders_Adviser_Says⠀⇛ # ⚓ Democracy Now ☛ Sanders_Adviser_Matt_Duss_on_Ending_Ukraine Crisis_&_How_U.S._Shock_Therapy_in_Russia_Enabled_Putin⠀⇛ While President Biden has ruled out sending troops into Ukraine, the U.S. is directly aiding Ukraine militarily and has imposed unprecedented sanctions on Russia amounting to what some have called “economic warfare.” We look at Biden’s response with Senator Bernie Sanders’s foreign policy adviser Matt Duss, who is also Ukrainian American. He says the U.S. should continue to exhaust all diplomatic avenues in order to stop violence in Ukraine. Duss also details the U.S. role in setting the stage for Putin’s oligarchical government and says the U.S. must not use “Ukranians as a tool for our foreign policy and our conflict with Russia.” # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ 1_Million_People_Have_Fled_Ukraine_in_the_Past Week,_UN_Says⠀⇛ # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Russia’s_Nuclear_Warning_is_an_Act_of Desperation_From_Putin,_Which_Makes_it_Even_More_Dangerous⠀⇛ The invasion may only have happened last Thursday, but Russia is already weaker in the eyes of the world because it has not achieved its objectives. Its army has failed to take the larger Ukrainian cities and Ukrainian resisting has blocked the Russian advance on almost all fronts. Pictures of the smouldering wreckage of Russian armoured vehicles fill television screens nightly. The Russian campaign plan apparently assumed a Blitzkrieg advance against negligible opposition, swiftly eliminating the Ukrainian political and military leadership. Mindless wishful thinking is the only reason why Putin could have imagined that an army of only 190,000 soldiers, many of them non- combatant cooks, drivers and the like, would be able to seize and occupy a country three times the size of Britain. # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Can_Iran_and_the_U.S._Breathe_Life_Back Into_Nuclear_Deal?⠀⇛ Meanwhile, faced with the current reality relating to the situation on the ground, which shows that Iran is unlikely to give up its missile capabilities or pull back from regional allies, Biden seems to have come around to the original deal. Iran is unlikely to remove the more advanced centrifuges it now possesses and uses after the Trump administration unilaterally pulled out of the deal. Neither is Iran likely to get an assurance that Trump or a future U.S. president who follows his lead on foreign policy will not abandon the deal again after the 2024 presidential election in the United States. The rest of the world is thus forced to live in an era in which the United States, the strongest military and economic power, is no longer capable of committing to treaties, whether on global warming or the nuclear deal with Iran. # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ The_Thermonuclear_Melian_Debate_Over Ukraine⠀⇛ Each of those time gaps allowed the countries enjoying them, before being swallowed up into military hostilities, to safely arm or rearm as they could in anticipation of the worst, which soon came to all of them. So it is easy to see some short-term tactical advantage to an appeasement policy prior to experiencing a military invasion. This was certainly Hitler’s and Stalin’s view when each chose to enter into their Molotov-Ribbentrop alliance to carve up Poland (seen by both Hitler and Stalin then as Putin sees Ukraine today), and to keep from warring against each other (in the inevitable Fascist-Communist 1940s superpower war), and in Stalin’s case to appease Hitler’s eastward expansion without the USSR having been able to gain any Western European allies against Hitler/fascism and Japanese militarism. # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Hypocrisy_Over_Ukraine⠀⇛ The West blessed the Turkish invasion of Cyprus My mind rushes to 1974 when NATO, primarily America and England, authorized Turkey, a NATO “ally,” to invade Cyprus, a Greek island that had the misfortune of having a Moslem Turkish minority and British military bases. # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ The_Ukraine_War_Follows_Decades_of_Warnings That_NATO_Expansion_Would_Provoke_Russia⠀⇛ The more widespread and familiar view in the West, particularly in the United States, is that Russia is and has always been an expansionist state, and its current president, Vladimir Putin, is the embodiment of that essential Russian ambition: to build a new Russian empire. “This was … always about naked aggression, about Putin’s desire for empire by any means necessary,” President Joe Biden said on Feb. 24, 2022. # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ The_Attack_on_Ukraine_and_the_United Nations_Charter⠀⇛ Even if one accepts Russia’s takeover of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia (neither region spoke Georgian and they were relatively autonomous), or the annexation of Crimea (it was historically part of Russia until 1954), or even if one accepts Russia’s defending Luhansk and Donetsk in eastern Ukraine where mostly Russian speakers live, the current invasion is on another level. The Russian assault is a frontal attack on the international state system and world order. Since the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, state sovereignty has meant that countries should not forcefully interfere in the internal affairs of another country. While numerous violations can be shown historically, the post-World War II system, articulated in the United Nations Charter, clearly outlines the do’s and don’ts of state behavior. # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Jan._6_Committee_Says_Trump_Engaged_in_“Criminal Conspiracy”_to_Undo_Election⠀⇛ # ⚓ Pro Publica ☛ House_Committee_Issues_Subpoena_to_Top_Trump Fundraiser_Kimberly_Guilfoyle⠀⇛ The U.S. House of Representatives select committee investigating the Jan. 6 attack on the Capitol issued a subpoena on Thursday to Kimberly Guilfoyle, a top fundraiser for former President Donald Trump and the fiancee of his son, Donald Trump Jr. # ⚓ The Economist ☛ “The_Trojan_Horse_Affair”_reignites_a_row over_radicalisation_in_schools⠀⇛ In truth, worries about Islam in Birmingham schools would have come to a head with or without the Trojan Horse document, and whatever its provenance. For the government, the rise to prominence of conservative Muslim school leaders was an embarrassing consequence of its flagship “academies” programme, which granted state schools greater independence. Local politicians and police, for their part, were coming under pressure for looking the other way. Now, by raking over the coals, the “Serial” podcast has reignited a row over the government’s anti-radicalisation scheme, Prevent, which requires schools, universities, prisons and so on to be on the lookout for violent extremism. Referrals lead to a conversation with police officers or specialist counsellors and the offer of a deradicalisation course. # ⚓ The Verge ☛ Telecoms_blackout_hits_northeast_Ukraine;_large power_outages_also_reported⠀⇛ A telecoms blackout has reportedly hit Sumy Oblast in northeastern Ukraine, marking one of the most serious communications disruptions of the conflict so far. The blackout was reported by the internet shutdown tracker NetBlocks on March 3rd at 8:23PM local time (1:23PM ET). o § Environment⠀➾ # ⚓ Bridge Michigan ☛ Michigan_may_restrict_withdrawals_for bottled_water_like_Nestle⠀⇛ “Right now, the Great Lakes Compact protects the Great Lakes from water withdrawal so that a state like Arizona couldn’t come and hook a pipe up to Lake Michigan and start pumping. But as long as the water is bottled and in small containers, there is no prohibition on the amount of water that can be taken out of the Great Lakes,” Rabhi said. Once they’re drafted, the package of bills would do a couple of things: It would target companies that bottle water and it would expand the Public Trust Doctrine. That doctrine says the state holds resources in trust for the people. It must protect those resources. The doctrine already covers surface water such as streams and lakes. It does not protect groundwater. # ⚓ RTL ☛ On_land_and_sea,_climate_change_causing ‘irreversible’_losses:_UN⠀⇛ Climate change has already caused “irreversible losses” for Nature, UN experts have said, warning that if emissions are not cut quickly, warming could trigger chain reactions with potentially catastrophic effects for all species, including humans. All forms of life on Earth are linked together by a vast web of causes and consequences, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) said in a new report on the impacts of global warming published this week. Those effects are severe and wide ranging across the world’s natural habitats. # ⚓ Project Censored ☛ Wealthy_Nations_Continue_to_Drive Climate_Change_with_Devastating_Impacts_for_Poorer_Countries –_Validated_Independent_News⠀⇛ “As a country’s emissions get higher, they are less tied to essentials for human well-being. Measures of human well-being increase very rapidly with relatively small increases in emissions, but then level off,” writes Klinksy. “That means high- emitting countries could reduce their emissions significantly without reducing the well-being of their populations.” # § Energy⠀➾ # ⚓ FOSS_Energy_Efficiency_Project_(FEEP)⠀⇛ FEEP is developing tools to improve energy efficiency in free and open source software development. Design and implementation of software has a significant impact on the energy consumption of the systems it is part of. With the right tools, it is possible to quantify and drive down energy consumption. This increased efficiency contributes to a more sustainable use of energy as one of the shared resources of our planet. # ⚓ DeSmog ☛ Republicans_at_CPAC_Say_‘Drill_Dummy_Drill’ in_Response_to_Russia’s_Invasion_of_Ukraine⠀⇛ As the Russian invasion of Ukraine began last week, American conservatives descending on Florida for 2022’s Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) delivered a mixed message about the conflict. Many speakers seemed undecided on whether to quietly support Russian President Vladimir Putin or fall back on Cold War conservative ideologies. Others, like Charlie Kirk, CPAC favorite and founder of youth conservative organization Turning Point USA, simply urged attendees to forget about “a dispute 5,000 miles away in cities we can’t pronounce,” and focus instead on “how the cartels are deliberately trying to infiltrate our country.” But one thing many speakers could agree on was that the war showed the need for America to push for expanded coal mining and oil and gas drilling. It was a line that the American Petroleum Institute had been pushing since the first day of the invasion, when it said in a blog post that “right now, the most important move President Biden can make is to signal that America is positioned to provide stability and supply amid any disruption of international energy markets — and can do so without increasing costs at home.” # § Wildlife/Nature⠀➾ # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ A_Chance_to_Stop_the_Ambler_Road_in Alaska’s_Brooks_Range⠀⇛ The Trump administration pushed through a rapid and flawed Environmental review of the proposed road, and the Record of Decision issued in 2020 approved the road’s construction. Fortunately, the Biden Administration has remanded the decision to permit the Ambler Road back to the Bureau of Land Management for additional environmental review giving the public another chance to halt this destructive project. I have previously written about the Ambler Road and its threats to the region. The problem for anyone opposing the Ambler Road is that the Ambler Mining District is a “world-class” deposit of copper, containing ten times higher grade ore than any other known deposits in the world. # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Australia’s_Doomed_Koalas⠀⇛ Divergent attitudes to such animal species, notably indigenous ones, has been a point of some despair for conservationists.  In 1995, Ron Green, the zoological director of Canberra’s Australian National Wildlife Sanctuary, put his finger on the matter by suggesting that Australians were “unique” in their “blasé” disposition.  “They’ll look at the white rhinoceros going into extinction on the TV, and become outraged but [have] an illusion that everything is fine in Australia; the ‘She’ll be right, mate’ syndrome, but we’ve wiped out the most mammals of any country in the world.” Despite an emerging ecological awareness in Australia, the syndrome still stalks the halls of power. Last month, the Morrison government found itself in the unenviable position of having to declare the koala an endangered species in Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.  In 2012, the species had been listed as “vulnerable” in the same jurisdictions.  As conservation scientist Stuart Blanch from WWF-Australia glumly observed, “Koalas have gone from no-listing to vulnerable to endangered within a decade.  This is a shockingly fast decline.” o § Finance⠀➾ # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Cultural_Concessions_in_a_Class_War⠀⇛ That saying came back to mind a decade later over dinner with my partner, one of her colleagues, and the colleague’s husband, who worked in the world of finance. As usual, we found ourselves talking about the politics of higher education in North Carolina. The three academics at the table framed those politics as a struggle between right-wing reactionaries in the state legislature and left- liberal faculty in the universities. After listening patiently to our troglodyte-bashing, the colleague’s husband said, as I recall, “I don’t think the struggles are about ideology; they’re about who controls the flow of money through individual campuses and through the university system, and who’s going to benefit from that control.” Here was the non-academic, the person on intimate terms with capitalism, offering the hardnosed materialist analysis! At the time, I balked at discounting the importance of ideology; but I now think he was right. The ideological froth on the surface of the politics of higher education is largely a distraction. It’s not that there aren’t genuine ideological differences between left-liberal faculty and right- wing legislators. No doubt many of those legislators would firmly reject the radically egalitarian, anti-imperialist, small-d democratic politics of faculty members on the left. But much of the recent denouncing of critical race theory, gender studies, sexuality studies, and other humanities fields by right-wing state legislators is more about riling the base than about fighting substantive intellectual battles. This is evident when the denouncers are asked to describe exactly what they disagree with, and it turns out they have no clear understanding what critical race theory, or any other academic target du jour, consists of. Which is what one would expect if all the rhetorical turbulence served mainly to keep other issues off the table. # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Digital_Redlining_or_Digital_Divides⠀⇛ Meinrath added, “Right now we have all these different programs – and it’s not to say that each of these individual programs might not being good things unto itself – but there is no comprehensive strategy.  Which means that in an individual community or locality, there might be five different projects, each supporting a different component or facet or constituency or neighborhood.”  He warned, “Because there’s no overarching coordination, in that same community you might have areas that are completely unserved after those programs are finished.” “Between 2009 and 2017, the federal government spent $47 billion on broadband,” Christopher Ali, a media studies professor at the University of Virginia, pointed out.  “The major reason, I think, why this spending has not solved the digital divide is that we’ve had a policy system that has favored the larger incumbent providers,” he added. “We’ve trusted the largest telecommunications companies to connect the country and they’ve failed miserably. We’ve given them billions of dollars in federal subsidies.” o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾ # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Biden’s_SOTU_Speech_Channeled_Reagan_While Nearly_Ignoring_Climate⠀⇛ # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ New_York_REI_Workers_Overwhelmingly_Vote_to_Form a_Union⠀⇛ # ⚓ The Nation ☛ Democratic_Insiders_Keep_Bashing_Progressives, but_Progressives_Keep_Winning_Key_Elections⠀⇛ There’s been a concerted effort over the past several months by D.C. insiders to suggest that progressives are the problem for a Democratic Party that is struggling to gain traction going into the 2022 midterm elections. They would have you believe that “Democrats’ Drive to the Left Threatens Their Grip on Power,” that Democrats are stuck in a “prison of their own ideological extremes,” and that “Democrats need a reckoning after misjudging the nation’s mood.” Or, as veteran Democrat consultant James Carville, who has been crusading against the left, recently put it, “only 11 percent of the Democratic Party is progressive. It’s the smallest part of the party. But the problem is they make 70 percent of the noise.” # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Investigation_Shows_Police_Are_Still_Secretly Surveilling_Minnesota_Activists⠀⇛ # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Texas_College_Protesters_Shut_Down_Event_for Anti-Trans_Candidate_Jeff_Younger⠀⇛ # ⚓ Hungary ☛ Orbán_on_Putin,_the_reason_for_the_war,_Paks_II, and_the_differences_between_East_and_West⠀⇛ # ⚓ Hungary ☛ Government_condemns_Russia,_opposition_turns_to OSCE_over_false_media_coverage,_Hungarians_welcome_refugees, Hungary_supports_Ukraine’s_EU_accession⠀⇛ Prime Minister Viktor Orbán condemned Russia’s war waged against Ukraine, in a video posted on his Facebook page last Thursday. “We condemn Russia’s military action with our European Union and NATO allies,” Orbán said in a video posted on his Instagram and Facebook pages following a meeting of the National Security cabinet. # ⚓ PC World ☛ AMD,_Intel_halt_chip_sales_to_Russia⠀⇛ Both AMD and Intel on Thursday said that the two companies had halted sales of their products to Russia and Belarus, an explicit commitment from the chip industry in taking action against the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On Thursday morning, AMD said it was halting all chip shipments. By Thursday afternoon, Intel had joined AMD with a similar statement. # ⚓ The Verge ☛ Reddit_sides_with_Ukraine,_bans_all_links_to Russia’s_state-sponsored_RT_and_Sputnik⠀⇛ Reddit is now categorically banning its users, globally, from posting links to Russian state- sponsored media outlets, including RT and Sputnik — and it may not have even stopped there. A Reddit admin has seemingly confirmed that Reddit is blocking links to all websites that end in .ru. # ⚓ Catalyst_Cloud_awarded_All-of_Government_contract_–_a_big win_for_data_sovereignty⠀⇛ Catalyst Cloud are pleased to announce today that they have been awarded an All-of-Government Cloud Framework Agreement with Te Tari Taiwhenua Department of Internal Affairs. The Agreement allows New Zealand government agencies to use cloud services from Catalyst Cloud much more easily. As New Zealand’s only locally owned and operated cloud provider, Catalyst Cloud have been providing cloud infrastructure and platform services onshore since 2014, with three local data centre regions in Aotearoa. # ⚓ Dave Lane ☛ The_current_(digital)_Dark_Age⠀⇛ Over the past few years, it’s gradually occurred to me that we’re in the midst of a new Dark Age. The previous one was in the Middle Ages, when commoners lived in ignorance and fear, and the Roman Catholic Church terrorised and exploited the credulity and superstition of masses for its to consolidate its power, and became the richest entity in history (up to that time). The power of the Church was based in large part on the fact that they had common motivations – the literacy of the clergy gave them the means to pass on knowledge, to communicate effectively, and organise themselves. RCC leaders ruled as autocrats, and their power was supported by the priesthood, who stood above the commoners with their elite code of Latin. Literate monks – the kindly, studious, high-aptitude socially awkward nerds of their day – beavered away on tasks assigned them by their anointed masters in rarefied monasteries, writing histories, translating holy texts, awaiting suitable inspiration to interpret the word of God, and tinkering with things (alchemy, beer, foosball tables). Today, we have much the same situation, where digital literacy is concerned. Today, however, the role of the RCC is played by the combined force of the “Frightful Five”, which wield far more power collectively than any individual nation, and their wealth is unprecedented. Their C-Suites and marketing teams form the autocratic clergy, and developers are the literate but subordinate monks. Most computer users are almost completely illiterate serfs with regard to the devices on which they depend both for social interaction and their livelihoods. They tend to veer towards superstition and learned helplessness rather than taking the initiative to gain their literacy. # ⚓ Patrick Breyer ☛ Digital_Services_Act_(DSA)⠀⇛ The DSA, also known as the Digital Services Act, is considered to be the next major project for shaping the digital revolution by the EU after the General Data Protection Regulation. The EU Commission’s goal is to establish new rules for online platforms, especially for very large ones, such as Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, Airbnb, or Booking.com with the DSA. o § Misinformation/Disinformation⠀➾ # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Anti-Vax_Doctor_Hires_Anti-Vax_Lawyer_To Threaten_A_Dallas_Publication_With_A_‘Deafamation’_Lawsuit⠀⇛ Spotify — the world’s most popular music streaming service — has hitched its wagon to Joe Rogan, a former comedian and reality TV host whose particular take on world events involves him inviting highly controversial guests onto his podcast and then just muttering “that’s wild” when they invoke insane conspiracy theories. o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾ # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Meta_Messes_Up_Again:_Admits_That_It_Suspended RT_&_Sputnik_Due_To_Gov’t_Pressure⠀⇛ There may be many good reasons to ban Russian state-sponsored media propaganda from a site or a pay TV service. But there is definitely one very bad reason to: because random governments ask you to. And, yet, that’s exactly what Meta/Facebook has done. Former UK politician Nick Clegg, who was recently promoted into the top circle of Meta execs and given full control over policy decisions, posted on Twitter (yes, the Facebook exec was posting on Twitter) that the company had decided to restrict access to Russian state-sponsored propaganda outfits RT and Sputnik because the company had “received requests from a number of Governments and the EU.” o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ The Nation ☛ Shirley_Chisholm⠀⇛ # ⚓ The Nation ☛ Francesco_Pacifico_Confronts_Fiction’s_Oldest Questions⠀⇛ A third of the way through Francesco Pacifico’s novel The Women I Love, the narrator, a semi- employed editor and writer named Marcello, does something to his girlfriend that men have been doing to women for centuries: He constrains her freedom. Then, understanding the weight of what he’s just done, he attempts to write the scene from her perspective: “I’ll just avoid…the neurotic, obsessive, childish point of view of the typical male narrator—and I’ll tell the story instead through Barbara’s eyes.” # ⚓ Pro Publica ☛ These_Native_Hawaiians_Waited_Years_for_Homes on_Their_Ancestral_Land._Then_the_Problems_Began.⠀⇛ When Steven Moniz Jr. and his wife, Sheri, got the keys to their new home in 2013, their kids were so happy that they made “snow angels” on the carpet. It was the first time the couple had ever owned property, and they too were overjoyed. For years, they had rented an apartment in a low- income housing project on Oahu, unable to afford a house amid the island’s booming real estate market. But then, because Steven is Native Hawaiian, they were able to purchase a new residence at roughly half the going rate through a unique homesteading program created a century ago to return Hawaii’s Indigenous people to their ancestral lands. # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Unfortunate,_But_Not_Surprising:_Court_Blocks Maryland’s_Library_eBook_Law⠀⇛ Back in December, we wrote about how the major book publishers had teamed up to sue the state of Maryland over a fairly tame law concerning ebooks and libraries. As we’ve been detailing, over the last few years, the big book publishers have been working overtime to abuse copyright law to destroy libraries. Whereas, historically, a library could just buy a book like anyone else, and then lend it out, with ebooks, the publishers demand ridiculous prices for libraries and then put nonsensical restrictions on how libraries can lend out those ebooks. This is because publishers hate libraries — and, while they want to insist to you that copying a digital file is “theft,” they will also deny that those same digital files get the kind of first sale rights of physical books. # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Minneapolis_Cops_Who_Watched_Officer_Derek Chauvin_Kill_George_Floyd_Convicted_On_Federal_Charges⠀⇛ It’s not often you see a cop face criminal charges for injuring or killing someone they’re attempting to arrest. It’s even rarer still to see a cop convicted. Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin is a unicorn. He knelt on George Floyd’s neck for nearly nine minutes, choking the life out of the unarmed black man, who was suspected of nothing else than passing a bogus $20 bill at a local store. He did this for three minutes after another police officer told Chauvin he couldn’t detect a pulse. # ⚓ Project Censored ☛ Solutions_to_Biased_Artificial Intelligence_May_Include_Establishing_a_New_Social_Network_– Validated_Independent_News⠀⇛ “The sheer scale of moderation on Facebook for example means that they have to adopt the most reductive, non-nuanced rules they can in order to communicate them to a distributed global workforce,” said Keller. # ⚓ The Nation ☛ Even_Pro-Lifers_Help_Loved_Ones_Who_Need_an Abortion⠀⇛ Is abortion murder? its opponents claim it is—that’s why they call themselves “pro-life” and abortion providers “babykillers.” That’s why people have bombed and burned down abortion clinics and murdered doctors and staffers—it’s all to “save babies.” But do abortion opponents really believe that an embryo is the equivalent of a baby, a child, a grown-up? # ⚓ Teen Vogue ☛ Biden’s_State_of_the_Union_Comments_on Defunding_Police_Were_Wrong⠀⇛ Those lines drew cheers in the House chamber, and they’re not surprising from a politician who wrote the disastrous 1994 crime bill and always positioned himself as an ally of law enforcement. But how did they read to the people who helped get him into office, no small number of whom believe in reducing and reallocating the tremendous amount of resources allocated to law enforcement. This point was raised by Missouri Rep. Cori Bush, who, according to Politico, is someone House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said was outside of Democrats’ party line on police. # ⚓ The Hill ☛ New_York_Times_tech_workers_vote_to_unionize⠀⇛ Tech workers at The New York Times voted to unionize, becoming the largest active tech union in the country. A National Labor Relations Board vote Thursday resulted in a majority of the more than 500 software engineers and product designers who cast ballots deciding to unionize. The tech workers will be represented by the NewsGuild-CWA, the union that already includes The Times’s newsroom. o § Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾ # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Namecheap_Says_It’s_No_Longer_Doing_Business With_Users_Registered_In_Russia⠀⇛ Domain registrar Namecheap announced this week that the company would no longer be doing business with customers registered in Russia. In an email notification sent to customers, that I’ve confirmed as genuine with the company, it recommends that any Russia-based customers of its domain hosting, email, and other services find a new registrar by March 6: # ⚓ EFF ☛ Negotiations_Over_UN_Cybercrime_Treaty_Under_Way_in New_York,_With_EFF_and_Partners_Urging_Focus_on_Human Rights⠀⇛ The Ukraine crisis looms large over the talks, with many Member States voicing solidarity with Ukraine and questioning whether Russia (who was the initial driving force behind the adoption of this treaty) could debate in good faith and defend claims of sovereignty in formulating cybercrime provisions while invading Ukraine and unleashing cyberattacks. “These cyberattacks are not conducive to a constructive engagement with Russia on this treaty,” the EU representative pointed out, capturing a sentiment shared by many negotiating states. Despite high levels of distrust, Member States are proceeding with the negotiations as planned. EFF addressed the Ad-Hoc Committee March 1, via videoconferencing, saying cybercrime poses a threat to human rights, and expressing concerns that investigative powers adopted in the treaty will seek to accommodate the worst police surveillance practices across participating states.  “Any proposed obligations to enable investigation and prosecution should adhere to human rights law…There is a real risk that, in an attempt to entice all States to sign a proposed UN cybercrime convention, bad human rights practices will be accommodated, resulting in a race to the bottom,” EFF Policy Director for Global Privacy, Katitza Rodriguez told the committee.EFF also reminded the committee that cybercrime provisions have been used against whistleblowers, security researchers, human rights defenders, political dissidents and members of LGBTQ+ communities in ways that are inconsistent with human rights. Great care must be taken when enshrining these provisions in an international instrument.The upcoming negotiations are sure to be contentious, with wide areas of disagreement about the very broad scope of the Treaty already apparent  (as we discussed earlier). There is some agreement that the treaty should criminalize certain acts defined as  “core cybercrime.” EFF understands this to include crimes that inherently target information and communications technologies (ICTs)—a list of potential crimes can be found in Articles 2-6 of the Budapest Convention and include: illegal access to computing systems, illegal interception of communications, data interference, system interference, and misuse of devices. While even this core group of offenses has led to human rights problems in the past, some states would go further. New Zealand, Australia, UK and the US want to recognize new crimes, those where ICTs increase the scope, speed, and scale of the offense, at least to the extent information technologies are a factor. The US and Australia also point out that an online crime committed anonymously may play a role in framing what derivative crimes legitimately fall within the scope of the treaty. EFF addressed the Ad-Hoc Committee again on March 2, recommending that the objectives of this treaty should be dual: addressing specific challenges posed by cybercrime, on the one hand, and ensuring robust protections for human rights in cybercrime investigations, on the other. The scope of the treaty should be narrow, and content-based crimes such as hate speech, copyright infringement, and publishing misinformation must be categorically excluded. It is also essential that the scope of any convention be restricted to criminal matters, excluding national security, cybersecurity, cyberwarfare, or rules for internet governance.In our statement, we caution against casting too wide a net when deciding what crimes to include within this instrument. “Just because technology is used in the commission of a crime does not make that act a cybercrime, nor should the simple use of technology in the commission of an offense be an aggravating factor.  Content offenses such as misinformation, incitement to terror, and copyright infringement should be categorically excluded from the negotiations.”Covered offenses should be carefully articulated to avoid their misuse in ways that infringe fundamental human rights. Technologically-facilitated conduct is complex, and broadly scoped cyber crimes have been used to stifle legitimate and important activity. If the treaty negotiations are able to make progress despite these disagreements (which will be a challenge), surveillance and privacy questions will be important to watch, too. The treaty might include provisions that expand law enforcement powers and increase data sharing between governments. Broadly scoped investigative powers should not transform this instrument into a general-purpose vehicle for digital evidence gathering. Any cross-border investigative powers, in particular, should be carefully and narrowly crafted and remain closely linked to investigations of a specific, precisely worded criminal conduct. In other global treaty processes, attempts to recognize the obligation of countries to ensure surveillance powers are necessary and proportionate (a baseline requirement for any limitation on a human right) have met resistance. But basing cross- border digital evidence gathering on robust protection is imperative. As the UN Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) recently noted in an analysis: ”Agreeing on a common standard across States will almost certainly ultimately lead to a lower standard than one that would be achieved by identifying a high universal standard and asking States to “level up”. The concern is that, in order to address law enforcement’s jurisdictional problems, the substantive law will become weakened, giving law enforcement too-quick access with too- little due process. The trend towards universalization, in other words, could lead to a lowest common denominator in terms of due process.”Indeed, there is a real risk of a race to the bottom of privacy protections. Bearing in mind the global nature of the treaty, it will be crucial that human rights stay front and center during negotiations and that a race to the bottom in terms of human rights protections is avoided.   We welcome the fact that every non-governmental organization that requested to participate in this treaty process is able to register with the Ad-Hoc Committee, including  EFF, Derecho Digitales, Human Rights Watch, Access Now, Privacy International, and other civil society colleagues. This contrasts with many other negotiation processes, including those for the updated Protocol to the Budapest Convention, where civil society was excluded from listening or providing input during negotiations. For the UN treaty, multi-stakeholder participation should include attending committee sessions, making written submissions, and even speaking at the meetings. However, it remains to be seen if there will be opportunities for actual and meaningful participation of civil society organizations.  EFF supported Human Rights Watch’s oral intervention, which states, “building trust requires transparency and the involvement of civil society, including groups with digital security expertise and who work with vulnerable communities and individuals.”  We and our civil society colleagues have an important role in maintaining a focus on the human rights implications of the treaty and keeping rights at the center of the discussion. The Ad-Hoc committee meetings are live-streamed through March 11 on the UN Web TV website. # ⚓ Rolling Stone ☛ Ukraine’s_Plea_to_Unplug_Russia_From_the Internet_Is_Denied⠀⇛ Following Ukraine’s request to essentially disconnect Russian websites from the internet, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has responded explaining why they’re both unable and unwilling to take such unprecedented action. In a letter obtained by Rolling Stone from ICANN CEO Göran Marby to Ukraine’s Minister of Digital Transformation Mykhailo Fedorov, Marby acknowledged “the terrible toll being exacted against your country” by Russia, but explained why ICANN has denied the request. # ⚓ EFF ☛ Wartime_Is_a_Bad_Time_To_Mess_With_the_Internet⠀⇛ There is already heavy pressure on social media platforms. Russia is demanding that various companies from Facebook to Google and Netflix carry its state-sponsored content. The European Union, in an unprecedented move, has decided to prohibit the broadcasting and distribution of content by these outlets throughout the European Union, and Ukraine is asking the European Commission to do far more. But now the government of Ukraine has called on ICANN to disconnect Russia from the internet by revoking its Top Level domain names, “.ru”, “.рф” and “.su” from the root zone, in an attempt to make access to Russian websites and email difficult for people outside as well as inside of Russia. Ukraine also reached out to RIPE, one of the five Regional Registries for Europe, the Middle East and parts of Central Asia, asking the organization to revoke IP address delegation to Russia.  As a practical matter, some of these calls are essentially impossible; ICANN can’t just press a button and boot a country offline; RIPE can’t just revoke IP addresses. But those are not the only problems: remaking fundamental internet infrastructure protocols is likely to lead to a host of dangerous and long-lasting consequences. # ⚓ How_T-Mobile_took_over_Sprint,_destroyed_30,000_American jobs,_and_raised_phone_bills_with_the_help_of_Donald_Trump.⠀⇛ Google Fi can lease time on T-Mobile’s network for Google Fi and still charge less for it because of a few reasons, including no “free” phone subsidies. [...] T-Mobile is running leaner than ever, but they raise prices anyway. They absorbed Sprint, teetering on bankruptcy, for barely more than the outstanding cost of Sprint’s debt, ruined a competitor, got all of their customers, and then shut down Sprint’s towers and fired the “redundant” people causing 30,000 job losses in America. They’ve been doing it piecemeal to avoid any big headlines, so I’d have to link to a bunch of stories if I cited it. They do layoffs like Microsoft and IBM. And according to this site, 17% of T-Mobile’s employees say they took a pay cut in exchange for escaping that particular round of layoffs. Meanwhile, the Trump administration looked the other way on antitrust in the Sprint deal even though American consumers are obviously harmed when we go from four phone companies to three, in exchange for Deutche Telekom (T-Mobile) booking at least $195,000 of empty rooms at his hotel. (Although I’ve read other claims of as much as $250,000.) Turning Sprint around under Chapter 11 would have been better for American consumers, but Trump is an oligarch who was profiting off his office, like Vladimir Putin. It’s also coming to light that Trump helped Russians launder money and hide real estate assets in shell companies. Ruh roh. o § Monopolies⠀➾ # § Copyrights⠀➾ # ⚓ Torrent Freak ☛ FBI_Gains_Access_to_Sci-Hub_Founder’s Google_Account_Data⠀⇛ Sci-Hub founder Alexandra Elbakyan says that following a legal process, the Federal Bureau of Investigations has gained access to data in her Google account. Google itself informed her of the data release this week noting that due to a court order, the company wasn’t allowed to inform her sooner. # ⚓ Torrent Freak ☛ Premier_League_Wants_Cloudflare_to Expose_“HesGoal”_Operators⠀⇛ The Premier League has gone to court in the US, requesting CDN provider Cloudflare to help identify the owners of HesGoal.com. The site, which is by far the most popular pirate live streaming portal in the UK, broadcasts a wide range of sports including the top football matches. # ⚓ Creative Commons ☛ Episode_10:_Open_Culture_VOICES_– Jill_Cousins⠀⇛ Welcome to episode ten of Open Culture VOICES! VOICES is a vlog series of short interviews with open GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) experts from around the world. The Open Culture Program at Creative Commons aims to promote better sharing of cultural heritage in GLAMs collections. With Open Culture VOICES, we’re thrilled to bring you various perspectives from dozens of experts speaking in many different languages on what it’s like to open up heritage content online. In this episode, we’re joined by Jill Cousins, CEO & Director of The Hunt Museum in Limerick, Ireland. The Hunt Museum exhibits one of Ireland’s greatest private collections of Art and Antiquities, dating from the Neolithic Period to the 20th century. Jill has been pivotal in their work on digitization and opening up the collection to new audiences. Prior to joining The Hunt Museum, she was the Executive Director of Europeana Foundation. # ⚓ Creative Commons ☛ Episode_9:_Open_Culture_VOICES_– Stéphane_Chantalat⠀⇛ Welcome to episode nine of Open Culture VOICES! VOICES is a vlog series of short interviews with open GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) experts from around the world. The Open Culture Program at Creative Commons aims to promote better sharing of cultural heritage in GLAMs collections. With Open Culture VOICES, we’re thrilled to bring you various perspectives from dozens of experts speaking in many different languages on what it’s like to open up heritage content online. On this episode, Stéphane Chantalat, Head of the Computerization and Digitization of Collections Department at Paris Musées, shares his insights and experience with Open GLAM. # ⚓ EFF ☛ The_Campaign_to_Shut_Down_Crucial_Documentary Tool_youtube-dl_Continues_–_And_So_Does_the_Fight_to Save_It⠀⇛ The saga started two years ago, when the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) invoked the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) to demand that GitHub take down the repository for youtube-dl, claiming that the software breaks digital locks on videos and could allow people to save copies of songs from the major music labels that RIAA represents. Concerned about losing its crucial safe harbor from copyright liability, GitHub initially complied, sparking a widespread outcry. The tool has been around since 2006, and is used by journalists and activists to save eyewitness videos, by YouTubers to save backup copies of their own uploaded videos, and by people with slow or unreliable network connections to download videos in high resolution and watch them without buffering interruptions. As we explained then, youtube-dl doesn’t infringe or encourage the infringement of any copyrighted works, nor does it “circumvent” any technical protection measures on YouTube videos. But the developers made some small adjustments to remove any possible doubt, and GitHub promptly restored the repository. Sony Music, Warner Music, and Universal Music seem to be hoping German law will give them leverage that they can’t get in the United States. They are suing a small hosting provider, called Uberspace, on essentially the same theories that failed to impress GitHub (and EFF) two years ago. In fact, their case seems to be even weaker: Uberspace doesn’t even host youtube-dl – it simply hosts the youtube-dl homepage, which links to GitHub. But lawsuits like this can be expensive to fight, which means small companies may simply fold under pressure. But with help from GFF, Uberspace is standing up to the music labels. In a brief filed today, Uberspace explains that youtube-dl is simply a tool that doesn’t circumvent any digital locks, and therefore Uberspace can’t be compelled to take down the homepage. ╘══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╛ ¶ Lines in total: 5156 ➮ Generation completed at 02:41, i.e. 51 seconds to (re)generate ⟲