𝕿𝖊𝖈𝖍𝖗𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙𝖘 Bulletin for Saturday, March 04, 2023 ┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅ Generated Sun 5 Mar 02:43:19 GMT 2023 Created by Dr. Roy Schestowitz (𝚛𝚘𝚢 (at) 𝚜𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚣 (dot) 𝚌𝚘𝚖) Full hyperlinks for navigation omitted but are fully available in the originals The corresponding HTML versions are at 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈 Latest in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕 and older bulletins can be found at 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕-𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 Full IPFS index in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔 and as plain text in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔/𝒕𝒙𝒕 Gemini index for the day: gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2023/03/04/ ╒═══════════════════ 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐒 ════════════════════════════════════╕ Previous bulletins in IPFS (past 21 days, in chronological order): Qmckkfq1rqb7mTK7w6RbFZJjskRKcnUk8PdtMmcLwUhXgV QmVY5cAKghhEttE24TaNrAQgciJau5j7EoeaEmfjYdbLMD QmUUEWf3hsUuMVJFPVavJpe7kPpi5bCmXqN9PPz7qbVMEu QmVBn9QkCHpe2cDLPr9H2kyS7vx3eRh5a9NN8CDSJEKw58 QmYGXGQ6SW216dEJ4TMfGyb7yDMBF4n6zCEwza8SfCQjDJ QmbPtsyc7sJxSwGRbURzMBpmJpQAgABouVYWUyXdfGhcFh QmSCXZVE6CQ7coFZMzXzjrALhoFTURwUpGRmU6CktGzSQz QmPbC3tAdXsThGxVyQYA3w5ThD5inZGhqy6fsNKHm55vAM QmfXoJrbKnWSQ2LZPdcn6D62y58ADQrCM6VaEptoYdSLz7 QmVFthGmR5Kh2aG2L3dgjZk4cCYoHhxwUKnwVSzKutqpZ9 Qmb1ifnMR1HKQVZSvpC4pPPzaFprCcVWkqqqznNJrvKGMT QmRmM7KSPSMNkJa65wrPNTYM2RSbSjrTUjyFydLzyeS74W QmcGKU7J3P2cV9jwQZBuJGz5uH9cKMjzpiF2ZKW9ZitXGr QmfG9Hg56mJpukz1EZw428rJ2z6dqsninonxMjQ6Hu8nDX QmQvUGyavcKLCo8JSF7418NQWwTLC4ErwUkVYeHeqdzCrT QmNyiqRsuJ8mYSSPM3c4spDSbX4bhkrqvCphrF31fpb2KW QmcAUH8T4ETkZScFqRu8n6bEqqRbJAcFnJGixx9EE2ZYiU QmcW7igPjwuakQoqAFKLgEWuf7X4XRc2H47aaaeGGuYkZu QmVZGpabW7vqhi5jrMcuG5MN3juWDPETLBCqucD3oR9Y4h QmYsfcJqbqbG7Lv61Nnp5KFzRCGXPSY2WarbDwFVT1QSYR QmTb3VrVbb7rRUMkz7jNVmmUJ6JGUcyM851rUHNyemG88b ╒═══════════════════ 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐗 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⦿ IRC Proceedings: Friday, March 03, 2023 | Techrights ⦿ Sirius ’Open Source’ CEO Leaves Sirius | Techrights ䷼ Bulletin articles (as HTML) to comment on (requires login): http://techrights.org/2023/03/04/irc-log-030323/#comments http://techrights.org/2023/03/04/sirius-ceo-leaves-sirius/#comments ䷞ Followed by Daily Links (assorted news picks curated and categorised): http://techrights.org/2023/03/04/lots-of-fedora/#comments http://techrights.org/2023/03/04/mixxx-2-3-4/#comments ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 51 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2023/03/04/irc-log-030323/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2023/03/04/irc-log-030323/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 03.04.23⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ IRC_Proceedings:_Friday,_March_03,_2023⠀✐ Posted in IRC_Logs at 2:09 am by Needs Sunlight Also available via the Gemini protocol at: * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-techrights-030323.gmi * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-030323.gmi * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-social-030323.gmi * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-techbytes-030323.gmi Over HTTP: 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_HTML5 #boycottnovell_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_HTML5 #techbytes_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_text #boycottnovell_log_as_text 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_text #techbytes_log_as_text Enter_the_IRC_channels_now =============================================================================== § IPFS Mirrors⠀➾ CID Description Object type IRC log for  QmZ7nvYDzPE2RptdStWeumbDHmHBm3wSQUFepQuoMMhUBt #boycottnovell 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #boycottnovell  QmWAyoA44Fz4f8CsH9sqXk3VNYREpskJevDDVPhHUcJdXm (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) IRC 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═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2023/03/04/sirius-ceo-leaves-sirius/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2023/03/04/sirius-ceo-leaves-sirius/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 03.04.23⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Sirius_‘Open_Source’_CEO_Leaves_Sirius⠀✐ Posted in Free/Libre_Software at 12:02 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Liar?_No_more.⦈_ Summary: 3 months after my wife and I left Sirius_‘Open_Source’ the CEO is leaving as well ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠄⠌⠩⢩⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠒⠢⠞⣏⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠛⠛⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⣑⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢀⣠⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⢉⣻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣨⣵⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⣉⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⣿⣾⣿⡇⢰⣿⡟⣿⣧⠀⣿⣿⣀⣿⣿⠀⠛⠛⢸⣿⣿⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⣿⢿⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⠻⣿⣧⠀⣶⣶⣼⣿⡟⢠⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣧⣭⢹⣿⡇⣾⣿⡿⣿⣿⡆⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⠀⣭⣭⢨⣭⣴⣯⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣟⣛⣛⣛⡚⠛⣧⣟⡛⢣⣘⣛⣃⣛⣛⣤⣟⣻⣤⣟⣻⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠰⣴⠀⠀⠄⠠⠠⠶⠆⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⢻⣿⡿⢁⢳⠘⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠒⠀⠠⢍⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⡐⢀⠂⢣⣺⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠛⠛⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⢟⣄⣵⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢀⣠⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢙⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣻⣽⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⣉⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⢤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢁⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠄⠀⠁⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠒⠛⠋⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠈⠉⠛⠶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⡎⠁⠀⠀⠄⠂⠀⠠⠚⠛⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠃⠀⠀⢈⢩⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢀⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⢨⡗⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠛⠛⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠀⠀⢀⠶⢵⣟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢛⣷⣶⣦⣤⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⠀⠀⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⡠⣦⣈⡺⠒⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠁⢀⠄⠂⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠉⠭⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠛⠋⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠂⠀⠠⠾⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣬⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠰⠆⣻⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡆⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⡿⣡⣤⣤⡀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⢼⣿⣿⣿⢧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⡇⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣶⣾⡌⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⡛⠿⣦⣀⠙⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢀⢲⣻⣿⣶⡽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠉⠐⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡄⠀⠀⠀⢀⠠⠤⣺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢐⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⠀⡠⢀⠨⣡⣌⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⢹⣿⠿⠟⠽⠿⢿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⠁⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢐⣮⠀⢅⣸⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⡇⠁⣿⣿⣿⡏⠁⣿⣿⢿⣷⣦⠉⣴⣿⢿⣷⡎⢻⠀⠀⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡅⠀⠈⢈⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⡇⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⡟⣿⣷⠀⣿⣿⣀⣿⣿⠐⠛⠛⢸⣿⣿⢸⠁⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡄⠀⠀⣹⡽⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⡇⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⠻⣿⣧⠀⣶⣶⣼⣿⡟⢸⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⢀⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣧⣥⣿⣿⡇⣾⣿⡿⣿⣿⡆⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⠀⣭⣭⢉⣭⣴⡟⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣇⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣛⣛⣛⣛⡛⡛⠃⢛⣛⣣⣜⣛⣃⣛⣛⣐⣛⣛⣀⣛⣛⣼⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠆⠰⣶⠀⠶⠄⠠⠠⠶⠆⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢏⢣⡇⡇⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⡇⠀⠀⠹⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⢇⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⢫⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠛⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡆⠀⠀⠀⠐⣼⣿⣿⣿⢃⣤⣤⣄⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⡇⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⢸⣿⣿⣿⣋⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣙⠻⢷⣦⣙⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠬⢿⣾⣾⣿⣷⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠉⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡆⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⠀⣠⣦⣼⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢿⣿⡿⠟⠉⢉⣿⡿⠟⠿⠿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣮⠐⣯⢻⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⡇⠃⣿⣿⣿⡏⠃⣿⣿⢿⣿⣦⠉⣴⣿⢿⣷⡎⢻⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⡇⢀⡈⣻⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⡇⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⡟⣿⣷⠀⣿⣿⣠⣿⣿⠐⠛⠛⢸⣿⣿⢸⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠂⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⡇⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⠻⣿⣧⠀⣷⣶⣼⣿⡟⢸⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⢠⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣧⣤⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡆⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⠀⣭⣭⢉⣭⣴⡟⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣇⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣛⣛⣛⣛⡛⡛⠃⢛⣛⣣⣜⣛⣃⣛⣛⣀⣛⣛⣀⣛⣛⣼⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢼⠃⠀⠀⡀⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣣⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠉⠁⠀⠈⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⠀⠀⢀⣸⣿⣿⢿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣉⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⠀⠀⢬⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⡠⣦⣊⡾⠇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠿⠟⠁⢀⠔⠂⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠛⠉⠭⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⠄⠀⠠⠠⠀⠀⠠⠄⠂⠀⢠⡾⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣠⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠁⠀⠈⠼⢇⢿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡆⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⡟⣠⣶⣤⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⢱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡇⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢹⣿⣿⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⡎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢛⠿⣷⣄⡙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡆⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⡟⣠⣶⣤⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⢱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢹⣿⣿⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⡎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢛⠿⣷⣄⡙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⡘⢧⣰⣾⣿⣶⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠁⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡘⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⢅⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢿⠀⢀⣀⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢿⣿⡿⠋⠉⢩⣿⡿⠫⠿⠿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠻⠿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣮⠐⣰⡾⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⡇⠃⣿⣿⣿⡏⠁⣿⣿⢿⣿⣦⠉⣴⣿⢿⣷⡎⢻⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⡇⠀⡘⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⡇⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⡟⣿⣷⠀⣿⣿⣠⣿⣿⠐⠛⠛⢸⣿⣿⢸⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡇⠠⢀⣺⠿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⡇⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⠻⣿⣧⠀⣶⣶⣼⣿⡟⢸⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⢒⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣧⣥⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡆⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⠀⣭⣭⢉⣭⣴⡟⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣇⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣟⣛⣛⣛⡛⡛⡃⢛⣛⣣⣜⣛⣃⣛⣛⣀⣛⣛⣀⣛⣛⣸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⢀⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠉⠁⠀⠉⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⢰⣯⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⠀⠀⢀⢼⣿⣿⢟⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣉⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⠀⠀⢼⣽⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⡠⣦⣊⡽⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⡿⠟⠀⢀⠔⠂⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠉⠭⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⠄⠀⠠⠠⠀⠀⠠⠄⠂⠀⢠⡾⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣠⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠁⠀⠠⠿⢇⢿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡆⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⡟⣠⣴⣤⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⢱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢹⣿⣿⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⡎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢛⠿⣷⣄⡙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⡏⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣇⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡇⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠆⠲⣶⠀⢶⠄⠠⠰⠶⠆⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢏⢣⡇⡇⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⠇⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠉⠁⠀⠉⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⣀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⣼⢯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣉⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠀⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⡢⣮⣻⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⡿⠟⠁⢀⠔⠊⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠛⠩⠭⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⠤⠀⠠⠠⠀⠀⠠⠄⠂⠀⢠⡾⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢫⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣇⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡇⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠆⠲⣶⠀⢶⠄⠠⠰⠶⠆⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢏⢣⡇⡇⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠈⣙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠉⠁⠀⠉⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢽⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢀⣫⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣉⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠀⢼⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⠀⡣⣦⣻⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡿⠟⠁⢀⠔⠊⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠛⠫⠭⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⠤⠀⠠⠠⠄⠀⠠⠄⠂⠀⢠⡾⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣠⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁⠀⢩⣽⣧⢿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⢈⣷⢟⣾⣿⣿⡟⣠⣶⣤⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠘⢸⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠐⠘⣿⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢹⣿⣿⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠘⢖⡈⣛⠿⣷⣄⡙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠘⣸⢿⣻⣿⣿⣾⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠁⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡸⡇⠀⢸⣏⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⢿⢘⣫⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣋⠽⢯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣾⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡏⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⡻⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣯⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣇⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡇⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠆⠰⣶⠀⢶⠄⠠⠰⠶⠆⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢏⢣⡇⡇⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⡙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⠇⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠉⠁⠀⠉⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⠀⢀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣉⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⠀⡢⣦⣺⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡿⠟⠁⢀⠔⠊⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠛⠩⠭⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⠤⠀⠠⠠⠄⠀⠠⠄⠂⠀⣠⡾⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣠⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁⠀⢩⣽⣧⢿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⡇⠀⠀⣿⢟⣾⣿⣿⡟⣠⣶⣤⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠊⢸⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠰⠘⣿⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢹⣿⣿⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⡎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠒⢒⡈⣛⡿⣷⣄⡙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡃⠀⠀⠈⣛⣯⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡇⠀⢄⣽⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⢿⢈⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣫⢽⢯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣾⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣫⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣇⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡇⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠆⠰⣶⠀⢶⠄⠠⠰⠶⠆⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢏⢣⡇⡇⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⡙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢾⠇⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠉⠁⠀⠉⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⠀⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣉⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⠀⡢⣮⣻⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡿⠟⠁⢀⠔⠊⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠛⠩⠭⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⠤⠀⠠⠤⠄⠀⠠⠄⠂⠀⢠⡾⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣠⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁⠀⢨⣿⣧⢿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡆⠀⠀⣽⣟⣾⣿⣿⡟⣠⣶⣤⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠈⢸⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⡘⣿⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢹⣿⣿⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⡎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠘⢓⠈⣛⠿⣷⣄⡙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡆⠀⠀⠂⢛⡦⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡇⠀⢜⡕⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢐⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢫⢿⢐⣺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣋⢽⢯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣾⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡏⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣟⢯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣇⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡇⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠆⠰⣶⠀⢶⠄⠠⠰⠶⠆⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢏⢣⡇⡇⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⡾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⠇⠈⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣠⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⢶⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⠉⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⠠⢬⢙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠀⢼⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣾⣿⣶⣶⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⡢⣧⣺⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠾⠟⠁⢀⠔⠊⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠩⠭⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠄⠃⠀⢠⡾⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁⠀⢩⣿⣿⡺⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡆⠀⠈⣿⢿⣇⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠈⢉⢊⣸⣿⣿⣿⢧⣾⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠠⡂⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⣿⣿⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⢰⠶⢈⠻⣿⣿⣄⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⣷⢰⣿⣶⣿⣿⣷⣤⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡇⢠⡣⣓⣼⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠊⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣇⣬⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⡟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠆⠲⣶⠀⢶⠄⠠⠰⠶⠆⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡹⣰⢹⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠉⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠇⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⠀⢀⡸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠛⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⢿⣿⣿⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⢘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣋⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⠀⡣⣦⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠁⢀⠔⠊⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠛⠩⠭⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣤⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠄⠂⠀⢠⡾⠟⠛⠉⠉⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁⠀⢨⠻⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⢱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡆⠀⠀⢾⣻⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠜⣻⡿⣼⣿⣿⣿⠃⢀⣠⣄⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠠⠐⠈⠇⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠘⢠⠆⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⣉⣮⣝⡿⣿⣷⣬⡻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡇⠀⠈⡄⣨⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⢿⢈⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣫⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢐⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣾⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⡇⢢⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⡛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢪⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣨⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠆⠲⣶⠀⢶⠄⠠⠰⠶⠆⠀⢸⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢋⢎⡇⡇⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⣙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠇⠀⠺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢺⠀⢀⠨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠛⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⢿⣿⣿⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠸⢳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⠀⠠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠠⢸⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣋⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⠀⡡⣦⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠁⢀⠔⠊⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠛⠩⠭⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⠛⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣤⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠄⠃⠀⢠⡾⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁⠀⠩⢿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⢱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡇⠀⠀⣔⢿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠈⠸⣿⡻⣼⣿⣿⣿⠃⢀⣠⣄⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠠⠄⠉⠅⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠈⢁⡆⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣽⣾⣝⡿⣿⣷⣬⡻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠁⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡇⠀⢀⡀⣐⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠐⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⢿⢠⣹⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢫⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣮⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⡇⣦⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠈⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣈⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠆⠲⣶⠀⢶⠄⠠⠰⠶⠆⠀⢸⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢋⢎⡇⡇⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠈⠙⡽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢼⠇⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠟⠋⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⢝⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠀⢖⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⠀⡢⣧⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣯⣤⣦⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⠔⠊⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠩⠭⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⠛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠄⠃⠀⣠⡾⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁⠀⢉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⢱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢼⡆⠀⠀⣺⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠉⣺⠟⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠰⢀⠀⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⣴⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠲⠷⢽⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢾⣸⣷⣽⡻⣿⣿⣦⡈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡸⡇⠀⢠⣆⣴⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣬⣍⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢫⢿⢈⣤⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣮⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⡏⡾⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣿⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠍⢡⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣀⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠆⠰⣶⠀⢶⠄⠠⠰⠶⠆⠀⢸⣧⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣙⣼⡌⠉⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢠⡙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠇⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⠠⢰⡽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠟⠋⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⡇⠀⠈⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⡇⠀⠀⠙⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⢀⣿⣔⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠺⣺⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⡇⢀⣴⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣞⡿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡇⠀⢀⡩⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣌⡻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⢿⢰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣮⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡏⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⡻⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣻⣏⣭⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠆⠲⣶⠀⢶⠄⠠⠰⠶⠆⠀⢸⣇⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⠏⡜⡟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⠇⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⡤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⠉⠉⠉⠛⠻⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠠⣪⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⠀⡡⣯⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠊⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠛⠩⠭⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣡⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣄⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠠⠄⠃⠀⢠⡾⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠁⠠⠸⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⡇⠀⠰⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠐⠸⣼⣭⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⢨⣊⣓⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣀⣄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡆⠀⠀⠀⢧⣽⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡇⠀⢰⣳⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⢿⢀⣺⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣋⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣁⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣮⢘⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⡇⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣟⣿⣻⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢾⠿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠆⠰⣶⠀⢶⠄⠠⠰⠶⠆⠀⢸⣇⣽⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣹⡜⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡇⠀⠀⠈⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠃⠀⠀⠀⣏⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠠⣞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠋⠉⠉⠉⠙⠻⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣈⠀⠀⠀⠰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠀⠀⢀⡘⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⡠⣦⣀⡸⢼⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠉⠩⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠻⠿⢿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣡⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣄⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠄⠃⠀⠠⠾⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⢤⢿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡆⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⣺⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⣡⣙⡼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢿⣿⡹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⢹⣻⢱⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣀⣄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⠀⠆⠰⣶⠀⠲⠄⠠⠠⠶⠆⠀⢸⣇⣠⣾⣿⣿⣾⣿⣷⣼⣟⣷⣷⣽⣛⣛⣫⣾⣿⣷⣜⡻⣢⡛⣧⣛⣛⣶⣮⡙⣛⣛⣡⣄⣛⣛⣃⣛⣛⣀⠛⠛⢛⢃⣛⣛⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠀⠈⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠃⠀⠀⠰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⢈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠻⢿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣺⠀⠀⠀⣘⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⠀⠀⠀⠩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⡠⣦⣀⡸⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠔⠀⠁⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠉⠭⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⣀⣀⣀⣄⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⠀⠤⠄⠂⠀⠠⡾⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠐⠁⡽⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⢾⢿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⢙⠛⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣠⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢹⣿⣯⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣺⣿⣿⡎⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡋⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⢈⣵⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⠀⠀⠤⣌⢇⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠉⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣮⠀⡝⢘⡋⠛⠛⠛⠟⠛⠻⠿⠟⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣾⡿⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠿⣿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠟⢿⡿⠀⠀⠘⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⢐⣈⡅⢸⣿⣧⢸⣿⡇⢠⣾⡿⢿⣷⡝⣿⡏⢹⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⠀⣴⣿⡿⣿⣦⠁⣿⣿⡿⣿⣦⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡇⠀⠐⢻⡇⢸⣿⣿⣾⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡆⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣀⡐⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⡹⡂⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⣿⡇⢸⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡟⣿⣧⠀⣿⣿⠿⢇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡇⠀⠈⢀⣤⢸⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣧⣸⣿⡇⣿⡇⢸⣿⠘⣿⡟⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣇⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣤⡌⣭⣭⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠆⠰⣶⠀⢶⠄⠠⠠⠶⠆⠀⢰⣇⣠⣾⣿⣿⣾⣿⣷⣼⣟⣷⣷⣽⣛⣛⣫⣾⣿⣷⣜⡻⣢⡛⣧⣛⣛⣶⣬⡙⣛⣛⣡⣄⣛⣛⣃⣛⣛⣀⠛⠛⢛⢃⣛⣛⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠀⠈⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠒⢻⢿⣿⣷⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠁⣼⣿⡼⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣽⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣠⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠉⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡄⠀⠀⠀⠠⣀⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠹⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⠀⠀⡀⣨⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⢊⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⢠⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣮⠀⠀⡀⡁⠚⠚⠛⠟⠛⠻⡿⠿⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⣿⡿⠟⠻⢿⣿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⡿⠀⠀⠘⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡅⠀⢐⣦⡄⢸⣿⣧⢸⣿⡇⢠⣾⡿⢿⣷⡝⣿⡏⢹⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⠀⣴⣿⡿⣿⣦⠁⣿⣿⡿⣿⣦⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡇⠀⠈⣻⡃⢸⣿⣿⣾⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡄⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣀⡐⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⡇⠀⠰⣬⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⣿⡇⢸⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡃⣿⣿⡟⣿⣧⠀⣿⣿⠿⢇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡇⠀⠀⣀⣤⢸⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣧⣸⣿⡇⣿⡇⢸⣿⠘⣿⡟⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣇⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣤⡌⣭⣭⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⠀⠀⠰⣶⠀⠰⠄⠠⠠⠶⠆⠀⢠⣇⣴⣾⣿⣿⣾⣻⣧⣼⣛⣷⣷⣽⣛⣛⣫⣼⣿⣷⣜⢛⠀⠛⢧⣛⣛⣴⣮⣝⣛⣻⣵⣷⣟⣻⣧⣟⣻⣄⣛⣛⣛⣃⣛⣛⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣾⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢞⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠟⠛⠛⠻⠿⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠐⣹⢷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣧⣤⣴⣾⣯⣽⣿⡿⠿⠿⠟⠛⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣋⣁⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢤⢯⣽⠽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠚⠛⠋⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠉⠙⠛⠶⠮⣽⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠋⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣤⣄⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠼⠖⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⡇⣠⣶⣶⣶⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢞⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⢰⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠙⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣀⣝⡻⢿⣶⣄⡀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣽⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⢭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡌⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠚⠛⠿⠛⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⠧⠀⠠⣾⣿⠿⠛⠾⠿⢿⡿⠀⠀⠐⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣧⢸⣿⡇⢨⣾⡿⢿⣷⡝⣿⡏⢹⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⠈⣵⣿⡿⣿⣦⠀⣿⣿⡿⣿⣦⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣾⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⣻⡇⢸⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⠁⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣀⡐⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⣿⡇⢸⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⠂⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡟⣿⣧⠀⣿⣿⠿⣇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠆⠀⠀⣠⣴⢸⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣧⣸⣿⡇⣿⡇⢸⣿⠘⣿⡟⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣆⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣤⡍⣭⣽⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠰⣶⠀⠰⠄⠠⠠⠶⠆⠀⢀⣇⣴⣾⣿⣿⣾⣻⣧⣼⣛⣷⣷⣽⣛⣛⣫⣼⣿⣷⣜⢛⠀⠛⢧⣛⣛⣴⣮⣝⣛⣻⣵⣶⣟⣻⣧⣟⣻⣤⣛⣛⣛⣃⣛⣛⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1745 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 03.04.23⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Links_04/03/2023:_Lots_of_Fedora_and_Politics⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 12:36 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Audiocasts/Shows o Applications o Instructionals/Technical o Desktop_Environments/WMs # K_Desktop_Environment/KDE_SC/Qt # GNOME_Desktop/GTK * Distributions_and_Operating_Systems o SUSE/OpenSUSE o Fedora_Family_/_IBM o Debian_Family * Free,_Libre,_and_Open_Source_Software o Content_Management_Systems_(CMS) o Education o Programming/Development # Rust * Leftovers o Science o Hardware o Health/Nutrition/Agriculture o Proprietary o Privatisation/Privateering o Security # Integrity/Availability/Authenticity # Privacy/Surveillance o Defence/Aggression o Transparency/Investigative_Reporting o Environment # Energy/Transportation # Wildlife/Nature # Overpopulation o Finance o AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics o Censorship/Free_Speech o Freedom_of_Information_/_Freedom_of_the_Press o Civil_Rights/Policing o Monopolies # Trademarks # Copyrights * Gemini*_and_Gopher o Personal * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ Linux in the Ham Shack ☛ LHS_Episode_#498:_Dust_in_the Wind⠀⇛ Hello and welcome to Episode #498 of Linux in the Ham Shack. In this short topics episode, the hosts discuss upcoming opportunities for students to contact the ISS… # ⚓ Video ☛ elementary_OS_7.0_Quick_Overview_#shorts_– Invidious⠀⇛ A Quick Overview of elementary OS 7.0 # ⚓ Video ☛ How_to_install_Intellij_Community_edition_on_Linux Lite_6.2_–_Invidious⠀⇛ In this video, we are looking at how to install Intellij Community edition on Linux Lite 6.2. Enjoy! For the commands and more, look here: https: //www.linuxmadesimple.info/2023/03/how-to-install- intellij-community.html Background Music: Hills by Riot If you want to know more about us, look here! https://www.linuxmadesimple.info/2022/12/about- us.html # ⚓ Video ☛ No_ZDNET,_Linux_6.2_WILL_NOT_Run_On_M1_Macs_– Invidious⠀⇛ Recently this ZDNET article was making the rounds making some absolutely wild claims about the state of Asahi Linux and it’s ability to run on M1 macs, it’s not ready by any defintion, at least right now # ⚓ Video ☛ These_20_games_defined_the_Steam_Deck_in_February_– Steam_Deck_News_#74_–_Invidious⠀⇛ Sometimes it feels like there’s so much going on in the world of the Steam Deck that I just can’t keep up. Ya know? # ⚓ Video ☛ How_to_install_TUXEDO_OS_2._–_Invidious⠀⇛ In this video, I am going to show how to install TUXEDO OS 2. # ⚓ Video ☛ Most_Linux_Content_Creators_Are_Honest_(Not_All Though!)_–_Invidious⠀⇛ Have you ever watched a video from one of you favorite content creators and then suddenly got the feeling that you’ve heard those words before? # ⚓ Video ☛ Linux_Commands_in_60_Seconds_–_The_sed_Command_– Invidious⠀⇛ Linux Commands in 60 Seconds – A series of YouTube Shorts that covers very basic usage of many popular commands, one video at a time. o § Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Medevel ☛ 20_Best_Open-source_VoIP_Software_for_2023⠀⇛ What is a VoIP? VoIP is short for “voice over internet protocol” or, in more general terms, phone service over the internet. Therefore, VoIP technology enables traditional telephone services to run over a computer network. VoIP refers to the transmission of voice traffic over an internet connection. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ peppe8o ☛ Communication_between_two_Arduinos_by_Serial UART⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will use two Arduino Uno to communicate with each other via Arduino UART (universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter) communication. This communication is a # ⚓ Gentoo,_print_in_percent_of_all_available_packages_in_tree we_installed⠀⇛ $ echo "$((`eix --only-names -I | wc -l` * 100 / `eix --only-names | wc -l`))% of 100% packages from Gentoo Linux is installed" o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾ # ⚓ Qt ☛ What’s_new_for_QML_Modules_in_6.5⠀⇛ While QML_modules have existed for a long time, their use had been rather sparse before Qt 6. With the introduction of qt_add_qml_module in Qt 6, they have however become much more prevalent. And with good reason: Only by placing all related QML in a module can tooling like qmllint or the Qt Quick Compilers work correctly. # ⚓ Qt ☛ JUCE_x_Qt⠀⇛ Qt is used across many different industries, including the world of audio_and_music production_software. As someone who occasionally dabbles in music production, I’ve always been motivated to keep Qt on the map for these use-cases, and to improve things where we can. To that end, during our latest company hackathon, I decided to explore the world of audio plugins. # § GNOME Desktop/GTK⠀➾ # ⚓ This Week in GNOME ☛ Felix_Häcker:_#85_Preferred Installations⠀⇛ Update on what happened across the GNOME project in the week from February 24 to March 03. * § Distributions and Operating Systems⠀➾ o § SUSE/OpenSUSE⠀➾ # ⚓ Dominique Leuenberger ☛ openSUSE_Tumbleweed_–_Review_of_the week_2023/09⠀⇛ Dear Tumbleweed users and hackers, The weather is unpredictable and here changes from almost spring-like back to winter in a few days. In this world I am happy to have one constant: snapshot delivering 7 snapshots in as many days (0223…0301). Snapshot 0226 has not been announced to the mailing list as it did not contain any change of packages that are part of the DVD) The snapshots delivered these changes: # gimp 2.10.34 # Node.JS 19.7.0 # SQLite 3.41.0 # KDE Plasma 5.27.1 # NetworkManager 1.42.2 # MariaDB 10.10.3 # Linux kernel 6.2.0 & linux-glibc-devel 6.2 # cURL 7.88.1 # make 4.4.1 # Mesa 23.0.0 # AppArmor 3.1.3 (fixes for log format change in kernel 6.2) # zstd 1.5.4 o § Fedora Family / IBM⠀➾ # ⚓ Red Hat Official ☛ 5_ways_to_make_an_impact_on_your_IT community⠀⇛ Learn how to grow your network, engage with other technologists, and give back to the community. # ⚓ Fedora Magazine ☛ Fedora_Magazine:_How_to_use_a_YubiKey with_Fedora_Linux⠀⇛ This article explains how to configure Yubico’s YubiKey, a hardware_security_token, and Fedora Linux Workstation for typical use-cases such as logging into GDM, authentication for the sudo command, OpenSSH authentication and key management, or as a second-factor on the web. # ⚓ Fedora Project ☛ Fedora_Community_Blog:_Friday’s_Fedora Facts:_2023-09⠀⇛ Here’s your weekly Fedora report. Read what happened this week and what’s coming up. Your contributions are welcome (see the end of the post)! The F38 Beta freeze is in place. The current F38 Beta target is the early target date (2023-03-14). I have weekly office hours most Wednesdays in the morning and afternoon (US/Eastern time). Drop by if you have any questions or comments about the schedule, Changes, elections, or anything else. See the upcoming_meetings for more information. # ⚓ Fedora Project ☛ Fedora_Community_Blog:_CPE_Weekly_update_– Week_9⠀⇛ This is a weekly report from the CPE (Community Platform Engineering) Team. If you have any questions or feedback, please respond to this report or contact us on #redhat-cpe channel on libera.chat. We provide you both infographics and text version of the weekly report. If you just want to quickly look at what we did, just look at the infographic. If you are interested in more in depth details, look below the infographic. # ⚓ Remi Collet ☛ Remi_Collet:_PHP_version_8.1.17RC1_and 8.2.4RC1⠀⇛ Release Candidate versions are available in testing repository for Fedora and Enterprise Linux (RHEL / CentOS / Alma / Rocky and other clones) to allow more people to test them. They are available as Software Collections, for a parallel installation, perfect solution for such tests, and also as base packages. RPM of PHP version 8.2.4RC1 are available # as base packages # in the remi-php82-testrepository for Enterprise Linux 7 # in the remi-modular-testforFedora35-37 and Enterprise Linux ≥ 8 # as SCLin remi-test repository o § Debian Family⠀➾ # ⚓ Louis-Philippe_Véronneau:_Goodbye_Bullseye_—_report_from the_Montreal_2023_BSP⠀⇛ Hello World! I haven’t really had time to blog here since the start of the semester, as I’ve been pretty busy at work1. All this to say, this report for the Bug_Squashing Party we held in Montreal last weekend is a little late, sorry 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇:)⦈ First of all, I’m pleased to announce our local community seems to be doing great and has recovered from the pandemic-induced lull. May COVID stay away from our bodies forever. This time around, a total of 9 people made it to what has become somewhat of a biennial tradition2. We worked on a_grand_total_of 14_bugs and even managed to close some! # ⚓ Sven_Hoexter:_exfat-fuse_1.4_in_experimental⠀⇛ I know a few people hold on to the exFAT fuse implementation due the support for timezone offsets, so here is a small update for you. Andrew released 1.4.0, which includes the timezone offset support, which was so far only part of the git master branch. # ⚓ Russell Coker ☛ Russell_Coker:_Hyper_Threading_on_the_E5- 2696v3⠀⇛ I just did some quick tests of hyper-threading on my new E5-2696v3 CPU. I compiled the Linux 6.0.10 kernel with and without hyper-threading enabled. Here’s the times for “make -j36 bzImage” and “make -j36 modules” with HT enabled: real 2m26.540s user 55m25.121s sys 9m56.443s real 10m57.374s user 309m21.531s sys 58m1.070s # ⚓ Diziet ☛ Ian_Jackson:_Never_use_git_submodules⠀⇛ ✐ tl;dr⠀✐ git submodules are always the wrong solution. Yes, even the to the problem they were specifically invented to solve. * § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ o § Content Management Systems (CMS)⠀➾ # ⚓ WordPress ☛ The_Month_in_WordPress_–_February_2023⠀⇛ February has been an exciting month for the WordPress community, with the celebration of the first-ever WordCamp Asia bringing friends and contributors back together in person. But that’s not all; read on for the latest project updates. # ⚓ WordPress ☛ Let’s_Party:_Organize_your_WP20_Celebration!⠀⇛ Join WordPress enthusiasts from across the globe on May 27, 2023, as they come together to celebrate its 20th anniversary! Regardless of how you use WordPress or where you call home, you are invited to celebrate this great milestone. Plan a larger party that includes your entire meetup, spend the day coworking with a group of friends, or hang out virtually online. o § Education (not FOSS)⠀➾ # ⚓ Pro Publica ☛ New_Bill_Could_End_Police_Ticketing_in Illinois_Schools⠀⇛ A new bill in the Illinois House aims to stop schools from working with police to issue students tickets for minor misbehavior, a harmful and sometimes costly practice that many districts have continued despite pleas to stop from the state’s top education officials. An investigation by ProPublica and the Chicago Tribune revealed last year that school-based ticketing was rampant across Illinois, with police writing citations that can result in a fine of up to $750 for conduct once handled by the principal’s office. o § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ Systemd_Container_and_Podman_in_GitHub_CI [Ed: Everything that's wrong in one place: Microsoft/IBM systemd, Microsoft GitHub (proprietary), Podman (IBM), and containers (blobs typically)]⠀⇛ As D-Installer consists of several components like D-Bus backend, CLI or web frontend, we see a need to test in CI that each component can start and communicate properly with each other. For this we use a test framework and more importantly GitHub CI where we need a systemd container which is not documented at all. In the following paragraphs we would like to share with you how we did it so that so that each of you can be inspired by it or use it for your own project. § A Container Including Systemd We created a testing container in our build_service that includes what is needed for the backend and the frontend. After some iterations, we discovered that we depend on NetworkManager which is really coupled with systemd. Additionally, we needed to access the journal for debugging purposes, which also does not work without systemd. For those reasons, we decided to include systemd. # ⚓ MauiKit ☛ Maui_Release_Briefing_#_1⠀⇛ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ A new release is now available! – with internationalization – supporting multiple languages, introducing new libraries and apps, a more cohesive look- and-feel, and improvements to the current stack of apps.⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Today, we bring you a new special report on the Maui Project’s progress. Maui 2.2.1 was released about three months ago, and since then, we have added new features, bug fixes, and improvements to the Maui set of apps and frameworks; the Maui Shell components and new apps have been updated and pushed for a new release. The following blog post will cover changes and highlights from the last three months, which pave the road for a Maui Desktop environment for convergence. § Community To follow the Maui Project’s development or say hi, you can join us on Telegram:https://t.me/ mauiproject. # ⚓ Niko_Matsakis:_Trait_transformers_(send_bounds,_part_3)⠀⇛ I previously introduced the_“send_bound”_problem, which refers to the need to add a Send bound to the future returned by an async function. This post continues my tour over the various solutions that are available. This post covers “Trait Transformers”. This proposal arose from a joint conversation with myself, Eric Holk, Yoshua Wuyts, Oli Scherer, and Tyler Mandry. It’s a variant of Eric Holk’s inferred_async_send_bounds proposal as well as the work that Yosh/Oli have been doing in the keyword_generics group. Those posts are worth reading as well, lots of good ideas there.1 § Core idea: the trait transformer # ⚓ Mozilla ☛ Mozilla_Performance_Blog:_Ancient_Bug_Discovered in_the_Visual_Metrics_Processing_Script⠀⇛ Recently, we had an odd regression in our page load tests. You can find that bug_here. The regression was quite large, but when a developer investigated, they found that the regression looked more like an improvement. Below you can see an example of this, and note how the SpeedIndex of the Before video shows up before the page is loaded. You can also see that in the After video the page seems to load faster (less frames with gray boxes) even though we have a higher SpeedIndex. # § Rust⠀➾ # ⚓ Adam_Young:_Hello_World_in_rust_on_ARM64_includes_a lot_of_code⠀⇛ I had not taken the time to try and work with Rust on ARM64 in the past. Since I was doing disassembly of simple C programs on an one of our servers, I figured it couldn’t hurt to try the same thing with rust. * § Leftovers⠀➾ o ⚓ 2023-03-03_Obituary_Editor⠀⇛ o ⚓ Hackaday ☛ Will_Carmakers_Switch_Clay_For_Computers?⠀⇛ The 3D printing revolution has transformed a lot of industries, but according to [Insider Business] the car industry still uses clay modeling to make life-sized replicas of new cars. The video below shows a fascinating glimpse of the process of taking foam and clay and making it look like a real car. Unlike the old days, they do use a milling machine to do some rough work on the model, but there’s still a surprising amount of manual work involved. Some of the older film clips in the video show how hard it was to do before the CNC machines. o ⚓ The Gray Zone ☛ House_overwhelmingly_approves_resolution_to maintain_Syria_sanctions_after_earthquake⠀⇛ o ⚓ 2023-03-03_‘It_is_forgotten_that_prisoners_are_earthquake survivors,_too’⠀⇛ o ⚓ 2023-03-03_Preventing_aid_deliveries,_detaining_journalists: Rights_group_documents_violations_after_quakes⠀⇛ o ⚓ 2023-03-03_At_least_182_workers_killed_on_the_job_in_February, including_over_90_in_earthquakes⠀⇛ o ⚓ Another_dog_rescued_from_debris_weeks_after_Türkiye_earthquakes⠀⇛ Two dogs were rescued from the rubble in three days in Hatay, southern Türkiye. o ⚓ Lawyers’_group_files_complaint_against_religious_authority_over ‘child_marriage’_statement⠀⇛ In response to a question about the adoption of child survivors of the earthquakes, Diyanet had said there was no obstacle to a marriage between an adopter and an adoptee. o § Science⠀➾ # ⚓ Hackaday ☛ The_Curved_Nature_Of_Time_Clock⠀⇛ While we’re told that space-time curves, we aren’t sure that was what [andrei.erdei] was going for when he built a great-looking curved LED clock. The LEDs are courtesy of a strip of 84 WS2812 smart LEDs, the curve comes from a 3D printed part, and a Wemos D1 mini provides the brains. # ⚓ Hackaday ☛ Daniel_Valuch_Chats_About_CERN’s_High_Caliber Hacking⠀⇛ For those of us who like to crawl over complex systems, spending hours or even days getting hardware and software to work in concert, working at places like NASA or CERN seems like a dream job. Imagine having the opportunity to turn a wrench on the Space Shuttle or the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) — not only do you get to spend some quality time with some of the most advanced machines ever produced, you can be secure in the knowledge that your work will further humanity’s scientific understanding of the universe around us. o § Hardware⠀➾ # ⚓ Ruben Schade ☛ Breaking_a_Commodore_16_key,_and retrocomputer_storage⠀⇛ Last weekend I was working on my 1984 Commodore 16, like a gentleman, trying to figure out why warm restarts don’t work. The machine can be switched on after a few minutes of being off, but the reset button doesn’t work, and flicking the power switch to simulate a warm reboot does nothing. The Commodore Plus/4 resets exactly as I expected when pressing its reset and power buttons, so I knew how the function was supposed to work on these 264-line of machines. I’d just reassembled the machine having probed its reset lines with my adorable new budget oscilloscope (a subject for another post), when I stood up and bumped the machine clean off the table. On its journey to the floor, the 6 keycap somehow popped off, sending the spring flying and snapping off its post from the board. I couldn’t believe it; it had literally just been sitting there. I have a spare parts board from the VC-20 I can use, though it will require desoldering and reattaching the shift lock key to gain access. It shouldn’t be too difficult, I hope. But it still sucks. # ⚓ Hackaday ☛ Supercon_2022:_Michael_Whiteley_Saves_The Badge⠀⇛ Michael Whiteley (aka [compukidmike]) is a badgelife celebrity. Together, he and his wife Katie make up MK Factor. They have created some of the most popular electronic conference badges. Of course, even experts make mistakes and run into challenges when they dare to push the envelope of technology and delivery schedules. In his Supercon 2022 talk, There’s No Rev 2: When Badgelife Goes Wrong, Mike shares details from some of his worst badge snafus and also how he managed to gracefully pull them back from the edge of disaster. # ⚓ Hackaday ☛ Defender_Arcade_Rebuilt_To_Settle_A_Childhood Memory⠀⇛ [Jason Winfield] had a nemesis: the Defender arcade machine. Having put quite a number of coins into one during his childhood, he’s since found himself as a seasoned maker, and decided to hold a rematch on his own terms. For this, he’s recreated the machine from scratch, building it around the guts of a Dell laptop, and he tells us the story what it took to build a new Defender in this day and age. # ⚓ Hackaday ☛ All_The_USB_You_Can_Do_With_A_CH552⠀⇛ Recently, you might have noticed a flurry of CH552 projects on Hackaday.io – all of them with professionally taken photos of neatly assembled PCBs, typically with a USB connector or two. You might also have noticed that they’re all built by one person, [Stefan “wagiminator” Wagner], who is a prolific hacker – his Hackaday.io page lists over a hundred projects, most of them proudly marked “Completed”. Today, with all these CH552 mentions in the Hackaday.io’s “Newest” category, we’ve decided to take a peek. # ⚓ Hackaday ☛ PCB_Makes_7_Segment_Displays⠀⇛ Of course, there’s nothing unusual about using 7- segment displays, especially in a clock. However, [Edison Science Corner] didn’t buy displays. Instead, he fabricated them from a PCB using 0805 LEDs for the segments. You can see the resulting clock project in the video below. o § Health/Nutrition/Agriculture⠀➾ # ⚓ Modern Diplomacy ☛ Breeders_of_new_fish_hope_to_tickle taste_buds_of_salmon,_cod_and_tuna_lovers⠀⇛ Fish farming can make food supplies more stable while itself becoming more sustainable, according to researchers in Hungary and Norway. By Pieter Devuyst Attention seafood lovers! Gabor Hetyey strongly recommends a new dish: fried catfish. # ⚓ Scheerpost ☛ ‘Get_Our_Grandkids_Out’:_East_Palestine Residents_Erupt_at_Norfolk_Southern_Meeting⠀⇛ “Every day that this community doesn’t have relocation options,” said local organizers, “is another day this community is in crisis.” # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ East_Palestine_Residents_Confront_Norfolk Southern_at_Town_Hall_Meeting⠀⇛ # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Rail_Industry_Has_Spent_$654_Million_on Federal_Lobbying_Over_Past_20_Years:_Analysis⠀⇛ A new analysis by the campaign finance watchdog OpenSecrets found that the rail industry has spent $653.5 million on federal lobbying over the past two decades as it has worked—often successfully—to fight off stricter safety regulations and antitrust enforcement. # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ East_Palestine_Residents_Erupt_at_Norfolk Southern_Meeting,_Demanding_Company_Evacuate_Town⠀⇛ At a town hall meeting in East Palestine, Ohio Thursday night, hundreds of residents had their first chance to directly confront the rail company responsible for the train derailment that took place in the town last month, and used the opportunity to share their outrage over Norfolk Southern’s failure to keep residents safe following its release of toxic chemicals from the crash site. # ⚓ NYPost ☛ Andrew_Tate’s_legal_team_says_he_has_tumor,_asks he_be_treated_in_Dubai⠀⇛ The self-proclaimed misogynist has been consulting with doctors in Dubai about his “serious health condition,” a report said. # ⚓ NYPost ☛ Plastic_particles_pass_from_pregnant_mother_to fetus:_‘concerning’_rat_study⠀⇛ “Much remains unknown, but this is certainly cause for concern and follow-up study,” Rutgers professor Philip Demokritou said. # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Moscow_researcher,_who_helped_create_the_Sputnik_V COVID-19_vaccine,_reportedly_killed_in_domestic_dispute_— Meduza⠀⇛ Andrey Botikov, one of the creators of the Sputnik V vaccine against COVID-19, was reportedly killed in north-west Moscow, during a domestic dispute. Botikov was an employee of Moscow’s Gamaleya National Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology. # ⚓ FAIR ☛ Makani_Themba_on_Jackson_Crisis⠀⇛ # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Woman_Arrested_in_South_Carolina_for_Allegedly Taking_Abortion_Pills_in_2021⠀⇛ # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Walgreens_Restricting_Abortion_Pill_Sales_Due_to Coordinated_GOP_Threat⠀⇛ o § Proprietary⠀➾ # ⚓ Pro Publica ☛ How_to_File_Taxes_for_Free_Without_TurboTax⠀⇛ Intuit, the Silicon Valley software giant behind TurboTax, doesn’t provide the only way to file your taxes electronically, but it has captured the market share like no other. For over two decades, Intuit waged a campaign to prevent the federal government from making filing taxes simple and free for most taxpayers. The company spent millions of dollars on lobbying to restrict the IRS from creating its own free filing system, all while growing its multibillion-dollar franchise. # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ AI_Chatbots_are_Even_Scarier_Than_You Think⠀⇛ A New York Times reporter has a creepy experience Among the most read stories in the NYTimes in the last few weeks was the one by tech reporter Kevin Roose about his unsettling experience with Bing, the updated search engine by Microsoft. Initially delighted by its capabilities and speed, he changed his mind after discovering that Bing’s Open AI Chatbot was creepy. After a brief, getting acquainted period involving online searches and basic questions about AI capabilities, Roose began to get personal. Posing his questions as hypotheticals, he put the bot on the couch, probing its inner life. He asked about his analysand’s desires, fears and animosities. After some resistance, Sydney (the bot’s emerging alter ego) opened up, and out poured a surprising series of confessions and professions. o § Privatisation/Privateering⠀➾ # ⚓ Michael West Media ☛ Privatisation:_essential_services_must stay_in_public_hands⠀⇛ o § Security⠀➾ # § Integrity/Availability/Authenticity⠀➾ # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Dish_Network_Finally_Acknowledges_Huge Hack_After_Days_Of_Not_Answering_Questions⠀⇛ Early this week reports began to emerge that Dish Network was suffering from a widespread outage that effectively prevented a large chunk of the company’s employees from being able to work for more than four days. Initially, Dish tried to downplay the scope of the problem in press reports, only stating that they’d experienced an ambiguous “systems issue.” # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Facial_Recognition_Pitches_In_To_Help_Cops Arrest_A_Maryland_Man_For_A_Crime_He_Didn’t_Commit⠀⇛ Facial recognition tech needs more work. It’s not great. Even when it’s good, it’s still pretty bad. While it performs well when identifying people not often considered to be criminal suspects (middle-aged white men), it’s far less accurate when identifying everyone else (minorities, women). o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Russian_pilot_who_bombed_Kharkiv_gets_12-year prison_term_in_Ukraine_—_Meduza⠀⇛ A court in Ukraine sentenced a Russian service member to 12 years in prison, finding him guilty of violating the laws and customs of war, reports Ukraine’s Prosecutor General. # ⚓ The Gray Zone ☛ Top_Biden_officials_address_pro-war_rally led_by_Ukrainian_Nazi_supporters⠀⇛ # ⚓ Press Gazette ☛ AP’s_journalism_from_Mariupol_‘saved_tens of_thousands_of_civilians’⠀⇛ AP journalists were the only international team to remain in Mariupol when it was under siege. # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Boston’s_Home_Grown_Nazis⠀⇛ Nazis of Copley Square: The Forgotten Story of the Christian Front by Charles R. Gallagher (Harvard University Press) Last year, the white supremacist militia the Patriot Front (PF) marched through the streets of Boston two days before annual July 4th celebrations. About one hundred PF members in a tight phalanx carried American flags and marched past many of the historical sights of the Revolutionary War and Abolitionist eras. They also attacked and injured an African-American man before they rallied outside the majestic Boston Public Library in Copley Square. # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Administration_in_occupied_part_of_Zaporizhzhia names_Melitopol_regional_capital_—_Meduza⠀⇛ The administration of the part of Zaporizhzhia currently occupied by Russian forces has announced that occupying authorities will consider Melitopol the regional capital. # ⚓ Atlantic Council ☛ What_if_Ukraine_had_lost?⠀⇛ Perhaps the best way to illustrate the perils of appeasing Putin with a premature peace deal is by imagining where the world would be today if Ukraine had indeed fallen one year ago, writes Peter Dickinson. # ⚓ Atlantic Council ☛ #BalkansDebrief_–_Is_a_deal_on normalization_between_Kosovo_&_Serbia_possible?_|_A_debrief with_Miroslav_Lajčák⠀⇛ Nonresident Senior Fellow Ilva Tare speaks with Miroslav Lajčák, EU Special Representative for the Belgrade-Pristina Dialogue and other Western Balkan regional issues, on this episode of #BalkansDebrief about the latest meeting in Brussels, details of the EU brokered plan, implementation of any future agreement, and the path forward. # ⚓ Scheerpost ☛ China’s_Peace_Plan_for_Ukraine⠀⇛ It will be attractive to the Global South, writes Tony Kevin. It will cause consternation in the Western war party camp. # ⚓ Scheerpost ☛ Atlanta_Activists_Say_Prosecutors_Plan_to Indict_Them_on_RICO_Charges⠀⇛ Atlanta, GA – Community organizations involved in the ongoing campaign to defend the South River Forest outside Atlanta, Georgia and ‘Stop Cop City’ say state prosecutors are planning on releasing indictments in the coming weeks charging them as a “criminal organization” under RICO statutes. # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Possible_drone_explosion_southeast_of_Moscow, wreckage_not_yet_found_—_Meduza⠀⇛ A drone may have exploded in Kolomna, a town approximately 70 miles southeast of Moscow. Law enforcement officials have told TASS that locals heard an explosion on the evening of March 2. # ⚓ Meduza ☛ FSB_publishes_edited_video_footage_of_‘Ukrainian saboteur_attack’_in_the_Bryansk_region_—_Meduza⠀⇛ The FSB has published a video of the “attack by Ukrainian saboteurs,” which the Russian authorities reported on March 2. It is the first video footage to emerge in the day since that has passed since the attack. The footage appears to be heavily edited. # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Russian_man,_who_tried_to_swim_from_Crimea_to Odesa_to_fight_for_Ukraine,_sentenced_to_six_years_in_prison —_Meduza⠀⇛ The Russian-controlled Supreme Court of Crimea sentenced a 40-year-old resident of St. Petersburg to six years in prison. The man attempted to swim from Crimea to Odesa to join the war on Ukraine’s side. # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ On_Biden_Turning_Down_China’s_Push_for Peace_Deal_in_Ukraine⠀⇛ There’s something irrational about President Biden’s knee-jerk dismissal of China’s 12-point peace proposal titled “China’s Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis.” # ⚓ The Strategist ☛ Australia’s_armed_forces_must_be_ready_for the_worst⠀⇛ Kim Beazley recalls the 1980s when he oversaw a restructuring of Australia’s military establishment comfortable in the knowledge that no major attack was likely in the coming decade. # ⚓ The Strategist ☛ Australia_has_had_some_Pacific_wins,_but there’s_no_cause_for_complacency⠀⇛ China’s growing influence in the Pacific islands region hasn’t ended, but there are signs that it’s slowed, especially on security issues. # ⚓ Meduza ☛ ‘Part_of_the_policy_of_terror’:_How_Russia captures_civilians_to_achieve_its_aims_in_Ukraine_—_Meduza⠀⇛ # ⚓ The Dissenter ☛ March_To_Iraq_War,_20_Years_Later:_March_3, 2003⠀⇛ # ⚓ FAIR ☛ Major_US_Outlets_Found_Hersh’s_Nord_Strom_Scoop_Too Hot_to_Handle⠀⇛ Scores of hits from publications across the globe pop up from an internet search for veteran investigative reporter Seymour Hersh’s claim that the US destroyed Russia’s Nord Stream gas pipeline. o § Transparency/Investigative Reporting⠀➾ # ⚓ The Dissenter ☛ Unauthorized_Disclosure:_Subscriber_Show For_March_3⠀⇛ # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Watchdogs_Call_BS_on_Jim_Jordan’s_FBI Witnesses_Claiming_Whistleblower_Status⠀⇛ Government watchdogs on Friday accused Republicans on the U.S. House Judiciary Committee of illegitimate “theatrics” as Democrats released a 300-page report outlining major weaknesses in the GOP’s investigation into supposed political bias at the FBI. # ⚓ American Oversight ☛ 2023-03-03_American_Oversight’s Statement_on_Law_Forward’s_Ethics_Complaint_Against_Michael Gableman⠀⇛ # ⚓ American Oversight ☛ 2023-03-03_News_Roundup:_Missouri’s Anti-Transparency_Bill,_Election_Denial,_and_the Constitutional_Sheriffs_Movement⠀⇛ o § Environment⠀➾ # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ ‘Tomorrow_Is_Too_Late’:_Climate_Strikers Target_Fossil_Fuel_Financing_Worldwide⠀⇛ “It’s time to end fossil finance because #TomorrowIsTooLate!” # § Energy/Transportation⠀➾ # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Appeals_Court_Dumps_Another_Coal_Company CEO’s_Defamation_Suit,_Says_Mislabeling_Convicted_CEO Not_Actually_Libelous⠀⇛ This isn’t about Bob Murray. # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Feds_‘Cave_to_PG&E,’_Allowing California_Nuclear_Plant_to_Keep_Operating_Sans_Safety Review⠀⇛ In a move blasted by one environmental group as a “cave to PG&E,” the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission on Thursday approved the criminal corporation’s continued operation of California’s last nuclear power plant without a renewed license or safety review while it seeks a 20-year-extension. # § Wildlife/Nature⠀➾ # ⚓ The Revelator ☛ Time_Is_Running_Out_to_Restore_Plants and_Animals_That_Exist_Only_in_Captivity⠀⇛ # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ ‘Plasticosis’:_Researchers_Discover New_Disease_Sickening_Seabirds⠀⇛ A newly discovered disease is sickening seabirds, and it’s not caused by a virus or bacteria—it’s caused by ingesting the increasingly ubiquitous bits of plastics contaminating land, air, and sea. # § Overpopulation⠀➾ # ⚓ Barbara_Malthusian_Hubbard:_From_Limits_to_Growth_to UN_Agenda_2030⠀⇛ Did Barbara Marx Hubbard call for the culling of one-fourth of the human population? John Klyczek investigates the truth about the Malthusian bent of Hubbard’s “co-creative” gospel of “conscious” transhuman evolution. o § Finance⠀➾ # ⚓ Modern Diplomacy ☛ 2023-03-04_Tackling_Economic_Inequality through_Progressive_Public_Policy:_A_Call_to_Action⠀⇛ # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ TX_Lawmaker_Proposes_Tax_Cuts_for_Straight Parents_Who_Have_Never_Been_Divorced⠀⇛ # ⚓ Robert Reich ☛ Debunking_“No_One_Wants_To_Work_Anymore”⠀⇛ # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Tinkoff_suspends_currency_transfers_to_Georgia_one week_after_coming_under_E.U._sanctions_—_Meduza⠀⇛ On February 25, 2023, Tinkoff bank came under sanctions from the European Union. The restrictions involve freezing the bank’s assets in the European Union, banning European companies from dealing with it, and disconnecting it from SWIFT. # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ US_Is_Maintaining_Tensions_With_North_Korea_to Draw_in_Allies_Against_China⠀⇛ # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Lawmakers_Quietly_Gave_Weapons_Firms_a_Bailout for_So-Called_Inflation_Relief⠀⇛ # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Sanders_Rejects_Starbucks_Request_for Subordinate_to_Testify_Instead_of_CEO_Schultz⠀⇛ Sen. Bernie Sanders vowed Thursday to move ahead with a planned vote to force Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz to testify on the company’s numerous labor law violations after the coffee chain offered up other executives to appear in the billionaire’s place. # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ The_Guardrails_Against_Greed_Capitalism Must_Have⠀⇛ I’m not surprised that migrant children who have been coming into the United States from Latin America without their parents, fleeing violence and poverty, have ended up in some of the most punishing jobs in the country. # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ 200+_Top_US_Economists_to_Congress:_Raise Debt_Ceiling_or_Face_‘Frightening’_Crisis⠀⇛ More than 200 top U.S. economists warned congressional leaders Thursday that a failure to raise the debt ceiling would likely spark a devastating economic crisis, rattling global financial markets and killing jobs nationwide. # ⚓ Michael West Media ☛ First_home_buyer_lending_hits_six-year low⠀⇛ Interest rate hikes and the rising cost of living are starting to bite Australians seeking their first home. The Australian Bureau of Statistics reported on Friday the number of new owner-occupier first home buyer loan commitments fell 8.1 per cent in January – its lowest level since February 2017. # ⚓ Mexico News Daily ☛ Peso_continues_to_strengthen;_hits_best level_against_the_dollar_since_2017⠀⇛ The peso has gained 7.88% in value against the U.S. currency in 2023, making it the best performing major currency in the world this year. o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾ # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ DOJ_Says_Trump_Can_Be_Sued_for_January_6 Speech⠀⇛ # ⚓ Telex (Hungary) ☛ 334,000_Hungarians_disappeared_– preliminary_census_results_reveal⠀⇛ # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ The_Far-Right’s_Culture_Wars_Are_Just_a Distraction_So_Oligarchs_Can_Keep_Looting_the_Working_Class⠀⇛ Marjorie Taylor Greene is calling for an American “divorce.” # ⚓ Telex (Hungary) ☛ European_Commission:_The_EU’s_long- standing_position_on_member_states_not_having_embassies_in Jerusalem_is_unchanged⠀⇛ # ⚓ Modern Diplomacy ☛ The_Unpredictable_World_and_the_Lust_for Power⠀⇛ As the world becomes increasingly unpredictable and power dynamics shift, nations grapple with the desire for influence and control. From rising powers like China and Russia to established players like the United States, countries are jockeying for position and seeking to shape the international system in their image. T # ⚓ Modern Diplomacy ☛ If_Trump_Returns_as_President:_An Existential_Threat_to_the_United_States⠀⇛ Credo quia absurdum, “I believe because it is absurd”-Tertullian There are many reasons to fear Donald J. Trump’s return to the White House, but one remains especially worrisome. It stems from the former president’s conspicuous ignorance of international law and US foreign policy. # ⚓ The Nation ☛ Protests_Against_AMLO’s_Reforms_Reveal_the Strongholds_of_Mexico’s_Ancien_Régime⠀⇛ Mexico City—The ongoing protests against Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s reforms to the National Electoral Institute, or INE by its Spanish acronym, must be understood in the context of the opposition’s declining sway. # ⚓ The Nation ☛ Ron_DeSantis’s_Struggle⠀⇛ For someone who loudly announces his principled devotion to the American civic and constitutional order, Ron DeSantis spends a lot of time feeling besieged by it. In his new campaign memoir, The Courage to Be Free, the Florida Republican governor offers a rolling litany of cultural and ideological persecution, which he seems to experience anew with each passing breath. The grim saga starts with his young adulthood as a Yale undergraduate and carries right on through to his authoritarian tour in the governor’s mansion. There, his eager prosecution of culture-war inquisitions has drawn virtually every Sunshine State institution—from the courts and the K-12 and university system to the Covid-besotted “biomedical security state” to the Disney Corporation—into its book-banning, tenure- decimating, vote-suppressing, and tax-assessing sights. # ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ DeSantis’s_Educational_Policies_Come_Right Out_of_the_Fascist_Playbook⠀⇛ Fascism in its different forms has always thrived on attacking teachers, schools, critical ideas, democratic values, and allegedly unpatriotic groups while stifling dissent in the alleged name of freedom. Ron DeSantis is a religious, political, and ideological demagogue whose view of power is as ruthless as it is opportunistic. He views academic freedom and freedom of speech as liabilities to be stamped out, not unlike what happened in Nazi Germany. He has weaponized the government to punish industries such as Disney who challenged his “don’t say gay” bill. The dangerous nature of this precedent should be clear, particularly regarding how it resonates with tactics used in repressive regimes in the past.[1] He has signed into law Bill 233 which requires Florida’s public colleges and universities to conduct annual surveys of students’ and faculty members’ beliefs in order “to determine the institutions’ levels of ‘intellectual freedom and viewpoint diversity’.” One can only assume that those with views at odds with DeSantis’s view of history, politics, and authority will be labeled as “unpatriotic” and will be pressured to conform to his indoctrinating pedagogy and policies or lose their jobs. This is not unlike what happened in the witch hunts conducted during the McCarthy era by the House Committee on Un-American Activities in the 1950s in which a number of faculty were fired for having alleged subversive views.[2] In addition, DeSantis’s banning ideas, and entire fields of study–such as gender and race studies– aims to turn learning at the college and university levels into a form of stupidity, one whose ultimate goal is to undercut the ability of young people to think critically, learn from history, and make power accountable. Every level of education is under siege in Florida. Regarding public education, DeSantis intensifies and expands a policy of erasure and manufactured ignorance that is endemic to the GOP which provides the driving momentum for a nationwide banning of books and restrictions on teaching about race and gender in public schools. As Julianne Malveaux notes, “More than 1600 books have been banned in 138 school districts in 33 states so far, as the momentum for ignorance is increasing. Among the banned books – Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye and Beloved; and Margaret Atwood’s, The Handmaid’s Tale.”[3] In addition, as Sarah Schwartz points out in Education Week: “Since January 2021, lawmakers in 44 states have introduced bills or other policies that would restrict how teachers can discuss racism and sexism, according to an Education Week analysis. Eighteen states have imposed these bans.”[4] # ⚓ Scheerpost ☛ Ralph_Nader:_Prairie_Populist,_Honest_Senator James_Abourezk,_Fearless_Fighter_for_Justice⠀⇛ By Ralph Nader Most citizen advocates who work with U.S. senators on a wide variety of issues probably would agree that the late South Dakota Democrat, James Abourezk, was one of a kind. It was not that he was so honest, so down to earth, or so engaging with friend and foe alike. # ⚓ Democracy Now ☛ Opposition_Disputes_Nigeria’s_Election Results_After_Ruling_Party’s_Bola_Tinubu_Declares_Victory⠀⇛ Opposition parties are disputing the results of Saturday’s presidential election in Nigeria, where the country’s Independent National Electoral Commission has declared the winner to be Bola Tinubu of the ruling All Progressives Congress party. The former governor of Lagos played a key role in helping outgoing Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari win two terms in office and campaigned using the slogan “It’s my turn.” Tinubu received about 36% of the vote, and turnout was under 30%. Several of Tinubu’s challengers have disputed the results, alleging fraud, while election observers and voters have cited delays, closures and violence at voting sites. For more on how the election could play out in Africa’s most populous nation, we speak with Aderonke Ige in Lagos. She is a human rights activist and lawyer who works with Corporate Accountability and Public Participation Africa, or CAPPA. # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ GOP_Megadonors_Are_Trying_to_Pull_the_Party_Away From_Trump._It_Could_Get_Ugly.⠀⇛ # ⚓ Telex (Hungary) ☛ Hungary_to_move_its_Israeli_embassy_to Jerusalem⠀⇛ o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾ # ⚓ AccessNow ☛ New_U.S._Cybersecurity_Strategy:_a_strong_step forward,_with_room_for_improvement⠀⇛ Access Now commends the U.S.’s National Cybersecurity Strategy that centers “respect for human rights,” but it still falls short on collaboration with stakeholders abroad. # ⚓ Reason ☛ “I_Was_Just_Kidding!”_Assertion_Can’t_Justify Dismissal_of_Libel_Case⠀⇛ Def Noodles v. Keemstar. # ⚓ AccessNow ☛ Joint_statement:_Iraqi_authorities_must_cease their_chilling_crackdown_on_free_speech⠀⇛ Through a joint statement, civil society calls for Iraqi authorities to stop censoring free speech online through crackdowns on so-called “indecent content.” # ⚓ NCAC ☛ NCAC_protests_cancellation_of_play_at_Northwest Allen_County_Schools⠀⇛ The National Coalition Against Censorship has written a letter to the School Board of Northwest Allen County Schools in Indiana to protest the cancellation of the high school’s production of Marian: The True Tale of Robin Hood. # ⚓ NCAC ☛ ACLU,_NCAC_oppose_removal_of_abortion-related_art from_exhibition_at_Idaho_college_art_gallery⠀⇛ Lewis-Clark State College announced that it will pull several artworks addressing abortion care from an upcoming exhibition for fear of violating the state’s No Public Funds for Abortion Act LEWISTON, Idaho – In a letter sent to Lewis-Clark State College President Dr. Cynthia Pemberton, the American Civil Liberties Union, the American Civil Liberties Union of Idaho [...] # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ No,_Ukraine,_The_World_Should_Not_Boycott_A Video_Game_That_Looks_Kindly_On_Russian_Communism⠀⇛ As we’re right at the 1 year anniversary of Russia’s unprovoked invasion of its sovereign neighbor, Ukraine, regular readers here will have followed along with all kinds of posts we’ve done on the subject, be it on tech-related items or some of the ways the video game industry has organized to help the country get the funds it needs to survive. Throughout it all, the conflict has, in most cases rightly, been pitched as a conflict between good and evil, democracy vs. authoritarianism, and a free and open society combatting an aggressor with all the hallmarks of a closed, censor-heavy society. # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Another_Day,_Another_Blatant_Attack_On_The_1st Amendment_From_The_Florida_GOP⠀⇛ I keep hearing people pretend that the GOP in general, and Florida GOPers more specifically, and Governor Ron DeSantis most specifically, are fighting for “free speech,” when they continually seem to push blatantly unconstitutional legislation designed to attack free speech and the 1st Amendment in a way that keeps getting Florida shot down in court by judges (while wasting tons of taxpayer money). # ⚓ India Times ☛ Codify_an_Internet_shutdown_protocol⠀⇛ Internet shutdowns in Rajasthan – as well as Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal – the latest case related to curbing cheating in examinations, has run against a Supreme Court ruling that allows suspension of freedom of expression and trade on grounds of national security and protection of citizens. This latest petition to codify [Internet] shutdown procedures has wider ramifications. India holds the dubious record of the most [Internet] shutdowns among countries, and permitting this for not-so-grave reasons risks holding this record for longer than necessary. Internet restrictions in Kashmir have a strategic bearing that cannot be altered in the immediate future. But GoI must codify limits on administrative overreach. It does the world’s largest democracy’s international standing no favour to find itself ahead of Ukraine and Iran, the two countries next in the list of most [Internet] shutdowns. # ⚓ National Secular Society ☛ We_need_to_normalise_blasphemy⠀⇛ The latest iteration of Britain’s new de facto blasphemy code came last week when four students were suspended from Kettlethorpe High School in Wakefield after a Quran was allegedly ‘desecrated’. From what’s been reported it appears a Quran received minor damage after being brought into school as a forfeit by a pupil who lost while playing a Call of Duty videogame with other students. # ⚓ Raw Story ☛ Florida_Republican_wants_any_blogger_writing about_Ron_DeSantis_to_‘register_with_the_state’⠀⇛ Senate Bill 1316: Information Dissemination would mandate that writers register with the Florida Office of Legislative Services or the Commission on Ethics. It would apply to anyone who writes “an article, a story, or a series of stories,” about “the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, a Cabinet officer, or any member of the Legislature,” and is paid for doing so. They would have to register within a five-day period by the publication of the article or stories. # ⚓ Hong Kong Free Press ☛ Hongkongers_wearing_face_masks_at protests_risk_prosecution,_says_gov’t_advisor_as_anti-mask law_set_to_stay⠀⇛ The protest would be the first legal demonstration of its kind since the Covid-19 pandemic broke out over three years ago. The authorities previously cited Covid-19 health concerns to ban protests and rallies, including the city’s annual Tiananmen crackdown vigils in 2020 and 2021. # ⚓ Deutsche Welle ☛ Tunisia_bans_upcoming_opposition_protest⠀⇛ Tunisian authorities on Thursday banned an upcoming protest by the country’s main opposition coalition, the National Salvation Front (NSF), but the group has vowed to press ahead with its planned demonstration on Sunday. The governor of Tunis, Kamel Feki, said the NSF’s request to hold a march on Sunday had “not been approved as some of its leaders are suspected of plotting against state security.” # ⚓ Medforth ☛ Woke_Slovakian_justice:_Three_years_in_prison for_cleaning_buttocks_with_Koran⠀⇛ Sheila Smerekova’s reasoning for this: she had been sexually molested in her childhood and had also been a victim of Islamist human trafficking. The Special Criminal Court in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, on Wednesday sentenced Sheila Smerekova, who desecrated the Koran years ago, to three years in prison, parameter.sk reported today # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Texas,_Which_Banned_Most_Content_Moderation,_Now Pushing_Law_Requiring_Abortion-Related_Info_Be_Blocked_From The_Internet⠀⇛ Well, this will be fun. As you’ll recall, in 2021, Texas signed into law a bill that effectively banned the right of companies to moderate content on social media. That law has been challenged in court, and while a district court tossed it out as unconstitutional (and obviously so), the 5th Circuit reversed in a ruling so bizarre and incomprehensible, I still have difficulty understanding how anyone takes it seriously. That law is currently in limbo as the Supreme Court figures out what to do about it. # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Call_to_‘Boycott_Walgreens’_Erupts_After Company_Caves_to_Right-Wing_on_Abortion_Pills⠀⇛ Calls to “boycott Walgreens” grew on social media after the United States’ second-largest pharmacy chain confirmed Thursday that it will not sell abortion pills in nearly two dozen GOP-controlled states, including several where such medication remains legal. o § Freedom of Information / Freedom of the Press⠀➾ # ⚓ CPJ ☛ Journalist_Syed_Fawad_Ali_Shah_found_jailed_in Pakistan_after_going_missing_in_Malaysia⠀⇛ Syeda, who asked to be identified by her first name, said that Shah fled Pakistan after he was abducted by agents of the country’s military intelligence agency, the ISI, who held him for three and a half months while beating and threatening him in retaliation for his reporting that unfavorably portrayed Pakistan’s security forces during the U.S. war on terror. # ⚓ [Old] VOA News ☛ Wife_Still_Seeking_Answers_5_Months_After Pakistani_Journalist_Disappears⠀⇛ The first inkling of her husband’s fate came on January 4, when Malaysian Home Affairs Minister Saifuddin Nasution Ismail acknowledged at a press conference that Shah had been deported to Pakistan in August, at the request of the Pakistan High Commission in Kuala Lumpur. # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Belarusian_human_rights_activist_and_Nobel_Prize winner_Ales_Bialiatski_sentenced_to_10_years_in_prison_— Meduza⠀⇛ A court in Minsk has sentenced the chairman of the Belarusian human rights center Viasna, Ales Bialiatski, to 10 years in a strict regime colony. This news was reported by Viasna itself. # ⚓ New York Times ☛ Nobel_Prize_Is_No_Defense_Against_Jail_for a_Winner_in_Belarus⠀⇛ Andrei Sannikov, an old friend of Mr. Bialiatski and a fellow Belarusian human rights activist, said the sentence handed down Friday against a Nobel laureate was part of a drive by authorities to show they will brook no dissent. # ⚓ CNN ☛ Nobel_laureate_Ales_Bialiatski_sentenced_to_10_years in_prison_by_Belarusian_court⠀⇛ Bialiatski, a pro-democracy activist, has documented human rights abuses in Belarus since the 1980s. He founded the organization Viasna, or Spring, in 1996 after a referendum that consolidated the authoritarian powers of president and close Russian ally, President Alexander Lukashenko. The activist was arrested in 2020 amid widespread protests against Lukashenko’s regime. # ⚓ BBC ☛ Ales_Bialiatski:_Nobel_Prize-winning_activist sentenced_to_10_years_in_jail⠀⇛ Supporters of Mr Bialiatski, 60, say the authoritarian regime of Belarusian leader Alexander Lukashenko is trying to silence him. # ⚓ Scheerpost ☛ The_Nightmare_Espionage_Act_That_is_Killing Julian_Assange_and_the_First_Amendment⠀⇛ Shenkman: What’s sobering is that I want to remind folks that Assange is not a U.S. government employee. He’s not even a U.S. citizen. And somehow the U.S. government says it has jurisdiction. Over this person for publication that exposes the US crimes and war crimes and human rights violations. So what does that mean? That means the US is saying that anyone, literally anyone on earth is subject to this Espionage Act. And what I want, what’s honestly scary and I think folks don’t talk about enough. Imagine if China or Russia said the same thing. What if Russia came forward and said, we want to extradite this U.S. citizen under our laws to face prosecution and life in prison in Russia for publishing evidence of war crimes committed in Ukraine, for instance? What if China… Yeah, by Russians. The same thing, what if China did that? I mean, we folks would be up in arms. They’d say they’d see it for what it is. I mean, and that’s exactly what the U.S. is doing. And I think if this case goes forward, it’s going to legitimize other countries doing it. And that’s truly scary. Just imagine any other country on earth saying that someone who is not even a citizen of their country is subject to prosecution for exposing the misdeeds of their government. # ⚓ The Dissenter ☛ TUNE_IN:_Belmarsh_Tribunal_In_Sydney, Australia⠀⇛ o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ ABC ☛ The_Perks_Workers_Want_Also_Make_Them_More Productive⠀⇛ But that’s not all. The pandemic, combined with a strong labor market where workers have persistent power to demand the kinds of work cultures they want, means even more changes could be coming. After years of advocacy, many U.S. states are moving towards mandatory, paid family and sick leave for all workers. Meanwhile, companies are flirting with a four-day workweek in pilot programs worldwide, including in the U.S. Policies like these have conventionally been seen as good for workers’ personal lives but bad for business. But thanks to the massive, sudden changes brought on by the pandemic, we now have more data than ever, and it shows that assumption is mostly wrong. Overall, policies that are good for employees’ personal lives are, when enacted correctly, good for their work lives, too. In fact, they seem to be good for everyone. The only question is whether we’ll start to see more companies adopt them. # ⚓ Atlantic Council ☛ Critical_connectivity:_Reducing_the price_of_data_in_African_markets⠀⇛ In outlining why data remains so costly and inaccessible across Africa, Hruby profiles four main detriments: infrastructure, competition, policy, and consumption patterns. Through case studies and success stories from other developing nations who struggled with high-priced data and implemented successful mitigation measures, Hruby develops a framework for reform and showcases how key changes can rapidly reduce data costs, spur development, and transform entire industries. Her recommendations directly address the current US administration, African governments seeking to build and benefit from a digital economy, and global development finance institutions (DFIs) that are already investing and making much needed transformative inroads into African markets. # ⚓ Firstpost ☛ Hindu_slavery_under_Islamic_dominion_in_India: A_topic_not_discussed_in_history⠀⇛ Prior to this, slavery in ancient India was humanist in nature and slaves were not seen as commodities for making profit through sale, a major reason why foreigners like Megasthenes, aware of the fate of slaves in western nations, failed to see any slaves in India and declared that all Indians were free (Indica of Megasthenes, cited in Om Prakash, “Religion and society in Ancient India,” 1985, p. 140). While the western world right from ancient times was well acquainted with slavery, it was Islam that started the practice of slave trade, taking it to gargantuan proportions, making it run for profit like any other commercial activity. Prophet Muhammad had continued with the prevailing pagan Arab practice of keeping slaves; and as per his first orthodox biographer Ibn Ishaq, he had set a precedent by selling few captured Jewish women and children of Medina in exchange for horses and weapons in Egypt (The Life of Muhammad: A translation of Ibn Ishaqs Sirat Rasul Allah by A. Gillaume, 1987, p. 466). The Quran also expressly permits Muslims to acquire slaves through conquest. # ⚓ ABC ☛ Iranian-American_activist_Masih_Alinejad:_Suspected poisonings_a_‘terror_attack’_on_Iranian_schoolgirls⠀⇛ ALINEJAD: Look, the Islamic Republic is exactly acting like Taliban. That actually, if you remember, the chemical attack happened in Boko Haram in Afghanistan by Taliban and now by the Islamic Republic. So they are all following same ideology. They are against schoolgirls. They are against women. They hate women. So they actually try to create fear among schoolgirls to stop them from protesting. So that is why it’s ironic that the Islamic Republic trying to tell the rest of the world that we are against Taliban because the girls are not allowed to go to school. The Islamic Republic cannot admit it publicly that they are against the schoolgirls. But they are using terror tactic to create fear among schoolgirls. # ⚓ Reason ☛ SCOTUS_Questions_the_Government’s_Absurdly_Broad Definition_of_‘Aggravated_Identity_Theft’⠀⇛ According to the Justice Department’s reading of the law, the crime need not involve impersonation or even fraud. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ UNICEF_Offers_Help_As_Mysterious_Wave_Of_Illness Sweeps_Through_Iranian_Schools⠀⇛ The first incident is believed to have occurred in November, when 18 schoolgirls in the city of Qom were taken to a hospital after complaining of symptoms that included nausea, headaches, coughing, breathing difficulties, heart palpitations, and numbness and pain in their hands or legs. Since then, hundreds more cases have occurred and it remains unclear what may be causing the illnesses, though some of those affected have said they smelled chlorine or cleaning agents, while others said they thought they smelled tangerines in the air. # ⚓ VOA News ☛ US_to_Focus_Bison_Restoration_on_Expanding Tribal_Herds⠀⇛ U.S. officials will work to restore more large bison herds to Native American lands under a Friday order from Interior Secretary Deb Haaland that calls for the government to tap into Indigenous knowledge in its efforts to conserve the burly animals that are an icon of the American West. # ⚓ Democracy Now ☛ Meet_Thelma_Cabrera,_the_Indigenous_Leader Barred_from_Running_in_Guatemala’s_Presidential_Election⠀⇛ Guatemala’s presidential election this year is taking place against a backdrop of worsening repression against journalists, human rights activists and Indigenous environmental defenders. The Guatemalan Constitutional Court on Thursday upheld a decision by the country’s electoral tribunal to bar Indigenous human rights defender Thelma Cabrera from running. Cabrera and her running mate, former human rights ombudsman Jordán Rodas, are members of the leftist political party the Movement for the Liberation of the Peoples. They visited the United States in February to meet with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights following their ban and spoke with Democracy Now! about the election, their platform and how political elites in the country have consolidated power. “Guatemala is a corrupt state that’s been coopted by criminals. This is now reflected in violating our right to participate in this presidential election,” said Cabrera. # ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Indigenous_Leader_Is_Barred_From_Running_in Guatemala’s_Presidential_Election⠀⇛ # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Progressives_Mourn_Karen_Hobert_Flynn—Among Democracy’s_‘Fiercest_Defenders’⠀⇛ Progressive groups and activists showed an outpouring of love and admiration for Karen Hobert Flynn, the president of Common Cause, after her death from an undisclosed cause was reported by the pro-democracy group on Friday. # ⚓ Jon_Chiappetta:_Security_Camera_Tech_–_A_Crime_Was Committed_Against_Me!⠀⇛ Well, my grandpa had a saying that I remember til this day, he said “son, nothing good ever happens at 4am”. So last night, at 4:15am, 2 folks stole my license plate off my car and they could be out there committing crimes in my name! 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇:/⦈ # ⚓ Democracy Now ☛ Meet_the_Bronx_Activists_Who_Won_a_Historic Settlement_for_NYPD’s_Violent_Attack_at_2020_BLM_Protest⠀⇛ New York City has reached a multimillion-dollar settlement with peaceful protesters who were violently “boxed in” or “kettled” by NYPD officers during a Black Lives Matter demonstration in response to the police murder of George Floyd in 2020. As part of the settlement, over 300 people who were trapped by police and assaulted with batons and pepper spray, then detained or arrested at a June 4, 2020, protest in the neighborhood of Mott Haven, will each receive $21,500 — believed to be the largest class-action settlement in a case of mass arrest. We are joined by three people who were at the Mott Haven protest: Samira and Amali Sierra, sisters who are two of the five listed plaintiffs, and Democracy Now! video news fellow Sonyi Lopez, whose footage of the protest was used in a Human Rights Watch report that condemned the NYPD’s actions as “serious violations of international human rights law.” In addition, we speak to Joshua Moskovitz, one of the lawyers representing the plaintiffs. # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Sea_of_Death_and_Our_Unforgiveable_Cruelty Towards_Migrants⠀⇛ The bodies of drowned migrants are still washing up on the beaches of Crotone, Italy on the Mediterranean Sea. Their wooden boat crashed on the rocks just offshore from this Calabrian resort town, turning the beach, said one local, “into a graveyard.” The death toll reached 67 on Wednesday, with 80 survivors. It is assumed that many more died, as at least 200 people were aboard the boat when it departed Izmir, Turkey, a few days earlier. o § Monopolies⠀➾ # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Kenyan_Court_First_To_Tell_Meta_It_Can’t_Walk Away_From_A_Lawsuit_Just_By_Claiming_It’s_Not_From_Around Here⠀⇛ A lawsuit filed over exploitation of content moderators will be allowed to continue, according to a recent ruling by a Kenyan court. Former employees of Meta sued the company in the Kenya Employment and Labour Relations Court last year, alleging being subjected to a “toxic work environment” while performing the often unpleasant task for removing harmful content before it is seen by Facebook users. The plaintiffs also alleged Meta and its third-party contractor (Kenyan digital services provider, Sama) engaged in “union busting” and refused to provide mental health services to moderators. # ⚓ Gizmodo ☛ Several_Amazon_Go_Stores_Are_Crumbling⠀⇛ Amazon is closing eight of its Amazon Go stores including two in New York City, effective early this Spring. The company confirmed the closures in an email to Gizmodo but clarified the only stores affected were those that had minimal impact on customers. # § Trademarks⠀➾ # ⚓ TTAB Blog ☛ TTABlog_Test:_Is_“REMO”_Primarily_Merely a_Surname_for_Telecommunication_Services?⠀⇛ The USPTO refused to register the proposed mark REMO for telecommunication services and on-line networking services, deeming the mark to be primarily merely a surname under Section 2(e)(4). Applicant argued that “Remo” is a rare surname, and therefore “the consuming public would not recognize this term as a surname, and there is practically no risk to persons wanting to use the surname in business.” # § Copyrights⠀➾ # ⚓ Torrent Freak ☛ Google_Deindexes_‘Pirate’_IP Addresses_When_Used_to_Circumvent_Blocking⠀⇛ On top of billions of URL removals, at least 10,000 domains have already been deindexed and permanently removed from Google’s search results on copyright grounds. In response to some pirate sites ditching regular domains and publishing their IP addresses instead, Google is now deindexing by IP address when certain standards are met. # ⚓ Torrent Freak ☛ Pirate_Bay_Forum_Suffers_Extended Downtime_After_Hack⠀⇛ The Pirate Bay’s official forum is usually a beacon of information if the main site goes offline, but for the last few days, it has become unreachable. According to a SuprBay administrator, the forum is recovering from a hack and should be back online in a week or two. Reportedly, no user data was compromised. * § Gemini* and Gopher⠀➾ o § Personal⠀➾ # ⚓ 🔤SpellBinding:_TIKLPSC_Wordo:_YAHOO⠀⇛ # ⚓ The_Names⠀⇛ I keep a list of names for my characters. There were two names in particular that I liked for a story, the truth is I still like the names all the same, but they no longer belong to the character I had in mind; I’ve met a person who, as fate would have it, has both first and middle name just as I had written them. I met her on the subway, I was reading Last Evenings on Earth, and she asked if I was studying, and I said no, I said I was reading a Chilean writer. What a coincidence, she said, I’m Chilean too. A couple of days later we went to her friend’s concert in Brooklyn, two days after that she came along with me to buy some books in Manhattan and we walked around the city. She’s been living here fewer months than me. She’s a singer and understands life as an artist, I’m just a writer. The names came swiftly off the list. They fit her better anyway. # ⚓ Without_a_mouse_or_keyboard⠀⇛ It’s been a while since I wrote on my tablet using the text editor I programmed. Last year I relied heavily on it as I cranked out poems about lost love before falling asleep, yet those feelings have now been numb for quite some time and I suppose without the cathartic release of melancholy and nostalgia it’s just not been a priority. I’ve taken to prose lately, writing short yet unfinished stories on my laptop. Somehow, desktop operating systems feel safe. I’ve attempted to prove a point to no one in particular about the utility of a tablet in matters of productivity, yet that concept remains elusive and perpetually ridiculous. Sometimes it’s just fun to do things without a mouse and keyboard. Hunched over a touchscreen, pecking with thumbs, index and middle fingers, with my legs numb from sitting cross-legged on my bed, I feel like a kid with a new toy. The rain splashing on the window outside makes it all the more exciting. =============================================================================== * Gemini_(Primer) links can be opened using Gemini_software. It’s like the World Wide Web but a lot lighter. ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 3997 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 03.04.23⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Links_04/03/2023:_Linux_From_Scratch_11.3_and_Mixxx_2.3.4⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 8:00 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Linux_Magazine’s_New_Issue o Server o Audiocasts/Shows o Kernel_Space o Applications o Instructionals/Technical o Games o Desktop_Environments/WMs # K_Desktop_Environment/KDE_SC/Qt * Distributions_and_Operating_Systems o New_Releases o Fedora_Family_/_IBM o Canonical/Ubuntu_Family o Devices/Embedded o Open_Hardware/Modding o Mobile_Systems/Mobile_Applications * Free,_Libre,_and_Open_Source_Software o Events o Productivity_Software/LibreOffice/Calligra o Education o Openness/Sharing/Collaboration # Open_Access/Content o Programming/Development # Perl_/_Raku # Python o Standards/Consortia * Leftovers o Science o Education o Health/Nutrition/Agriculture o Proprietary o Linux_Foundation o Security # Integrity/Availability/Authenticity # Privacy/Surveillance o Defence/Aggression o Transparency/Investigative_Reporting o Environment # Energy/Transportation # Wildlife/Nature # Overpopulation o Finance o AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics o Censorship/Free_Speech o Civil_Rights/Policing o Digital_Restrictions_(DRM) o Monopolies # Copyrights * Gemini*_and_Gopher o Personal * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o § Linux Magazine’s New Issue⠀➾ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_An_open_source_appointment manager⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_Stay_connected_with_diaspora*⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_A_customizable_distro_with better_support⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_Introduction_to_the_Fediverse⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_A_return_to_in-person attendance_at_FOSDEM_2023⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_FOSSPicks⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_Professional_graphics_and_photo editing_at_the_command_line⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_Linux_Voice_Introduction⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_Zack’s_Kernel_News⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_Understanding_the_Linux_startup process⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_A_path_to_Linux⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_A_deep_dive_into_Mastodon⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_Integrating_Google Authenticator_with_SSH_logins⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_KDE_Plasma_5.27_Released⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_Get_hiking_suggestions_from your_recorded_tours⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_Getting_started_with_PeerTube⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_A_decentralized_photo_sharing platform⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_Four_Raspberry_Pi advertisingand_tracking_blockers⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_Free_MathCAD_alternative_for Linux⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_On_the_DVD⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_Using_Mastodon_from_the_command line⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Magazine ☛ 2023-03-02_Identity_Matters⠀⇛ # ⚓ 2023-03-02_The_Linux_Link_Tech_Show_Episode_994⠀⇛ o § Server⠀➾ # ⚓ Container Journal ☛ 3_Miniaturized_Kubernetes_Distros_to Manage_Compact_Containers⠀⇛ By now, you are likely well aware of Kubernetes, the comprehensive container orchestration platform. Although many people think the platform is overly complex and not beginner-friendly, this is not necessarily true. Miniaturized Kubernetes distributions (distros) make the platform much more accessible as they do not require a wide range of o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ Video ☛ TUXEDO_OS_2_overview_|_Surf,_mail,_work_or_play?_Go for_it!_–_Invidious⠀⇛ In this video, I am going to show an overview of TUXEDO OS 2 and some of the applications pre- installed. # ⚓ Video ☛ CachyOS_230121_Quick_Overview_#shorts_–_Invidious⠀⇛ A Quick Overview of CachyOS 230121 # ⚓ Video ☛ How_to_install_Clear_Linux_37980_–_Invidious⠀⇛ In this video, I am going to show how to install Clear Linux 37980. # ⚓ Video ☛ Linux_Commands_in_60_Seconds_–_The_ssh_Command_– Invidious⠀⇛ Linux Commands in 60 Seconds – A series of YouTube Shorts that covers very basic usage of many popular commands, one video at a time. # ⚓ Video ☛ Linux_Commands_in_60_Seconds_–_The_watch_Command_– Invidious⠀⇛ Linux Commands in 60 Seconds – A series of YouTube Shorts that covers very basic usage of many popular commands, one video at a time. # ⚓ Video ☛ How_to_Manage_OpenStack_Private_Clouds_Episode_4_– Building_Virtual_Networks_(Neutron)_–_Invidious⠀⇛ OpenStack is an open-source cloud computing platform that enables you to build your very own private cloud that is completely under your control. # ⚓ Video ☛ How_to_install_PhpStorm_on_Linux_Lite_6.2_– Invidious⠀⇛ In this video, we are looking at how to install PhpStorm on Linux Lite 6.2. # ⚓ Video ☛ How_to_install_RubyMine_on_Linux_Lite_6.2_– Invidious⠀⇛ In this video, we are looking at how to install RubyMine on Linux Lite 6.2. # ⚓ FLOSS_Weekly_721:_Hacking,_Convergence_and_HyperPurism_– Kyle_Rankin,_Purism,_Mobile_Phone_&_Linux_Computing Convergence⠀⇛ # ⚓ The TLLTS Podcast ☛ The_Linux_Link_Tech_Show_Episode_994⠀⇛ joel studies for tests. # ⚓ Video ☛ TIC_TEK_TOE,_Episode_031_–_Invidious⠀⇛ Marcel and Evan decide to, at the very least, attempt to take TIC TEK TOE direct to YouTube. While here, they discuss the new tech being used to record, namely Wave.Video, along with virtual reality games (Marcel got himself a PSVR2 headset for his PS5 game console), ChatGPT, artificial intelligence, guardrails, blogging, and attempts to fix the news. # ⚓ Video ☛ Is_It_“WRONG”_To_Learn_Emacs_With_The_Evil_Bindings –_Invidious⠀⇛ There is some debate within the Emacs community about whether it is “wrong” to use the Evil keybindings (the Vim bindings). # ⚓ Video ☛ WINE_Will_Finally_Run_On_Wayland_NATIVELY!!_– Invidious⠀⇛ WINE is great but until now it has had to run through Xwayland on the Wayland side that is now beginning to change as the first of the native WINE wayland drivers is getting ready to be merged # ⚓ Video ☛ Ubuntu_Flavors_Put_An_End_To_Shipping_Flatpak_– Invidious⠀⇛ Canonical as the developers of Snap are all in on it but a lot of the flavors have been shipping it as a default, Canonical supposedly with support of the flavors has decided to stop this trend in it’s tracks # ⚓ Video ☛ Here’s_a_quick_terminal_tip_🐧_Follow_us_for_more! #linux_#terminal_#foss_–_Invidious⠀⇛ # ⚓ Video ☛ Elon’s_Twitter_is_a_nightmare:_the_“Everything_App” problem_–_Invidious⠀⇛ What is an “everything app”? The planned features are the following: video, encrypted direct messages, longform tweets, Blue Verified program, and payments. It would mean there’s a big incentive to use Twitter for all of these things: as a creator, why would I use different platforms for my videos, my articles and my social posts if I can use my Twitter following for everything? As a general user, I can just follow the people I like in one single place, no need to use ten apps to see everything. And since I’m already there for the videos and articles and tweets, why not also use the DMs in here, instead of using a separate app? And at that point, the payment feature makes sense, and since I setup a payment method, why not use Twitter to pay in real life as well? # ⚓ OpenSource.com ☛ Create_templates_for_your_video_graphics with_Inkscape⠀⇛ Recently, I recorded a 15-minute tutorial with supporting materials on how to automate graphics production in Inkscape. I demonstrated this by building a base template and automatically replacing various text strings in the file from a CSV using the Next Generator Inkscape extension by Maren Hachmann. In case you’d rather read instead of watching a video, you can read the accompanying article How I automate graphics creation with Inkscape here on Opensource.com. Based on popular demand from that tutorial, I created a more advanced tutorial that expands upon the last one. It demonstrates how to automate image replacement and changing colors using the same method. You can watch it on the Fedora Design Team Linux Rocks PeerTube channel or the embedded YouTube video below…   o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # ⚓ André Almeida ☛ Installing_kernel_modules_faster_with multithread_XZ⠀⇛ My target machine is the Steam Deck, that uses .xz for compressing the modules. Giving that we want gamers to be able to install as many games as possible, the OS shouldn’t waste much disk space. amdgpu, when compiled with debug symbols can use a good hunk of space. Here’s the comparison of disk size of the module uncompressed, and then with .zst and .xz compression: [...] o § Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ ZDNet ☛ Linux_desktop_powers_consider_uniting_for_an_app store [Ed: This usually means proprietary if not DRM down the road]⠀⇛ One reason why there are so many Linux desktops is that there’s endless disagreement on what makes the best desktop. Now, GNOME, Debian, and KDE are exploring the idea of uniting, using Flatpak to create a Linux desktop app store. # ⚓ 9to5Linux ☛ Mixxx_2.3.4_Open-Source_DJ_Software_Adds Support_for_Traktor_Kontrol_S2_Mk1_and_Numark_Party_Mix⠀⇛ Arriving more than seven months after Mixxx 2.3.3, the Mixxx 2.3.4 update brings controller mapping support for the Traktor Kontrol S2 Mk1 and the Numark Party Mix controllers, and improves sampler and HotCue buttons for the Traktor S3 controller, which was introduced in the previous release, and improves support for the Denon DJ MC7000 and Ableton Push controllers. OMixxx 2.3.4 also adds HotCue clear with pad support and improves sliders, knobs, and inverted tempo fader for the Numark DJ2Go2 controller, adds an inverted pitch slider to the Numark N4 controller to match the GUI orientation, and adds support for arbitrary maximums in 7-bit and 14-bit handlers from controller scripts to Potmeters. # ⚓ yewtube_Is_A_Feature_Packed_Terminal_Based_YouTube_Player_– Linux_Uprising_Blog⠀⇛ yewtube is a command-line tool to search, browse, and play YouTube videos directly from your terminal, for Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows. It uses no API keys, and it can play audio only or audio/video using a third-party media player like VLC, mpv or mplayer, with lots of features on top. yewtube is a fork of mps-youtube, which had its last release in back in 2018. This January, yewtube was merged back in mps-youtube, and its development continues at https://github.com/mps-youtube/ yewtube. The fork is a year old, and it contains numerous bug fixes as well as some minor new features such as the ability to run yewtube over tor using torsocks, and the ability to set the mplayer cache. # ⚓ Linux Links ☛ 10_Best_Free_and_Open_Source_Linux_HDR Imaging⠀⇛ HDR software allows computer graphics to offer the full real world levels of illumination, with darker darks and brighter lights, while at the same time increasing the amount of lighting detail displayed in all areas of the image. While standard image formats utilizes 8, 16 or 24 bits with applied gamma and color space, the HDR image format extends the bit depth up to 96 bit in a linear color space. Additionally, HDR images can be photometrically correct. HDR images are normally generated by combining multiple normal images of the same scene taken with different intensity levels, or as the result of creating a global illumination rendering. To provide an insight into the quality of software that is available, we have compiled a list of 10 top quality open source HDR applications. Hopefully, there will be something of interest for anyone interested in HDR imagery. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ Kifarunix ☛ Connect_to_Remote_Docker_Environment_on_Docker Desktop⠀⇛ Can docker Desktop connect to remote host? Yes. Follow through this guide to learn how to connect to Remote Docker environment on Docker Desktop. Docker desktop is a GUI based application that enables developers to easily create environments for building their applications. # ⚓ Reconfigurable and embedded Digital Systems ☛ How_to_apply patches_from_the_Linux_Kernel_Mailing_List⠀⇛ The Linux Kernel is under constant development and improvement. Everyday patches are submitted to the Linux Kernel Mailing List (LKML). Some of these patches get accepted and merged into the mainline Linux kernel and become available to the user, other patches never do. Sometimes it is useful to get patches from the LKML, for example if you are developing in the kernel or simply because you want to stay at the bleeding edge. Another reason could be that you need patches that were proposed to the LKML but were never merged. This can happen when developing with exotic hardware, for example a driver could have been submitted but never merged because of some reason (e.g., code doesn’t follow the kernel guidelines etc.), however this code might still be of interest to you. In this post we will explore how we can incorporate code from the LKML into our kernel. # ⚓ University of Toronto ☛ Modern_email_addresses_can_be_in UTF-8⠀⇛ Specifically, the character in question is Unicode U+2010 Hyphen (also). The email in question was sent to us using this character in a destination address that actually had the ASCII dash; given that the U+2010 version of the address didn’t exist, Exim on our external MX gateway rejected it. These days, Exim’s logging is in UTF-8, as is pretty much anything you’ll use to read the logs, so the result was pretty confusing to disentangle. To all appearances it looked like our email system had temporarily glitched out and decided that some valid local addresses didn’t actually exist. # ⚓ Jake Bauer ☛ Styling_External_Links⠀⇛ Long time no see! While I have a few other, longer blog posts still cooking, I figured I’d post about a cool bit of CSS I came across on eli_oat’s site which adds a marker to every link on a site that points to an external domain. This means that links which point to pages on the same site (or within the same domain, if configured like that) look like this: paritybit.ca, whereas links which point to any external domain look like this: example.com. # ⚓ Make Use Of ☛ How_to_Quickly_Update_Google_Chrome_on Ubuntu⠀⇛ Google Chrome isn’t available in the official Ubuntu repositories. So how do you go about updating the app once it’s installed? # ⚓ Pablo_Iranzo_Gómez:_Automating_SSH_keys_loading_for_Ansible usage⠀⇛ # ⚓ Make Use Of ☛ How_to_Fix_the_“ifconfig:_command_not_found” Error_in_Linux⠀⇛ If you encounter the command not found error while using ifconfig, here’s an easy way to solve it. # ⚓ Make Use Of ☛ How_to_Run_Multiple_Commands_in_Linux_at Once⠀⇛ The Linux terminal is a powerful tool that allows you to perform various system operations using commands. File manipulation, program management, and service automation are some of the operations you can carry out efficiently using shell commands. However, when it comes to executing multiple operations, running commands one by one isn’t efficient. A faster way to do it is to chain multiple commands in one line. Not only does this speed up the process, but it also saves you time. Let’s explore all the ways to run multiple commands at once in Linux. # ⚓ Make Use Of ☛ How_to_Create_a_Windows_Bootable_USB_on Linux⠀⇛ Want to make the switch from Linux to Windows? Here’s a guide on creating a bootable Windows USB on Linux, covering everything from downloading a Windows ISO to flashing it to a USB drive using WoeUSB and balenaEtcher. # ⚓ Linux Made Simple ☛ How_to_install_Firefox_Developers Edition_on_a_Chromebook⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Made Simple ☛ How_to_install_PhpStorm_on_Linux_Lite 6.2⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Made Simple ☛ How_to_install_LibreOffice_on_a Chromebook_in_2023⠀⇛ # ⚓ Linux Made Simple ☛ How_to_install_RubyMine_on_Linux_Lite 6.2⠀⇛ # ⚓ Julia Evans ☛ Some_notes_on_using_nix⠀⇛ Recently I started using a Mac for the first time. The biggest downside I’ve noticed so far is that the package management is much worse than on Linux. At some point I got frustrated with homebrew because I felt like it was spending too much time upgrading when I installed new packages, and so I thought – maybe I’ll try the nix package manager! o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ Anbernic_RG353P_retro_handheld_has_Android_&_Linux compatibility_with_dual_analog_sticks⠀⇛ Play Android and Linux games on the Anbernic RG353P retro handheld! It can run both with its Android 11 or Linux operating systems. This gives you impressive support and compatibility for your gaming library, emulators, and apps. Additionally, it has a 3.5” IPS 640 x 480 touchscreen display for vibrant gameplay right on the device. With a premium-quality build, it has dual analog sticks as well as dual speakers for high-quality stereo sound. Moreover, it offers Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.2 connectivity, and it has a powerful quad-core 64- bit RK3566 processor. This works together with the fast LPDDR4 2GB RAM. Not only that, but it also has a 3,500 mAh battery capacity that delivers up to 6 hours of battery life. You’ll also get an included screen protector and microSD card included. Elevate your gaming setup with this retro gadget! # ⚓ Boiling Steam ☛ Godot_4.0_is_Out_–_What_You_Need_to_Know, And_Why_You_Should_Care⠀⇛ There is a chance that you do not intend to use games to tell your stories, to convey your messages or to help with training and simulations in your company. [...] This new iteration took +3 years of hard work, they added a myriad of technical features: improved performance and multithreading, better shading and lighting, bringing Godot closer to the big engines. You can check the novelties here: https:// godotengine.org/article/godot-4-0-sets-sail/ # ⚓ LWN ☛ Godot_4.0_released⠀⇛ The waiting is done; version 4.0 of the Godot game engine has been released. # ⚓ Boiling Steam ☛ Steam_Mystery_Fest_2023⠀⇛ Right after Steam Next Fest, before I could put down my gamepad, Valve presents us Steam Mystery Fest. It focuses on games where you investigate and solve mysteries, detective games of all kinds already released or upcoming. # ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ Factorio_gets_official_Wayland_support_on Linux⠀⇛ Are you a Wayland user? Do you play Factorio? The latest update should make things a lot smoother for you. # ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ Deep_Rock_Galactic:_Survivor_is_a_Vampire Survivors_styled_spin-off⠀⇛ Ghost Ship Publishing and Funday Games recently announced a Deep Rock Galactic spin-off named Deep Rock Galactic: Survivor and I need it right now. # ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ Meg’s_Monster_is_a_cute_looking_unique short_JRPG_out_now⠀⇛ Japanese developer Odencat just released Meg’s Monster, a cute looking short JRPG with a rather interesting twist. # ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ Steam_Deck_OS_3.4.6_Beta_adds_DOOM_Eternal Ray_Tracing,_Wo_Long:_Fallen_Dynasty_fixes⠀⇛ Valve has updated the Steam Deck Preview update branch to bring with it Steam Deck OS 3.4.6 Beta and it’s quite an exciting one. It brings an update to the open source Mesa graphics drivers with Mesa 23.1, mainly focused on the Vulkan side of things but DXR Ray Tracing is coming too but not quite ready yet. o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾ # ⚓ Nate Graham ☛ This_week_in_KDE:_Plasma_6_begins⠀⇛ As has been reported in various other places already, this week the “master” branch of Plasma-aligned software repos have been ported to Qt 6. Work is ongoing, but the actual change-over is happening very quickly, and adventurous people are able to run Plasma 6 in a usable state already! This builds on years of work to port old code away from deprecated APIs and libraries that was just quietly happening in the background all along, pushed along by people like Nicolas Fella, Friedrich Kossebau, Volker Krause, and many others. It can be fairly thankless and boring-looking work, but it’s incredibly important, and the foundation of how quickly this technical transition has been able to happen. So I find myself feeling quite optimistic about our chances of shipping a solid and high quality Plasma 6 this year! # ⚓ It’s FOSS ☛ KDE_Plasma_Gearing_Up_for_its_Next Release_With_Qt6-only_Master_Branch⠀⇛ KDE is firing up development for the Plasma 6.0 release in a big way. Seeing that KDE Plasma 5.27 was the last major release in the 5.x series and also the last one to use the Qt 5 framework. The upcoming release has a lot to stand up to. With a recent notice, a significant development shift was announced that would affect all the upcoming KDE Plasma 6.x releases. * § Distributions and Operating Systems⠀➾ o § New Releases⠀➾ # ⚓ LFS-11.3_Release⠀⇛ The Linux From Scratch community announces the release of LFS Version 11.3. Major changes include toolchain updates to binutils-2.40 and glibc-2.37. In total, 43 packages were updated since the last release. Extensive updates to the text through the book to improve readability. The Linux kernel has been updated to version 6.1.11. You can read the book online, or download to read locally. You can read the systemd version of the book online at LFS-systemd, or download-systemd to read locally. o § Fedora Family / IBM⠀➾ # ⚓ Red Hat Official ☛ Delivering_highly_resilient_IT operations_with_event-driven_automation⠀⇛ Digital business is here to stay, whether this means improving internal workflows or directly delivering capabilities that enhance the customer experience through applications hosted across the hybrid cloud. Once these solutions are built and deployed, smooth operation becomes the goal. # ⚓ Red Hat Official ☛ The_State_of_Customer_and_Partner Experience_at_Red_Hat_2022:_See_your_feedback_in_action⠀⇛ In part one of our three-part annual State of Customer and Partner Experience summary, we talked about how we listened to and collected feedback from our customers and partners in 2022. In this article, we will highlight some of the key ways that we acted on this feedback in several areas of the business. # ⚓ Red Hat Official ☛ Beyond_the_STIG:_What_does_“security leadership”_really_mean?⠀⇛ In the world of product security and compliance, there’s no shortage of leadership, at least on the surface. But “leadership” doesn’t necessarily mean the same thing across individuals, companies or industries. Practically, what traits should a leader in IT security exhibit? What should they be doing…or not doing? And why do these specific actions matter? o § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾ # ⚓ Xubuntu_Development_Update_March_2023⠀⇛ In February, Xubuntu Minimal went live, Flatpak was removed, and Xubuntu joined Mastodon. Get the latest details here. # ⚓ It’s FOSS ☛ Ubuntu_Workspaces:_Enabling,_Creating,_and Switching⠀⇛ Workspaces are virtual desktops that allow you to juggle and organize a collection of application windows. Instead of cluttering all the windows in one screen, you can have multiple windows in different workspaces. This way, your desktop workspace stays organized, and you can quickly access the desired window/app. Modern desktop environments provide several ways to organize your virtual desktops. The latest releases of Ubuntu use GNOME 40 and above. With them, you get a horizontal alignment of workspaces and impressive touchpad gesture support for the Wayland display server. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # ⚓ Linux Gizmos ☛ Loud_ESP_is_an_Open_Source_ESP32_audio_dev board⠀⇛ CrowdSupply just introduced two audio development platforms based on the ESP32-WROVER-B module with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity. The Loud ESP includes a touchscreen TFT, a Dual I2S Stereo DAC, Li-Ion battery management support and many other peripherals. o § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ Raspberry Pi ☛ Light-up_Laputa_black_stone_with_Raspberry Pi_Pico⠀⇛ I’ll hazard a guess that there’s a sizeable number of you in the centre section of a Venn diagram featuring Raspberry Pi enthusiasts on one side and Studio Ghibli fans on the other, but I am not one of those people, so have enlisted The MagPi‘s Rob to explain: [...] # ⚓ Jeff Geerling ☛ RISC-V_Business:_Testing_StarFive’s VisionFive_2_SBC⠀⇛ The VisionFive 2 has a JH7110 SoC on it, sporting a new Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) called RISC- V. # ⚓ SparkFun Electronics ☛ Introducing_Thing+_Matter⠀⇛ The first easily accessible board that combines Matter and SparkFun’s Qwiic ecosystem for new IoT development is here! It isn’t often that we get a new wireless communications protocol, so when our friends at Silicon Labs approached us about a new way to connect compatible devices and systems with one another, we couldn’t be more excited! Matter connects smart home devices from competing brands and bridges the gap between Bluetooth® and Wi-Fi in one of the most secure ways possible. This is the new industry–unifying standard that provides a reliable connection and simplifies development for us makers. With that, we are pleased to introduce to you the SparkFun Thing Plus Matter – MGM240P board! # ⚓ Hackster ☛ AtomicChess_Features_Full_Internet-Based Automatic_Movement_–_Hackster.io⠀⇛ Marcel Ochsendorf’s AtomicChess table is, frankly, amazing. o § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ The Age AU ☛ Chinese_folding_phones_set_to_go_global, challenge_Samsung’s_dominance⠀⇛ At Mobile World Congress in Spain, the likes of manufacturers Oppo and Honor are showing off their flexible phones. # ⚓ Lifewire ☛ The_57_Best_Android_Secret_Codes_of_2023⠀⇛ # ⚓ Lifewire ☛ What_Is_Android_System_Intelligence?⠀⇛ # ⚓ The Sun ☛ Billions_of_Android_users_told_to_check_for_five Google_‘danger_phrases’_–_you’re_playing_with_fire_if_you ignore_list_|_The_US_Sun⠀⇛ # ⚓ XDA ☛ Android_15_dessert-themed_codename_revealed_as ‘Vanilla_Ice_Cream’⠀⇛ # ⚓ Android_15_Will_Bring_the_‘Vanilla’⠀⇛ # ⚓ Phone Arena ☛ Android_Auto_tests_swapping_panes_in_its_new split-screen_UI_–_PhoneArena⠀⇛ # ⚓ Digital Trends ☛ Android_Auto_is_finally_getting_a customizable_home_screen_|_Digital_Trends⠀⇛ * § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ o § Events⠀➾ # ⚓ FSFE ☛ “I_Love_Free_Software_Day”_2023:_Meet_&_Connect⠀⇛ # ⚓ FreeBSD ☛ FOSDEM_2023_Conference_Report⠀⇛ o § Productivity Software/LibreOffice/Calligra⠀➾ # ⚓ Start_of_multi-page_floating_tables_in_Writer⠀⇛ Writer now has the early steps to handle tables that are both floating and span over multiple pages. This work is primarily for Collabora Online, but is useful on the desktop as well. o § Education⠀➾ # ⚓ Rlang ☛ 7_New_books_added_to_Big_Book_of_R⠀⇛ Welcome to this new edition of Big Book of R additions! Thanks to Lluis Revilla and Gary for submitting books! I also wanted to give a special shout-out to Niels Ohlsen (a long-time RStats twitter mutual!) who helped me review book submissions and add these to the collection. o § Openness/Sharing/Collaboration⠀➾ # § Open Access/Content⠀➾ # ⚓ Bruno Rodrigues ☛ What_I’ve_learned_making_an_.epub Ebook_with_Quarto⠀⇛ Quarto is a tool made by Posit and is an open-source scientific and technical publishing tool. If you know what LaTeX is, then it should be easy for you to grok Quarto. The idea of Quarto is that you write documents using Markdown, and then compile these source files into either PDFs, Word documents, but also books, web-sites, ebooks (in the Epub format) and so on… It’s quite powerful, and you can also use programming language code chunks for literate programming. Quarto support R, Python, Julia and ObsevableJS chunks. o § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ Geshan ☛ How_to_use_React_fragments,_a_step-by-step_guide for_beginners⠀⇛ # ⚓ Rlang ☛ Content_Security_Policy_–_Why_You_Need_It⠀⇛ Heads up! We’re about to launch WASP, a Web Application Security Platform. The aim of WASP is to help you manage (well, you guessed it) the security of your Posit Connect application using Content Security Policy and Network Error Logging. More details soon, but if this interests you, please get in touch. This blog post is aimed at those who are somewhat tech literate but not necessarily a security expert. We’re aiming to introduce the concept of Content Security Policy and teach some of the technical aspects. # ⚓ James G ☛ Send_a_Trackback_in_Two_Lines_of_Code⠀⇛ You can also specify a title, excerpt, and blog name, although these are optional as per the specification. # ⚓ India Times ☛ US_unveils_new_cybersecurity_strategy,_puts onus_on_Big_Tech⠀⇛ The National Cybersecurity Strategy stressed on rebalancing the responsibility to defend cyberspace by “shifting the burden for cybersecurity away from individuals, small businesses, and local governments, and onto the organisations that are most capable and best-positioned to reduce risks for all of us”. # ⚓ Daniel Stenberg ☛ My_hacker_station⠀⇛ My home office was featured over at Hacker Stations where I also detailed stuff in my workplace and offer a few more photos. I have been working exclusively from home for nine years straight now. # ⚓ Brad Taunt ☛ Why_I_Stopped_Using_an_External_Monitor⠀⇛ Over the past year I switched away from a traditional desktop environment to a window manager – dwm to be specific. This also involved changing most of my daily software programs to utilize the full suckless “suite”. In doing so, the shift away from floating windows and virtualized desktops happened quickly. I continued to use my UHD monitor with this new environment but slowly started running into minor (yet still inconvenient) roadblocks: [...] # § Perl / Raku⠀➾ # ⚓ Perl ☛ Perl_Weekly_Challenge_206:_Shortest_Time_and Array_Pairings⠀⇛ # § Python⠀➾ # ⚓ Idiomdrottning ☛ In_defense_of_ReStructuredText⠀⇛ That’s right! This post isn’t just an excuse to snipe at RST’s design decisions; I’m trying to make a larger point about overly wanting to improve formats and create layers of specs upon specs upon specs upon specs. RST is part of the Python ecosystem just like POD is for Perl and roff is for manpages, and it’s better that it remains that way than trying to change it. o § Standards/Consortia⠀➾ # ⚓ Ruben Schade ☛ I…_like_the_US_Letter_paper_size⠀⇛ I’ll admit, I liked it. The dimensions and ratio made no mathematical sense to someone not also used to inches, furlongs, and measuring things by counting chickens or something (it makes more sense than Celsius because poultry doesn’t need a decimal point!), but it was visually pleasing. I can’t explain it, but US Letter looks right. * § Leftovers⠀➾ o ⚓ The Straits Times ☛ Massive_fire_hits_Hong_Kong_high-rise construction_site⠀⇛ o ⚓ Science Alert ☛ Easter_Island_Statue_Submerged_For_200_Years_Has Just_Been_Discovered⠀⇛ In a volcanic crater, watching the sky o ⚓ DaemonFC (Ryan Farmer) ☛ Thoughts_on_Microsoft_Stabber_Joseph Cantrell’s_Drug_Diary.⠀⇛ They hired him, he scared the fuck out of everyone that worked with him, then he started responding badly by demanding transfers to another dept that got denied, calling in, using PCP for an entire month, and then stabbing a coworker 13 times. The witnesses to the Microsoft Stabber told police that the man he was trying to murder was “screaming like a dog that got hit by a car or something”. Some folks asked why the guy wasn’t able to get him off of him. Well, just off the top of my head, he was being stabbed 13 times, by surprise, by the result of the Neurodivergent Microsoft Hiring Program, who was on PCP. (He had been on PCP the entire month according to his diary.) o ⚓ Axios ☛ Robots_are_your_new_office_security_guard⠀⇛ Lower costs mean it’s now substantially cheaper for companies to use robots than traditional guards for 24/ 7 security. Robots can check in visitors and issue badges, respond to alarms, report incidents, and see things security cameras can’t. o § Science⠀➾ # ⚓ Science Alert ☛ Here’s_Why_The_Northern_Lights_Drifted South_to_The_UK_This_Week⠀⇛ And why it’ll keep happening. # ⚓ Science Alert ☛ Somehow,_a_Star_Is_Being_Born_in_The Extremes_Around_Our_Galaxy’s_Black_Hole⠀⇛ A star younger than humanity. # ⚓ Filippo Valsorda ☛ Avoid_The_Randomness_From_The_Sky⠀⇛ This is a plea for cryptography specification authors. If your protocol uses randomness, please make it a deterministic function that takes a fixed-size string of random bytes, and publish known-answer tests for it. o § Education⠀➾ # ⚓ Michigan News ☛ 126-year-old_U.P._university_announces_it’s closing,_won’t_enroll_students_next_year⠀⇛ “I do want to assure you that the leadership team, the Board of Trustees and myself have left no stone unturned in an attempt to avoid this day,” Pinnow said in his letter. “Our efforts have been noble and unceasing and while none of us wanted this day to come, we have also realized that in order to honor Finlandia’s 126 year-old legacy appropriately, we must end its operations with grace and dignity.” # ⚓ Quartz ☛ More_than_a_third_of_US_centi-millionaires_are graduates_of_just_8_universities⠀⇛ The uber_wealthy invest not just in name-brand cars and clothing but also in name-brand degrees. [....] A considerable proportion of US college enrollments are international students, according to the report. These graduates often remain in the US to launch their careers and go on to lead billion- dollar companies. About 25% of billion-dollar startups in the US have a founder who first came to the US as an international student, according to a report by the National Foundation for American Policy, a nonprofit think tank. # ⚓ uni Emory ☛ Emory_announces_4.9%_tuition_increase_for_2023- 24_academic_year⠀⇛ Emory University’s undergraduate tuition will increase 4.9% for the 2023-24 academic year, rising from $57,120 to $59,920, according to a March 2 Emory News Center article. In total, the cost of undergraduate tuition, fees, room and board will grow from $74,964 to $79,054 — a 5.5% increase. o § Health/Nutrition/Agriculture⠀➾ # ⚓ New Yorker ☛ Did_Starbucks_Really_Put_Olive_Oil_in Coffee?⠀⇛ The new Starbucks Oleato is terrible. But somehow there’s pleasure to be had in its existence. # ⚓ US News And World Report ☛ Italy_Closes_Investigation Alleging_COVID_Lockdown_Failures⠀⇛ Italian prosecutors have closed a COVID-19 investigation that accuses officials of wrongdoing for failing to extend a lockdown zone in the early days of the pandemic to the northern city of Bergamo and adjacent industrial valleys # ⚓ Science Alert ☛ Depressive_Symptoms_And_Memory_Loss_in Older_Adults_Linked_to_Telomere_Shortening⠀⇛ A new clue. # ⚓ Science Alert ☛ Struggle_to_Recognize_Faces?_Face_Blindness May_Be_More_Common_Than_Scientists_Assumed⠀⇛ It’s not just you. # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Rail_Workers_Union_Warns_Safety_Bill Loopholes_Are_Big_Enough_to_‘Run_a_Freight_Train_Through’⠀⇛ Amid heightened national focus on railway safety in the wake of the East Palestine, Ohio disaster and other recent accidents, one railroad workers’ union warned Friday that, while welcome, a bipartisan rail safety bill has “loopholes big enough to operate a 7,000-foot train through.” # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Anti-Plastic_Coalition:_East_Palestine Disaster_Exposes_Need_for_‘Systemic_Change’⠀⇛ One month after a fiery train crash in East Palestine, Ohio sparked an ongoing environmental and public health crisis, an anti-plastic coalition on Friday highlighted how the petrochemical industry poisons communities across the United States and called for “systemic change.” # ⚓ The Nation ☛ Forever_Chemicals⠀⇛ # ⚓ Bryan Lunduke ☛ Employees_who_can_choose_their_Operating System_are_happier,_use_less_Windows⠀⇛ And this appears to be a very good thing. Because, as we also found out, there is a noteworthy correlation between the ability to choose your work Operating System… and your reported level of general happiness. Nerds who stated that they could choose their own work OS reported to have 7.1% higher levels of general happiness than people who could not choose their work OS. # ⚓ US News And World Report ☛ COVID_Lockdowns_Linked_to Decline_in_Premature_Births⠀⇛ # ⚓ Breach Media ☛ What_the_radical_response_to_AIDS_can_teach us_in_the_age_of_pandemics⠀⇛ The enduring legacies of AIDS activism hold lessons relevant to today # ⚓ The Atlantic ☛ Why_Are_We_Still_Arguing_About_Masks?⠀⇛ Sounds definitive. So I called several sources whom I’ve found to be honest and informed on the issue of masks in the past three years. Jason Abaluck is a Yale professor who ran a massive, multimillion- dollar study on community masking in Bangladesh. Possibly the most comprehensive masking study ever undertaken, it found that community-wide mask wearing provided excellent protection, especially for older Bangladeshis. “The press coverage” of the Cochrane review “has drawn completely the wrong conclusions,” he told me. Jose-Luis Jimenez, a professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder who studies the transmission of airborne diseases like COVID, is one of the country’s most cited researchers on the nature of aerosols. “I think it’s scientific garbage,” he said of the review. # ⚓ CBS ☛ CDC_says_20,000_people_may_have_been_exposed_to measles_at_Asbury_University_religious_revival⠀⇛ Measles symptoms — which include cough, fever and a rash — typically develop around two weeks after a person is exposed. People can be contagious for four days before their rash appears. The virus is considered among the most highly transmissible diseases, with as many as 9 in 10 susceptible contacts of contagious cases catching the virus. For immunized people exposed to the virus, the vaccine is estimated to be about 97% effective. # ⚓ The Nation ☛ “This_Is_Our_Referendum_on_Abortion”: Wisconsin’s_Critical_Race⠀⇛ Wisconsin Supreme Court Justice Rebecca Dallet, whose 2018 election to what may be the most contentious state court bench in the country was a breakthrough win for the state’s progressives, minced no words in explaining why she showed up to celebrate the February 21 primary election victory of another liberal, Judge Janet Protasiewicz. Speaking to a cheering crowd of abortion rights, labor rights, and voting rights activists, Dallet declared, “I’m here because, instead of dissents, I want to be writing majorities.” o § Proprietary⠀➾ # ⚓ BBC ☛ Zoom_boss_Greg_Tomb_fired_‘without_cause’⠀⇛ The businessman had taken up the role in June 2022 and had been active on earnings calls and overseeing the company’s sales. A spokesperson for Zoom said the tech firm isn’t looking for a replacement. # ⚓ John Gruber ☛ Daring_Fireball:_Tweetbot_and_Twitterrific Face_the_Cliff⠀⇛ You surely recall that last month, in a fit of pique, Elon Musk spitefully pulled the plug on third-party Twitter clients with no notice whatsoever, in the most chickenshit way imaginable. Twitter didn’t even make it official that third- party clients had been banned until a week of confusion and dread had passed. The obvious problem for developers of such clients, of course, is that Twitter clients are useless without the ability to connect to Twitter. A less obvious but no less serious problem is that the leading clients, Tapbots’s Tweetbot and The Iconfactory’s Twitterrific, were monetized through annual subscriptions. That left each company with thousands and thousands of customers with months left on those subscriptions, but no functionality. Financially, this isn’t a “Huh, yeah, that must kinda suck” situation. It’s more of an “Oh shit, we’re fucked” situation. Twitterrific and Tweetbot weren’t side projects — they were flagship products from small companies. As I mentioned last month, The Iconfactory has a bunch of other great commercial apps (and games). Tapbots does too — Calcbot (a calculator and unit converter for both iOS and Mac) and Pastebot (my personal favorite clipboard history utility for Mac — I’ve been using it for years now). But you don’t need access to Tapbots’s sales figures to surmise that Tweetbot was the company’s sole tentpole. # ⚓ 37signals LLC ☛ SaaS_startups_will_have_to_care_about productivity_again⠀⇛ Those days seem to be over, at least for most SaaS startups. Entrepreneurs everywhere are suddenly having to count each hire as a cost rather than a trophy. Getting to profitability is no longer a distant, post-IPO nice-to-have, but a short-term necessity for survival. But how to do that without cutting off the legs of the product team? By using better tools and techniques, that’s how. I’ve been talking to a lot of SaaS entrepreneurs lately. Here are the three pieces of advice that I’ve given them all: [...] # ⚓ Data Breaches ☛ Another_ransomware-related_lawsuit_settles: Preferred_Home_Care⠀⇛ As DataBreaches reported in March 2021, this was a ransomware attack claimed by REvil threat actors in January 2021. # ⚓ CBC ☛ Ransomware_group_behind_Indigo_[breach]_says_it released_stolen_employee_data,_but_nothing_has_appeared_yet [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ On Wednesday night, Canada’s largest bookstore chain said it would not agree to payment demands from an online group claiming affiliation with ransomware site LockBit, because it could not guarantee the money wouldn’t “end up in the hands of terrorists.” # ⚓ CSO ☛ BlackLotus_bootkit_can_bypass_Windows_11_Secure_Boot: ESET⠀⇛ A Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) bootkit called BlackLotus is found to be capable of bypassing an essential platform security feature, UEFI Secure Boot, according to researchers from Slovakia-based cybersecurity firm ESET. BlackLotus uses an old vulnerability and can run even on fully up-to-date Windows 11 systems with UEFI Secure Boot enabled, the researchers found. # ⚓ CyberRisk Alliance LLC ☛ Windows_Secure_Boot_evaded_by BlackLotus_malware⠀⇛ Such evasion of Secure Boot protections is enabled by BlackLotus’ exploitation of CVE-2022-21894, which has been addressed by Microsoft in January 2022, and will also allow the deactivation of other security systems, including Windows Defender, Hypervisor-protected Code Integrity, and BitLocker, to facilitate User Account Control evasion, according to an ESET report. BlackLotus then proceeds to distribute a kernel driver that would prevent the removal of bootkit files, as well as an HTTP downloader, which would facilitate payload execution following contact with the command-and- control server, the report showed. # ⚓ Tom’s Guide ☛ Dangerous_BlackLotus_bootkit_can_be_used_to hijack_Windows_11_PCs⠀⇛ Besides running on systems with UEFI Secure Boot enabled, the bootkit can even disable built-in security mechanisms in Windows including BitLocker, HVCI and even Windows Defender. BlackLotus also leaves a kernel driver and an HTTP downloader on infected systems which allows it to communicate with a command and control (C&C) server to retrieve additional malware. While updating to the latest version of an operating system can usually keep you protected, this bootkit exploits a vulnerability tracked as CVE-2022-21894 (opens in new tab) which has already been fixed. However, as vulnerable UEFI binaries still haven’t been revoked, BlackLotus can “stealthily operate on systems with UEFI Secure Boot enabled” according to ESET. # ⚓ Neowin ☛ BlackLotus_bypasses_Secure_Boot,_Microsoft Defender,_VBS,_BitLocker_on_updated_Windows_11⠀⇛ It’s capable of running on the latest, fully patched Windows 11 systems with UEFI Secure Boot enabled. It exploits a more than one year old vulnerability (CVE-2022-21894) to bypass UEFI Secure Boot and set up persistence for the bootkit. This is the first publicly known, in-the-wild abuse of this vulnerability. # ⚓ CyberRisk Alliance LLC ☛ Danish_hospitals_latest_target_of DDoS_attacks_on_NATO-backed_countries⠀⇛ A relatively new hacking group known as Anonymous Sudan targeted nine Region H hospitals in Denmark with DDoS attacks late on Feb. 26, bringing down their website for several hours. o § Linux Foundation⠀➾ # ⚓ PR Newswire ☛ Linux_Foundation_Research_Shows_Economic Value_of_Open_Source_Software_Rising_in_Terms_of_Benefits_vs. Costs⠀⇛ o § Security⠀➾ # ⚓ Dark Reading ☛ Linux_Support_Expands_Cyber_Spy_Group’s Arsenal [Ed: This does not describe an issue with Linux itself, only tries to associate it with something bad]⠀⇛ An infamous Chinese cyber-hacking team has extended its SysUpdate malware framework to target Linux systems. # ⚓ Bleeping Computer ☛ Iron_Tiger_hackers_create_Linux_version of_their_custom_malware [Ed: But they rely on a GNU/Linux machine being compromised in the first place]⠀⇛ The APT27 hacking group, aka “Iron Tiger,” has prepared a new Linux version of its SysUpdate custom remote access malware, allowing the Chinese cyberespionage group to target more services used in the enterprise. # ⚓ Hacker News ☛ SysUpdate_Malware_Strikes_Again_with_Linux Version_and_New_Evasion_Tactics [Ed: Why did it not make headlines when it targeted Windows? And should it not be noted the issue isn't in Linux, whereas Windows has back doors?]⠀⇛ Cybersecurity company Trend Micro said it observed the equivalent Windows variant in June 2022, nearly one month after the command-and-control (C2) infrastructure was set up. # ⚓ LWN ☛ Security_updates_for_Wednesday_[LWN.net]⠀⇛ Security updates have been issued by Debian (multipath-tools and syslog-ng), Fedora (gnutls and guile-gnutls), Oracle (git, httpd, lua, openssl, php, python-setuptools, python3.9, sudo, tar, and vim), Red Hat (kpatch-patch), Scientific Linux (git), SUSE (compat-openssl098, glibc, openssl, postgresql13, python-Django, webkit2gtk3, and xterm), and Ubuntu (awstats, expat, firefox, gnutls28, lighttpd, php7.2, php7.4, php8.1, python- pip, and tar). # ⚓ LWN ☛ Security_updates_for_Thursday_[LWN.net]⠀⇛ Security updates have been issued by CentOS (git), Debian (spip), Fedora (epiphany), Mageia (binwalk, chromium-browser-stable, crmsh, emacs, libraw, libtiff, nodejs, pkgconf, tar, and vim), Oracle (kernel and systemd), SUSE (emacs, kernel, nrpe, and rubygem-activerecord-4_2), and Ubuntu (c-ares, git, postgresql-12, postgresql-14, and sox). # ⚓ Security Week ☛ White_House_Cybersecurity_Strategy_Stresses Software_Safety [Ed: But they have no intention of banning Microsoft? Because the aim is back doors for the US government?]⠀⇛ Some say the White House cybersecurity strategy is largely aspirational. Its boldest initiatives — including stricter rules on breach reporting and software liability — are apt to meet resistance from business and Republicans in Congress. # ⚓ Security Week ☛ Industry_Experts_Analyze_US_National Cybersecurity_Strategy⠀⇛ Feedback Friday: Industry professionals commented on various aspects of the new national cybersecurity strategy, its impact, and implications.  # ⚓ CISA ☛ CISA_Releases_Three_Industrial_Control_Systems Advisories⠀⇛ CISA released three Industrial Control Systems (ICS) advisories on February 28, 2023. These advisories provide timely information about current security issues, vulnerabilities, and exploits surrounding ICS. # ⚓ CISA ☛ CISA_Red_Team_Shares_Key_Findings_to_Improve Monitoring_and_Hardening_of_Networks⠀⇛ Today, CISA released a Cybersecurity Advisory, CISA Red Team Shares Key Findings to Improve Monitoring and Hardening of Networks. This advisory describes a red team assessment of a large critical infrastructure organization with a mature cyber posture. CISA is releasing this Cybersecurity Advisory (CSA) detailing the red team’s tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) and key findings to provide network defenders proactive steps to reduce the threat of similar activity from malicious cyber actors.   As detailed in the advisory, the CISA red team obtained persistent access to the organization’s network, moved laterally across multiple geographically separated sites, and gained access to systems adjacent to the organization’s sensitive business systems. This cybersecurity advisory highlights the importance of early detection and continual monitoring of cyber assets. # ⚓ CISA ☛ CISA_Releases_Decider_Tool_to_Help_with_MITRE_ATT&CK Mapping⠀⇛ # ⚓ CISA ☛ Cisco_Releases_Security_Advisory_for_Cisco_IP_Phones |_CISA⠀⇛ Cisco has released a security advisory for vulnerabilities affecting the 6800, 7800, 7900, and 8800 Series of Cisco IP Phones. A remote attacker could exploit some of these vulnerabilities to take control of an affected system. For updates addressing lower severity vulnerabilities, see the Cisco Security Advisories page. # ⚓ CISA ☛ FBI_and_CISA_Release_#StopRansomware:_Royal Ransomware [Ed: Stop Microsoft Windows]⠀⇛ Today, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) released joint Cybersecurity Advisory (CSA) #StopRansomware: Royal Ransomware to provide network defenders tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) and indicators of compromise (IOCs) associated with Royal ransomware variants. FBI investigations identified these TTPs and IOCs as recently as January 2023. # ⚓ Security Week ☛ Organizations_Warned_of_Royal_Ransomware Attacks [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ FBI and CISA have issued an alert to warn organizations of the risks associated with Royal ransomware attacks. [...] The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) have issued an alert to warn organizations of the increasing threat posed by the Royal ransomware. # ⚓ CISA ☛ CISA_Releases_Five_Industrial_Control_Systems Advisories⠀⇛ CISA released five Industrial Control Systems (ICS) advisories on March 2, 2023. These advisories provide timely information about current security issues, vulnerabilities, and exploits surrounding ICS. # ⚓ Qubes_Canary_034⠀⇛ Editor’s note: An earlier version of this post mistakenly contained the text of an older canary. This has been corrected below. # ⚓ Security Week ☛ Thousands_of_Websites_Hijacked_Using Compromised_FTP_Credentials⠀⇛ Cybersecurity startup Wiz warns of a widespread redirection campaign in which thousands of websites have been compromised using legitimate FTP credentials. [...] # ⚓ Unix Men ☛ Ways_to_Enhance_the_Security_of_Your_Linux Server⠀⇛ Security has always been the cornerstone of any Linux software. Since Linux is open-source software, people can audit code to find and patch any vulnerabilities, making it more secure than closed software. Due to its increased security and strong default permissions structure, most companies rely on Linux software for their server security. Like any other operating system, Linux isn’t completely immune to security breaches. As such, any undetected vulnerability in the operating system can jeopardize your company’s valuable information. The first step to strengthening your server’s security is finding a reliable Security Program Management (SPM) and Governance platform to assess your program’s security and mitigate potential risks. Besides utilizing Security Program Management, here are a few best practices you must adopt to maintain your Linux servers running safely… # § Integrity/Availability/Authenticity⠀➾ # ⚓ YLE ☛ Police_warn_of_online_marketplace_crime⠀⇛ Finnish police say that crimes associated with private deals made through online marketplaces have become more common. # ⚓ Security Week ☛ Over_71k_Impacted_by_Credential Stuffing_Attacks_on_Chick-fil-A_Accounts⠀⇛ Chick-fil-A is informing users that their accounts have been compromised in a two- month-long credential stuffing campaign. # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ Off Guardian ☛ America_Is_a_Prison_Disguised_as Paradise⠀⇛ Perhaps the best visual debate ever on individuality and freedom, The Prisoner centers around a British secret agent who abruptly resigns only to find himself imprisoned in a virtual prison disguised as a seaside paradise with parks and green fields, recreational activities and even a butler. While luxurious, the Village’s inhabitants have no true freedom, they cannot leave the Village, they are under constant surveillance, all of their movements tracked by militarized drones, and stripped of their individuality so that they are identified only by numbers. # ⚓ The Hill ☛ Meta_to_update_cross-check_program_for high-profile_users⠀⇛ The tweaks, which include refining criteria for the program and aiming to reduce delays on content review, are part of the company’s response to requested updates recommended by the Meta Oversight Board. # ⚓ CoryDoctorow ☛ Pluralistic:_VW_wouldn’t_locate kidnapped_child_because_his_mother_didn’t_pay_for_find- my-car_subscription_(28_Feb_2023)⠀⇛ o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ The Age AU ☛ US,_Russia_hold_highest-level_talks_since Ukraine_invasion⠀⇛ The short encounter on the sidelines of the G20 came as relations between Washington and Moscow have plummeted over Russia’s war with Ukraine. # ⚓ YLE ☛ Parliament_approves_Finland’s_Nato_membership,_184- 7⠀⇛ Six MPs from the Left Alliance, one of the governing parties, voted against joining Nato. # ⚓ Quartz ☛ Ericsson_has_to_pay_a_$206_million_fine_for failing_to_come_clean_on_corruption⠀⇛ In 2019, Ericsson had entered into the DPA to resolve previously disclosed Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) violations relating to conduct in several countries between 2000 and 2016. The company was accused of “paying bribes, falsifying books and records, and failing to implement reasonable internal accounting controls,” according to the SEC. (There is no new criminal or illegal misconduct that has been tacked on since.) # ⚓ VOA News ☛ UN_Nuclear_Chief_in_Iran_After_Near_Weapons- Grade_Uranium_Find⠀⇛ A confidential IAEA report seen Tuesday by AFP said uranium particles enriched up to 83.7% — just under the 90% needed to produce an atomic bomb — had been detected at Iran’s underground Fordo plant about 100 kilometers (60 miles) south of the capital. # ⚓ The Nation ☛ Meet_the_YouTube_Bros_Who_Might_Help_Trump_Win in_2024⠀⇛ There couldn’t be a more “politics in 2023” story than this: A group founded by Canadian bros who got famous posting prank videos on YouTube could now become a potent political force for Donald Trump’s reelection campaign. And if Democrats don’t know who they are, they’d better learn fast. Meet NELK. # ⚓ Atlantic Council ☛ Iran’s_nuclear_program_is_advancing._So too_should_negotiations.⠀⇛ Although the spike could be an accident, as Iran claims, Tehran has recently threatened to pursue 90 percent enrichment to build leverage over the United States. The particles could indicate that Iran is experimenting with near-weapons grade enrichment without informing the agency, as required, to increase pressure or shorten the path to nuclear weapons down the road. # ⚓ The Hindu ☛ Hijab_not_allowed_in_examination_centres,_says Karnataka_Education_Minister⠀⇛ Talking to reporters in Bengaluru on March 3, Mr. Nagesh said, “We have made it clear that all students should come to the examination centres in uniforms. Hijab is not a part of the uniform. Hence, those who wear a hijab will not be allowed to appear for the exams.” # ⚓ ME Forum ☛ Facebook:_Where_Jihadist_Hate_Thrives⠀⇛ More evidence on how social media works to promote Islamic radicalization — while suppressing its victims — recently emerged. According to a Feb. 20, 2023 report, “bombshell findings” by the Tech Transparency Project (TTP) allege that Facebook created over 100 pages for ISIS (Islamic State), as well as pages for other terror organizations, including the group behind the 9/11 attacks on the U.S., Al-Qaeda. TTP reported that Facebook creates the pages based on its algorithm, automatically generating them when users add the terror groups to their profiles. The platform’s so-called ban on the groups apparently did little to prevent the automatic process that generated the terror group pages. o § Transparency/Investigative Reporting⠀➾ # ⚓ CNN ☛ Why_did_this_cop_turn_up_dead?⠀⇛ Much of this story hinges on why he didn’t want the medal. But by any reasonable standard, he deserved it. # ⚓ Reuters ☛ Dow_said_it_was_recycling_our_shoes._We_found them_at_an_Indonesian_flea_market⠀⇛ To that end, the news organization cut a shallow cavity into the interior sole of one of the blue Nikes, placed a Bluetooth tracker inside, then concealed the device by covering it with the insole. The tracker was synched to a smartphone app that showed where the shoe moved in real time. Within weeks, the blue Nikes had left the prosperous city-state and were moving south by sea across the narrow Singapore Strait to Batam island, the app showed. Reuters decided to put trackers in an additional 10 pairs of donated shoes to see if wayward pair No. 1 had been a fluke. It wasn’t. # ⚓ Press Gazette ☛ Isabel_Oakeshott’s_‘massive_betrayal’_was action_of_a_journalist_who_turned_whistleblower⠀⇛ At a personal level, many journalists would not do what she has done for reasons of sheer professional survival. How would sources trust them in future? And how would they get future ghostwriting work? But in these particular circumstances it is difficult not to see how, ethically speaking, she is anything but a whistleblower who has acted in the public interest. She was working with Hancock on a project and felt that vast swathes of public interest information had been kept back from the historical record. o § Environment⠀➾ # ⚓ CS Monitor ☛ Climate_activists_too_radical?_They_point_to suffragettes_as_a_comparison.⠀⇛ “[Suffragettes] were also treated very harshly, and they also heard arguments that it isn’t democratic what they’re doing – that no one ‘voted’ for the right to vote,” says Ms. Rüge. “But they started the change. I can vote in a few weeks in Germany.” “History shows that civil disobedience can work, although it’s unpopular. Whether this [climate activism] will work, no one knows,” says Reinhard Steurer, a professor of climate politics at Vienna’s University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences. “We don’t have the mass protests anymore, because society is fed up with the climate crisis and wants to be left alone. So you can either put your head into the sand, or try other things, and that’s what these small groups are doing. They’re trying to wake up society.” # ⚓ The Register UK ☛ Hubble_images_photobombed_by_space hardware_on_the_up⠀⇛ Using deep learning algorithms to scan historic images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope between 2002 and 2021, researchers found 2.7 ± 0.2 percent of images with a typical exposure time of 11 minutes contained at least one satellite trail. # ⚓ New Yorker ☛ Why_S.U.V.s_Are_Still_a_Huge_Environmental Problem⠀⇛ The move toward bigger and heavier vehicles, it seems pretty obvious, is incompatible with the goal of reducing global emissions. The I.E.A. report noted that the average S.U.V. consumes about twenty per cent more oil than the average medium-sized car does to drive the same number of miles. Oil use translates directly into CO2, so the average S.U.V. is also releasing twenty per cent more carbon per mile driven. # ⚓ Science News ☛ Half_of_all_active_satellites_are_now_from SpaceX._Here’s_why_that_may_be_a_problem⠀⇛ SpaceX launches Starlink satellites roughly once per week — it will launch 51 more on March 3. And they’re not the only company launching constellations of internet satellites. By the 2030s, there could be 100,000 satellites crowding low Earth orbit. So far, there are no international regulations to curb the number of satellites a private company can launch or to limit which orbits they can occupy. # ⚓ Space ☛ 6_types_of_objects_that_could_cause_space_debris apocalypse⠀⇛ In just the past month, the goings-on in near-Earth space have twice made headlines and prompted experts to call for action. On Jan. 27, space debris researchers looked on in horror as two huge pieces of space junk ⁠— a decades-old upper stage of a Russian rocket and a long-defunct Russian satellite — came within 20 feet (6 meters) or so of each other. The incident, described as a close call “worst case scenario,” could have spawned thousands of dangerous debris fragments that would have stayed in orbit for centuries. Then, a report released on Feb. 6 revealed that in early January a mysterious Russian satellite broke apart into 85 fragments large enough to be tracked from Earth. Both of these incidents happened in areas that experts refer to as bad neighborhoods (opens in new tab), regions of low Earth orbit too high above the planet to benefit much from the cleaning effects of its atmosphere. Both of these incidents involved objects that are at the top of space debris experts’ list of hazards. Here we review what type of stuff the experts fear the most. # § Energy/Transportation⠀➾ # ⚓ Quartz ☛ Is_nuclear_fusion_power_the_future_of renewable_energy?⠀⇛ # ⚓ Neil Selwyn ☛ Algorithmically_Embodied_Emissions⠀⇛ AI is an environmental disaster in many different ways. One less obvious issue is what Jutta Haider and Malte Rödl term “Algorithmically Embodied Emissions”. This describes the ways that the algorithmic outputs of many everyday AI procedures (search, recommender systems etc) promote and normalize high-carbon practices. # ⚓ Deutsche Welle ☛ EU_delays_vote_on_combustion_engine ban_as_Germany_hesitates⠀⇛ Sweden, the current holders of the rotating EU presidency, on Friday delayed a vote scheduled for next week among EU government leaders on the bloc’s plans to halt the sale of new internal combustion engine cars from 2035. The reason for the sudden delay to the move towards electric cars appeared to be hesitancy within Germany’s coalition government. One party in the government, the neoliberal Free Democrats (FDP), are calling for an exemption for petrol and diesel cars using synthetic fuels or “e-fuel.” # ⚓ Renewable Energy World ☛ The_U.S._battery_energy storage_boom_is_just_getting_started⠀⇛ Project developers energized a record 4,221 MW of large-scale battery storage capacity last year, an increase of 29% from 2021, according to the analysis from S&P Global Market Intelligence. Only about 42% of planned capacity additions came online in 2022. # ⚓ Reason ☛ How_To_Save_American_Mass_Transit⠀⇛ Supporters of fare-free transit do have a point that ending fare collections can increase transit ridership. But it’s important to understand that not all ridership gains are created equal. Transit is often sold to the public as a solution to social costs related to the use of private automobiles, such as traffic congestion and pollution. Fare-free transit may entice those who were already dependent on transit, as well as people who would have otherwise walked or biked. But it likely won’t draw many new riders who can drive their own cars. This means that while fare-free transit can provide private benefits for riders, it is unlikely to meaningfully increase the social benefits often touted by transit advocates to justify additional government subsidies. # ⚓ Bruce Schneier ☛ Nick_Weaver_on_Regulating Cryptocurrency⠀⇛ Nicholas Weaver wrote an excellent paper on the problems of cryptocurrencies and the need to regulate the space—with all existing regulations. His conclusion: [...] # ⚓ uni Yale ☛ The_Death_of_Cryptocurrency:_The_Case_for Regulation [PDF]⠀⇛ Not only is the technology that underlies cryptocurrency not novel, these technologies are deployed in ways that will inevitably result in unstable products that are fundamentally at odds with the stated goals of the cryptocurrency and decentralized finance raison d’être: They do not work as currency or a store of value. They are neither trustless nor decentralized. They cannot create a new paradigm for the web, finance, and micropayments. They are less secure in practice and more prone to widespread fraud than our current financial system, and frequently result in irreversible consumer harm that could have been mitigated using traditional financial processes. This paper argues that the very nature of cryptocurrency technology ensures that current cryptocurrency projects cannot actually succeed at their purported goals. Until and unless the cryptocurrency community develops new objectives, or significantly alters cryptocurrency technology to meet existing objectives, this mismatch between existing means and desired ends will forever relegate cryptocurrency to the novelty, speculative space that it currently occupies—good for a news headline but not for sea change in the financial system. # § Wildlife/Nature⠀➾ # ⚓ Latvia ☛ Interim_council_elected_for_Latvian_State Forests⠀⇛ State JSC Latvian State Forests (Latvijas Valsts meži, LVM) elected its interim council on March 3 following the resignation of the entire council, said Agriculture Ministry. # ⚓ Latvia ☛ Latvian_State_Forests_loses_its_council⠀⇛ One of the largest state companies – Latvian State Forests (Latvijas Valsts meži, LVM), had four people on its council just days ago. Now, the whole council, including its chairman, have handed in their resignations, Latvian Television reported March 2. # ⚓ Science Alert ☛ Dogs_Living_in_The_Chernobyl Exclusion_Zone_Are_Genetically_Distinct,_Study_Shows⠀⇛ >How does the radioactive zone change animals? # ⚓ uni Stanford ☛ The_Importance_of_Paruroctonus Scorpions_for_Desert_Conservation⠀⇛ The deserts of the southwestern United States are well known for their high levels of biodiversity and endemism. An abundance of mountain ranges breaks this landscape into a series of isolated lowland valleys, many of which contain sand dune or wetland systems harboring unique species. Following leads from the citizen science database iNaturalist, our work in two of California’s desert valleys, the Carrizo Plain and the Fremont Valley, uncovered two formerly unknown species of scorpion which we recently described as Paruroctonus soda and Paruroctonus conclusus. # § Overpopulation⠀➾ # ⚓ International Business Times ☛ Japan’s_population crisis_worsens_as_women_choose_career_over_marriage, while_many_opt_not_to_have_kids⠀⇛ The current birth rate is 1.34 per a woman, which is below the 2.07 that’s necessary to keep the population stable. This means that there’s a possibility that Japan’s population could drop from 125 million to 88 million by 2065. o § Finance⠀➾ # ⚓ Quartz ☛ Nigeria_awaits_a_Supreme_Court_determining_whether old_naira_banknotes_should_remain_legal_tender_for_longer⠀⇛ A cash shortage resulting from a rushed redesign of Nigeria’s main banknotes led several states to sue the government and the Central Bank of Nigeria to demand old banknotes remain legal tender for longer. The country’s Supreme Court is set to rule on the case on Friday (Mar. 3). # ⚓ New Yorker ☛ It’s_O.K._to_Be_Confused_About_This_Economy⠀⇛ Even the experts don’t really know where inflation and jobs are headed. # ⚓ The Age AU ☛ Small_problem:_Why_heightism_is_a_growing issue_for_workers⠀⇛ When you add up all the variables, physical attributes seem to trump other workplace qualities like “persistence” and “teamwork”. # ⚓ US News And World Report ☛ Average_Long-Term_US_Mortgage Rate_Hits_3-Month_High⠀⇛ The average long-term U.S. mortgage rate hit a three-month high this week, reflecting higher Treasury yields and expectations that the Federal Reserve will continue to raise its benchmark rate and keep it there until inflation recedes # ⚓ IBM Old Timer ☛ The_Three_Major_Structural_Changes_in_the Global_Economy⠀⇛ # ⚓ Jacobin Magazine ☛ Karl_Kautsky_Wrote_Some_Classic_Works_of Marxist_History⠀⇛ # ⚓ Jacobin Magazine ☛ Jeremy_Corbyn:_The_Labour_Party_Can’t Abandon_Working_People⠀⇛ # ⚓ Quartz ☛ Ajay_Banga_will_have_to_fight_the_US_government_if he_wants_an_effective_World_Bank⠀⇛ The World Bank is facing extreme financing challenges as it aims to lift countries out of poverty while mitigating the impact of climate change. In that struggle, developing countries are instead turning to private lenders for exorbitant loans, or to lenders such as China, which is unforgiving toward its debtors. o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾ # ⚓ El País ☛ Ericsson_to_pay_$206M_for_breaking_US_deal_in bribery_case⠀⇛ Swedish telecom equipment maker Ericsson has agreed to plead guilty to U.S. foreign corruption violations and pay more than $206 million for breaking a deal with the Justice Department over charges of bribery and falsifying records in countries from China to Kuwait. # ⚓ USA ☛ NATIONAL_CYBERSECURITY_STRATEGY [PDF]⠀⇛ The Administration will work with Congress and the private sector to develop legislation establishing liability for software products and services. Any such legislation should prevent manufacturers and software publishers with market power from fully disclaiming liability by contract, and establish higher standards of care for software in specific high-risk scenarios. To begin to shape standards of care for secure software development, the Administration will drive the development of an adaptable safe harbor framework to shield from liability companies that securely develop and maintain their software products and services. This safe harbor will draw from current best practices for secure software development, such as the NIST Secure Software Development Framework. It also must evolve over time, incorporating new tools for secure software development, software transparency, and vulnerability discovery. To further incentivize the adoption of secure software development practices, the Administration will encourage coordinated vulnerability disclosure across all technology types and sectors; promote the further development of SBOMs; and develop a process for identifying and mitigating the risk presented by unsupported software that is widely used or supports critical infrastructure. In partnership with the private sector and the open- source software community, the Federal Government will also continue to invest in the development of secure software, including memory-safe languages and software development techniques, frameworks, and testing tools. # ⚓ Truthdig ☛ Dawn_of_the_Fediverse⠀⇛ Yet as today’s brand names grew, they made a fateful decision: They rejected interoperability, choosing to remain sealed off from each other. Facebook and Twitter built walled gardens to keep us locked into their services, unable to slide into other applications and platforms. The format ensured the [Internet] of today was dominated by behemoths. A few networks to rule them all. This was always a business decision, not a technological one. Had they wanted to, it was possible for emergent networks to “interoperate” and allow users on Facebook to make “friends” with users in other social media networks. But doing so would have limited the benefits of the “network effects” that proved so profitable to the Big Social Media corporations. If they could build features that manipulated people into spending more time on their network, and thus create more ad impressions, they did. # ⚓ The Register UK ☛ Arm_swans_off_to_Nasdaq_despite_UK_gov pleas_to_IPO_in_London⠀⇛ The move follows months of speculation about whether Arm, which is owned by Japanese investment outfit SoftBank, would list on both New York’s Nasdaq and the London Stock Exchange, although there was never any doubt that if it came down to a choice between the two it would be New York; SoftBank stated in June last year that it intended to list Arm on the Nasdaq. # ⚓ Scoop News Group ☛ EPA_issues_water_cybersecurity_mandates, concerning_industry_and_experts⠀⇛ The water sector has been aware of the issue for years and have not shied away from regulations. A 2021 study by the American Water Works Association called for cybersecurity regulations similar to those of the electric grid with industry creating minimum cyber rules with oversight from the EPA. # ⚓ Andre Franca ☛ Re:_De-brand⠀⇛ Well, basically it is the accumulation of capital that could be better distributed and the excess of power that it brings. Just see the soft power that characters like Jeff Bezos, Bill Gates, or maybe the king of some Arabic country you want to name have. # ⚓ Bert Hubert ☛ The_EU’s_new_Cyber_Resilience_Act_is_about_to tell_us_how_to_code⠀⇛ The extremely short version: The EU is going to task a standardisation body to write a document that tells everyone marketing products and software in the EU how to code securely. This to further the EU Essential Cybersecurity Requirements. For critical software and products, EU notified bodies (which until now have mostly done physical equipment and process certifications) will do audits to determine if code and products adhere to this standard. And if not, there could be huge fines. # ⚓ International Business Times ☛ PM_Rishi_Sunak_might_face pressure_to_follow_EU,_US_in_banning_TikTok⠀⇛ By a vote of 24 to 16, the US lawmakers approved the legislation giving the administration new powers to ban the ByteDance-owned TikTok, which an estimated 100 million Americans use, and other applications deemed security risks. “TikTok is a national security threat … It is time to act,” Representative Michael McCaul explained. The lawmaker is the Republican chair of the committee who sponsored the bill. # ⚓ USA ☛ FACT_SHEET:_Biden-⁠Harris_Administration_Announces National_Cybersecurity_Strategy⠀⇛ This Strategy sets out a path to address these threats and secure the promise of our digital future. Its implementation will protect our investments in rebuilding America’s infrastructure, developing our clean energy sector, and re-shoring America’s technology and manufacturing base. Together with our allies and partners, the United States will make our digital ecosystem: [...] # ⚓ TechReflect ☛ How_I_predicted_the_rise_of_Twitter,_barely used_it,_and_amassed_35,000_followers⠀⇛ I also didn’t predict that random people would email me every few months, wanting to buy my username. My highest offer so far has been $10,000. But I’ve come to enjoy not using my account at all. # ⚓ Scoop News Group ☛ New_cyber_reality:_With_great interdependence_comes_great_liability⠀⇛ For more than a decade, government leaders have grappled with an insurmountable reliance on digital technologies and communications without an aggressive approach to security. Technology vendors have pushed their products to market under the guise that liability shifts once products are delivered, bolstering their position in the marketplace with security by design or after-market protections. Security products and partnerships offer a complex add-on tapestry to backstop the black hole that is identifying and mitigating every potential threat or exploit. In security consulting, there’s an adage suggesting a 60/40 rule when analyzing sectors’ willingness to sink costs into impending regulation without a forcing mechanism. Sixty percent of companies will likely wait and see how 40% of leading companies respond. For cybersecurity regulations, it’s more likely 80/20. The national cybersecurity strategy released Thursday decidedly states that’s not good enough. While there’s clearly room for improvement at every level, companies already taking cybersecurity seriously should not be panic- stricken by the new strategy document. # ⚓ The Nation ☛ Yuh-Line_Niou_on_the_Politics_of_Clothing⠀⇛ All over Twitter and social media, people posted about Marjorie Taylor Greene’s State of the Union outfit, which looked like a Cruella de Vil costume. There were articles about it in news outlets from The Washington Post to The Guardian. People wondered if it was real fur, what she meant by it, and whether she was just, as usual, promoting white… ness? Apparently it was a comment on President Biden and the Chinese balloon, but her obvious goal was to get media attention, and it worked. # ⚓ The Nation ☛ Fix_the_Courts_by_Investigating_Federalist Society_Sleaze⠀⇛ In August of 2018, Leonard Leo, at the time vice president of the Federalist Society, spoke at the Koch Summit in Colorado Springs and gloated over the ongoing right-wing takeover of the courts. As CNBC reported at the time, Leo “told a small group of financiers that the Trump administration was looking to overhaul a large chunk of the federal court of appeals by the end of the year.” Addressing some of the wealthiest donors to the Republican Party, including Charles Koch, Leo did a victory dance. He crowed that “by the end of this year my prediction is that basically 26 percent of the federal appellate bench will have changed under the Trump administration.”1 # ⚓ Federal News Network ☛ Oil_for_Charles_III’s_coronation consecrated_in_Jerusalem⠀⇛ Two senior clergymen in Jerusalem have consecrated the holy oil that will be used to anoint King Charles III during his May 6 coronation, as the Anglican Church seeks to underscore the monarchy’s long history and the royal family’s links to the Middle East. # ⚓ Federal News Network ☛ Pompeo,_Haley_take_veiled_jabs_at Trump_in_CPAC_remarks⠀⇛ Leading Republicans took veiled jabs at Donald Trump at an annual gathering of conservatives as they urged a party course correction ahead of the 2024 presidential contest. But their refusal to call him out by name underscored the risks faced by potential and declared challengers worried about alienating Trump’s loyal base. # ⚓ AntiWar ☛ On_False_Hopes_and_Broken_Promises:_Behind_the Scenes_of_the_UN_Statement_on_Palestine⠀⇛ Rarely does the Palestinian ambassador to the United Nations make an official remark expressing happiness over any UN proceeding concerning the Israeli occupation of Palestine. # ⚓ AntiWar ☛ The_Coming_Battle_for_the_Liberation_of_Cuba⠀⇛ The US loudly proclaims that large, belligerent powers should listen when the world is united against their hostility toward their smaller neighbors. The world is united against the US. In thirty consecutive votes since 1992, the UN General Assembly has overwhelmingly condemned the US embargo of Cuba. # ⚓ AntiWar ☛ Living_on_a_Deadline_in_the_Nuclear_Age._Some Personal_News_From_Daniel_Ellsberg⠀⇛ Dear friends and supporters, I have difficult news to impart. On February 17, without much warning, # § Misinformation/Disinformation/Propaganda⠀➾ # ⚓ The Age AU ☛ Hoo_boy!_Fox_News_trumpeting conspiracies_is_worse_than_we_thought⠀⇛ It’s kind of delicious to see Fox confounded, finally, not by decency or ethics but rather the mule-headed obstinance of its audience. o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾ # ⚓ Internet Freedom Foundation ☛ #5_questions_to_ask_the Grievance_Appellate_Committee⠀⇛ The three Grievance Appellate Committee(s) (GAC), constituted under Rule 3A of the notified IT Amendment Rules, 2022, become functional today, i.e. March 01, 2023. As part of our series #5Questions, here are 5 questions that are worth raising with the GAC, to help secure user rights and protect online freedom of speech. o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ New Yorker ☛ Are_Biden’s_Immigration_Policies_Stuck_in_the Trump_Era?⠀⇛ Recently, the Administration proposed a new border rule that one advocate called “asylum Ticketmaster.” # ⚓ New Yorker ☛ The_“Dazed_and_Confused”_Generation⠀⇛ People my age are described as baby boomers, but our experiences call for a different label altogether. # ⚓ YLE ☛ Bus_strike:_Some_drivers_in_Pori_quit_union_to_get back_behind_the_wheel⠀⇛ A local union rep told Yle that a number of drivers at Pori’s city-owned bus company have decided to break with striking colleagues. # ⚓ The Nation ☛ Should_the_Labor_Movement_Prioritize_the_Push for_Sectoral_Bargaining?⠀⇛ Sectoral bargaining means looking for labor power not solely in individual workplaces but in entire industries. Compared with workers in other wealthy countries, few American workers are in unions, and they have lower standards of living, less employment security, and fewer organizing rights. Elsewhere in the world, sectoral bargaining has allowed labor movements to help more workers, more quickly, than by relying on the shop-by-shop organizing strategy common in the US. The labor movement here should look for inspiration to the African National Congress in South Africa, which legislated sectoral bargaining after smashing apartheid; the striking Amazon workers in Italy two years ago; the 2018 mass strikes against fascism in Argentina; and even its own history.1 # ⚓ YLE ☛ Progress_made_in_averting_rail_strikes⠀⇛ A planned strike by most railway workers has been cancelled, but engine drivers are still in talks with employer representatives. # ⚓ YLE ☛ Dockworkers’_strike_ends;_compromise_bid_in_looming rail_strike⠀⇛ The Transport Workers’ Union (AKT) accepted a deal to end the strike that has closed Finland’s ports for two weeks. # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ UN_Human_Rights_Chief_Condemns_Israeli Minister’s​_‘Unfathomable’_Threat_to_Huwara⠀⇛ United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk on Friday called out Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich for saying that Huwara, a Palestinian village in the West Bank, “needs to be wiped out” and “the state of Israel should do it.” # ⚓ YLE ☛ Police_investigate_burning_of_Erdogan_photo_at Turkish_Embassy_on_Sunday⠀⇛ Helsinki police detained four people at the scene, who have since been released. # ⚓ Engadget ☛ Google_workers_in_Japan_have_joined_a_labor union_in_response_to_planned_layoffs⠀⇛ # ⚓ Latvia ☛ Part-time_work_still_more_popular_among_women_than men⠀⇛ In the EU, fresh Eurostat data shows that the share of female part-time workers in total female- employed people aged 15-64, in the third quarter of 2022, was higher (28%) than the share of men (8%), with women representing the highest shares in all occupational categories. # ⚓ Federal News Network ☛ Abortion_clinic_ban_heads_to_Utah governor_for_signature⠀⇛ The fate of abortion clinics in Utah now lies with Gov. Spencer Cox after lawmakers finalized and passed a measure to ban them in the state. After passing through the state Senate on Thursday with minor amendments, it returned to the Utah House of Representatives Friday morning, where it was approved and then sent to the governor for final approval. o § Digital Restrictions (DRM)⠀➾ # ⚓ uni Emory ☛ AI_DJ_Spotify_service_creates_new_music experience,_sparks_debate⠀⇛ Despite Spotify’s established status as the world’s most popular music-streaming service, the company still proves itself as an innovative brand, keeping its product relevant among the sea of competitors. Spotify announced on Feb. 22 that they were rolling out a new feature: an AI DJ. o § Monopolies⠀➾ # ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ ‘We_Were_Right,’_Says_AOC_as_Amazon Suspends_HQ2_Construction_in_Virginia⠀⇛ After Amazon on Friday confirmed plans to pause construction on its second headquarters near Washington, D.C., Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio- Cortez expressed vindication over her 2018 opposition to the tech giant’s initial plan to build part of HQ2 in New York City. # § Copyrights⠀➾ # ⚓ Creative Commons ☛ Open_Education_Week_2023:_Creative Commons_Celebrates_Community_Members⠀⇛ CC is grateful to community members in these conversations and others. Their thoughtful presentations enrich Open Education Week, and our broader open knowledge and open culture work. * § Gemini* and Gopher⠀➾ o § Personal⠀➾ # ⚓ a_wave_from_a_usually-overlooked_corner⠀⇛ i don’t really have much to introduce, frankly—i’m fairly nondescript on- and off of the internet, and i’m mostly fine with that. i tend to think of interests as things that people “wear” to mesh with other people, and the non-mandatory things i cast emotional energy into aren’t really mesh-able. though i would say the closest thing i have to an interest is “other people’s interests”. in longer words: to the degree i can manage do it, i love being able to see what other people do, and how they do it. =============================================================================== * Gemini_(Primer) links can be opened using Gemini_software. 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