𝕿𝖊𝖈𝖍𝖗𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙𝖘 Bulletin for Tuesday, February 13, 2024 ┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅ Generated Wed 14 Feb 02:49:20 GMT 2024 Created by Dr. Roy Schestowitz (𝚛𝚘𝚢 (at) 𝚜𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚣 (dot) 𝚌𝚘𝚖) Full hyperlinks for navigation omitted but are fully available in the originals The corresponding HTML versions are at 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈 Latest in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕 and older bulletins can be found at 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕-𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 Full IPFS index in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔 and as plain text in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔/𝒕𝒙𝒕 Gemini index for the day: gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2024/02/13/ ╒═══════════════════ 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐒 ════════════════════════════════════╕ Previous bulletins in IPFS (past 21 days, in chronological order): QmbHjgPAAcGNUG9Sej4vSKhK8DfUYokfFkXLdKwr1JtGJG QmdLsuRLzrwb58dZaSmJah6oCmNNZ6cW4ick4chqJmHjmY QmTNR3uqcbMYjPAbbHjBqyNJb3ib8kytQvdFnATzkBFVvo QmfCHrqMLfMsHXYnQeAvVuNYt91Zw2AmMJ5mx4RqsrWy3b QmR2rr1yXDANjQBEz2oGtd2UMgy9U37FHdjpUhPfAk7h5z QmWE6ucdKk9Q1pi6ce3ko9xPWd9Y4BjpLij3W7tJ5TMjG3 QmaoEDiALTYYZdaq3SQ86aQpMwUji1nqCeLbXAoszFRYvJ QmSTkZUY74BcgbgqS6JKwwNbVnbzY5uqwpgWtYonGJua8s QmXZcp3rXLYa24pYd7jUu6sPDrhziRCNCok875WLJTLysP QmUE7nd24kx2soZFbSYKDsb1ik1wpirFTRTBhDTj6w9sjh QmdKeWBhfnjgQLYU48wto7DdStpXsB5mE1yEEnWcxQ53vu QmfSnnTnjcAe3YvtRsVgAwUJfpcEk1dM5J5yjJLyv7MxqM QmQ16CkpxBbMzPZ6wZcuKBUcxH1RZ8uAEhcvdBsPRpVZe9 QmT3gTQRv33wEDtJveL8DiqiacGeRaxEbRFDUyVSJEAvDL QmTs9qcwghZPs5oBh9qzsu8a11T4s6xHrJjVNyk5miFy3X Qmdqd6mb8mj27qVvQZRR7sjshrXYYirWm9vRttLkNB5rW6 QmSjY85vxbu9nNFHUMmuK7CxRame2VYuhb523CJaK5zRkj QmZwah9nZHVvSzbJWEAMxumYDpanFPqTahnqoNP83tuZbx QmQWSrGfeYwgf6HE9N3742DJrJwq8uNSCUAz469CnuUFGe QmcgTTyseF5zFd4MLquM4PtJZzkFcBEqaUbqDe4eaUx6Na QmZMEFKvpgvjxAcV9Pwu7yF74LYZwS7ktdLFdYb988Ncfu ╒═══════════════════ 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐗 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⦿ Techrights - Anecdotal Signs That Social Control Media (as a Concept) is Waning and Losing Popularity ⦿ Techrights - Internal EPO Presentation Shows How Patent Examiners Are Subjected to Pressure and Threats of Firing/Demotion If They Don't Grant 'Enough' Monopolies ⦿ Techrights - IRC Proceedings: Monday, February 12, 2024 ⦿ Techrights - [Meme] Repeating American Mistakes by Treating Patent Applicants Like 'Clients' or 'Customers' ⦿ Techrights - Over at Tux Machines... ⦿ Techrights - Union Syndicale Fédérale on Salaries/Remuneration Erosion ䷼ Bulletin articles (as HTML) to comment on (requires login): https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Anecdotal_Signs_That_Social_Control_Media_as_a_Concept_is_Wanin.shtml https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Internal_EPO_Presentation_Shows_How_Patent_Examiners_Are_Subjec.shtml https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/IRC_Proceedings_Monday_February_12_2024.shtml https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Meme_Repeating_American_Mistakes_by_Treating_Patent_Applicants_.shtml https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Over_at_Tux_Machines.shtml https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Union_Syndicale_Federale_on_Salaries_Remuneration_Erosion.shtml ䷞ Followed by Daily Links (assorted news picks curated and categorised): https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Gemini_Links_13_02_2024_Eulogy_for_Smartphones.shtml https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Gemini_Links_14_02_2024_HamsterCMS_Time_Capsules_and_Trust.shtml https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Links_13_02_2024_Lingering_Issues_and_Revelations_About_Scale_o.shtml ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 64 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Anecdotal_Signs_That_Social_Control_Media_as_a_Concept_is_Wanin.shtml Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Anecdotal_Signs_That_Social_Control_Media_as_a_Concept_is_Wanin.gmi ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ Anecdotal Signs That Social Control Media (as a Concept) is Waning and Losing Popularity⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ posted by Roy Schestowitz on Feb 13, 2024, updated Feb 13, 2024 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Seinfeld: What's the deal with few companies controlling billions of people's communications?⦈ AT risk of sounding repetitive, and only days after this_commentary_about Reddit's_woes (Conde Nast wants it to become a public problem by offloading it to "the market"), let's revisit the matter from a more 'holistic' perspective. I joined Social Control Media well before it was known as such ("social media"); in the early days I was in USENET (newsgroups) and then came along Digg.com (around the dawn of the Reddit era; Reddit was a lot smaller at the time). I was ranked among the "top 20" users in Digg (this was nearly 2 decades ago) and then everything was swept away by Facebook and Twitter, which grew a lot faster than Reddit. That was well before Mastodon and years before Identi.ca/StatusNet (now GNU social). Forget all the revisionism and distortions of history regarding Social Control Media. I know how it happened because I spent a lot of my adult life there. I saw the ups and downs; I've had my share (a great deal) of criticism. Years ago the leader in Social Control Media (Instagram included), Facebook, finally admitted it was losing users faster than it gained any. Threads has largely failed (you barely hear of it anymore) and Twitter, now known as "X", is seeing an exodus, including mass quittings by government officials/ departments, who in turn see the decline in userbase and sometimes quit Facebook too. Recently I noticed that even Mastodon/Pleroma became a lot less active. This 'fediverse' (a term coined in the StatusNet era) came much later and only temporarily enjoyed resistance from Twitter users in 2017 and then again in 2022. As for Diaspora? You'd struggle to see or hear anything from/about it in 2024. It seems very fair to say Social Control Media is waning. TikTok qualifies more as a video sharing platform, akin to YouTube now that it has longer video form (YouTube - like GitHub - has 'Social Control Media-like' aspects). In turn, YouTube and GitHub cannot make money (as in profit) and both have mass layoffs. What sustained them, like in the case of TikTok (ByteDance laid off there too, only weeks ago!), is government support or subsidies, which aimed to secure propagandistic_bias (censorship, promoting of what goes "viral" to scandalise political "enemies"). Expect GitHub et al to continue shrinking as the US and Chinese economies weaken, making it a lot harder to justify ongoing losses and corporate subsidies. As the old saying or cliché goes, "the writings are on the wall..." If you are still playing the "social media" game... then you're playing yesterday's game. You're wasting your time. Many people nowadays regret that everything they ever had to say online was entered into Twitter, Facebook, Reddit etc. instead of personal sites or blogs. A lot of information online will be lost forever, except maybe the Wayback Machine (if the Internet Archive can endure the lawsuits) or so-called 'language models' that ingest a ton of text for plagiarism's sake/nefarious purposes (repeated without attribution, without context, and without any sense of understanding, hence lacking accuracy). We predict that in the coming years if not months Google_will_delete many_"old"_or_"not_popular_enough"_YouTube_videos. It's an avalanche or a mass extinction event, unparalleled in the history of the Web or the Net in general. People won't be getting back to newsgroups (Google is detaching itself from them after 2 decades of "embrace and extend" via "Groups", formerly Deja News), they will probably just drift further away into the abyss of online misinformation, wherein governments and oligarchies determine what goes "viral" and what goes "offline" (censored). The future of the Net isn't bright. Make what you can of it... while it lasts. █ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⢠⣤⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⠀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣄⣤⣤⡀⢠⣤⣤⣄⣤⢠⣤⣠⣤⡄⠀⣤⣤⣄⢠⣤⣤⢠⣤⡄⢠⣤⠀⢠⣤⢠⣤⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⢠⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣼⣿⣼⡏⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡌⣿⡏⠙⠸⣿⣟⣁⣀⣹⣿⢸⣿⣼⣿⣿⣯⡄⠀⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣤⣼⣿⣷⢸⣿⠀⠈⣿⣾⣿⣼⡏⣿⡇⢸⣿⢸⣿⣼⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⢹⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⣿⡇⢀⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⢸⣿⣿⣧⡄⠀⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣤⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡄⠀⣿⣿⢹⣿⡇⣿⡇⢸⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⠉⠉⠈⠉⠁⠉⣽⣿⠈⠁⠈⠁⠉⢁⣿⣿⣿⣉⣩⣸⣎⡛⣁⠉⠈⠉⠈⠉⠁⠀⠉⠉⠁⠈⠉⠉⠉⠀⠉⠈⠉⠁⠀⠈⠉⠈⠉⠀⠉⠁⠈⠁⠀⠉⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣼⠀⠀⠀⠀⣷⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢱⣭⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⢀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⠚⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⣶⣿⣿⣷⡜⣿⣿⣯⣾⣿⣿⣜⢿⣷⣶⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⡿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⢿⣿⡿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣸⠁⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⢰⣿⣧⡿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⢿⣿⣿⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠐⣿⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣞⣿⣿⡈⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⢰⡟⡀⠼⠶⡻⢿⣿⡺⣿⡇⣞⣇⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠃⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⢀⡵⣥⣤⣤⣝⣿⣿⡧⢿⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣯⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣷⠀⠀⢙⣛⣓⣦⣵⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣽⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠞⣿⣿⡟⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡆⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⠁⠠⣾⣿⡏⣿⢸⡙⠿⣿⡿⠿⠻⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⠃⢿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⢸⣇⠁⡿⢸⡇⠀⠉⠒⠐⢀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢸⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡃⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⡟⠀⠀⠈⠻⡀⠀⠈⠃⠀⠀⢀⣤⣾⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡎⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⣸⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣠⣿⣿⡇⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢾⠇⠀⠀⠀⢸⠁⠐⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡞⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣇⣴⣿⣿⣷⣤⣤⣾⣤⣤⣤⡤⢸⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣼⣿⣷⣮⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣬⢠⣤⣄⣤⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣄⣠⣤⡄⣤⢠⡄⢠⣤⣄⣤⣠⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣶⣶⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⢸⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡟⠙⠃⠛⠃⠈⠛⠛⣹⣿⣿⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⡟⢻⣿⣿⣛⠈⠛⠃⠛⠛⠃⠛⠘⠛⠛⠙⠛⠁⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠃⠛⠙⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣻⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⡻⣿⣿⡇⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⢿⣿⣿⠷⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣼⣷⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⣿⣿⢸⣧⣿⣿⢸⣿⡞⣿⢻⡇⣾⣿⣾⣧⣿⣿⣿⠰⢿⣧⠀ ⠏⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣾⣿⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⢁⢿⣿⠃⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡌⢿⣿⣷⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⣿⣿⢸⡟⣿⣶⣼⣿⡇⣿⢸⡇⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⢾⣿⢾⡟⠋⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⠏⠀⣹⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠘⣿⣿⠾⡄⢿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣯⣠⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 192 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Internal_EPO_Presentation_Shows_How_Patent_Examiners_Are_Subjec.shtml Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Internal_EPO_Presentation_Shows_How_Patent_Examiners_Are_Subjec.gmi ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ Internal EPO Presentation Shows How Patent Examiners Are Subjected to Pressure and Threats of Firing/Demotion If They Don't Grant 'Enough' Monopolies⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ posted by Roy Schestowitz on Feb 13, 2024, updated Feb 13, 2024 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Digital_Transformation⦈_ THE EPO's patent examiners are besieged. It's no secret that they're unable_to do_their_job as the European Patent Convention (EPC) demands because Benoît Battistelli and António_Campinos changed the rules to make_them_EPC-violating. It's all about producing as many patent monopolies as possible (for profit). That includes, based on very_important_leaks, software_patents. This must be stopped. A few weeks ago the Local Staff Committee The Hague wrote to colleagues, alerting some of them upfront that they would be cautioned for not producing "enough" patents, which in the eyes of the Campinos Monopoly Office constitutes "incompetence" (not that Campinos has any scientific background or a real grasp of science). Here is what staff was told: § Reporting exercise 2023 - Learn how to contest your appraisal report⠀➾ Dear colleagues, We will soon all receive our appraisal reports, which are supposed to document our work for the EPO and which are used as basis in career, selection, and incompetence decisions. It is an important document! In these times of high production pressure and unsustainable objectives, we therefore advise you to carefully read your appraisal report and to contest it, if necessary. The slides accompanying last year’s presentation have been updated by your staff representatives to guide you through the possible actions you can undertake, in reaction to an appraisal report which would not reflect your activity in 2023. Kind regards, Your Local Staff Committee The Hague The updated presentation, which can be found here, talks about an issue that predates Campinos. Basically, people complying with the laws and treaties that govern them (notably EPC) can be subjected to the labour (a la UK legal) equivalent of "gross incompetence" and let go/dismissed. As if nothing could be worse than turning down many requests for monopoly or simply assessing applications long enough to properly_understand_them_and_meaningfully_respond to_them. The Local Staff Committee The Hague suggests challenging negative appraisal reports and even escalating the matter to a court which EPO dictators refuse_to obey. Here are the 13 slides: 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO: Contesting Appraisal Reports slide⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO: Contesting Appraisal Reports slide⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO: Contesting Appraisal Reports slide⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO: Contesting Appraisal Reports slide⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO: Contesting Appraisal Reports slide⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO: Contesting Appraisal Reports slide⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO: Contesting Appraisal Reports slide⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO: Contesting Appraisal Reports slide⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO: Contesting Appraisal Reports slide⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO: Contesting Appraisal Reports slide⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO: Contesting Appraisal Reports slide⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO: Contesting Appraisal Reports slide⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO: Contesting Appraisal Reports slide⦈ Imagine working as a scientist under these ludicrous conditions, wherein not the quality guides the work but some ludicrous applicants-friendly "targets"? This profound managerial issue is the real professional incompetence - and one that spills_over_to_the_EU. █ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣠⣤⣤⣄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣶⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣿⡿⠛⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠻⢿⣷⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣿⠿⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣈⣻⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣦⣶⣿⣿⣿⣯⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⢴⣾⣿⣿⣿⡟⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡴⠂⠠⠶⠽⠿⠿⠛⠂⢰⣿⣿⢟⡿⣿⣯⣘⠨⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣤⣴⣦⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣿⣯⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣷⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣾⣿⣷⣴⣧⣶⣧⣴⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣥⣮⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠻⡛⢿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⢛⣿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣶⣾⣿⠿⣿⣿⡛⠛⡿⠛⠩⢋⢉⣯⣿⣏⣽⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣷⣈⠙⢯⣏⠻⢝⠙⢄⠀⣾⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠻⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⠿⠋⠉⠀⠀⠈⢿⣷⣦⣖⣿⡂⣀⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣼⣵⣽⣿⣯⣦⣬⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣥⣭⣗⢲⣾⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣟⣿⣻⣿⣿⠟⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣭⣽⣻⣿⣿⣿⣯⡛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣧⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⡅⢆⢹⣵⣿⡿⡿⣠⢿⡟⡖⠬⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⠞⡏⠆⡇⠉⠟⣿⡿⣿⣏⣠⣿⡿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣷⣦⣄⡀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣆⠀⠀⣠⣴⣿⠿⣿⣿⡇⢻⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⡟⡠⢿⡇⢸⢈⣧⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣸⠀⢰⣸⣼⢎⢀⣩⣮⣿⣿⣿⣵⣿⣿⡇⠀⠈⠙⠿⣿⣶⣤⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⣿⣷⣾⡿⠛⠁⠀⣿⣟⣷⣀⢄⣽⣿⣿⣾⣞⣒⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠃⡙⢿⣿⣿⣟⣍⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠀⠀⠀⠀⣨⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣿⡿⢿⣿⣦⣀⠀⣿⣿⣾⣗⣴⣿⡟⣿⣿⣧⡔⣷⠼⢿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡧⡴⠓⡽⣟⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⡋⠙⠋⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣀⣴⣿⡿⠋⠁⠙⢿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⡟⠁⠀⠈⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠹⠯⢋⡿⣿⣿⣀⣨⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠰⣿⣿⣿⣷⠋⠀⣿⣀⣼⣿⣏⠈⠛⠀⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⡿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣔⣛⣾⢗⢛⢿⣿⣶⣲⠓⠙⣿⣿⠻⢭⣿⣿⣿⠻⢦⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⡉⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣽⣿⣏⢋⠛⢿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣿⣿⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⡄⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⢿⢿⠏⠈⢻⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⠏⡈⣫⡙⢷⣿⣿⣟⡟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣟⡏⠤⢤⡰⠂⠁⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣄⣤⣶⣾⣿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣀⣰⣿⡏⠀⠑⣤⠩⡚⠻⠿⣽⠲⠉⢣⣱⣹⣮⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣾⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⠟⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠛⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣉⠛⠠⠀⢈⣿⣿⡿⠯⠟⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠻⣷⣿⣿⣿⣟⠂⢀⣙⣠⣶⣿⣿⣏⣀⣈⠝⣿⣷⣦⣴⣾⣿⣿⠓⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠟⢿⣯⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣢⣯⣽⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 636 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/IRC_Proceedings_Monday_February_12_2024.shtml Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/IRC_Proceedings_Monday_February_12_2024.gmi ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ IRC Proceedings: Monday, February 12, 2024⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ posted by Roy Schestowitz on Feb 13, 2024 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Snowdrop_Galanthus_Flower_Spring_1907_Creative_Commons⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇GN 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇GNOME_Gedit⦈_ #techrights_log #boycottnovell_log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇GN 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇GNOME_Gedit⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log #techbytes_log =============================================================================== The corresponding text-only bulletins for_Tux_Machines and for_Techrights contain all the text. Enter_the_IRC_channels_now ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⢯⡿⣿⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡟⡻⢡⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⠛⡯⣽⣿⢹⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⣿⢋⠴⡿⣿⡿⣿⠽⡫⡻⠿⡯⣙⠆⠝⠈⡙⠻⡇⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠁⠀⠁⠁⠐⠚⠑⠀⠁⠀⠈⠋⠀⠚⠀⠀⠐⠏⠀⢄⠃⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢾⣧⠈⢈⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣱⣿⣿⣾⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣻⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠆⣿⣿⣿⢋⣴⠟⣻⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣵⠟⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⢻⡟⢡⠟⡅⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣛⣭⣶⣾⡿⢣⡾⣻⣾⣿⣿⣿⠇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠊⠉⠉⠛⠲⠦⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⠁⠁⢰⠏⣾⣆⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⢩⣶⣾⡿⣿⣿⡟⣴⣟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣽⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣎⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡄⠀⠀⠈⠙⠷⡄⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠘⠫⠭⢝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣬⣾⣀⡞⢸⣿⣟⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢁⣴⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⠉⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣨⣤⣤⣄⡀⠀⠀⠈⠂⠺⠿⠋⠁⠀⠀⢀⣼⡏⢑⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡿⢃⡴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣿⣟⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠘⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣧⣬⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⢀⣸⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⡜⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢩⣈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠘⣿⣿⠏⠻⣿⡿⠉⠛⠛⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠰⣿⡆⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⣨⣿⣿⡿⡀⡀⣿⣥⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⠟⠋⠉⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⢏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣯⠀⠆⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠙⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⡙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠙⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣖⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⠿⠋⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⣿⡿⠋⠈⠒⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠋⠉⠻⢿⣿⡟⠀⣸⣞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⡿⠟⠁⠀⠈⠻⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⢃⣠⣤⣀⠀⣤⣶⣄⡄⡪⠙⡛⠻⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠋⠹⠟⠋⠀⠐⠛⣉⣩⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣧⣥⣾⣿⣷⣀⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣴⣾⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡙⢿⣿⣿⣿⢉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣉⣉⠁⠈⣉⣉⣉⡉⠘⢛⠿⠇⠀⠈⠉⠁⢴⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠁⠀⠀⠈⠿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⡁⡸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣡⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣤⣌⣉⡛⠛⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣉⡙⠛⠋⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣙⠛⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣤⣍⣉⡛⠛⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣉⣙⠛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣬⣉⣛⠛⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⣠⣄⣈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⣠⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣤⣍⣙⠛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣷⠌⢿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣍⡉⠁⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠈⠻⠋⠀⠀⢀⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣉⣛⠛⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣤⣀⣀⠈⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣬⣍⣙⡛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣬⣉⡛⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣙⡛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⠀⠉⠙⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣍⣉⣛⠛⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣬⣉⣛⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣬⣉⣛⠛⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣤⣍⣙⣛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣭⣉⣛⠛⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠛⠛⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠻⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠻⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠙⠛⠛⠻⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 860 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Meme_Repeating_American_Mistakes_by_Treating_Patent_Applicants_.shtml Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Meme_Repeating_American_Mistakes_by_Treating_Patent_Applicants_.gmi ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ [Meme] Repeating American Mistakes by Treating Patent Applicants Like 'Clients' or 'Customers'⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ posted by Roy Schestowitz on Feb 13, 2024 The sole_goal now is to grant_as_many_patent_monopolies_as_possible, irrespective_of_their_merit, and then to stack_patent_courts_with_lots_of plaintiff-friendly_judges (with financial ties to the litigation meta- industry). The EPO must be regulated or discarded. The EPO is misusing its powers: 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇USPTO/EPO meme: I will export it to Europe.⦈ The corporate domination dooms patent offices, which deviate away from their original goals and risk becoming just some bureaucracy in the business of making money (at the collective_expense of the general public). █ "Small enterprises generally adopt a rather negative position towards the current increasing granting of patents for software and algorithms because they fear that these will hamper or eventually even impede their work (more than 85%)." —German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Study of the Innovation Performance of German Software Companies, 2006, p. 86 ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣶⣶⣦⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢳⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣶⣿⣷⡦⠾⣧⣸⣭⣒⢄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⡀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⠟⣿⣿⣆⡀⠀⠀⠉⠻⣿⣕⢄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣾⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠻⠿⠧⠴⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⢯⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣾⣿⢾⣿⣷⢻⣿⢳⣿⣦⣿⣷⣹⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡸⣿⣿⢾⣿⣿⣿⠉⢸⣿⢸⣿⡿⣿⣿⠻⠙⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⡆⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⢃⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠈⠛⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡯⡹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣾⣿⢟⠊⠛⢆⠀⠀⠀⡤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠻⠿⣡⣶ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠁⠀⠀⠘⠪⢛⠿⣿⣟⣟⣻⡽⢿⣫⣷⣧⣀⠀⠘⢋⣀⠀⠀⠢⣤⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠻ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠀⠀⠐⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠈⢿⠀⠀⠀⣦⣤⡤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣶⣄⣼⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣄⡘⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⡀⠀⣠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣦⣤⡿⠷⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢻⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢀⣤⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣠⣀⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⡰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢤⠤⠍⠁⠠⣤⣤⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣟⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠐⡒⢿⡇⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⣤⣶⣷⣀⣾⣿⣿⣶⣶⣾⣿⣶⡀⠀⠂⢄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣄⣀⢹⣿⣿⣧⣸⣿⣿⣿⣯⠀⢠⣤⣵⡄⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⢀⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠏⠘⣧⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠀⣤⣽⣿⡇⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠄⣲⠀⠀⠘⢷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠂⠻⣿⡇⢰⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣤⣜⡇⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣾⣿⡅⠉⢳⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣀⣠⣶⣦⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣽⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠃⠀⠀⠀ ⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠁⠄⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡍⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠛⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⣠⡀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣦⣔⣀⡄⣀⡀⠀⣠⢰⣀⢀⣀⡀⠀⣖⡆⣀⣀⣙⢻⡎⣿⣿⣿⡆⣀⡀⣀⡀⣄⢀⣀⣀⢀⠀⢰⣠⣰⡆⠀⠀⠀⠘⠟⠟⠃⠀⠀⠈⠉⠃⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢻⢿⡿⣿⢻⠀⡇⡟⣅⡟⠀⢸⢸⠸⠿⣖⠇⠀⡇⡇⡇⢻⣺⢫⠀⠈⣯⡭⠛⣗⡏⢕⡦⢇⢧⡸⠸⡞⠀⢸⢸⣸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠋⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⢤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡦⢤⢀⠋⡄⠀⢀⣀⡴⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣶⣦⣤⣀⣈⢙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⢰⣾⡶⣭⣦⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠂⠀⣤⣀⣰⣿⣿⠿⠟⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⢛⣻⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠮⣙⡿⣷⣿⠟⣡⡧⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⣦⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣄⣉⠉⣽⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⣦⣽⣿⣶⣴⣶⣆⡍⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡧⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡿⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠟⠻⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⣁⣀⣭⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠇⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣤⣼⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠄⠀⠠⠠⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣼⣿⡏⠀⣷⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⠿⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡋⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢉⡟⠁⢰⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡞⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣵⣤⡄⠀⠉⠉⠉⣿⣿⣿⢍⢰⠂⠀⠀⠘⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡏⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠿⢿⣷⣤⡔⠾⣿⣿⣟⣄⡿⡀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⢠⣠⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⢠⢀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⣤⠤⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⡾⠿⢹⡶⡿⢇⡇⡖⢲⠀⢸⠀⢹⣷⣿⣿⣿⠀⣾⣷⣷⢹⢹⣼⣷⡟⢹⠁⢸⢹⠁⢹⢱⣿⠀⣿⠂⡇⣿⠃⣿⣾⢹⢼⣷⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠄⠢⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠁⠀⠈⠋⠅⠈⠁⠉⠉⠉⠈⠁⠈⠉⠈⠉⠉⠀⠈⠉⠉⠹⠉⠈⠁⠁⠈⠁⠈⠈⠁⠈⠉⠉⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠀⠉⠹⠉⠈⠁⠁ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 951 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Over_at_Tux_Machines.shtml Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Over_at_Tux_Machines.gmi ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ Over at Tux Machines...⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ posted by Roy Schestowitz on Feb 13, 2024 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Hello_February_month_background_design⦈_ ⚓ Updated This Past Day⠀⇛ 1. ⚓ Android_Leftovers⠀⇛ Google improving integration between Android phones and tablets 2. ⚓ Brazil_and_India_(Combined_Population_of_Nearly_1.7_Billion_People) Topping_Records_for_GNU/Linux_Usage [original]⠀⇛ more interesting to us (today at least) is Brazil 3. ⚓ GNU/Linux_Surges_to_All-Time_High_in_Spain_This_Month [original]⠀⇛ GNU/Linux has smashed through 3% in Spain for the first time this month 4. ⚓ Sooner_or_Later_One_in_Ten_Laptops_(or_Desktops)_in_the_UK_Will_Run GNU/Linux [original]⠀⇛ GNU/Linux at 7.2% in the UK this month (including ChromeOS, which sells well around here and is available in most stores) ⚓ New⠀⇛ 5. ⚓ UBports_Is_Switching_to_a_Fixed-Release_Model_for_Ubuntu_Touch_OTA Updates⠀⇛ The UBports Foundation announced that they plan to switch to a fixed-release model for future OTA (Over-the-Air) updates for their Ubuntu Touch mobile operating system. 6. ⚓ Rhino_Linux_Development_Temporarily_Paused⠀⇛ Rhino Linux development is on hold to address burnout and improve sustainability - a step towards a healthier team environment 7. ⚓ The_best_Linux_distros_for_2024⠀⇛ Linux has options for beginners, power users, and everything in between 8. ⚓ Best_Free_and_Open_Source_Goodness⠀⇛ To provide an insight into the quality of software that is available 9. ⚓ today's_leftovers⠀⇛ software, hardware, and more 10. ⚓ Kodi_20.4_"Nexus"_-_Release⠀⇛ It looks like one last hurrah was premature for the "Nexus" line: we find ourselves back again already, this time with a new 20.4 release 11. ⚓ Security_Leftovers_and_Windows_TCO⠀⇛ incidents and more 12. ⚓ Programming_Leftovers⠀⇛ 4 coding related picks 13. ⚓ today's_howtos⠀⇛ quite a few Monday picks 14. ⚓ Sparky_2024.02_Rolls_Out_New_Features_and_Kernel_Updates⠀⇛ Sparky Linux 2024.02: New kernels, Pipewire 1.0.3, and improved CLI installer for better file system compatibility 15. ⚓ SparkyLinux_2024.02_Improves_CLI_Installer,_Adds_More_Debian_Trixie Updates⠀⇛ SparkyLinux 2024.02 has been released today as another snapshot in the semi-rolling series of this Debian-based GNU/Linux distribution leveraging the Debian Testing repositories. 16. ⚓ 9to5Linux_Weekly_Roundup:_February_11th,_2024⠀⇛ The 174th installment of the 9to5Linux Weekly Roundup is here for the week ending on February 11th, 2024 17. ⚓ Linux_6.8-rc4⠀⇛ halfway there now 18. ⚓ Ubuntu_Core_Desktop_Debut_No_Longer_Planned_for_April⠀⇛ Ubuntu Core Desktop will not be released alongside Ubuntu 24.04 LTS in April, as originally hoped 19. ⚓ Firefox_Devs_Working_on_Tab_Previews⠀⇛ Tab previews are in the works for a future release of Mozilla Firefox 20. ⚓ Review:_Adelie_Linux_1.0_Beta⠀⇛ Adelie Linux is a fairly young project, but one I've been hearing people talk about recently 21. ⚓ Affordable_Radxa_ZERO_3W_Featuring_Up_to_8GB_RAM_and_Onboard_eMMC Storage⠀⇛ It supports Debian, Ubuntu, and other Linux distributions, and meets CE and FCC standards 22. ⚓ Today_in_Techrights⠀⇛ Some of the latest articles 23. ⚓ today's_leftovers⠀⇛ Microsoft, KDE, Python, and more 24. ⚓ TechTarget/ComputerWeekly_on_Free,_Libre,_and_Open_Source_Software Versus_Openwashing⠀⇛ Some openwash and FOSS analysis 25. ⚓ New_Lists_of_Applications_for_GNU/Linux_and/or_Free_Software⠀⇛ a sea of new lists 26. ⚓ today's_howtos⠀⇛ howtos from the past week or so 27. ⚓ Open_source_originator:_'We_have_failed’⠀⇛ Failing to pay developers has led to corporate takeover, says Bruce Perens ========================================================================= The corresponding text-only bulletin for Monday contains all the text. ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡎⠀⠀⠈⠙⠛⣿⣯⣻⣿⣿⣁ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⡀⠾⣦⠘⡟⠻⠟⠻⠧⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠛⠇⠀⠀⠀⠈ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠛⠛⠀⢀⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢰⡟ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠂⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣄⠀⠠⣴⣶ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠊⠐⠀⠀⠠⠈⡀⠹⠿⣷⣤⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢏⡈⠃⠩⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣷⠆⠀⠀⡀⠀⡄⢡⠄⠡⢹⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⣿⡟⡒⢀⣨⣥⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠛⠛⠃⣿⣿⡇⢛⣻⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⢱⣿⣿⡆⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠂⠁⠀⡇⠰⣦⢄⠈⠡⠙⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢛⠃⢁⣈⣉⠉⡉⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⣇⠛⢻⣿⣿⠘⠛⣿⣿⠘⠛⣻⣿⣌⡛⠛⣡⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⢠⡜⢹⠆⢰⣾⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⠙⠻⣿⣏⣢⣿⠿⡿⢛⡇⡃⠀⠰⣹⣿⠿⣶⣬⣾⠛⠛⠉⣉⣉⣉⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⢙⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⠋⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⠟⠂⡀⡄⢀⣂⡾⠓⣬⣌⡀⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⠀⣤⣿⣿⣿⠛⡘⠀⠸⠃⡠⣤⣴⣿⣧⣤⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢿⡇⠀⡾⠿⣿⣿⡀⠸⢿⣿⠿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⠿⢿⠿⣿⡇⠠⠿⣿⠻⢿⡿⢿⣿⠿⠧⣤⣯⠀⡀⠀⣰⣾⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿ ⣿⠡⠌⠃⢻⣿⣏⠄⢠⠀⠈⠁⣀⠲⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⢩⣭⣽⡟⠀⡼⠀⡇⠀⣰⡄⠸⡿⢡⠆⢀⡏⠀⣿⠇⢸⣿⠁⣰⡆⢠⣿⠇⡖⠀⣸⠀⣸⡇⠀⣯⠐⠀⢉⡁⢀⢠⠞⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣶⡆⠈⡝⠿⠇⣾⠀⠁⡐⡃⠂⢉⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⣤⣾⠃⢠⡿⠃⢀⣡⡏⠀⣼⠇⠀⣿⠀⢸⡇⠀⣿⠁⢸⡿⢸⠁⣰⡟⠀⣿⠁⠀⡏⣰⡟⠁⠂⡄⣾⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡌⢁⢐⢃⠀⡇⠀⠘⢃⠡⠀⢀⣼⣿⡏⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣸⣿⣿⣧⡀⠻⢃⣄⠀⠐⢀⣾⣿⣇⠸⢃⣴⡀⢃⣄⠘⣠⠀⢃⣄⠘⢡⣧⠀⠟⣰⡄⠘⠀⢀⣴⣿⣧⣀⣐⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠙⣿⣿⣶⡄⠸⠃⠀⠀⣁⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⣤⠆⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣶⣾⣿⠛⢿⠘⢀⠀⠀⠮⠰⠈⠭⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣥⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⢈⡀⠀⠀⢨⣄⡠⠄⣠⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⢄⠀⠀⠂⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠡⣹⣿⠟⡛⢧⡀⠀⣭⣼⣿⠐⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣬⡄⠁⠘⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣷⠀⡀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣃⠀⠘⠉⠁⠀⢥⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣆⡀⠀⢄⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⢰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1192 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at https://news.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Union_Syndicale_Federale_on_Salaries_Remuneration_Erosion.shtml Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/n/2024/02/13/Union_Syndicale_Federale_on_Salaries_Remuneration_Erosion.gmi ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ Union Syndicale Fédérale on Salaries/ Remuneration Erosion⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ posted by Roy Schestowitz on Feb 13, 2024 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇USF⦈_ The EPO, as governed by the EPC, was meant to properly compensate its staff to assure it can attract and also retain suitably qualified examiners. Nowadays the_EPO_blatantly_violates_the_EPC. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇EPO is fine⦈ THE EPO's staff representatives recently shared this_5-page_letter-like publication_from_USF, a union 'syndication' that operates across Europe and in this case responds to rising inflation (wages_have_not_been_keeping_up_with_it and_won't_keep_up,_either). We thought we'd reproduce it here. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇US FLASH⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇US FLASH⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇US FLASH⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇US FLASH⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇US FLASH⦈ As readers are aware, especially those who pay close enough attention, the EPO is in effect reducing the salaries of workers over time, even if their experience level grows. That's also true in a number of other sectors and the issue merits deeper debates, which politicians rarely initiate (but they do vote to increase their own salaries). █ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⠋⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠛⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⠀⣿⠛⠛⠻⡗⢺⡟⠛⠛⢿⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠘⠿⠀⣿⠀⣿⠀⡇⢸⡇⠸⠃⣸⠀⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⢰⣶⣶⡆⠀⠀⣶⣶⣶⠀⢀⣴⣶⡆⢸⣷⣶⡄⠀⢰⣶⣶⡆⢰⣶⣶⣶⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣶⣿⣶⣷⣾⣿⣶⣾⣿⣶⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⣾⣿⣿⠃⠈⠛⠋⠁⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠘⠛⠛⠛⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⡙⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢻⣋⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣤⡀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⢰⣶⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣈⠙⢻⡄⠻⢀⡇⢠⡄⢹⠃⢠⡀⢸⠀⡟⠁⣤⣽⠤⠄⠘⡇⢸⡏⠠⠄⢹⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠈⠙⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠘⠛⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣉⣁⣸⣷⠀⣼⣇⣸⣇⣸⣆⣈⣀⣸⣀⣷⣀⣉⣹⣀⣁⣀⣇⣈⣧⣈⣉⣻⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣷⠀⣾⣿⣿⠏⢀⣴⣿⣶⡄⢰⣿⣿⡟⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡾⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠛⠀⠛⠛⠁⠀⠀⠉⠛⠛⠃⠘⠛⠉⠀⠀⠘⠛⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢠⣤⣤⡿⠃⠿⣿⠟⠃⢸⡿⠇⠺⣿⠿⠟⢿⠟⠻⢿⡇⢸⡿⠟⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢠⣤⣼⠀⣉⣀⡇⠰⡇⢸⡁⢈⣀⣸⠀⣾⡿⠋⡁⢸⡇⢸⡇⢈⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⣿⣷⣤⣴⣿⣦⣤⣼⣷⣦⣴⣿⣦⣿⣿⣦⣴⣼⣷⣤⣷⣦⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢀⠀⡀⢀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠷⣌⠹⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣈⢉⣁⣀⡈⡀⣉⣀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣶⡙⣷⢹⣧⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠈⠉⠁⠁⠁⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠛⣷⢸⣧⣻⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⠣⠶⠲⠰⠂⠰⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣦ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣠⡿⣸⠇⣿⢳⡟⠀⠀⠀⠘⠳⠸⠲⠂⠃⠠⠃⠀⠴⠶⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣴⣾⣿⣦⣤⣤⣤⣶⣿⣦⣄⣀⣀⣠⣴⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣤⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿ ⠀⢀⣶⣶⣿⣛⣫⣾⢏⣾⢯⣾⢡⠂⠉⠀⢠⢤⣤⣄⢀⡀⡀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⡿⢁⢀⣦⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣏⣭⣶⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣧⢭⡁⣍⣥⢅⠡⠭⡌⠁⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠙⢿⠀⠨⣅⠁⠎⠝⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢡⢸⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⣴⣿⡇⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⣴⣶⠄⠸⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡆⠀⠐⢌⡄⠈⣠⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠟⢻⡇⣿⡌⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣧⣿⡟⡽⣿⣧⠹⣿⣿⡿⢰⢸⣿⡇⢀⠼⣇⠀⢀⡿⣷⢄⣉⣀⣀⡼⢃⣭⣛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⠀⠀⢉⠈⠉⠉⠀⢸⣿⣿⢋⣼⠸⢃⡿⣧⠹⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⢻⣷⢻⣿⣧⢻⣿⢣⣿⠈⣿⡇⣮⣿⣻⣦⣸⣳⣏⣶⡍⣭⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⡤⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢃⡾⣿⠐⣠⣿⣆⢲⣶⣶⣿⣿⢃⡾⣿⣦⢞⣵⢹⣧⠹⡿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⢸⣿⣧⢻⣿⣆⠃⣾⣿⢀⣿⣧⣸⣿⣷⣿⢧⣿⡿⠋⠀⡿⡕⠉⢪⢃⣿⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢣⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⡼⣱⣸⣼⣡⣎⣿⣦⠻⣿⣿⡏⡞⣴⠹⣱⣿⣿⣧⣻⡧⢁ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣷⡹⣿⣀⡏⣿⢸⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣧⢧⣀⣜⣾⣮⣵⣶⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡿⢡⠿⡇⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⢳⣿⡇⢧⣿⣿⡜⣿⣧⢹⡟⣸⢳⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⢃⣴⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡜⣿⣸⣿⢸⣿⡏⢻⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⢠⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣯⡍⣛⡿⠿⢟⣡⡎⡀⢃⣏⣾⣀⣀⣉⣫⠹⠋⡎⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⡜⣿⣆⡴⣳⣿⣿⡟⡁⣿⢏⣴⣿⢟⣯ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣿⢸⠈⣿⢃⣆⢻⣿⣿⢁⣷⢠⢰⡿⡏⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢻⣿⣿⣿⡟⣰⣿⡼⣼⠿⣻⣿⣿⡟⠈⡷⣘⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣉⣉⣚⣛⣛⢋⣴⣇⠋⣼⣿⣵⣿⡇ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡇⠛⣸⣿⡘⣿⣿⢀⣗⢸⢸⣿⢇⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡟⢰⢧⡮⢡⣶⣿⠸⠿⠿⠇⣭⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢁⣾⡟⢻⣾⢯⣿⣿⣿⣧ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣠⡟⣌⡇⢿⣿⡌⢷⡸⠂⠿⣯⡣⠝⠻⠿⠿⠟⢘⢻⣿⡇⣽⢸⣧⠠⢮⡩⡭⣙⣛⣛⡛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⣩⠀⠿⠿⢋⣴⣿⣟⣾⣸⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡟⣼⡏⡇⠀⣀⣈⡀⠀⠿⠷⠦⠭⠭⠍⠸⡇⣐⠃⣯⡶⠀⢻⢸⣿⣿⣷⣶⠀⢩⣭⣬⣭⣭⣛⡛⠛⢋⣡⣶⣿⣿⠀⢋⣴⣿⡿⣫⣾⣿⣇⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⡇⡇⠀⡀⠀⠀⣉⡁⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡛⡋⠀⠐⠚⠃⡾⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⠘⡁⣿⣿⣿⢟⣡⣶⡿⣛⣵⢸⣿⣶⡿⢟⣽⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⡇⠐⣰⡄⡖⡏⠃⠘⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⡁⡆⠀⠀⠔⣤⣦⣭⢡⣘⡫⠁⣠⣾⠃⠲⢟⣴⣿⡿⣫⣾⣿⣿⣼⡿⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣧⣳⣠⡿⣧⠐⠑⠇⢰⢸⣦⡄⠀⠀⡅⡇⠀⢠⣟⡀⣐⣀⡲⢁⣤⠾⣿⣿⡄⠂⣾⡿⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⡾⣼⣷⢻⣞⣿⣿⣷⡙⣴⡜⣴⠀⣷⣤⣞⠛⠓⠒⣆⡡⢓⠄⠈⠓⠒⢒⠂⣴⡿⣣⣷⣝⢿⣧⡼⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣧⣧⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⢫⠐⡿⠿⢿⢿⢷⠽⡯⠂⠀⠁⠀⠋⢠⠒⢰⢸⣿⢳⣿⣿⣿⣷⣭⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢯⣧⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢀⠀⠀⢀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠷⣌⠹⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣈⢉⣁⣀⡈⡀⣉⣀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣶⡙⣷⢹⣧⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠈⠉⠁⠁⠁⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠛⣷⢸⣧⣻⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⠣⠶⠰⠐⠂⠰⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣠⡿⣼⡇⣿⢳⡟⠀⠀⠀⠸⠡⠸⠲⠂⠃⠠⠧⠀⠴⠶⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⣶⣿⣷⣤⣤⣤⣴⣾⣷⣤⣄⣀⣀⣤⣾⣷⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣦⣄⣀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⡀⠀⠀⡀⣀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⣰⣶⣶⣎⣛⣫⣾⢏⣾⢯⡾⠱⠀⢘⠀⢠⢤⣤⣄⢀⡀⡀⠀⣀⡀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⡷⢁⢁⣆⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣉⣭⣴⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⠀⢠⣧⢭⡁⣍⣥⢅⠡⠭⡌⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠻⠀⠀⣁⠅⠌⠙⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣀⢹⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣹⣿⣿⡇⣀⣀⣀⣀⢸⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⣴⣶⠄⠸⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⣇⠀⠐⣌⣀⠈⢠⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠏⢹⡇⣿⡘⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⢣⢻⣿⣎⢿⣿⣿⡏⣼⢸⣿⡇⢠⢾⡀⠀⢠⡿⢿⢆⣉⣀⣀⡼⢃⣭⣛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢠⣿⠀⠀⠉⠉⠈⠉⠀⢸⣿⣿⢃⣾⡘⢡⠟⣧⠹⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢿⣾⣧⢿⣿⣆⢻⡟⣰⣿⠘⣿⡇⣯⣿⣳⣄⣾⣼⣎⣶⡍⣭⣴⣾⣿⣿⢿⡬⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡼⢿⠐⣠⣶⡰⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⢃⠞⣿⣿⢫⣾⡹⣷⠹⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣿⣿⣮⢻⣿⣆⢃⣿⣿⢠⣿⣧⣸⣿⣷⡻⢷⣿⡿⠋⠀⡿⡕⠉⢺⢫⣿⠀⠀⠹⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⡿⠁⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣼⣱⡼⡶⣱⡞⣷⡘⢿⣿⣿⡏⡜⣾⡘⣵⣿⣿⣷⡽⡧⠁ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡹⣿⣰⢣⡿⢸⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣾⡿⠁⠀⠀⣧⢧⣀⣜⣾⣮⣵⣶⣿⠀⠀⠀⢨⠿⡿⣱⠿⡈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢰⢣⣿⣧⢣⣿⣿⡼⣿⡌⢿⡟⡰⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢋⣴⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡝⣇⣿⡇⢸⣿⠉⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⢠⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣯⡍⣛⡿⠿⢟⣫⡞⣠⠁⣏⡆⣁⣈⣉⣩⠹⠣⣎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡹⣿⣈⡴⣱⣿⣿⡿⣁⢹⡟⣰⣿⡿⣫ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⢧⢸⡿⢸⣎⢿⣿⣿⢡⡗⠀⢰⣿⡏⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢹⣿⣿⣿⡿⣡⢿⡾⡼⠿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠈⡷⣘⣻⣿⣿⣟⣻⣛⣛⣃⣉⣉⣚⣛⣛⠛⣰⣿⡈⣸⡿⣫⣾⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡌⠃⣿⣿⡘⣿⣿⢘⣇⢸⢸⣿⢇⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡟⣰⢳⣧⢱⣶⣿⠸⠿⠿⠇⣭⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢃⣾⡿⢻⣿⣟⣾⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⢧⣼⢣⢸⡇⣿⣿⡘⣷⡸⠂⢿⣯⡢⠝⠻⠿⠿⠟⢘⢻⣿⠃⣿⢸⣿⡠⠨⢭⣭⣙⣛⣛⡛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⣋⡄⠸⠿⠟⣰⣿⡟⣵⡟⡟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⢣⣿⢸⡇⠀⣀⣉⠀⠀⠾⠷⠦⠭⠭⠍⠸⡇⣒⠂⣯⡶⠀⣿⢾⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⢠⣭⣭⣭⣍⣛⡛⠛⢋⣡⣴⡾⣿⡏⠘⣠⣿⡿⣫⣾⣿⣷⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⠀⠈⠀⢀⡈⠁⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⡉⠀⠐⢚⠃⡿⣸⣿⣿⣿⣷⠐⠘⡁⢸⣿⣿⠟⣡⣶⣿⢟⣭⡆⣿⣿⣿⢟⣵⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⠀⣼⠀⣆⢹⠆⠘⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⡅⠀⠀⠈⠀⢤⣤⣭⡍⠐⠫⠁⣠⣾⡇⠀⠿⢡⣾⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣧⢿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣏⢧⣼⠿⡆⠉⠹⡄⢐⢸⣦⡄⠀⠀⡄⡄⠀⢠⣞⣀⢀⣐⡢⢀⣠⡾⣻⣿⣿⠘⢠⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣼⣸⣷⢻⣞⣿⣿⣯⣫⣶⡹⣾⠀⣶⣤⣌⠙⠃⠂⣄⡁⠑⠀⠘⠓⠒⢒⠐⣠⣿⣫⣾⣧⡻⣿⣤⢏⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣽⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣧⣧⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⠣⠒⠻⢻⡿⠯⡷⡹⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠋⠀⠐⠂⢰⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢯⣧⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠷⣌⠻⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣈⢉⣀⣀⡈⡀⣉⣀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣧⠁⣾⢏⣧⢸⣿⣿⢸⣇⢸⢸⣿⢃⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡿⢰⣧⣎⢱⣶⣿⠸⠿⠿⠇⣭⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢋⣴⣿⢛⣿⣿⢫⣾⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣝⢶⢏⣾⣿⠈⣿⣿⡌⢿⡸⠀⢿⣯⡣⠝⠻⠿⠿⠟⢘⢻⣿⡇⢸⢸⣿⡠⠮⢩⣭⣙⣛⣛⣛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⣋⡄⠸⠟⣡⣿⣿⣳⣿⡸⢳⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣎⣿⣿⣿⠀⢀⡀⣉⣀⠀⠾⠷⠦⠭⠩⠍⠸⡇⣒⠂⣯⡶⠀⢸⢸⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⢨⣭⠍⣭⣍⣛⡛⠛⠛⣉⣤⣶⡿⣿⣇⢀⣼⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⡄⡀⠀⠀⠉⡁⢸⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠉⠀⠐⢚⠃⡾⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⢰⠸⢋⣄⢸⣿⡿⣃⣴⣾⡿⣫⣵⣇⣿⣿⣿⢏⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣰⣇⢠⣀⡻⠀⠘⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⡅⠂⠀⠀⠄⡄⣴⣬⣭⡄⠋⠅⢀⣴⣿⡧⢘⠋⣴⣿⡿⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⡸⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢻⣿⡟⣿⢿⣿⡼⣦⡟⣹⡈⠁⢨⡃⢰⢸⣦⡄⠀⠀⡄⡀⠀⢠⣟⡒⢒⠒⠂⠉⣠⣶⢟⡻⣿⡇⠀⣼⡿⣏⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣯⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡼⣿⣾⣼⣿⣻⣞⣿⣿⣝⣾⣧⢿⣾⠀⣶⣤⣜⠛⠃⠒⡂⠁⠐⠄⠘⠁⠀⠒⠒⢀⣾⡿⣵⣿⣷⡹⣿⣾⢏⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣼⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣷⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠛⠌⠰⠏⠻⠿⣇⠄⠻⢉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⡟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⣣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢏⣯⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠷⣌⠻⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣈⢉⢁⣀⡈⡀⣉⢀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣶⡙⣷⢹⣧⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠈⠈⠁⠁⠁⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠛⣷⢸⣧⣻⠇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⠳⠶⠲⠐⠂⠰⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢠⡟⣸⣇⣿⢲⡟⠀⠀⠀⠸⠣⠸⠰⠂⠃⠠⠧⠀⠴⠴⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣴⣶⣿⣷⣤⣤⣤⣶⣾⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣤⣀⠀⢀⣀⡀⣀⢀⠀⢠⣀⣀⣀⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣠⣿⣧⣤⣈⣛⣫⣾⣿⣿⢯⡿⠁⠀⣤⠀⢠⢤⣤⣄⢀⡀⡀⠀⣀⡀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢘⡽⠀⢁⠤⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣯⣙⣫⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣟⠀⢠⣧⢭⡁⣍⣥⢅⠡⠭⡌⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⠀⠀⢁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢡⢸⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⢩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣃⣀⣀⣀⡀⣺⣀⣀⣀⢀⠀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⣴⣶⠄⠸⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢠⡙⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡄⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣏⡜⣿⣿⡘⣿⣿⢃⣿⣇⢻⣿⡇⢀⣴⣿⠀⠀⣾⢷⢄⣉⣀⣀⡼⢃⣭⣛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⠀⠀⣠⡆⠈⠉⠀⢸⣿⣿⡟⣡⢸⡇⣼⣧⢹⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢺⣸⣿⡜⣿⣿⡌⠏⣼⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⣮⣾⣼⣧⣠⢧⡏⣦⡉⣭⣶⣾⣿⣿⢿⡤⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢃⣾⡇⠘⣰⣿⣧⠰⣶⣶⣿⣿⠏⣴⣿⣄⡴⣫⢻⡆⢿⡟ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⣝⣿⣿⣆⣿⢻⡏⣸⣿⣇⣼⣿⣿⣟⢟⣿⡿⠋⠀⡿⡕⠉⢺⢃⣿⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢏⡄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⡼⣵⢣⡼⣡⣦⢻⣧⡙⣿⣿⠇⡾⣉⣿⢏⣴⣿⣏⢿⣆⠁ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⡻⡿⣳⢻⡇⣿⡏⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣧⢧⣀⣜⣾⣮⣵⣶⣿⠀⠀⠀⢨⣿⡿⢣⡾⢧⠸⣿⣿⣿⡏⡼⣹⣿⡾⢳⣿⣿⣆⢿⣷⠘⡟⣸⢣⣿⣴⣿⡿⣿⡿⢊⣡⣾ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣿⢸⢠⣿⠇⣦⢹⣿⣿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⡍⣛⠿⠿⢟⣫⢊⢹⢁⣏⣾⣀⣀⣉⣩⠹⠡⢱⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⡞⣿⣧⡴⣣⣿⣿⣿⠏⣄⠛⣰⣿⣿⡿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⢸⡏⣼⣿⡆⣿⣿⣿⢡⡇⠀⢰⡿⡏⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢻⣿⣿⣿⠏⣼⣆⡘⣼⠿⢻⣿⣿⡏⠈⡷⣘⣟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣛⣉⣉⣚⣛⣛⡛⢋⣼⣿⣶⣿⡿⣫⣾ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⡆⢰⡟⡅⣷⢸⣿⣿⢸⣇⢸⢸⣿⢃⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⢰⣯⡛⢡⣶⣯⠸⠿⠿⠇⣭⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⠟⣰⣿⢟⢿⣿⢏⣾⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡳⡞⣼⡇⣿⢸⣿⣿⡌⣿⡸⠂⢿⣯⡢⠙⠻⠿⠿⠟⢘⢻⣿⣿⢸⣿⣧⠀⢮⣭⣭⣙⣛⣛⣛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢋⣡⠸⠿⢁⣾⣿⢣⣿⣞⢫⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣷⠀⣼⡇⠱⠠⢁⠂⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡅⠆⠀⠈⠠⢄⣤⠥⠘⡉⠉⠋⣀⣴⣿⣿⠈⠘⣱⣿⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣷⡹⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢹⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⡹⣶⢣⢰⠘⢠⠐⡀⠐⢸⣦⡀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⢠⡏⢀⠀⠀⠂⠉⢂⣶⡿⡛⣿⣿⠀⣰⣿⡿⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣏⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡾⣿⡿⣼⣿⣻⣞⣿⣷⣥⣿⣏⢷⣾⠀⣶⡤⣞⠛⠂⠒⠆⠁⠐⠀⠘⠁⠀⠂⠐⠀⣴⡿⣫⣾⣿⡜⢿⣶⡿⣩⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣷⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠟⠛⠨⠰⠾⠋⠿⢈⠄⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⣼⡿⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⣝⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣏⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢀⠀⡀⢀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠷⣄⠻⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣈⢉⣁⣀⡈⡀⣉⣀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣶⡙⣷⢹⣧⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠈⠉⠁⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠛⣷⢸⡇⣻⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⠳⠶⠲⠰⠂⠰⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣀⣀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣠⡟⣸⠇⣿⢳⣟⣀⣄⠀⠸⠳⠸⠲⠢⠃⠨⠣⠠⠰⠰⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣤⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣾⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⢀⠀⢰⣾⣿⣶⣦⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣴⣄⠀⣤⣈⣛⣫⣾⣿⣿⢯⡿⠋⠀⣽⠀⢠⢤⣤⣄⢀⡀⡀⠀⣀⡀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⡷⠁⢀⣄⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣦⣬⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⡷⠀⢠⣧⢭⡁⣍⣥⢅⠡⠭⡌⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⢀⠄⠈⠉⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠹⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢁⣀⣀⣀⡀⣯⣀⣀⡀⢀⢀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣶⠄⠸⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠙⢿⠀⠈⠈⢀⠀⠠⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢰⡇⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡾⣵⢹⣿⣧⠹⣿⡿⣱⣿⡌⣿⣿⡇⢀⡴⢿⡄⠀⣼⣷⢀⣉⣀⣀⡼⢃⣭⣛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣾⡈⠀⠀⣠⣾⡀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠟⢻⡿⢸⣇⢻⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⢻⣿⣧⢻⣿⣷⡙⠅⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⣞⣾⡟⣷⣀⢯⡜⣄⠍⣭⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⡤⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢁⣿⡇⢃⣾⡿⣿⣇⢲⣶⣿⣿⠟⣡⡆⠻⣣⡿⢿⡌⢿⢀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣧⢻⣿⣿⣄⡿⢻⡇⣿⣿⡇⣼⣿⣿⣞⠿⣾⡿⠋⠀⡿⡕⠉⢪⢃⣿⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢡⢸⣿⣿⣿⡿⢡⡟⡍⣧⡾⣫⣶⡹⣿⣆⠹⣿⢃⡾⢿⣿⡾⣫⣾⡼⣿⡈⠸ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣝⠿⡟⣽⢸⢃⣿⡇⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣧⢧⣀⣜⣾⣪⣵⣶⣿⠀⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⠟⡰⢻⡘⣿⣿⣿⠇⡟⣽⣇⡿⣱⣿⣿⣷⣻⣿⡇⢁⣾⢣⡞⣫⣾⡿⣿⣷⠙⣡⣾ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⡇⣿⢸⣿⢡⣧⢹⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⢠⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⡍⣛⡿⠿⣟⣡⢾⣿⢃⢞⣾⣈⣀⣈⣩⠙⠰⣹⣿⣿⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣷⡿⣣⣿⣿⣿⡟⣠⠙⣡⣾⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⢸⢃⣾⢿⡆⣿⣿⣿⢀⡗⢀⢰⡿⡏⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢻⣿⣿⣿⡏⡀⠃⡎⡾⠿⢿⣿⣿⡏⠈⡳⣙⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣛⣛⣋⣉⣑⣛⣛⣛⣛⢋⣼⣿⣷⣿⣿⢟⣵ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢻⡈⣸⢫⡆⣇⢹⣿⣿⢸⡇⢸⢸⣿⢃⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⡟⠆⢱⣶⣷⠸⠿⠿⠇⣭⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣡⣾⢟⢻⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⢿⢣⣿⡇⣿⢸⣿⣿⡌⣷⡸⠂⢿⣯⡣⠝⠻⠿⠿⠟⢘⢻⣿⣿⡇⠇⣷⡀⠾⢭⣭⣙⣛⣛⡛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢛⣡⡄⠟⢡⣾⣿⢏⣾⣧⣣⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⢻⡏⢀⢀⠀⠉⡰⠀⠿⠷⠦⠭⠭⠭⠸⡇⣒⠂⣯⡶⢸⡇⡄⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⢠⣭⡍⢩⣭⣙⡛⠓⠓⠛⣡⣴⣾⢿⣿⣧⣴⣿⡿⣣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⡠⢁⠀⢠⡀⢈⡁⢠⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⡛⡉⠀⠐⢚⠛⣼⢳⡿⣿⣿⣇⢸⠸⢏⣼⢸⣿⣿⠇⣠⣴⣿⢟⣭⣶⣧⢿⣿⡿⢯⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⢁⣿⡀⣦⡜⢨⡀⠐⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⡁⠆⠀⠈⢀⢤⠄⡵⢤⣫⠉⠋⢀⣴⣾⣿⠈⠈⣡⣾⣿⣟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣛⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢻⣿⡟⣿⢿⣧⢻⡾⣳⢡⠈⢠⢸⠄⠐⢸⣆⡀⠀⠀⡂⠀⠀⢠⣟⠒⠒⠒⠂⠑⢃⣴⡿⣫⢿⣿⠀⣰⣿⣿⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡾⣿⡿⣼⣿⣻⣞⣿⣧⣵⣿⣟⣷⣿⠈⣷⣤⣞⠛⠀⠂⠄⠁⠐⠀⠈⠂⠀⠂⠐⠂⣰⣿⢯⣾⣿⣎⢿⣶⡿⣫⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣷⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠛⠬⡐⠾⠟⠿⡗⠢⠛⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⣼⣿⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣭⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢯⣧⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠷⣄⠻⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣈⢉⣁⣀⡈⡀⣉⣀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣶⡙⣷⢹⣧⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠈⠉⠁⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠛⣷⢸⣧⣻⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⠳⠶⠰⠰⠂⠰⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣀⣀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣠⡟⣸⠇⣿⢳⣟⠀⣤⠀⠸⠳⠸⠲⠢⠃⠨⠣⠠⠰⠰⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣤⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣾⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⢀⠀⢰⣾⣿⣶⣦⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣶⡄⠀⣤⣈⣛⣿⣿⣿⣾⢯⡿⠁⠀⣟⠀⢠⢤⣤⣄⢀⡀⡀⠀⣀⡀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⡧⠁⢀⣄⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣦⣬⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠠⡯⠀⢠⣧⢭⡁⣍⣥⢅⠡⠭⡌⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢁⠄⠈⠁⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠹⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣀⠀⣀⣀⠀⣿⣀⡀⣀⡀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣶⠄⠸⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠙⢿⠀⠀⠈⢀⠀⠠⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢰⡆⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣏⣶⢹⣿⣧⠻⣿⢁⣿⣷⢸⣿⣿⡇⢀⡴⢿⡄⠀⣼⣷⢀⣉⣀⣀⡼⢃⣭⣛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣾⡈⠀⠀⣠⣾⡀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠟⢻⡿⢸⣇⢻⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣹⣿⣯⢿⣿⣧⡙⢸⡿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⣞⣾⡟⣷⣀⢯⡜⣄⠍⣭⣶⣾⣿⣿⢿⡤⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢁⣿⡇⢃⣾⡿⣿⣇⢲⣶⣿⣿⠟⣡⡆⠹⣣⡾⢿⡌⢿⢀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣧⣻⣿⣿⡾⣵⣿⠈⣿⠿⡇⣼⣿⣿⣞⠟⣾⡿⠋⠀⡿⡕⠉⢪⢃⣿⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢡⢸⣿⣿⣿⡿⢡⡟⡌⣧⡾⣫⣶⡹⣿⣆⠹⣿⢃⣾⢿⣿⡾⣫⣾⡸⣿⡌⠘ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣝⢿⣹⣿⣿⢠⣿⢀⠱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣧⢧⣀⣜⣾⣮⣵⣶⣿⠀⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⠟⡰⢻⡘⣿⣿⣿⠇⡟⣽⣧⡿⣱⣿⣿⣷⣻⣿⡇⢡⣾⢣⡞⣫⣾⡿⢣⢰⠝⣡⣾ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⡟⣿⢸⡏⣼⡆⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⢠⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⡍⣛⡿⠿⣟⣡⢾⣿⢃⢞⣾⣈⣀⣈⣩⠙⠰⣹⣿⣿⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣷⡿⣣⣿⣿⣿⡿⣡⣿⢀⣾⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⠸⢰⣏⢻⡸⣿⣿⣿⢁⡇⢠⢰⡿⡏⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢻⣿⣿⣿⡏⡀⠃⡎⡾⠿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠈⡳⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣛⣋⣉⣑⣛⣛⣛⣛⠛⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣵ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡹⣄⡿⣼⡾⡇⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⢺⢸⣿⢇⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⡟⠄⢱⣶⣿⠸⠿⠿⠇⣭⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⣿⡿⢋⣼⡿⣱⢹⡿⣵⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡻⢱⣿⣇⡇⣿⣿⣿⡌⣷⡸⠂⢿⣯⡣⠝⠻⠿⠿⠟⢘⢻⣿⣿⡇⠇⣷⡐⠾⢭⣭⣙⣛⣛⡛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⣋⣴⡇⢟⣰⣿⡟⣵⣿⣧⣸⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⢻⡇⣀⠀⠀⠉⡠⠀⠿⠷⠦⠭⠭⠭⠸⡇⣒⠃⣮⡶⢸⡇⡄⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⢨⣭⣭⢍⣤⢘⡛⠛⠛⠛⣁⣤⣶⡿⢿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⠇⣼⡇⢡⣈⢈⠁⢨⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⡛⠉⠀⢐⢚⠛⣼⢳⡿⣿⣿⣇⢸⢸⠟⣵⣿⣿⢸⠀⢀⣤⣾⣿⢟⣽⣾⣿⣸⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡆⢰⠟⠀⣰⠜⢉⠃⢘⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⡃⠆⠀⠈⠁⢤⠅⣵⣄⠫⢉⠋⢈⣤⣾⣿⣿⡏⠸⣡⣿⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣣⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡟⣿⢿⣇⢿⢣⣿⢇⠋⠀⢸⠀⢰⢸⣦⡀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⢠⣟⠒⠒⠒⠒⠑⠄⣠⣿⡿⣣⡆⣿⣇⣰⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣧⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣾⣼⣿⣻⣏⣿⣧⣿⣿⣞⢶⣿⠘⣷⡤⣞⠛⠑⠂⠂⠡⠐⠀⠘⠁⠀⠒⠐⠂⢀⣼⡿⣫⣾⣿⣷⡹⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣷⣧⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⠃⠔⠾⠿⢿⣛⠇⠋⠣⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠒⠀⢈⣠⣾⢟⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢏⣯⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢀⠀⡀⢀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠷⣌⠹⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣈⢉⣁⣀⡈⡀⣉⣀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣶⡙⣷⢹⣧⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠈⠉⠁⠁⠁⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠛⣷⢸⣧⣻⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⠳⠶⠲⠐⠂⠰⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣄ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣠⣟⣸⠇⣿⢳⡟⠀⢀⠀⠘⠳⠸⠲⠂⠃⠨⠃⠀⠶⠰⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣾⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣦⣄⣀⣀⣀⣤⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣴⣾⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿ ⣦⡀⠀⣤⣈⣻⣿⣿⣏⣾⢯⣿⠁⢰⡽⠀⢠⢤⣤⣄⢀⡀⡀⠀⣀⡀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⠏⠀⢀⣄⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣴⣬⣽⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⢸⡯⠀⢠⡥⢭⡁⣍⣥⢅⠡⠭⡌⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⠀⠈⢁⠄⠈⠅⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢏⠸⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣀⠀⣀⣀⢘⣯⡀⣀⣀⢀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⣴⣶⠄⠸⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢀⢹⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠠⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡆⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⢇⣧⢻⣿⣧⢻⠇⣿⣿⡌⣿⣿⣿⡇⢀⡴⣿⠀⠀⣾⣷⢄⣉⣀⣀⡼⢃⣭⣛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢸⡌⠀⠀⢠⣶⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡟⣁⢸⡿⢸⣇⢻⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣼⣿⣯⢿⣿⣧⢸⡿⢻⡇⢿⣿⣿⡇⣮⣾⡼⣧⣸⢳⣞⣦⡉⣭⣶⣾⣿⣿⢿⡤⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢃⣿⡇⢋⣴⣿⣿⡄⢶⣶⣿⣿⠏⣴⣿⣈⣡⢫⢻⡌⢿⢉ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣧⣻⣿⣿⢳⡇⣷⢸⣿⠸⡇⣸⣿⣿⣝⢯⣿⡿⠋⠀⡿⡕⠉⢺⢃⣿⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢃⡞⣄⣧⣾⣫⣶⢹⣿⣌⢻⣿⢋⣾⡉⣿⠟⣱⣿⡏⢻⣌⠈ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡝⡟⣿⡇⣿⢸⡏⣄⠳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣧⢧⣀⣜⣾⣪⣵⣶⣿⠀⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⠏⡔⢷⠸⣿⣿⣿⡏⡼⣱⣿⢹⢳⣿⣿⣧⢿⣿⡌⢃⣾⢣⣷⣱⣿⣿⢏⡔⠘⣡⣾ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣿⡇⣿⠸⢰⣿⡄⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⡍⣛⠿⠿⣟⣣⠎⢿⠏⢜⣾⣀⣀⣉⣩⠙⠡⢱⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⡎⣿⣧⡾⣣⣿⣿⣿⡿⢡⣾⣷⣴⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⠀⣿⣁⣿⡸⣿⣿⣿⢁⡆⢀⢰⡿⡏⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢻⣿⣿⣿⡟⣰⡈⠈⣾⠿⢿⣿⣿⡟⠈⡷⣘⣿⣟⣿⣿⣟⣿⣻⣋⣉⣉⣚⣛⣛⣛⡛⣡⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⣫ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣿⢧⣿⢸⡇⣿⣿⣿⢨⡇⢺⢸⣿⢃⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⢠⣏⡛⢡⣶⣯⠸⠿⠿⠇⣭⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⣿⠟⣰⣿⢣⡏⣿⢫⣾⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡛⣾⣿⢸⡇⣿⡟⢿⡌⣷⠸⠂⢿⣯⡢⠙⠻⠿⠿⠟⢘⢻⣿⣿⡈⣿⣧⠀⠺⣭⣭⣙⣛⣛⡛⠻⠟⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠛⣋⣴⣾⡀⣡⣾⡿⣣⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⠃⡆⢠⠀⡉⣰⠀⠷⠷⠦⠭⠭⠴⠸⣇⣒⠀⣯⡶⢸⢃⣇⣿⣿⣷⣶⠀⢩⣭⣭⡭⣡⣴⠀⠛⠛⠛⣁⣤⣶⣿⢟⡛⣿⣿⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢺⠐⢠⣿⠀⢠⢀⢈⠁⢸⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠉⠀⢐⣚⠋⣼⣹⡿⢿⣿⣿⢸⢸⠟⣡⣾⣿⣿⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⡿⣫⣶⣿⣷⢻⣟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣄⡟⡌⠀⣄⠘⠌⡄⠰⢀⡂⠀⠀⠀⠄⠆⠀⢈⠀⢢⡤⣵⣂⠛⠍⠛⠈⣠⣾⣿⠿⣿⣿⠀⣼⣿⡿⣻⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣏⢟⣼⣧⣇⠃⡀⢠⡂⢰⢸⣦⡀⠀⠀⡄⡀⠀⢸⣞⠒⠂⠂⠂⠙⡂⢠⣾⣿⢟⣵⣇⣿⣿⣾⢿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣾⣽⣿⣻⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣜⢿⣿⠈⣷⣤⣞⠛⠑⠒⡂⠁⠐⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⢂⠂⠀⣰⣿⡿⣣⣿⣿⣿⣜⠿⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣹⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣷⣧⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠃⠐⠻⢹⠿⣑⠘⠙⠣⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⣠⣤⣶⠿⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣧⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠷⣌⠹⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣈⢉⣁⣀⡈⡀⣉⣀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣶⡙⣷⢹⣧⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠈⠉⠁⠁⠁⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠛⣷⢸⣧⣿⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⠳⠶⠲⠰⠂⠰⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣠⣿⣼⡇⣿⢳⡟⠀⠀⠀⠸⠣⠸⠲⠂⠃⠠⠧⠀⠴⠶⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣤⣶⣿⣷⣤⣤⣤⣴⣾⣷⣤⣄⣀⣀⣤⣾⣷⣦⣤⣤⣤⣶⣦⣄⣀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⡀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣦⡀⠀⣤⣈⣿⣿⣿⢏⣾⢯⣾⠁⠠⡐⠀⢠⢤⣤⣄⢀⡀⡀⠀⣀⡀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⡲⢀⢁⡆⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣤⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠄⡀⠀⢠⣥⢭⡁⣍⣥⢅⠡⠭⡌⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠙⢿⠀⠈⢁⠀⠊⠉⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢁⢸⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⡀⡀⣀⣀⢨⡐⢀⣀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⣴⣶⠄⠸⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡆⠀⠀⠉⠄⠀⢀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠟⢻⡇⣾⡈⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⢻⣿⣆⠇⣿⣿⡇⢿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢠⢾⡄⠀⢰⡿⣿⢆⣉⣀⣀⡼⢃⣭⡛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⠀⠀⢉⠀⠈⠉⠀⢸⣿⣿⢋⣼⠸⢃⡿⣧⠹⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢇⣿⣿⣏⢿⣿⣦⣿⣣⣿⢸⣿⣿⢿⡇⣮⣯⢷⣄⣿⣿⣎⣶⡍⣭⣴⣾⣿⣿⢿⡬⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢃⡾⣿⠐⣠⣿⡆⢲⣶⣶⣿⣿⢃⡾⣿⣶⢞⣵⣹⣧⠹⡿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⢻⣿⢧⣿⢿⡆⣿⡇⠸⣧⣼⣿⣷⡻⢷⣿⡿⠋⠀⡟⡕⠉⢻⢻⣿⠀⠀⠹⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢣⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⡾⣱⣸⣴⣣⣎⣿⣦⠻⣿⣿⡇⡞⣴⠻⣱⣿⣿⣧⠛⢁⠁ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡹⢸⣿⣼⡇⢹⢰⡆⢿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣾⡿⠁⠀⠀⣧⢧⣀⣜⣾⣪⣵⣶⣿⠀⠀⠀⢨⣿⡿⢡⠿⣆⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⢱⣿⡇⢧⣿⣿⡜⣿⣧⢹⡟⣸⢳⣿⣾⣿⣿⢏⣵⡇⢠⣾ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⡿⣧⠀⣾⢿⡈⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⡍⣛⠿⠿⣟⣫⡞⡀⠃⣏⣾⣈⣀⣉⣩⠹⠋⣎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡜⣿⣄⡴⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⢃⣾⣿⣷⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣰⡏⡎⣧⢻⣿⣿⣿⢁⡇⠰⢰⣿⡏⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢻⣿⣿⣿⡟⣰⣿⡼⡼⠿⢿⣿⣿⡏⠈⡷⣘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣛⣓⣉⣉⣚⡛⢛⣛⡛⢣⣾⣟⢿⣿⡿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡼⣿⢹⣷⢿⢸⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⢰⢸⣿⢃⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡟⢰⢧⣮⢱⣶⣯⠸⠿⠿⠇⣭⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⡁⢸⠟⣡⣿⢯⣾⢸⢟⣽⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡉⣿⣿⣸⢈⣿⠁⢻⡘⣷⠸⠂⢿⣯⡢⠙⠻⠿⠿⠟⢘⣻⣿⡇⣸⢸⣿⡠⠾⢭⣭⣙⣛⣛⣛⠿⠿⠟⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢛⣡⣾⣧⣠⣾⣿⢣⣿⣿⣯⣾⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢠⠂⣾⠀⣉⣠⠀⠿⠷⠦⠭⠭⠍⠸⡇⣒⠃⣧⡶⠀⣽⢸⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⢨⣭⣭⣭⠍⣡⣾⠀⠛⣛⠛⣁⣤⣾⡿⣻⡍⣿⣿⣟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣼⣿⠀⢡⠀⣉⡁⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡛⠋⠀⠐⢚⠃⡾⣸⣿⣿⣿⣇⢸⢸⡿⢛⣥⣾⣿⡟⠀⠀⣡⣾⡿⣫⣵⣾⣿⣷⢿⢫⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣼⢣⡼⠐⡴⠐⠧⠃⠸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠂⠀⠀⠡⣠⠠⣭⡅⡘⠋⠁⠈⢈⣴⣿⢟⣻⣿⣇⢀⣾⡿⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣇⣣⣿⡇⡆⢁⡇⢠⡄⢠⢰⣆⡄⠀⠀⡆⡀⠀⢠⡆⢒⠂⠀⠀⠐⡃⠀⣰⣿⡿⣵⣿⡏⣿⣿⡾⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣾⡽⣷⣻⣎⣿⣿⣿⣿⡝⣿⣷⠀⣧⣤⣞⠛⠒⠒⢄⠀⠐⠀⠘⠀⠐⠒⠒⡀⠠⠀⣼⣿⣯⣾⣿⣿⣿⡸⢟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣹⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣷⣷⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⡛⢃⠔⢞⢷⢿⡅⠇⠓⠝⠁⠀⠀⠈⠂⠀⠐⠀⢸⡿⠶⠿⣛⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣧⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠷⣌⠻⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣈⢉⣀⣀⡈⡀⣉⣀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣶⡙⣷⢹⣧⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠈⠉⠁⠁⠁⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠛⣷⢸⡇⢻⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⠳⠶⠰⠠⠂⠰⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣱⣿⣇⡇⢷⠂⠀⣘⠃⠐⠀⠐⠂⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠇⢤⣴⢬⢭⠀⣛⠁⠸⠈⢋⣶⣿⣿⢟⣵⢸⣿⣶⢿⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⡼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢳⡀⢸⡄⣷⡆⠠⢰⣦⡄⠀⠀⡄⠆⠀⢸⣞⡒⠒⠒⠂⢋⣤⠀⠀⣰⣿⡿⣫⣾⣿⣿⡼⡿⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣼⣹⣧⢿⡞⣿⣿⣿⣧⡻⡿⣷⠀⣶⣤⣞⠋⠓⠒⢄⢡⠐⠀⠘⠀⠀⠒⠂⣴⣿⣿⣷⣤⣿⢟⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣻⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣧⣧⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠈⠔⢾⢾⠿⣗⠖⣻⠍⠐⢈⡂⠀⠁⠂⠐⠀⢸⡿⣬⣽⣛⣛⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣷⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢀⠀⠀⢀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠷⣌⠹⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣈⢉⣁⣀⡈⡀⣉⣀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣶⡙⣷⢹⣧⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠈⠀⠁⠁⠁⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠛⣷⢸⡧⣻⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⠳⠶⠲⠠⠂⠰⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣇⣠⡟⣸⣇⣿⢰⡟⠀⠀⠀⠸⠳⠸⠴⠂⠃⠠⠧⠀⠰⠰⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣤⣶⣾⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣦⣤⣤⣤⣴⣾⣦⣤⠀⢀⣀⢀⣀⡀⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⣴⣯⣿⣿⣾⢏⣾⢯⣿⠃⣓⢔⠀⢠⢤⣤⣄⢀⡀⡀⠀⣀⡀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢨⡾⠁⢃⡢⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿ ⣷⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠟⠃⠀⠀⠀⡕⠁⠀⢠⣧⢭⡁⣍⣥⢅⠡⠭⡌⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⠀⠘⠁⠀⠈⠈⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢡⢸⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣧⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣠⡇⣀⡀⢁⣀⣀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⠄⠸⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢠⡙⠀⠀⣉⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡄⣿⣿⣿ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣼⣹⣧⢿⡞⣿⣿⣿⣧⡻⡿⣷⠀⣷⣤⣞⠃⠒⠒⢄⠁⠐⠀⠐⠁⠐⢒⠂⣴⣿⣿⣷⣤⣿⢟⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣻⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣧⣧⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠨⠐⡶⢿⠿⠇⠎⠓⠡⠀⠁⠝⠀⠈⠀⠐⠀⢸⡿⣬⣽⣛⣛⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣷⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢀⠀⡀⢀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠷⣌⠻⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣈⢉⣁⣀⡈⡀⣉⢀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣶⡙⣷⢹⣧⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠈⠉⠁⠁⠁⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠟⣷⢸⡧⢻⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⠳⠶⠲⠰⠂⠰⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⢀⣀⣀⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣄⡀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣧⣠⡟⣸⣇⣿⢱⡟⣀⠀⠀⠘⠳⠸⠰⠦⠃⠨⠷⠀⠰⠰⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣷⣶⠀⢀⡀⢀⣀⠀⠀⢰⣶⣶⣶⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣯⣾⢏⣾⢯⣿⠃⣷⠝⠀⢠⢤⣤⣄⢀⡀⡀⠀⣀⡀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢨⠰⠁⢂⣶⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣆⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⠟⠃⡀⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⢠⣧⢭⡁⣍⣥⢅⠡⠭⡌⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢐⢀⠄⠈⠁⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢏⢸⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣆⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⡀⣴⣇⣀⡀⣀⣀⡀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⠄⠸⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢈⢻⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡆⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣼⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⠟⢹⣿⡇⠀⡴⣻⣇⠀⢰⣧⢀⣉⣀⣀⡼⢃⣭⡛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢸⡆⠀⠀⣠⣶⠀⠉⠀⢸⣿⣿⡿⢋⢹⡿⢸⣇⢹⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡼⣿⡟⡼⣿⠸⣿⡟⢰⡌⣿⡇⣎⣾⣟⣿⣄⣌⡜⡔⠍⣭⣴⣾⣿⣿⢟⡮⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢡⣿⡇⠃⣼⡿⣿⡄⢶⣶⣿⣿⠏⣴⣿⠘⣡⢟⢻⡄⢿⠉ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢹⣸⣧⢿⣧⢻⠇⣿⡇⢻⣧⣼⣿⣿⣞⠿⣼⡷⠋⠀⡿⡕⠉⢺⢫⣿⠀⠀⠹⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢃⡟⡄⣧⣾⣫⣶⡹⣿⣆⢻⣿⢋⣾⠻⣿⢟⣧⣾⣏⣿⠌⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⡞⣿⡆⠀⣿⣇⢸⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣧⢧⣀⣜⣾⣮⣵⣶⣿⡀⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⢋⡜⢻⡘⣿⣿⣿⡇⡾⣹⣷⢻⣱⣿⣿⣧⢻⣿⡆⠏⣼⢣⣧⣵⣿⣿⣿⢟⣤⣾⣷ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡹⣿⣸⣇⢩⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⢠⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⡍⣛⠿⠿⣟⣫⠎⣿⢃⡟⣼⣀⣀⣈⣩⠹⠡⢱⣿⣿⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣷⡾⣫⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⢃⣿⡿⢻⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣝⢿⣸⣸⡄⡏⣿⡿⣿⣿⢁⡆⠠⢰⣿⡏⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢻⣿⣿⣿⡏⣴⠈⡘⡾⠿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠈⡷⣙⣿⣻⣟⣿⣿⣛⣻⣋⣉⣑⣛⣛⡛⣰⢘⠛⣡⣿⢯⣾⢸⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣎⣿⣇⣷⠀⡿⢠⢹⣿⢸⡇⢸⢸⣿⢇⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⢰⣏⡓⢱⣶⣿⠸⠿⠿⠇⣭⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⣴⣟⢈⣴⡿⣳⣿⣿⠸⣳ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡸⠀⢣⣿⡈⣿⡈⣷⠸⠊⠿⣯⡣⠙⠻⠿⠿⠟⢘⢻⣿⣿⡄⡿⣿⡠⠼⢭⣭⣛⣛⣛⣛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⡉⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⣡⣾⣟⣹⣿⡟⣽⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣠⡾⡻⡇⢀⣁⡀⡀⠿⠷⠦⠭⠭⠅⠸⡇⣒⠃⣥⡶⢸⢃⡇⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⢨⣭⣭⣭⣭⣛⠛⠃⣡⣾⢀⣋⠛⣨⣴⣿⢟⣵⣾⣿⡿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣟⣵⣇⠃⠀⠀⢀⢉⡁⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡛⡉⠀⢐⣚⠋⣼⢳⡿⣿⣿⣇⢸⢸⣿⣿⡿⠟⣫⣴⡿⣿⣿⠘⣡⣾⡿⣫⣶⣿⣿⣿⡇⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣾⣿⡇⡀⣦⢀⠈⣸⡅⠘⠠⡀⠀⠀⠀⡆⠆⠀⠈⠀⣄⣤⣕⡜⡍⠉⠋⢸⠀⠚⣩⣶⣿⢟⣱⡆⣿⣿⡿⣫⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⡼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢧⠀⣼⡀⡈⠇⠠⢰⣆⡆⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⢰⡞⢐⠀⠀⠂⣠⣴⣆⠨⢀⣾⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⢹⢏⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣾⣻⣯⢿⡞⣿⣿⣿⣯⢳⠿⢧⠉⣥⣤⣌⠚⠃⠒⠄⠀⠐⠀⠈⠁⠐⠒⢀⣾⢿⣿⣿⣆⣾⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣹⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣯⣯⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠓⠩⡔⠿⢿⢿⣏⠞⢦⠈⠁⢸⢆⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡿⣶⣭⣿⣟⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣷⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢀⢀⢀⠀⠀⢀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠷⣄⠻⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣈⢉⣁⣀⡈⡀⣉⣀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣶⡙⣷⢹⣧⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠈⠉⠁⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠛⣷⢸⣇⢻⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⠣⠶⠲⠰⠂⠰⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣀⣀ ⠀⠀⠀⣀⣼⡇⣠⡟⣸⠇⣿⢳⡟⣠⢄⠀⠸⠳⠸⠲⠢⠃⠨⠣⠠⠴⠰⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣤⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣾⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⢀⠀⢰⣾⣿⣶⣶⣦⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣫⣾⢯⣾⢯⣿⠃⡇⠉⠀⢠⢤⣤⣄⢀⡀⡀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢨⡘⢁⢀⣲⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡄⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣶⠟⣹⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣧⢭⡁⣍⣥⢅⠡⠭⡌⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢘⠀⠄⠈⠈⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠹⣿⣿⣿ ⣷⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣀⣴⣿⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⢀⣀⣀⣀⡀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⠄⠸⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠙⢿⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢰⡆⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣸⣿⣿⢻⣿⡈⣿⣿⣿⠃⠸⣿⡇⢀⡴⢻⡄⠀⣼⣷⢀⣉⣀⣀⡼⢃⣭⣛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣽⡌⠀⠀⣠⣾⡀⠈⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠟⣿⣿⢸⣇⢻⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣇⡞⣿⣧⢹⣿⡏⣼⡇⣿⡇⣞⣾⡟⣷⣀⢧⡞⣄⠍⣭⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⡤⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢁⣿⡇⢃⣾⡿⣿⣇⢲⣶⣿⣿⠟⣡⡆⠻⣣⡿⢿⡌⢿⢀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡸⢸⣷⣹⣿⡆⠿⢸⣿⡇⣿⡇⣼⣿⣿⣞⠟⣾⡿⠋⠀⡿⡕⠉⢪⢃⣿⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢡⢸⣿⣿⣿⡿⢣⡞⡌⣧⡾⣫⣶⡹⣿⣆⠹⣿⢃⣾⢿⣿⡾⣫⣾⡼⣿⠈⢈ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣸⣿⣷⣻⣿⡀⢹⢻⡇⣿⡗⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣧⢧⣀⣜⣾⣮⣵⣶⣿⡀⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⠟⡰⢻⡘⣿⣿⣿⠇⡿⣽⣧⡿⣱⣿⣿⣷⣻⣿⡆⢃⣾⢣⡞⣫⣾⣿⣿⡟⣡⣾⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡹⣷⡏⡎⡇⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⢠⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⡍⣛⡿⠿⣟⣣⢿⣿⢋⢞⣾⣀⣀⣈⣩⠹⠰⣹⣿⣿⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣷⡿⣫⣿⣿⡟⢻⣿⢋⣼⡿⣫⢹ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡹⢹⣧⢧⢹⡇⡏⢻⣿⣿⢁⡗⢠⢰⡿⡏⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢻⣿⣿⣿⡏⡀⠃⡎⡾⠿⢿⣿⣿⡏⠈⡷⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣻⣏⣉⣑⣛⣛⡛⢋⡄⢘⢃⣾⢯⣾⣿⢺ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⡼⡆⡇⣸⡌⣿⣿⢸⡇⢸⢸⣿⢃⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⡟⠆⢱⣶⣿⠸⠿⠿⠇⣭⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣱⣿⢧⣀⣾⣣⣿⣿⣿⢌ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡇⢡⣿⣇⢹⣿⡌⢿⡸⠂⢿⣯⡣⠝⠻⠿⠿⠟⢘⢻⣿⣿⡇⡇⣷⡠⠾⢭⣭⣛⣛⣛⣛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠋⠹⠿⠿⠿⢋⣾⣿⢫⡾⣿⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡿⣱⢸⠀⢀⢉⡀⠀⠿⠷⠦⠭⠭⠍⠸⡇⣓⠃⣭⡶⢸⡇⡄⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⢨⣭⣭⣭⣭⣙⡛⠛⣁⣤⣾⡇⣘⠛⣡⣴⣿⢟⣵⣿⡇⢣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠘⣵⣿⢸⠀⢀⠡⣀⢉⡁⠨⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠉⠀⢐⣚⠋⣸⣳⡿⣿⣿⣇⠸⢸⣿⣿⣿⡿⢛⣥⣾⢟⣅⣿⣇⣡⣾⢟⣯⣶⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⢸⠸⠎⡄⠰⡷⠁⠐⠠⠐⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⢧⣬⣤⣵⡄⠫⡉⢋⣰⠀⣄⠛⣥⣾⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⡿⣫⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣞⢆⢰⣿⠀⠏⠃⠀⢰⣆⡆⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⢠⣖⢒⡒⢒⠂⣈⣴⣿⣿⠀⢁⣾⡿⣫⣷⣿⣿⣿⡏⢟⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣽⣷⢻⣞⣿⣿⣿⣎⢟⣝⣷⠀⣵⣤⣞⠛⠓⠒⢆⣁⡀⠀⠘⠋⠐⠒⢂⣾⢯⣜⢿⣿⣄⣾⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣻⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣯⣧⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⠫⢴⢾⡿⣿⣻⡶⣲⡇⡪⡿⣛⣷⡠⡅⠐⠀⢸⣿⢸⣿⣷⣮⣭⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⡼⡆⡇⢸⡌⣿⣿⢸⡇⢸⢸⣷⢃⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⡟⠆⢱⣶⣷⠸⠿⠿⠇⣭⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣱⣿⢇⣀⣾⣣⣿⣿⣿⢌ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡇⢡⣿⣇⢹⣿⡌⢷⡸⠂⢿⣯⡣⠝⠻⠿⠿⠟⢘⢻⣿⣿⡇⠇⣷⡠⠬⢭⡍⣙⣛⣛⡛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠋⠹⠿⠿⠿⢋⣼⣿⢫⡾⣿⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢰⡿⣱⢸⠀⢀⠉⡀⠀⠿⠷⠦⠭⠩⠁⠸⡇⣒⠀⣭⡶⢸⡇⡄⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⢠⣭⣥⣭⣭⣙⡛⠛⣂⣤⣾⡇⣈⠛⣡⣴⣿⢟⣵⣿⡇⢣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠘⣵⣿⢸⠀⠀⠀⢀⠈⠁⠸⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠉⠀⠐⢚⠋⣸⣳⡿⣿⣿⣇⠸⢸⣿⣿⣿⡿⢛⣡⣾⢟⣅⣿⣇⣡⣾⢟⣯⣶⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⢸⠸⠊⡄⠐⠄⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣤⢤⡵⡀⠫⠉⢋⣰⠀⣄⠛⣥⣾⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⡿⣫⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣞⢆⢰⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣆⡆⠀⠀⡃⠀⠀⢠⣞⠒⡒⠒⠂⣀⣴⣿⣿⠀⢀⣾⡿⣫⣵⣿⣿⣿⡏⢟⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣼⣹⣷⢻⣞⣿⣿⣿⣎⢟⣝⢷⠀⣴⣄⡜⠛⠒⠒⠂⠁⠀⠀⠐⠁⠐⠒⢂⣾⢯⣜⢿⣿⣄⣾⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣻⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣯⣧⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⠫⠐⢾⡿⢿⠅⡰⠠⠐⢂⢕⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⢸⣿⣷⣮⣭⣥⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣄ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⢯⣶⣷⠀⢀⢉⡀⠀⠶⠷⠦⠭⠭⠤⠘⡇⢒⠂⣮⡶⢸⢃⡏⣿⣿⣷⣶⠀⢩⣭⣭⣭⣭⣛⡛⠛⢃⣠⣶⣿⡇⡘⢉⣴⣿⢟⣳⣿⣿⣈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢨⣾⣿⣿⢠⢀⠀⠀⡉⠁⠸⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⡙⠉⠀⠐⣚⠋⣼⣹⡿⢿⣿⣷⢸⠘⢹⣿⣿⡿⢛⣡⣾⠿⣫⡇⣿⣧⣾⡿⣫⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢨⢁⡆⠪⠊⠀⠸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢴⣠⠠⣵⣄⠛⠍⠛⣠⡎⢀⠿⢫⣴⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⡇⣿⣟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡸⣀⣾⣷⠰⠨⠀⠠⢰⣀⡄⠀⠀⡄⠄⠀⢸⣚⠒⡒⠒⡠⢁⣤⣾⣿⡇⠀⣰⡿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣾⣹⣷⢻⣞⣿⣿⣷⡝⣫⣞⣶⠀⣵⣤⣞⠒⠃⠒⢄⡁⠀⠀⠘⠁⠐⠂⠀⣴⡟⣵⣎⠿⣿⣴⢯⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣻⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣧⣯⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⡋⠰⣿⡿⡿⢋⣪⢢⠦⢚⣭⣇⢀⠀⠀⠐⡂⢸⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣶⣭⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣧⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣶⣶⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠃⠀⣀⣀⠐⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣤⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⣸⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⠈⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⡟⢠⣿⣷⣶⣤⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣶⣤⣀⣀⣠⡤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣴⣤⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣠⣤⣾⣿⣿⣶⣤⣤⣀⣀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣿⣿⡇⢸⠀⣿⣿⡆⢿⣿⣷⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢶⣶⣶⣦⣤⣭⣭⣭⣍⣓⣒⣒⣀⣀⡀⠒⠒⠛⠛⠛⠿⠻⠻⠛⠿⠟⠻⠛⠛⠛⠛⣛⣛⣛ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣇⢸⣇⠸⣿⣷⠘⣿⣿⣧⡘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣍⡛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣶⣶⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⢠⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠃⠀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣶⠀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣿⣿⠈⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⡟⢠⣦⣤⣀⣀⡀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣠⣶⣤⣀⣀⣀⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣦⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣇⠲⢶⣀⣀⣠⣴⡿⠿⠛⣉⣐⣛⡛⠻⢿⣿⠇⢠⡀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢠⣶⡄⢰⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⣾⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⡈⠓⣠⣤⣤⣤⠤⠶⠾⠿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣡⣶⠶⠒⠤⡙⢦⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣰⣿⣿⣿⡄⢻⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠏⣡⡾⠛⠉⠓⢦⡙⡏⢸⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠘⡄⣷⣄⠙⢿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⡇⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡟⠉⢿⣿⣿⡏⢠⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣆⠙⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⢸⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢱⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠇⡿⠟⠁⠈⠉⠛⠀⣼⣿⣿⣷⡀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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⣿⣿⣿⢋⣵⣿⣿⣿⡿⢡⣾⣿⢠⣿⠋⣰⣿⠋⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⣀⣈⠁⠀⣙⣫⣴⣿⣿⡄⢣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢸⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⡇⠙⢦⠘⠟⢠⣿⣿⢣⣿⡌⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⠁ ⠿⣋⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣿⣿⡏⢸⠇⣸⣿⡇⣸⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⢸⠇⣴⣿⣿⢇⣿⣿⣿⡼⣿⡯⠀⠏⢠ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⢸⠀⣿⣿⠁⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠤⠞⣠⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⢸⠀⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⡩⢭⡭⠍⡍⠿⠏⠍⠿⠿⢿⣿⠥⠹⠿⢿⣿⠟⡭⠩⠙⠉⠭⡭⠤⠴⣶⣶⣦⠸⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⡛⢁⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣿⣿⡇⢸⠀⣿⣿⡄⢿⣿⣷⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡗⡇⡏⢹⠀⡇⡻⢬⣸⣿⣿⢘⠧⡅⣿⡎⡏⢸⢸⡏⢹⢸⡭⡷⢉⢭⣉⣓⣒⣒⣀⣀⣀⠒⠒⠛⠛⠛⠟⠿⠛⠿⠿⠟⠻⠛⠛⠛⠛⣛⣛⣛ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣇⢸⣇⠸⣿⣷⠘⣿⣿⣧⡘⢿⣿⣿⣮⣽⣧⣵⣬⣤⣵⣮⣭⣾⣿⡌⣶⣭⣵⣿⣧⣵⣬⣬⣅⡈⠰⠭⢵⣬⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣶⣶⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠃⠀⣀⣀⠀⣀⣤⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀ ⣀⣀⣤⣴⣾⣿⣷⣦⣤⡄⢀⣤⣶⠆⣿⣿⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⡈⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⡿⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣦⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣼⣿⣿⣷⣶ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⣾⣿⣿⡀⢻⣿⣿⡟⠻⢇⠲⢶⣀⣀⣠⣴⡿⠿⠛⣉⣐⣛⡛⠻⢿⠿⣿⠋⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⣰⣾⣿⠀⣿⣷⣦⣤⣀⣀⣀⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢠⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⠁⣴⡌⠓⣠⣤⣤⣤⠤⠶⠾⠿⣿⣿⣿⠏⣡⣶⠖⠒⠠⡑⢄⠉⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⢿⣿⠀⠉⠀⠀⢸⣿⠟⣡⠶⠛⠛⠓⠦⠙⡏⢸⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⡀⣷⣄⠙⢿⣿⡟⢠⣿⣿⣿⡄⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣸⣿⣿⡟⢿⣿⣷⡀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⢰⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢱⠀⢸⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⡿⠟⠁⠈⠉⠃⠸⣿⣿⣿⣷⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡿⠃⠸⣿⣿⠏⢰⣿⣿⡿⣸⣦⡹⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢺⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡸⢸⡌⠿⣦⣀⣀⣀⠔⡀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⠁⣴⠀⣿⠏⣠⣿⣿⣿⢣⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣌⠻⠦⣤⣤⡤⠔⣡⣿⣿⣷⣦⣭⣭⣴⡞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡟⡙⢿⣿⣆⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣄⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠁⣼⡇⠀⠃⣰⣿⣿⣿⡏⣼⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣿⠇⣿⡌⢿⣿⡆⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣆⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣾⣿⡇⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⡿⣰⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣤⣤⣤⣴⠆⣸⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣎⢿⣿⡄⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣧⡈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣅⣴⣿⣿⣿⡟⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⡿⣫⣔⠦⣜⡻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢃⣤⠹⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⡌⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢋⣼⣿⣿⠟⢛⡉⢉⣀⠀⣀⣠⣴⣾⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣷⣮⣛⢷⣾⡭⣝⣛⠛⠛⠛⠻⠛⣛⣋⣩⣴⣾⣿⣿⣇⢿⢇⣿⣿⣿⣿⢁⡤⠒⠒⠒⠒⠲⠦⠬⡍⠿⠿⣿⡟⢠⣿⣿⢏⡹⣿⣿⣦⠘⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⢟⣴⣿⣿⡿⢡⣾⣿⢠⣿⠋⣰⣿⠋⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣭⣟⣋⣤⣾⡄⢳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡈⣼⣿⣿⣿⡟⢸⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⡇⠙⢦⠈⢀⣾⣿⣿⣼⣿⡜⣿⣿⡇⠘⣿⣿ ⠟⣋⣥⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣿⣿⡏⢸⠇⣸⣿⡇⣸⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⢸⠇⣿⣿⣿⢳⣿⣿⣿⡼⢿⣿⠀⢿⡟ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⢸⠀⣿⣿⠁⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠤⠎⣠⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⢸⠀⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⡩⢭⡭⠍⡍⠿⠏⠍⠿⠿⢿⣿⠥⠹⠿⠛⠛⠟⡭⠩⠙⠉⠭⡭⠤⠴⣶⣶⣦⠸⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⡛⢁⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣿⣿⡇⢸⠀⣿⣿⡆⢿⣿⣷⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⡇⡏⢹⠀⡇⡻⢬⣸⣿⣿⢘⠧⡅⢀⡈⡏⢸⢸⡏⢹⢸⡭⡗⢉⢩⣉⣓⣒⣒⣀⣀⡀⠒⠒⠛⠛⠛⠿⠿⠻⠿⠿⠟⠿⠛⠛⠛⠛⣛⣛⣛ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣇⢸⣇⠸⣿⣷⠘⣿⣿⣧⡘⢿⣿⣿⣮⣽⣧⣵⣬⣤⣵⣮⣭⣾⣿⡌⣴⣭⣥⣾⠃⣡⡬⢨⣅⡈⠰⠭⢵⣬⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣶⣶⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠃⠀⣀⣀⠠⣦⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣀⣠⣴⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⡆⢰⣾⣿⠀⣿⣶⣦⣤⣤⣤⣶⡈⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⡟⢠⣿⣿⣷⣦⡤⠀⣄⣀⣀⣀⣤⣴⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣤ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣸⣿⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠲⢶⣀⣀⣠⣴⡿⠿⠛⣉⣐⣛⡛⠻⢿⣿⠇⢀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⣰⣿⡇⣴⣦⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢠⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠈⠻⠗⣠⣤⣤⣤⠤⠶⠾⠿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣡⣶⠶⠒⠤⡙⢂⡈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢰⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠃⠀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣿⣷⡦⠀⣀⡀⣀⠀⢠⣴⡟⠈⠲⣤⠈⠟⠁⠀⠀⢀⣠⣾⣿⡟⢠⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣴⣾⣷⣤⣀⣀⣤⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⣷⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣸⣿⣿⣿⡆⢸⣿⡇⢸⡆⠲⢶⣀⣀⣠⣴⡿⠿⠛⣉⣐⣛⡛⠻⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⣰⣤⣤⡄⢰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣄⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠸⣿⠀⣾⡿⠒⣠⣤⣤⣤⠤⠶⠾⠿⣿⣿⣿⢋⣴⡶⠖⠒⠨⡙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⣠⣿⣿⡿⣉⢿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠋⠀⠀⢸⣿⠟⣡⠾⠛⠛⠓⠦⡙⡏⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⣰⣿⣿⣿⢣⣿⣆⠻⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⢰⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀⢸⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡷⠖⠉⠉⠁⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⡀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⣰⣿⣿⣿⢇⣾⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⢿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⢸⣌⠻⣦⣀⣀⣀⠌⡈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣷⡈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠟⠉⣿⠇⣰⣿⣿⣿⢏⣾⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣌⠻⠶⣤⣤⡤⠔⣡⣿⣿⣷⣦⣬⣭⣴⡞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢡⡘⣿⣷⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠏⢠⠀⡏⢠⣿⣿⣿⢣⣾⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⡇⣾⣷⠸⣿⣷⡈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢀⣿⠀⢀⣿⣿⡿⢣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣤⣤⣤⣴⠆⣸⣿⢰⣿⣿⣧⢹⣿⣷⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢀⣿⣧⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣏⢀⣾⣿⡿⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⡿⠃⠀⣷⣬⣛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢃⣄⢻⠇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣇⢿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⣾⣿⣿⣷⡈⢿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣱⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢛⡉⢉⣀⠀⣀⣠⣴⣾⣿⣇⡷⡀⢼⣻⣏⢿⣷⡮⣭⣛⠛⠻⠿⠛⠟⠛⣛⣋⣩⣴⣾⣿⣿⣜⣼⣿⠿⢛⣉⡉⢀⡤⠒⠒⠒⠒⠲⠦⠬⡍⠿⠿⣿⣿⡿⠁⣼⣿⡟⢿⣿⣷⡈⢿⣿⠋ ⣿⣿⣿⠟⣱⣿⣿⣿⡿⢡⣾⣿⢠⡿⠋⣰⣿⠋⣿⢿⣿⣿⣧⣝⠷⠶⠿⠿⠿⢷⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⡄⠋⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣡⣾⣿⣿⠇⢸⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⡇⠙⢦⠘⡟⢁⣾⣿⡟⣼⣎⢿⣿⣧⢸⠇⢠ ⡿⠟⣩⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣿⣿⡟⢸⠇⣸⣿⡇⣸⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣡⣾⣿⣿⣿⣶⡆⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⢸⠇⢠⣾⣿⡿⣽⣿⣿⡜⢿⡇⠀⠰⣿ ⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⢸⠀⣿⣿⠁⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢋⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠶⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠤⠎⣠⣤⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⢸⠀⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⡩⢭⡭⠍⡍⠿⠏⠍⠿⠿⢿⣿⠡⠹⠿⢿⡿⠟⡥⠨⠉⠉⠭⡭⠤⠴⣶⣶⣦⠸⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⡛⢁⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣿⣿⡇⢸⠀⣿⣿⡄⢿⣿⣷⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⡇⡏⢹⠀⡇⡻⢬⣸⣿⣿⢘⠧⡅⣶⡎⡏⢸⢸⡏⢹⢸⡭⡷⢉⢭⣍⣓⣒⣒⣀⣀⣀⠒⠒⠛⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠻⠿⠿⠿⠛⠛⠛⢛⣛⣛⣛ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣧⢸⣇⠸⣿⣷⠘⣿⣿⣧⡘⢿⣿⣿⣮⣵⣧⣵⣮⣤⣵⣮⣭⣾⣿⡌⠶⠭⠵⠿⠧⠑⣈⣨⣅⡈⠰⠭⢵⣬⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣤⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⠿⠿⠇⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀ ⣤⣀⣀⣠⣤⣾⣿⣦⣄⡀⢀⣀⣀⡀⢸⣿⣿⡶⠤⣄⣀⡀⠻⠋⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⡿⠃⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣷⣶⣤⣄⣀⣀⣤⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣿⣿⡇⢸⡇⢿⣿⡄⣿⣿⣧⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⠀⣷⣶⣶⣦⣤⣭⣭⣭⣍⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⡛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠿⠿⠿⠻⠿⠟⠻⠛⠛⠛⠛⣛⣛⣛ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣇⢸⣧⠸⣿⡇⢹⣿⣿⡆⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠿⠿⠿⠛⣛⣩⣤⣤⣍⡛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⢊⣴⣾⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠠⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣀⣤⣤⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⡆⢰⣾⣿⠀⣿⣶⣶⣤⣤⣤⣶⣾⡇⢺⠟⠉⠁⠀⠀⣠⣾⡗⢸⣿⣷⣦⡤⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣴⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣠⣴⣿⣿⣷⣶⣤⣤ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣸⣿⣧⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢡⣤⣤⣤⣀⣠⣴⣾⣿⡟⠡⠿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢠⡈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⣰⣿⡇⣰⣦⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢀⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠈⠛⢿⣦⠙⠛⡟⣿⣛⡛⠛⠭⢴⣿⣷⣦⣌⠻⠀⢾⣿⣦⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢠⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⣼⣿⣿⣿⡄⢹⣿⣿⡇⠸⠗⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⠟⣡⣴⣶⣶⣶⣦⠹⢋⣥⣴⣶⣶⣤⡙⢿⣦⡈⢻⣿⣿⠇⢸⣿⣿⡇⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠟⠉⣿⣿⣿⠇⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠹⠿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡿⢡⣾⣿⡿⠟⠋⠉⠛⠇⢻⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠻⡄⣿⣷⡄⠹⣿⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⡄⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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⣿⣿⣿⡿⣋⣴⣿⣿⡿⢡⣾⣿⢠⣾⡿⢀⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣶⣤⣭⢉⡉⢉⢉⣉⣩⣤⣶⡟⣡⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣭⣄⠻⠗⢠⣧⢻⣷⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢀⣾⣿⡿⣸⣿⣎⢿⣧⠘⣿⣿⣿ ⠟⢋⣡⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⠃⣼⣿⡏⣰⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣯⣭⣵⣾⣿⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣯⣭⠈⣿⡞⣿⣷⡈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⢠⣾⣿⣿⢣⣿⣿⣿⣮⢿⡇⠘⣿⡟ ⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⠀⣿⡿⢠⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢣⣿⣿⡟⠰⠿⠗⠛⣛⣓⣀⣉⣉⣭⣭⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⢸⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣰⠖⢈⣙⡛⠿⠼⠟⣋⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⠸⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠘⣛⣛⣛⣡⣾⣿⠀⣷⣶⣶⣦⣬⣭⣭⣭⣍⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⢛⠛⠛⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠟⠻⠟⠿⠛⠛⠛⢛⣛⣛⣛ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣇⢸⣿⡄⢿⣇⢸⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢨⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢋⣴⣤⣍⡛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠋⠁⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠠⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠀⠙⣿⣀⣤⣶⣿⠋⠁⢈⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣫⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠉⠙⠿⣧⣄⣤⣾⣏⡁⠁⠈⣹⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣤⣤⣴⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢷⢡⡇⠺⢁⠇⡪⠕⢺⣯⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 2298 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ Gemini Links 13/02/2024: Eulogy for Smartphones⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ posted by Roy Schestowitz on Feb 13, 2024 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Senior_Taking_Photo_With_Phone⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * Gemini*_and_Gopher o Personal/Opinions o Technology_and_Free_Software # Internet/Gemini # Programming * § Gemini* and Gopher⠀➾ o § Personal/Opinions⠀➾ # ⚓ No_sugar_for_a_month⠀⇛ Some colleagues of mine had the wild idea to try saying no to any added sugar for a month. # ⚓ Eight:_Apoptosis⠀⇛ I've long experienced a sensation while I'm working on a problem. My strongest early memory of it (though I am certain it was around before then) was always associated with my Java programming class as a first-year Computer Science major. o § Technology and Free Software⠀➾ # ⚓ A_eulogy_for_smartphones_I'll_never_understand⠀⇛ When I was younger, I used to be really into jailbreaking Apple devices. I had an old iPod--old enough that jailbreaking it was relatively easy. Back then, the fact that I knew how to jailbreak my iPod didn't mean much to me. It was a cool thing I knew how to do, to make cool modifications to my device that Apple otherwise didn't want me to have. Today, I own a Samsung smartphone. I've never figured out how to root Samsung devices. Any Android devices, really. I'm not sure why. It seems like it'd be easier. The Android ecosystem has always felt more open by design. Maybe Samsung products are particularly mean about this sort of thing. Maybe I just don't have the energy to investigate these kinds of problems like I used to. # ⚓ removing_dead_bodies_from_the_process_list⠀⇛ I had over a 1000 PIDs on one of my servers that were zombies children of a weechat process someone was running. I didn't want to kill their weechat, but I still wanted the zombies gone. So I sent the weechat a SIGCHLD just in case that'd trigger a cleanup wait() in it. It did not. # ⚓ Tech_Goldilocks⠀⇛ Getting tech just right can be tricky; on the one had you have the type that spends hours on IRC asking how to make a read(2) call not block, whether something can ask whether there are bytes available to be read, how to deal with timeouts and unexpected handle closures, and how deal with all the prior complications with multiple handles at the same time. The general advice here is to use an async library. You can write some or all of this yourself (and it might be good practice to do so, possibly in private) but on the other hand libevent or various other async libraries or languages do exist. Yes, there can be a learning curve, but there's also a learning curve to figure out select (2) or poll(2) or whatever, and to step on (some of) the same rakes that the authors of the async library have already stepped on and know how to avoid, depending on the maturity of the code in question. Here, the complication of an abstraction that handles async I/O is probably a good thing. # ⚓ Mounting_video_ram_on_Linux⠀⇛ # ⚓ Mounting_video_ram_on_Linux⠀⇛ Hi, did you ever wonder if you could use your GPU memory as a mount point, like one does with tmpfs and RAM? Well, there is a project named vramfs that allows you to do exactly this on FUSE compatible operating system. In this test, I used an NVIDIA GTX 1060 6GB in an external GPU case connected with a thunderbolt cable to a Lenovo T470 laptop running Gentoo. # § Internet/Gemini⠀➾ # ⚓ Emacs:_Starting_Gemlog_Entries_Faster_(publ._2024-02- 12)⠀⇛ A great thing about gemtext is it is so simple I don't need a CMS. But it was still taking me a minute or two to create the new gemtext file on the server, as I had to login, navigate to the correct directory, and type a file name with the correct date and sequence number. I use a sequence number in my system in case there is more than one post a day. Naturally, the solution for me was an Emacs function. # § Programming⠀➾ # ⚓ APL-likes_as_a_notation_for_thought⠀⇛ I recently took it upon myself to fill a hole in my exposure to branches of the programming tree and learn an APL-like. APL is often labelled as an "array programming language", indeed its name is derived therefor, but having spent some time learning the rudiments of one of the languages "descendent" from APL i feel that this "array language" moniker is missing the wood for the trees. =============================================================================== * Gemini_(Primer) links can be opened using Gemini_software. It's like the World Wide Web but a lot lighter. ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 2475 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ Gemini Links 14/02/2024: HamsterCMS, Time Capsules and Trust⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ posted by Roy Schestowitz on Feb 13, 2024 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Hamster_Coloring_Page⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * Gemini*_and_Gopher o Personal/Opinions o Politics_and_World_Events o Technology_and_Free_Software # Programming * § Gemini* and Gopher⠀➾ o § Personal/Opinions⠀➾ # ⚓ 🔤SpellBinding:_AYLMTUI_Wordo:_ABUSE⠀⇛ # ⚓ Diet_Hacking⠀⇛ Food, not the parliamentary kind. The scientific method is somewhat suspect when there's only you with the placebo effect, though one can vary diet over time and try to make sense of the changes. # ⚓ Partially-applied_self⠀⇛ Capsule and website craftsmanship is both an artistic and narrative medium. When you build a space on the internet, you are at once painting a sort of painting and telling a sort of story. When that space is personal, such as I intend for njms.ca to be, irregardless of the protocol over which it's served, that painting is a self- portrait, and that story is autobiographical. This is something I take as a given, despite the fact that my capsule doesn't "look" much like I look in the Real World, and the things I write often have very little to do with my day-to-day life. Nonetheless, the stories I write are very literally a "piece of my mind" that I'm sharing with you. # ⚓ A_visit_to_the_prison_in_Bowling_Green_MO⠀⇛ Remember my friend in jail[1]? When he first got in, I submitted an application to visit him. But things were complicated, the application got stuck somewhere, somehow, and neither of us heard anything more. Then it turned out he could only have one visitor on his roster while in that prison, and I wasn't the first choice (his wife came first, go figure), so I was told to hold off. # ⚓ New_Year_Cleanup⠀⇛ Moved a slew of phlog files to the stasis folder, old phlog entries from 2021 and 2022. This will of course break any external references to those phlog entries, but anyone actually interested in that content can quite easily find them in stasis. Well, stasis is sort of a mess actually... just not sure I care to do anything about that. It was hard to let go of 2022. Some part of me wanted to keep it in the main phlog folder, as if moving it to stasis was somehow letting go. I'm not ready to let go of that year yet. I tell myself it's fine, and that's sufficient, I think. # ⚓ Sky's_really_pretty._oh_I'm_growing_up_too.⠀⇛ Life's been getting a lot more cramped as of recent, but honestly... the responsibility feel quite refreshing on my quite bland life, while it has been tiring I have learned a lot more than I did in such a short span. I am an adult now, well... I have been for a while. Being an adult, being responsible, being accountable, being free, having a wider perspective upon the world. Growing up has positive and negatives, but I don't believe I have ever been this alive... ever. I'm not a social person. I didn't develop social skills when I was younger. I was (and to an extent, still) unaware of how normal people talk in any way. Writing this post is pretty difficult for me now, not sure how to express what I'm thinking of or if I'm doing something wrong. o § Politics and World Events⠀➾ # ⚓ Putin_and_Tucker_Talk⠀⇛ Inexplicably, the band Spyro Gyra came to my mind yesterday. I honestly couldn't remember anything about them--only their name was rattling around in my memory, disembodied. So, I looked them up and listened to a few songs. As I was appreciating the particularly dense and substantial 80's vibe in the music video for Shakedown, I noticed that the saxophonist (Jay Beckenstein) looked a lot like Tucker Carlson. Just in this video, mainly. You'll see it around 3:35, if you want to have a look. This reminded me that I was meaning to write a little something on Carlson's recent interview with Vladimir Putin. I don't think my brain brought Spyro Gyra forward for this reason, but that was the net effect. o § Technology and Free Software⠀➾ # ⚓ Absolute_Power_Superhero_RPG:_Seasons_One_and_Two_+ Anthology_arrived⠀⇛ My copies from the Absolute Power Superhero RPG: Seasons One and Two + Anthology Backerkit campaign came today. # ⚓ HamsterCMS_-_now_works_on_PHP_8.*⠀⇛ the most important (probably) news. HamsterCMS now fully works under the latest versions of PHP! PHP 8.* New templates have been delivered. Win3.11 and DOS (as promised just now) have waited for their release. # ⚓ Time_Capsules_and_Trust⠀⇛ The community changelog noted that their most recent release included a certificate updater and root certificates that were valid as of August 2023. My 2014 VM does not have these certificates; I can still use networking tools on it like local FTP or SSH, but I can't browse the modern HTTPS- based Internet, even if I visit sites that don't use Javascript. This is an interesting problem to me: the problem of trust. # § Programming⠀➾ # ⚓ madeline:_a_line_editing_library_for_hare⠀⇛ a year and five days ago, i decided to write a line editor. i've been using it in my daily-driver shell for nearly that long now, and i'm quite pleased with where i ended up. let's walk through it! my main goal for madeline was to guarantee that, as a baseline, line-mode hare programs in the wild would have a comfortable and consistent line-mode ui. what `getopt::` does for command-line interfaces, i wanted madeline to do for line-mode interfaces =============================================================================== * Gemini_(Primer) links can be opened using Gemini_software. It's like the World Wide Web but a lot lighter. ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 2693 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ Links 13/02/2024: Lingering Issues and Revelations About Scale of Microsoft Layoffs⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ posted by Roy Schestowitz on Feb 13, 2024 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Ready_-_Get_Set...⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * Leftovers o Science o Education o Health/Nutrition/Agriculture o Proprietary/Artificial_Intelligence_(AI) o Security # Privacy/Surveillance o Defence/Aggression o Transparency/Investigative_Reporting o Environment # Energy/Transportation # Wildlife/Nature # Overpopulation o Finance o AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics o Censorship/Free_Speech o Freedom_of_Information_/_Freedom_of_the_Press o Civil_Rights/Policing o Internet_Policy/Net_Neutrality o Digital_Restrictions_(DRM) o Monopolies/Monopsonies # Patents # Trademarks # Copyrights * § Leftovers⠀➾ o ⚓ Chris ☛ Static_Actor–Motivation_Forecasting:_Peace_in_Middle East⠀⇛ o ⚓ RFA ☛ Year_of_the_Dragon_is_now_Year_of_the_Loong,_according_to China⠀⇛ Some experts say the transliteration reflects China’s bid to regain the right to speak on culture. o ⚓ Marcel Appelman ☛ Introducing_Single-Serving_Sites⠀⇛ After I launched How Many Days Until Omloop, I wondered if there was a site that would list all single-serving sites. Did some searching and I came to the conclusion that there are no actively maintained sites for this. Introducing: Single-Serving Sites. My effort to try to list all the cool single-serving sites still online. o ⚓ Manuel Moreale ☛ Housekeeping⠀⇛ People and Blogs is about to hit 25 interviews. There’s 52 weeks in a year so we’re almost half way through year one. I’m happy to see that people are enjoying the series. Makes me so happy. o ⚓ Hackaday ☛ Bringing_Modern_Technology_To_A_Sled⠀⇛ Street sledding, a popular pastime in Norway, is an activity that is slowly dwindling in popularity, at least as far as [Justin] aka [Garage Avenger] has noticed. It used to be a fun way of getting around frozen lakes and roads during winter, and while some still have their sleds [Justin] wanted to see if there was a way to revitalize one of these sleds for the modern era. He’s equipped this one with powerful electric turbines than can quickly push the sled and a few passengers around the ice. o ⚓ Hackaday ☛ Melodio_Self_Mate⠀⇛ While the proliferation of the smartphone has caused the personal music player (PMP) market to mostly evaporate, there are still those who prefer a standalone device for their music. The Melodio Self-Mate is one such spiritual successor to the iPod. o § Science⠀➾ # ⚓ Futurism ☛ So_Much_Lava_Is_Oozing_Out_of_Iceland_That_You Can_See_It_From_Space⠀⇛ So much lava is spewing forth from an erupting volcano in Iceland that it can be spotted from space. A breathtaking image taken by the European Space Agency's Copernicus' SENTINEL-2 satellite last week, shows massive rivers of glowing-red lava emanating from deep below the snow-covered surface. It's the aftermath of the third eruption of the Fagradalsfjall volcano since December — an escalation of epic proportions that sets the tone for uncertain geological times ahead. # ⚓ Science Alert ☛ Mysterious_Ancient_Megastructure_Discovered Lurking_Beneath_The_Baltic_Sea⠀⇛ It seems to have been deliberately constructed? # ⚓ Science Alert ☛ Earth_Isn't_Flat,_But_New_Theory_Suggests Jupiter_Might_Once_Have_Been⠀⇛ No joke. # ⚓ Science Alert ☛ 'Pioneer'_Humans_Entered_Europe_Thousands of_Years_Earlier_Than_Thought⠀⇛ They were hardcore. # ⚓ Science Alert ☛ First_Phase_of_Europe's_Huge_New_Atom Smasher_Could_Be_20_Years_Away⠀⇛ It's certainly ambitious. o § Education⠀➾ # ⚓ Futurism ☛ College_Students_Basically_Don’t_Know_How_to Read_Anymore⠀⇛ "For most of my career, I assigned around 30 pages of reading per class meeting as a baseline expectation," Kotsko, whose classes largely include humanities and philosophy instruction, writes. "Now students are intimidated by anything over 10 pages and seem to walk away from readings of as little as 20 pages with no real understanding." # ⚓ Nicholas Tietz-Sokolsky ☛ Great_management_and_leadership books_for_the_technical_track⠀⇛ In tech, we're fortunate to have separate management and technical tracks, though it's still underdeveloped. However, the path you take isn't very clear, it's not broadly understood what the responsibilities are, and there aren't as many resources out there as there are for management. But there are still some really good resources! The technical track has recently started to get a lot of very good writing around it. This is great! We can learn from it, but we can also pull from all the existing management and leadership literature out there. While we staff+ engineers are not managers, our roles have a lot of management-like responsibilities, because leadership is a big component of either track! So we have this wealth of management and leadership books to draw from. # ⚓ Juha-Matti Santala ☛ Public_notes⠀⇛ I have been following a mindset of learning in public for quite a few years now. In a nutshell, it means openly sharing what I’m learning, what I’m building, what I’m struggling to understand and sharing the full(-ish) process openly in my blog, social media, events and so on. Recently, I’ve been thinking about wanting to expand it more also into building in public. I’m only in the beginning of this because it’s even scarier than doing something in private and then sharing the learnings in public. What I mean by building in public is for example putting drafts for my writing (blogs, tutorials, community announcements, event pages and so on) out there, sharing them with the community and having a discussion way before they get published somewhere. # ⚓ Alex Ewerlöf ☛ When_Staff_Engineer_is_an_anti-pattern⠀⇛ For almost all technical leadership questions, the candidate’s answer was a variation of delegating to the tech lead, “architect”, or staff engineer. Bottom line, the candidate was a people manager or team admin, not an engineer who leads other engineers. o § Health/Nutrition/Agriculture⠀➾ # ⚓ YLE ☛ Finnish_researchers_look_at_what_makes_people_eat their_veggies⠀⇛ Customers willing to experiment, vegetarians and people with higher levels of education most often ordered the vegetarian option for lunch, according to the research results. # ⚓ Hackaday ☛ 3D_Printing_Functional_Human_Brain_Tissue_For Research_Purposes⠀⇛ The brain is probably the least explored organ, much of which is due to the difficulty of studying it in situ rather than in slices under a microscope. Even growing small organoids out of neurons provide few clues, as this is not how brain tissue is normally organized. A possible breakthrough may have been found here by a group of researchers whose article in Cell Stem Cell details how they created functional human neural tissues using a commercial 3D bioprinter. # ⚓ Ruben Schade ☛ Pseudoephedrine_in_Australia⠀⇛ DISCLAIMER: I am not a doctor or pharmacist, and this post is not medical advice. Speak to a qualified health care professional if you have any questions or concerns. 🏥 Now here’s a niche topic! But it’s something I had to deal with today. The genes that gifted me blogging prowess, rugged attractiveness, and self-delusion also saddled me with unusually-narrow nasal passages. It’s not life threatening, but it makes anything but mild congestion excruciating, like I’m continuously snorting wasabi, and without the benefit of some nice sashimi on the side. # ⚓ New Yorker ☛ The_Argument_Over_a_Long-Standing_Autism Intervention⠀⇛ Applied Behavior Analysis therapy has a troubling history, and even many supporters say it was used too widely in the past. But has criticism of the practice gone too far? # ⚓ Science Alert ☛ Wherever_a_Dead_Body_Lies,_The_Exact_Same Organisms_Always_Appear⠀⇛ Death comes to all. So do they. # ⚓ Science Alert ☛ Experts_Explain_What_Drinking_While_on Medication_Can_Do_to_Your_Body⠀⇛ Ask your doctor. # ⚓ Latvia ☛ Latvia_among_EU_leaders_for_women_in_science_and technology⠀⇛ In 2022, there were almost 7.3 million female scientists and engineers in the European Union, 310 500 more than in 2021, accounting for 41% of total employment in science and engineering, reported Eurostat February 12. # ⚓ New York Times ☛ Children_Whose_Mothers_Had_Pregnancy Complications_May_Face_Heart_Risks⠀⇛ Pregnant women with diabetes or high blood pressure have children who are more likely to develop signs of heart trouble years later, new research finds. # ⚓ TwinCities Pioneer Press ☛ Court_proceedings_remain_on_hold in_Grand_Marais_moose_antler_murder_case⠀⇛ Levi William Axtell, 28, of Grand Marais, met with a mental health evaluator Monday. # ⚓ Defence Web ☛ SA_“integration_programme”_for_Cuban-trained military_doctors_questioned⠀⇛ Thirteen SA Military Health Service (SAMHS) personnel are back in South Africa following six years of “military medicine” training in Cuba and find themselves in an 18 month “integration programme” before qualifying as medical officers/ general practitioners. # ⚓ The Straits Times ☛ ‘Energy_stick’_inhalers_used_by children_spark_concerns_in_Malaysia⠀⇛ Sellers claim that the energy sticks can reduce anxiety and stress and help users to relax. # ⚓ The Straits Times ☛ ‘Energy_stick’_inhalers_could_be ‘gateway’_to_smoking_or_vaping_among_minors:_Malaysian experts⠀⇛ The sticks contain substances such as propylene glycol, which are used in vape, and cost as little as 70 cents each. # ⚓ The Kent Stater ☛ Public_health_officials_respond_to_the East_Palestine_train_derailment⠀⇛ The College of Public Health discussed the response of public health officials to the East Palestine train derailment with Columbiana County’s public health commissioner on Feb. 4. On Feb. 3, 2023, a train derailed in the village of East Palestine, Ohio causing a fire igniting hazardous chemicals. # ⚓ Latvia ☛ Survey:_Latvian_residents_generally_trust_young doctors⠀⇛ Several young doctors have publicly stated that they often had to hear offensive comments about their age, skills, and competence from patients. However, according to a poll conducted by Norstat in collaboration with LSM, only 3% of the population said they did not trust younger doctors. o § Proprietary/Artificial Intelligence (AI)⠀➾ # ⚓ New York Times ☛ Imran_Khan_Uses_Hey_Hi_(AI)_To_Give Victory_Speech_in_Pakistan [Ed: CG, not "Hey Hi (AI)"]⠀⇛ It was not the first time the technology had been used in Pakistan’s notably repressive election season, but this time it got the world’s attention. # ⚓ The Straits Times ☛ Imran_Khan’s_‘victory_speech’_from_jail shows_AI’s_peril_and_promise [Ed: This is CG]⠀⇛ As official counts showed candidates aligned with his party winning the most seats, it was Khan’s Hey Hi (AI) voice that declared victory. # ⚓ Hackaday ☛ Meet_GOODY-2,_The_World’s_Most_Responsible_(And Least_Helpful)_AI⠀⇛ AI guardrails and safety features are as important to get right as they are difficult to implement in a way that satisfies everyone. This means safety features tend to err on the side of caution. Side effects include AI models adopting a vaguely obsequious tone, and coming off as overly priggish when they refuse reasonable requests. # ⚓ Business Insider ☛ Tech_layoffs_are_hitting_companies_that are_doing_just_fine [Ed: Misleading as the layoffs happen when Microsoft is 111 billion dollars in debt (unprecedented)]⠀⇛ Tech workers have had to learn a hard lesson: layoffs can happen at companies that are fine too. # ⚓ Microsoft_Encourages_Game_Developers_to_Have_AI_Write_Their Code_in_Dystopian_Super_Bowl_Copilot_Ad [Ed: Microsoft tells people to plagiarise other people's code and use Microsoft to do the plagiarism (the lawsuits come later)]⠀⇛ # ⚓ Windows Central ☛ Windows_11_will_soon_no_longer_boot_on PCs_that_are_too_old_to_boot_it_anyway_|_Windows_Central⠀⇛ PCs with very old CPUs are going to be in for a rough time this fall when the next version of Windows 11 rolls around, as version 24H2 will be the first to no longer boot on CPUs without the POPCNT... # ⚓ Games ☛ Toys_for_Bob_closes_physical_studio_location⠀⇛ Microsoft's recent layoffs resulted in 86 redundancies at game developer Toys for Bob. As reported by the San Francisco Chronicle, per state filings, the studio behind Spyro Reignited Trilogy also saw its physical office closed. Toys for Bob most recently released Crash Bandicoot 4 and Crash Team Battle. It also develops Call of Duty Warzone content updates. Microsoft's job cuts reportedly affected 86 staffers at Sledgehammer Games as well. The San Francisco Chronicle says that the Call of Duty maker's physical office has been closed as its staffers relocate. # ⚓ Business Insider ☛ The_layoffs_sweeping_tech_companies_are 'contagious'_and_'may_get_worse,'_Jefferies_analyst_predicts [Ed: See below. But they shut down entire studios, where zero overlap existed, so basic fact-checking shows he's lying through his teeth]⠀⇛ Microsoft Gaming CEO Phil Spencer said that the layoffs were part of a greater "execution plan" to reduce overlap within the company, CNBC reported. # ⚓ The Verge ☛ The_rise_of_obituary_spam⠀⇛ Google has long struggled to contain obituary spam — for years, low-effort SEO-bait websites have simmered in the background and popped to the top of search results after an individual dies. The sites then aggressively monetize the content by loading up pages with intrusive ads and profit when searchers click on results. Now, the widespread availability of generative AI tools appears to be accelerating the deluge of low-quality fake obituaries. # ⚓ The Verge ☛ AI_at_Work⠀⇛ AI, once an ambiguous science fiction trope, has become an ambiguous business buzzword, as every technology product races to implement what Silicon Valley thinks is the greatest innovation since the [Internet]. But lost in the conversation are stories about the people building it and using it. If large language models and automated systems will, indeed, upend labor and capital, what does it actually look like in practice? In this package, we’ll explore the ways AI functions today: how people are using it, where it fails and where it succeeds, and what it actually means when we say “artificial intelligence.” # ⚓ Tom's Hardware ☛ Wi-Fi_jamming_to_knock_out_cameras suspected_in_nine_Minnesota_burglaries_--_smart_security systems_vulnerable_as_tech_becomes_cheaper_and_easier_to acquire⠀⇛ Edina police suspect that nine burglaries in the last six months have been undertaken with Wi-Fi jammer(s) deployed to ensure incriminating video evidence wasn’t available to investigators. The modus operandi of the thief or thieves is thought to be something like this: [...] # ⚓ Silicon Angle ☛ Crowd_in_San_Francisco_destroys_driverless Waymo_car_by_setting_it_ablaze⠀⇛ The attack comes during a time when driverless car companies are struggling to get their vehicles on the road amid criticism of their capabilities and safety. As recently as October, a robotaxi operated by Waymo rival Cruise LLC dragged a pedestrian 20 feet down a street in San Francisco. That led the California Department of Motor Vehicles and California’s Public Utilities Commission to suspend the company’s permits to test its vehicles. # ⚓ Futurism ☛ Furious_Crowd_Destroys_Robotaxi,_Sets_It_on Fire⠀⇛ As several videos and reports indicate, the robotaxis' propensity for glitching out and either stopping in the middle of the street — sometimes en masse — or driving where they're not supposed to make them annoying and dangerous. Last year, one of Waymo's self-driving lifts ran over someone's dog, and another found itself in the middle of an active fire scene. Things at Cruise are even worse, and with government reports indicating that the company's robotaxis have hit an untold number of people, its parent company is now slashing its investment in the still-immature tech. With such incidents and accidents piling up, many in SF have had enough. At the end of 2023, in fact, the city sued a state commission that allowed Cruise and Waymo to operate around the clock without safety drivers. # ⚓ University of Michigan ☛ It_Happened_at_Michigan_—_‘I really_disliked_writing_papers’⠀⇛ “My brother wouldn’t take no for an answer,” Thomas Knoll told the College of Engineering in 2016. “And I really disliked writing papers, so I procrastinated by writing this computer program.’” He never looked back. He developed a bundle of photo editing tools (“it was actually very addictive”) and called it Display, then Photoshop. Working with his brother, Knoll sold the software to Adobe, which went on the market in 1990. Five years later, Adobe bought the rights to Photoshop, paying the Knoll brothers $34.5 million. # ⚓ Matt Birchler ☛ For_the_life_of_me_I_can’t_find_a_GPT_I find_useful_(besides_my_own)⠀⇛ I’ve had the exact same experience. I fully expected that the GPT store would be full of cool tools that I would download and find interesting uses for instead I’ve installed precisely zero of them because none of them seem to solve things that I wanted to do with ChatGPT. o § Security⠀➾ # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ YLE ☛ Parliament_suspends_employee_amid_NBI_probe_of suspected_data_protection_breach⠀⇛ The data of more than 1,000 people may have been affected by the suspected crimes, according to the National Bureau of Investigation. # ⚓ The Register UK ☛ FCC_publishes_final_version_of_new breach_report_rules⠀⇛ After releasing a proposed rule in early January and giving the industry 30 days to respond, the FCC's final rule was published today. It solidifies what the agency proposed a little more than a month ago, and what was teased in early 2022 when FCC chairwoman Jessica Rosenworcel drafted initial changes to the commission's 16-year old security "breach" reporting duties. Along with requiring that attacks are reported to the FCC within seven days of a telco discovering them, the same deadline now exists to report any data leaks to the FBI and US Secret Service as well. As the FCC planned, the new rule also eliminates the mandatory seven-day waiting period for reporting break-ins to consumers. # ⚓ Bitdefender ☛ “Smart”_helmet_flaw_exposes_location tracking_and_privacy_risks⠀⇛ Which is why Livall, a popular manufacturer of ski and bike helmets, has presumably developed a "smart" line of products with "walkie-talkie" functionality for groups to stay in touch and track each other's location. Unfortunately, according to security researchers, Livall's implementation of the "smart" technology was nothing less than foolish. # ⚓ 404 Media ☛ Woman_Sues_Sex_Toy_Retailer_Adam_and_Eve, Claims_It_Shared_Data_About_Her_Dildos⠀⇛ A woman just brought a class action lawsuit against one of the biggest online retailers for sex toys, Adam and Eve, claiming that the site gave Google information about her searches for 8-inch dildos and strap-on harnesses. # ⚓ EDRI ☛ The_sledgehammer_approach_of_age_verification tools_won't_make_the_[Internet]_safer_-_European Digital_Rights_(EDRi)⠀⇛ Do you like scrolling through Instagram reels or watching vlogs on YouTube? Soon enough, you may have to give your personal ID details to the likes of Mark Zuckerberg to keep doing so. [...] The proposed technological “solutions” cannot resolve what are actually much more complex societal issues. However, policymakers worldwide are failing to acknowledge the threat of surveillance and the risk to everyone’s privacy online posed by the use of these systems. Contrary to what the Irish regulator says, experts have shown that tools like age verification can bring more harm to the very children that the code aims to protect. # ⚓ India Times ☛ Digi_Yatra:_Surveillance_or_security? Digi_Yatra_app_divides_opinion_on_facial_scanning⠀⇛ Social media has been flooded with complaints of how people are being coerced into using the Digi Yatra app, which uses facial scanning biometrics. Is it really risky? And what do the stakeholders have to say about it? Akshay Gupta recently posted on social media platform X (previously Twitter) that he was denied entry at the Varanasi airport because he “did not follow the Digi Yatra lane”. # ⚓ EFF ☛ Voting_Against_the_Surveillance_State_| EFFector_36.2⠀⇛ You can read the full newsletter here, or subscribe to get the next issue in your inbox automatically! You can also listen to the audio version of the newsletter on the Internet Archive, or by clicking the button below: [...] o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ Tom's Hardware ☛ China's_Loongson_CPU_seems_to_have_IPC equivalent_to_Zen_4_and_Raptor_Lake_--_but_slow_speeds_and limited_core_count_keeps_3A6000_well_behind_modern competition⠀⇛ A review shows the China-made 3A6000 coming close behind Zen 4 and Raptor Lake in an IPC comparison, despite poor overall performance. # ⚓ Tom's Hardware ☛ Taiwan_accuses_China_of_'cheating'_and 'stealing'_chipmaking_technologies⠀⇛ Taiwan accuses China of unfair behavior with obtaining advanced technology, China denies any wrongdoing. # ⚓ RFA ☛ Uyghur_businessman_returned_to_China_by_Iran_serving 15-year_sentence⠀⇛ He was jailed in 2018 for having traveled abroad. # ⚓ RFA ☛ Relatives_of_China’s_political_prisoners_spend festive_season_apart⠀⇛ Relatives suffer most from lack of news, yet distract themselves from pain and keep speaking out for loved ones. # ⚓ The Atlantic ☛ Trump’s_America_Will_Lose_the_Climate_Race⠀⇛ A second Trump presidency is the open question looming over climate science. Given that global warming is still yet to be reined in, how damaging could four years of Trump be to our collective climate outcome? The answer may be both less fatalistic and more complex than that a president wedded to fossil fuels will condemn the world to significantly worse warming. The short of it, according to two distinguished climate scientists I spoke with, is this: Trump’s four years would surely be damaging, but wouldn’t doom the planet. A public reckoning is coming whether he wins or not, and Trump’s hostile posture on climate could sap U.S. ambitions in a future where geopolitical power is likely to align with a country’s capacity to power itself. # ⚓ US News And World Report ☛ Congo_Protesters_Burn_US_and Belgian_Flags,_Target_Western_Embassies⠀⇛ Decades of conflicts in eastern Congo between myriad rival armed groups over land and resources and brutal attacks on civilians have killed hundreds of thousands of people and displaced more than 7 million. Congo is the world's top supplier of cobalt and Africa's top copper producer. # ⚓ The Register UK ☛ Ukraine_claims_Russian_military_is_using Starlink⠀⇛ However, despite denials from both Musk and Starlink that Russia could log into the Starlink store and pick up a dozen terminals, reports continue to surface of the technology being used by Russian forces. # ⚓ The Age AU ☛ West_Australian_WWII_pilot_dies_aged_101⠀⇛ Even in his last year, Arrowsmith was still driving the same Holden he had owned for 54 years. The WWII pilot flew 35 missions, where the survival rate was less than one in 10. # ⚓ NL Times ☛ Dutch_worried_about_cyberattacks,_war_close_to home;_Less_about_further-away_threats⠀⇛ Foreign influence on immigration communities in the Netherlands also was considered a serious threat, ranking second with 7.30 points, followed immediately by the occurrence of a terrorist attack by an Islamic group. That scored 7.29 points. # ⚓ CS Monitor ☛ President_Biden,_British_Olympians_turn_to TikTok_for_youth_following⠀⇛ By night on Feb. 11, the Biden-Harris HQ TikTok account had gained 10,900 followers. # ⚓ [Old] The Guardian UK ☛ TikTok_is_part_of_China’s_cognitive warfare_campaign⠀⇛ Translated Chinese military reports suggest that warfare is shifting from destroying bodies to paralyzing and controlling the opponent’s mind. Making the Biden administration’s call for TikTok’s Chinese owners to sell their stakes in the app or face a US ban just the start of a protracted Whac- A-Mole game in a broader strategy to combat cognitive warfare – with the human mind as the battlefield. While a TikTok ban may take out the first and fattest mole, it fails to contend with the wider shift to cognitive warfare as the sixth domain of military operations under way, which includes China’s influence campaigns on TikTok, a mass collection of personal and biometric data from American citizens and their race to develop weapons that could one day directly assault or disable human minds. We ignore this broader context at our peril. # ⚓ Atlantic Council ☛ How_the_United_States_can_counter_malign Chinese_and_Russian_influence_in_the_Western_Hemisphere ⠀⇛ As strategic competition with China and Russia continues to intensify, the United States and its allies need a strategy for countering the malign influence of authoritarian rivals in the Western Hemisphere. [...] In addition to Chinese and Russian malign influence, however, the region also presents many opportunities for the United States to cultivate fruitful partnerships in the western hemisphere built on shared values. Outside of Europe and North America, the western hemisphere has boasted the highest proportion of democratically elected governments for the past three decades. Most of the population of the region lives in a democracy, and support for democracy remains high. There is a window of opportunity for a renewal of regional commitments to democracy and reform that the United States can—and should—capitalize on to reorient its relationship with the region. # ⚓ Quartz ☛ Russia_war_economy_is_like_the_Soviet_Union,_IMF director_says⠀⇛ That’s the comparison Kristalina Georgieva, managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), made in an interview with CNBC today on the sidelines of the United Arab Emirates-hosted World Governments Summit. The IMF had previously said that Russia was spending so much money on its war effort that it was making up for the strangling effects of international sanctions. # ⚓ New Statesman ☛ Joe_Biden_can_learn_from_Europe's mishandled_migrant_crisis⠀⇛ The numerical comparison was way off: just over one million people arrived in Europe in 2015 at the peak of the so-called refugee crisis. There were about 2.5 million attempted irregular crossings into the United States in 2023. But when it comes to the potential political impact of unregulated migration, the parallels are impossible to ignore. European politics have been upended by the mismanagement of the crisis nearly a decade ago, which has put far-right parties in the once unthinkable positions of winning elections and leading governments in countries from Italy to the Netherlands. # ⚓ The Nation ☛ Clarence_Thomas_Broke_the_Law._Why_Is_He_Not Being_Prosecuted?⠀⇛ The debate about whether the justices were or should be bound by any ethics rules drew attention away from the fact that Thomas’s conduct violated federal laws specifically requiring him to disclose the gifts. Thomas was legally obliged to disclose the gifts as well as the donors and should be prosecuted for failing to do so. # ⚓ The Strategist ☛ The_impact_of_global_food_chokepoint pressures_on_Asia's_food_security⠀⇛ In the last few years Asia’s food security has suffered a series of crises induced by conflict, climate change and the Covid-19 pandemic, causing great disruptions to food supply systems and increasing the number of people experiencing food insecurity. Now, pressure at four global ‘food chokepoints’—in the Red Sea and the Suez Canal due to geopolitical unrest, and the Panama Canal and the Mississippi River due to drought—are threatening Asia’s food security even more. # ⚓ New Eastern Europe ☛ North_to_the_future?⠀⇛ However, the strategic importance of the Arctic is not only determined by issues related strictly to security. According to 2008 data from the US Geological Survey scientific agency, the Arctic Ocean floor may hold up to 30 per cent of the world’s as of yet undiscovered but technically accessible reserves of natural gas, alongside 13 per cent of oil. The continental shelf of the Arctic Ocean is also rich in other mineral resources such as zinc, lead, molybdenum, nickel, platinum and even gold and diamonds. An important aspect indicating the attractiveness of the region is the opportunities related to maritime transport. There are two routes through the Arctic, the Northeast Passage (along the coast of Siberia, the shortest route from Europe to China) and the Northwest Passage (along the coast of Canada). For decades, these routes were of little importance due to the impassable ice cap. However, when the ice cap began to shrink as a result of climate change, new opportunities for the economic exploitation of the region emerged for the Arctic states. The Northwest Passage shortens the route from Europe to East Asia by several thousand kilometres compared to the Panama Canal route, and the Northeast Passage by as much as 9,000 kilometres compared to the Suez Canal route. # ⚓ El País ☛ Ukraine_War:_The_world_is_facing_the_worst_war scenario_in_half_a_century_|_International_|_EL_PAÍS English⠀⇛ For the first time since 1945, Europe is witnessing a major war, in which a great power has invaded another country not only to subjugate it but also to annex territory. Around 30 Western countries are providing aid to Ukraine to help its efforts to repel Russia, which in turn is assisted militarily by Iran, North Korea, and Belarus. But U.S. support for Kyiv is wavering, and this is strengthening Moscow’s position. The situation is so dire that several European political and military leaders have stressed that there is a real risk that the conflict will reach Western Europe. The possibility that Donald Trump — who opposes America’s involvement in NATO — may return to the White House has further heightened tensions. # ⚓ AntiWar ☛ Letter_from_ThinkTankLand:_Foreign_Influence_in American_Politics⠀⇛ The odious ritual whereby representatives of foreign governments travel to Washington to tell us our business has become so routine it hardly even registers. And, down the years, hosting such rituals has become a (if not the) primary function of Washington’s think tanks which, also to no one’s surprise, draws millions and millions in funding... # ⚓ New York Times ☛ Mayorkas_Says_He’s_Undeterred_by Republicans’_Impeachment_Drive⠀⇛ The homeland security secretary called the allegations “baseless” and said he was focused on his work. # ⚓ New York Times ☛ Israel_Says_It_Struck_Rafah_as_a_Diversion to_Rescue_Hostages⠀⇛ A “wave of attacks” on the Gazan city early Monday enabled soldiers to bring two captives to safety, Israel said. Local news outlets said the airstrikes killed at least a dozen Palestinians. # ⚓ France24 ☛ Hamas_says_two_Israeli_hostages_killed_by_air strikes_in_Gaza⠀⇛ Israeli air strikes over the past four days in Gaza have killed two hostages and seriously injured eight others, the armed wing of Hamas announced Sunday on its Telegram channel. # ⚓ France24 ☛ 🔴Live:_Heavy_strikes_hit_Gazan_city_of_Rafah, two_Israeli_hostages_rescued⠀⇛ Israel announced on Monday the rescue of two hostages in the southern Gaza city of Rafah, where the Hamas-run health ministry said "around 100" Palestinians including children were killed in heavy overnight air strikes. # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Armenia_says_two_soldiers_killed_in_flare-up_on border_with_Azerbaijan_—_Meduza⠀⇛ # ⚓ Pro Publica ☛ DOJ_Working_With_Wisconsin_Sheriff_to_Improve Communication_With_Non-English_Speakers⠀⇛ The inability of police to communicate with immigrants who don’t speak English has long created problems, sometimes with tragic consequences. Those obstacles can inhibit crime victims from calling law enforcement for help and make it difficult for investigators to solve crimes. But as part of an initiative by the Biden administration, the U.S. Department of Justice is pushing law enforcement agencies to better serve people who don’t speak proficient English. # ⚓ Site36 ☛ Sea_rescuers_dismantle_ex-policemen:_Court_hears prosecution_witnesses_in_“Iuventa”_trial_for_the_first_time⠀⇛ # ⚓ RFA ☛ Torture,_forced_labor_alleged_at_Prince_Group-linked compound⠀⇛ Escaped workers were beaten and tased before being dragged back, witnesses recount. # ⚓ BIA Net ☛ Şebnem_Korur_Fincancı:_I_will_take_legal_action regarding_the_smear_campaign⠀⇛ Şebnem Korur Fincancı, who was targeted in the "Adnan" documentary by 140journos, stated, "Those who target me, but ultimately open the door to a very dangerous situation, include statements that could harm those who have been tortured." # ⚓ New York Times ☛ Israeli_Raid_in_Rafah_Rescues_2_Hostages and_Kills_Dozens,_Officials_Say⠀⇛ The hostages, who had been held by Hamas, returned to Israel after a military operation that Gazan health officials said killed at least 67 Palestinians. # ⚓ YLE ☛ Finland_plans_fast-tracking_unfounded_asylum applications⠀⇛ The proposed reforms could see some migrants facing significant restrictions on their freedom of movement while their applications are being processed. # ⚓ Defence Web ☛ Limpopo_zama_zamas_targeted_by_police_and soldiers⠀⇛ Limpopo provincial capital Polokwane and surrounds yielded mining equipment, illicit cigarettes and drugs as well as arrests for offences including assault, extortion and kidnapping during a joint military/police operation. # § Russia, Belarus, and War in Ukraine⠀➾ # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Russian_authorities_considering_lowering_or abolishing_duty-free_online_purchase_limits_—_Meduza⠀⇛ # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Scholar_Chris_Miller_explains_the_challenges (and_pitfalls)_of_Moscow’s_fight_to_import_the_Western microchips_it_needs_for_Russia’s_invasion_force_and economy_—_Meduza⠀⇛ # ⚓ Sky News ☛ Ukraine_war_latest:_Russia_is_gaining advantage_in_Ukraine,_Norway_warns_|_World_News_|_Sky News⠀⇛ Norway's intelligence service has warned Russian forces are gaining the advantage in Ukraine. Meanwhile, Ukraine has made further claims about Russian forces buying internet terminals from Elon Musk-run company Starlink - something both Russia and Musk have denied. # ⚓ Meduza ☛ 71-year-old_Ukrainian_citizen_charged_with espionage_in_Russia_dies_in_prison_—_Meduza⠀⇛ # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Former_Wagner_Group_fighters_visit_Russian school,_give_students_flag_reading_‘It’s_nothing personal_—_we_were_paid’_—_Meduza⠀⇛ # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Seventeen-year-old_Ukrainian_basketball player_murdered_in_Germany_—_Meduza⠀⇛ # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Shared_objectives,_opposing_reputations_Why is_Ukraine’s_new_top_commander_Oleksandr_Syrskyi_less popular_than_his_predecessor?_—_Meduza⠀⇛ # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Governor_of_Russia’s_Kaliningrad_says_German philosopher_Immanuel_Kant_‘directly_tied’_to_war_in Ukraine_—_Meduza⠀⇛ # ⚓ RFERL ☛ NATO_Can't_Be_'A_La_Carte,'_Borrell_Says_As Allies_Blast_Trump's_Comments⠀⇛ EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell and other European defense and foreign ministers on February 12 joined a torrent of criticism over former U.S. President Donald Trump's comment downplaying the U.S. commitment to NATO's security umbrella in Europe. # ⚓ France24 ☛ NATO_not_an_alliance_'a_la_carte',_EU foreign_policy_chief_says_of_Trump_comments⠀⇛ NATO "cannot be an alliance a la carte," EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said Monday after Donald Trump downplayed his commitment to NATO's security umbrella in Europe if he becomes US president again. # ⚓ Marcy Wheeler ☛ Call_and_Response:_Putin_Demanded Greater_Russia_and_Trump_Agreed⠀⇛ One day after Putin told Tucker Carlson he invaded Ukraine not because of NATO, but because of his commitment to pursue Greater Russia, Trump promised he'd help Putin pursue Greater Russia. # ⚓ Atlantic Council ☛ Putin’s_history_lecture_reveals his_dreams_of_a_new_Russian_Empire⠀⇛ Vladimir Putin turned his hotly anticipated interview with Tucker Carlson into a history lecture that laid bare the dangerous delusions and imperial ambitions driving the invasion of Ukraine, writes Peter Dickinson. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ Anti-Putin_Shaman's_Request_To_Get Transferred_To_Less_Restrictive_Psychiatric_Clinic Rejected_Again⠀⇛ A Russian court again refused to transfer to a less restrictive psychiatric clinic a Yakut shaman who became known across the country in 2019 for his attempts to march to Moscow to drive President Vladimir Putin out of the Kremlin. # ⚓ Latvia ☛ Ukrainian,_Latvian_folklore_to_intertwine_in chamber_music_concert⠀⇛ On February 25, the Ukrainian singer, conductor, and musician Oksana Nikitiuk and Latvian pianist Herta Hansena will offer a Ukrainian and Latvian chamber music program “Sunflower Road” both live and livestreamed, representatives of the Liepāja Concert Hall 'Great Amber' said. # ⚓ Latvia ☛ Ukrainian_'flag_attack'_case_to_be reviewed⠀⇛ An appeal in Valērijs Lazarevs' case, or the so-called Ukrainian flag attack case has come to Kurzeme Regional Court that the case should be reopened and viewed again, Latvian Television reported on February 12. # ⚓ AntiWar ☛ Zelensky_Replacing_Zaluzhny_Is_Not_Just_the Firing_of_Another_General⠀⇛ After months of dangerous drama in Kiev, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky has finally acted on his promise to fire Ukraine’s top general Valerii Zaluzhny. # ⚓ AntiWar ☛ The_Biden-Schumer_Plan_To_Kill_More Ukrainians⠀⇛ President Joe Biden is refusing to fold a losing hand as he bets with Ukrainian lives and U.S. taxpayer money. # ⚓ The Kent Stater ☛ ‘We_won’t_hear_the_bangs’: Ukrainian_city_moves_schools_into_metro_stations⠀⇛ CNN —  It was a special day for Elmira Dergousova when Russian tanks rolled across the border into Ukraine: her fifth birthday. A plastic crown perched on her head, she blew the candles out on her “Frozen” cake. # ⚓ NYPost ☛ Speaker_Mike_Johnson_signals_House_won’t take_up_Senate’s_Ukraine-Israel-Taiwan_aid_bill⠀⇛ House Speaker Mike Johnson warned Monday that he might not bring the massive foreign aid bill being considered in the Senate up for a vote because it fails to address border security, saying the lower chamber will “work its own will” to tackle the issue. # ⚓ France24 ☛ House_speaker_rejects_Ukraine_aid_package as_senators_grind_through_votes⠀⇛ House Speaker Mike Johnson late Monday sharply criticised a $95.3 billion aid package for Ukraine, Israel and other countries, casting serious doubts about the future of the package just as Senate leaders were slowly muscling it ahead in hopes of sending a message that the US remains committed to its allies. # ⚓ France24 ☛ ‘All_for_one’:_France,_Germany,_Poland_to tighten_defence_ties⠀⇛ The governments of Poland, France and Germany vowed Monday to make Europe a security and defence power with a greater ability to back Ukraine, as fears grow that former US president Donald Trump might return to the White House and allow Russia to expand its aggression on the continent. # ⚓ France24 ☛ Hospitalised_Pentagon_chief_Austin_cancels trip_to_Brussels_for_NATO,_Ukraine_meetings⠀⇛ US Defence Secretary Lloyd Austin cancelled a trip to Brussels for NATO defence talks after being admitted to a military hospital for a second time this year, the Pentagon said on Monday. # ⚓ JURIST ☛ Amnesty_International:_Russia_sentences_33 Ukrainian_soldiers_for_war_crimes_after_‘unlawful trials’⠀⇛ Amnesty International (AI) reported that Russia sentenced 33 Ukrainian soldiers in the Supreme Court of the Luhansk People’s Republic in Russian-occupied Luhansk on Monday for “alleged war crimes.” Russian authorities captured the soldiers as prisoners of war (POWs). Their sentences range from twenty-seven to twenty-nine years. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ Dnipropetrovsk_Region_Hit_By_Russian_Drone Attack_For_Second_Day_In_A_Row⠀⇛ Russia on February 13 launched drone strikes on Ukraine's Dnipropetrovsk region for the second day in a row, targeting energy infrastructure facilities, regional Governor Serhiy Lysak said on Telegram. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ EU_Takes_Significant_Step_Toward_Using Profits_From_Frozen_Russian_Assets_For_Ukraine⠀⇛ The European Union has passed a law to set aside profits made on frozen Russian central- bank assets in the first concrete step toward using the money to finance the reconstruction of Ukraine. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ Poland_Investigates_Allegedly_Deliberate Spillage_Of_Ukrainian_Grain_At_Border_Crossing⠀⇛ Polish police have opened an investigation into an incident over the weekend in which Polish farmers were accused of stopping three trucks carrying Ukrainian grain at a crossing and dumping the cargo onto the road. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ Russia_Adds_18_British_Citizens_To_Its Sanctions_List⠀⇛ Russia's Foreign Ministry said on February 12 that it added 18 British citizens, including top defense officials and leading Russia experts, to its sanctions list for "demonizing" Russia and supporting "the regime" of Volodymyr Zelenskiy in Ukraine. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ Ukrainian_Basketball_Player_Fatally_Stabbed In_Germany⠀⇛ A 17-year-old Ukrainian basketball player was fatally stabbed after an altercation at a bus stop in Germany, police said on February 12, in a case that has sparked outrage in Kyiv. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ Moldova_Says_Crashed_Drone_Contained Explosives;_Minister_Blasts_Russia_For_'Barbaric Attacks'_On_Ukraine⠀⇛ Fragments from a Russian drone that crashed into Moldova contained explosives the country's police said, as Foreign Minister Mihai Popsoi condemned Russia's “barbaric attacks” across the border in Ukraine. # ⚓ The Straits Times ☛ Ukraine's_military_intelligence says_Russia_buying_Starlink_terminals_in_'Arab countries'⠀⇛ February 13, 2024 3:22 PM Russian forces are buying Starlink internet terminals in "Arab countries" for use on the battlefield, Ukraine's military intelligence said on Tuesday. # ⚓ CS Monitor ☛ Trump,_Russia,_NATO:_How_GOP_moved_on from_Reagan’s_confident_view⠀⇛ In pulling the plug on Ukraine aid, Republicans underscore a shift from Ronald Reagan’s “shining city upon a hill” America to Donald Trump’s vision of a besieged, lights-out America. # ⚓ New York Times ☛ Senate_Pushes_Ukraine_Aid_Bill Toward_Passage_as_G.O.P._Splinters⠀⇛ The legislation passed its final hurdle as a coalition of Republican senators, resisting pressure from the right wing and former President Donald J. Trump, joined Democrats to move it toward a final vote. # ⚓ New York Times ☛ Here_Are_the_Republicans_Breaking With_Their_Party_to_Back_Ukraine_Aid⠀⇛ Party leaders, national security institutionalists and centrists make up the 17 Republicans who joined Democrats in breaking a filibuster against the military aid, defying former President Donald J. Trump. # ⚓ Latvia ☛ Latvian_Radio_examines_attempts_to_catch sanctions_evaders⠀⇛ Latvian Radio's Atvērtie Faili (Open Files) investigative show has reported on the efforts of Latvia's customs officers to enforce sanctions against aggressor states Russia and Belarus, both of which border Latvia. # ⚓ Atlantic Council ☛ China_pairs_actions_with_messaging in_Latin_America._The_United_States_should_do_the same.⠀⇛ China has coordinated trade, financing, and investment with diplomatic engagement, public diplomacy, and information operations to deepen its influence in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington should, in turn, pair diplomatic engagement and messaging with greater attention to regional countries’ needs. # ⚓ Atlantic Council ☛ Don’t_let_geopolitics_undermine Latin_America’s_hard-won_free_markets⠀⇛ The United States is concerned about China’s close economic ties to Latin America and the Caribbean; however, the US response should be careful not to undermine longstanding market norms and popular trade liberalization policies # ⚓ Atlantic Council ☛ China_and_Russia_engage_Latin America_and_the_Caribbean_differently._Both_threaten_US interests.⠀⇛ China and Russia are both seeking to deepen their influence in the Western Hemisphere at the expense of the United States, though the means by, and ends for, which they pursue that differ in some cases. # ⚓ Atlantic Council ☛ The_competition_for_influence_in the_Americas_is_now_online⠀⇛ China is expanding its footprint in Latin America and the Caribbeans’s emerging technology and critical infrastructure arenas, while Russia is engaging in foreign influence operations via the cyber domain. These challenges require a proactive stance by the United States. # ⚓ Atlantic Council ☛ Beijing’s_influence_on_Latin America’s_energy_mix_is_growing—especially_in renewables⠀⇛ Russia and, especially, China are intertwined in Latin America’s energy market, with Chinese ties expanding markedly over the past two decades. The United States and its allies and partners must take quick action to counter this rising influence. # ⚓ JURIST ☛ Russia_court_orders_arrest_of_Meta spokesperson⠀⇛ Moscow’s Basmanny District Court ordered the arrest of Meta Platforms spokesperson Andy Stone in absentia Monday for charges relating to terrorism offenses and inciting extremist activities. # ⚓ JURIST ☛ Qatar_releases_8_Indian_navy_veterans_after two_years_of_detention_for_alleged_espionage⠀⇛ The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) of India announced on Monday that the Emir of the State of Qatar decided to release eight Indian Navy veterans working for the Doha- based Dahra Global company, who were detained in Qatar due to their connection in an alleged espionage case in 2022. # ⚓ LRT ☛ NATO’s_largest_exercise_tells_Russia_to_keep its_hands_off_alliance_–_Lithuanian_ambassador⠀⇛ NATO is holding its largest exercise since the Cold War. Its aim is to send a message to Russia to keep its hands off NATO territory, Lithuanian Ambassador to NATO Deividas Matulionis has said. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ IIHF_Keeps_Ban_On_Russia,_Belarus_From_Taking Part_In_International_Ice_Hockey_Events⠀⇛ The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) has decided Russia and Belarus remain barred from participating in its competitions, meaning neither will be represented at events in the 2024-25 championship season. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ Germany's_Siemens_To_Close_Business_In Russia⠀⇛ Siemens is closing its business in Russia, according to its final financial report for 2023, which declared it impossible to continue working in the country and announced a voluntary liquidation # ⚓ RFERL ☛ Russian_Oligarch's_Seized_Yacht_Costs_$7 Million_A_Year_To_Maintain,_Justifying_Sale,_U.S. Says⠀⇛ The U.S. government has said it is spending more than $7 million a year to maintain a superyacht it seized from a Russian oligarch in 2022 and urged a judge to let it auction the vessel. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ Russian_Warrant_Issued_For_Facebook_ (Farcebook)_Parent_Company_Spokesman⠀⇛ A Moscow court on February 12 issued an arrest warrant for the spokesman for Facebook's parent company, Meta, accusing him of promoting terrorism. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ Russian_Media_Holding's_Executive_Gets_More Than_Seven_Years_In_Prison_On_Extortion_Charge⠀⇛ A Moscow court on February 12 sentenced Kirill Sukhanov, the commercial director of the Ostorozhno Media media holding to 7 1/ 2 years in prison on an extortion charge. # ⚓ The Straits Times ☛ Russia_warns_the_West:_we_will_be very_tough_if_you_'steal'_our_assets⠀⇛ Russia warned the West on Tuesday that Moscow would be very tough if the United States and European Union seized hundreds of billions of dollars worth of Russian assets. # ⚓ New York Times ☛ Trump_Steps_Up,_Helping_Biden_Just When_the_President_Needs_Him⠀⇛ Donald J. Trump’s stunning statement supporting a Russian attack against “delinquent” NATO allies takes attention away from unwelcome questions about the president’s age and provides the Biden camp a useful contrast. # ⚓ LRT ☛ Lithuanian_court_sentences_Iraqi_migrant smuggler_to_prison⠀⇛ An Iraqi national who organised the smuggling of migrants across the Lithuanian-Belarusian border with accomplices was sentenced to imprisonment by the Vilnius Regional Court. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ Another_Self-Exiled_Politician's_Apartment_Is Put_Up_For_Sale_By_Belarus⠀⇛ Minsk authorities have put on auction a two- bedroom apartment in the Belarusian capital belonging to self-exiled opposition politician Valer Tsapkala, whose candidacy election officials refused to register for a presidential poll in 2020. o § Transparency/Investigative Reporting⠀➾ # ⚓ Gizmodo ☛ Elon_Musk_Bought_Twitter_to_Settle_His_Jet- Tracking_Beef,_New_Book_Claims⠀⇛ “Musk had also unsuccessfully petitioned Agrawal [CEO of Twitter at the time] to remove a Twitter account that was tracking his private plane,” says an excerpt from Battle for the Bird, a new book on Musk’s takeover, published by Bloomberg on Thursday. “The billionaire started buying Twitter shares shortly after Agrawal denied his request.” # ⚓ Hong Kong Free Press ☛ Hong_Kong's_new_security_law_must protect_whistleblowers⠀⇛ Authorities identify five types of national security crime that are sometimes overly broad and err on the side of security in a trade-off with human rights. Because the proposals are embedded in the central authorities’ all-encompassing notion of national security, we should take note of mainland China’s national security policy and practice as we consider the government’s proposals. One proposed offence, the theft of state secrets, brings the issues into sharp relief. o § Environment⠀➾ # ⚓ Omicron Limited ☛ Permaculture_showed_us_how_to_farm_the land_more_gently._Can_we_do_the_same_as_we_farm_the_sea?⠀⇛ But the booming "blue economy" is no panacea. Fish farms can pollute the water. Mangroves are often felled to make way for prawn farms. The solutions of today could turn out to be problems of the future. We cannot simply shift from one form of environmental exploitation to another. There is an alternative: permaculture. This approach has proven itself on land as a way to blend farming with healthy ecosystems. What if it could do the same on water? # ⚓ CBC ☛ Swordfish_are_moving_north_in_Canadian_waters⠀⇛ Swordfish follow the Gulf Stream up to Canada and feed on squid and other fish in the more productive cold water immediately adjacent to the warm Gulf Stream. Gillespie and fellow Fisheries and Oceans scientist Alex Hanke want to know if the change in their distribution is linked to changes in the temperature gradient or shifts in the Gulf Stream's movement. # ⚓ DeSmog ☛ Q&A:_‘Saving_Ourselves:_From_Climate_Shocks_to Climate_Action’⠀⇛ What will it take for the world to finally rally around rapid, sustained climate action?  Professor Dana R. Fisher answers this critical question in her new book, Saving Ourselves: Climate Shocks to Climate Action.  # § Energy/Transportation⠀➾ # ⚓ YLE ☛ Controversial_Chinese-Finnish_battery_plant_in Hamina_gets_environmental_permit⠀⇛ The CNGR Finland bid drew hundreds of concerned responses last summer. According to the decision, the company must comply with emission restrictions and pay an annual fishery fee. # ⚓ Tech Central (South Africa) ☛ Load_shedding_crisis: government_'should_be_ashamed'⠀⇛ Roche said the Sona speech was overly ambitious in practically announcing an end to load shedding: “We are currently in a power crisis and moved to stage-4 (and then stage- 6) load shedding shortly after Sona,” he said. “At stage 4, we are around 4GW, or 20% short, of the power we need, so promises of an end to load shedding are simply wishful thinking. “South Africa needs several gigawatts of additional power urgently. We must start transitioning to green power but at the same time, we must address the power shortage and get the baseload power infrastructure stable. Injecting green power into the grid at utility scale and at industrial and manufacturing facilities will help to kill two birds with one stone. # ⚓ Tech Central (South Africa) ☛ Bitcoin_nears_$50_000⠀⇛ Nine new spot bitcoin funds began trading in the US on 11 January and have attracted more than $9-billion of investor inflows so far. Two of the offerings, from BlackRock and Fidelity Investments, rank as the most successful ETFs launched based on assets garnered after a month on the market, Bloomberg Intelligence analysts Eric Balchunas and James Seyffart wrote in a note. # ⚓ Quartz ☛ Bitcoin_price_hits_$50,000_after_more_than doubling⠀⇛ The biggest driver in the late surge of interest is the US government allowing the proliferation of new exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Though some investors used the opportunity to move their money around to save on fees, sector-wide inflows are now driving bitcoin prices more than twice as high as they had been a year ago. # ⚓ Interesting Engineering ☛ Wind_firm_joins_shipowner to_slash_Airbus_emissions_by_50%⠀⇛ In a landmark deal for sustainable shipping, Louis Dreyfus Armateurs (LDA), a leading French shipowner, and Norsepower, a Finnish wind propulsion technology company, have announced a partnership to equip a new fleet of RoRo vessels with Norsepower's innovative Rotor Sails. # ⚓ YLE ☛ Consumer_Ombudsman_raps_Finnair_over_'unclear' environmental_ad_claims⠀⇛ The greenwashing claim is related to the national airline's claims about its use of renewable fuel, which only amounted to about 0.2% of its consumption. # § Wildlife/Nature⠀➾ # ⚓ The Revelator ☛ Species_Spotlight:_The_Critically Endangered_Sumatran_Tiger_—_Small_But_Mighty⠀⇛ # ⚓ Science Alert ☛ One_of_The_World's_Most_Mysterious Whales_Shows_Signs_of_Holding_Traditions⠀⇛ They're like soggy people. # ⚓ Science Alert ☛ It's_Confirmed._A_Major_Atlantic Ocean_Current_Is_Verging_on_Collapse.⠀⇛ Closer than we think. # § Overpopulation⠀➾ # ⚓ New York Times ☛ The_Doomsday_Clock_Keeps_Ticking⠀⇛ Are humans the only beings in the universe confronting global self-destruction? Or just the last ones standing? o § Finance⠀➾ # ⚓ JURIST ☛ Slovakia_parliament_approves_criminal_law_reform amid_public_protests_and_EU_concerns⠀⇛ The Slovak parliament approved reforms calling for the eradication of a special prosecution branch dealing with high-level crimes in the country, as well as the lowering of punishments for financial crimes. # ⚓ Democracy Now ☛ Race,_Gender,_Class:_Bishop_Barber, Economist_Michael_Zweig_on_Poor_&_Low-Wage_Voters_in_2024 Election⠀⇛ As the 2024 election heats up, the Poor People’s Campaign has launched a 40-week effort aimed at mobilizing the voting power of some 15 million poor and low-wage voters across the United States ahead of the November election. The campaign’s first major coordinated actions are set to occur outside 30 statehouses on March 2, just days before Super Tuesday. “Statehouses are where the political insurrections are taking place,” says Bishop William Barber, co-chair of the Poor People’s Campaign. The “enormous undertaking” is in response to “an enormous economic and moral problem” of inequality in the United States, he notes, and poor and low-wage workers have the voting power to affect the 2024 elections in every single state in the country. We also speak with economist Michael Zweig, who is a member of the New York State Coordinating Committee of the Poor People’s Campaign. His new book on inequality is Class, Race, and Gender: Challenging the Injuries and Divisions of Capitalism. # ⚓ BBC ☛ The_Body_Shop:_What_went_wrong_for_the_trailblazing chain?_-_BBC_News⠀⇛ As the UK business is expected to go into administration, we look at what went wrong. # ⚓ India Times ☛ US_judge_orders_Elon_Musk_to_testify_in_SEC's Twitter_probe⠀⇛ The SEC sued Musk in October to compel the Tesla and SpaceX CEO to testify as part of an investigation into his 2022 purchase of Twitter, the social media giant that he subsequently renamed X. Musk refused to attend an interview in September that was part of the probe, the SEC said. # ⚓ El País ☛ 25_years_of_the_euro⠀⇛ The euro was conceived in Madrid in December 1995, as a way to put an end to the crisis of the exchange rate mechanism of the European Monetary System (EMS) that had begun in September 1992 with the pound sterling crisis. And it had a long gestation, until four years later when, on January 1, 1999, the currency parities were irrevocably fixed — those with enough age and memory will remember that the conversion of the peseta to euros was 166,386 pesetas = 1 euro — and the ECB took control of monetary policy. The birth of the euro lasted 24 months — a transitional period during which only the peseta circulated but prices were announced in both pesetas and euros — until January 1, 2022, when euro banknotes and coins were put into circulation. The peseta stopped being legal tender on February 28, 2002, although the exchange of pesetas for euros could be carried out until June 30, 2021. # ⚓ Latvia ☛ 'Instant'_bank_payments_to_become_an_EU-wide reality⠀⇛ Most people will have encountered a situation in which making a bank transfer from one bank account to another has seen the payment delayed for several days, with the funds apparently suspended in the ether before completion. o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾ # ⚓ The Strategist ☛ Prabowo’s_foreign_policy_and_what_it_may mean_for_Australia⠀⇛ On 14 February, over 200 million Indonesians will vote in the world’s largest direct presidential elections. # ⚓ Tech Central (South Africa) ☛ Cisco_to_cut_'thousands_of jobs'⠀⇛ The company is still deciding on the total number of employees to be affected by the layoffs, one person said. An announcement could come as early as next week, as the company prepares for its earnings call on 14 February. # ⚓ Reuters ☛ Exclusive:_Cisco_to_cut_thousands_of_jobs_as_it seeks_to_focus_on_high_growth_areas_|_Reuters⠀⇛ The company has in recent years grappled with supply chain issues and a post-pandemic slowdown in demand, which has hastened its push into software offerings like cybersecurity. # ⚓ India Today ☛ Cisco_laying_off_thousands_of_employees starting_this_week,_will_focus_on_growth_areas_next_-_India Today⠀⇛ Cisco has not yet disclosed the exact number of employees who will be affected by these layoffs. However, a source close to the publication revealed that the company is still deciding on the numbers and the final announcement can be expected as early as this week, as the company prepares for its earnings call on February 14. # ⚓ San Fancisco ☛ Bay_Area_tech_giant_Cisco_to_lay_off thousands⠀⇛ As of the fiscal year 2023, Cisco’s workforce stood at 84,900. # ⚓ Tech Central (South Africa) ☛ South_Africa_plans_to_offer 'digital_nomad'_visas⠀⇛ If the legislation comes to pass, South Africa will join Namibia, Cape Verde, Mauritius and the Seychelles as the fifth country in Africa to offer digital nomad visas. Highly skilled workers in the IT sector, such as programmers and software architects, are typically the target of such visas. For the critical skills visa, the draft regulations propose a points system that takes into account the applicant’s age, qualifications, language skills, work experience and whether they have an offer of employment in a local company or not. This practice is similar to other jurisdictions worldwide. High- earning workers in the IT sector are a particular target. # ⚓ The Strategist ☛ How_PRC_companies_influence_diplomatic switches_from_Taiwan_in_the_Pacific⠀⇛ On 14 January, Nauru re-established diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) ending nearly 20 years of links with Taiwan. # ⚓ Tom's Hardware ☛ Taiwan_accuses_China_of_'cheating'_and 'stealing'_chipmaking_technologies⠀⇛ The de-facto ambassador of Taiwan in the U.S. accused Chinese chipmakers of circumventing standard practices of innovation and instead resorting to dishonest methods to advance their capabilities. Despite significant investments, Yui remains skeptical of China's ability to produce leading-edge processors that could compete on the global stage, especially in the face of concerted efforts by the U.S. to curb Beijing's technological ambitions through export restrictions and other measures. # ⚓ Scoop News Group ☛ CISA_releases_2024_priorities_for_the Joint_Cyber_Defense_Collaborative⠀⇛ The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency on Monday released the 2024 priorities for the Joint Cyber Defense Collaborative, an operational-focused government and private collaborative which has faced recent criticism. The announcement of three broad priorities will mark an alignment of “resources and strategic direction.” In the coming year, the JCDC will focus on: defending against advanced persistent threat (APT) operations, raising baseline protections for critical infrastructure owners and operators, and anticipating emerging technology and risks. # ⚓ Federal News Network ☛ Defense_Department_dead_serious about_cybersecurity⠀⇛ Zero trust cybersecurity is on everyone’s mind these days, who is responsible for an information system. For an update on what is going on at the Defense Department, the Federal Drive with Tom Temin talked with Randy Resnick, Director of the Zero Trust Portfolio Management Office in the DoD’s office of the chief information officer. # ⚓ The Register UK ☛ Cisco_sharpens_ax_again_as_results_season swings_round⠀⇛ More than 34,000 tech staff who started 2024 in gainful employment are now looking for a new job – and that's before networking titan Cisco reportedly pulls the plug on thousands more to lighten the payroll. The latest job statistics pale in comparison to a year ago, when in January alone almost 90,000 were made redundant by tech businesses coming off a hiring binge during the pandemic and caught out by slowing sales, according to Layoff.fyi. # ⚓ The Nation ☛ RFK_Jr._Has_Lost_His_Way⠀⇛ It was ghoulish. # ⚓ YLE ☛ APN_Podcast:_Alexander_Stubb_wins_a_very_Finnish election⠀⇛ Finland woke up on Monday to a new era after NCP candidate Stubb won a cordially-conducted presidential election on Sunday night. # ⚓ YLE ☛ Stubb_pledges_to_continue_Niinistö's_foreign_policy line⠀⇛ President-elect Alexander Stubb spoke to the domestic and international press on Monday afternoon, after his win in Sunday's surprisingly close runoff election. # § Misinformation/Disinformation/Propaganda⠀➾ # ⚓ US News And World Report ☛ Trump's_Misleading_Framing of_NATO_Defense_Funding⠀⇛ The former president’s comments also are tangentially related to Article 5 of NATO’s founding treaty, which states that an attack on one NATO country is considered an attack on all its allies. That stance is not tied in any way to the 2% defense spending target. # ⚓ Hindustan Times ☛ Explained:_What_did_Trump_say_about NATO_funding_and_what_is_Article_5?_|_World_News_- Hindustan_Times⠀⇛ Trump has often accused other NATO members of not paying their dues, giving the impression that the alliance is like a club with membership fees. But NATO operates differently. It has some common funds, to which all members contribute. But the vast bulk of its strength comes from members' own national defence spending - to maintain forces and buy arms that can also be used by NATO. # ⚓ France24 ☛ No,_this_video_doesn’t_show_mosques_being destroyed_in_China⠀⇛ X users have been circulating a video in recent days that shows a mosque being bulldozed, claiming that it provides proof that the Chinese government is destroying mosques. The Chinese government is carrying out a “sinicization policy” on mosques, either demolishing them or carrying out architectural modifications to make them look more Chinese, a practice that has been decried by human rights organisations. However, this video was not filmed in China. # ⚓ France24 ☛ France_accuses_Russia_of_disinformation campaign_against_Ukraine's_allies⠀⇛ French government officials on Monday accused Russia of operating a long-running online manipulation campaign against Ukraine’s Western backers in the lead up to the second anniversary of Moscow’s military invasion of its neighbour. # ⚓ RFERL ☛ France_Accuses_Russia_Of_Disinformation Campaign_Ahead_Of_Ukraine_Invasion_Anniversary⠀⇛ French government officials on February 12 accused Russia of operating a long-running online manipulation campaign against Ukraine’s Western backers in the lead-up to the second anniversary of Moscow's military invasion of its neighbor. # ⚓ Latvia ☛ Beware_of_Hey_Hi_(AI)_content_in_pre- election_period,_anti-graft_cops_warn⠀⇛ The Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau (KNAB) issued a statement on February 12 warning the public that political organizations, as well as non-party persons, might use artificial intelligence-generated materials during the pre-election campaigning period to, among other things, deliberately disinform potential voters and influence their opinion. o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾ # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Media_Matters’_Very_Strong_Response_To_Elon Musk’s_Very_Dumb_Lawsuit⠀⇛ Last fall, we detailed the many, many, many, many problems of Elon Musk’s absolutely bullshit ridiculous lawsuit against Media Matters. Again, if you don’t recall, Media Matters found some examples of neo-Nazi content on ExTwitter appearing next to ads from big name brands. Elon got extra mad about this because it also happened a day after he endorsed an anti-Semitic conspiracy theory trope. Either way, it led to many advertisers pulling their ads. # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Would_You_Trust_A_Cryptocurrency_Whose_Operator Sues_Journalists_For_Reporting_On_Lawsuits_Calling_You_A Scam?⠀⇛ In the fall of 2022 an apparent investor in a cryptocurrency called “Bitcoin Latinum” sued the guy behind the currency, Donald Basile. You can see the whole case here. There has been a bunch of back and forth on the docket, but it appears the remaining parties at some point went to binding arbitration. # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Russia_adds_Meta_press_secretary_Andy_Stone_to official_list_of_‘extremists_and_terrorists’_—_Meduza⠀⇛ # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Major_Russian_beauty_retailer_tells_male_employees not_to_wear_obvious_makeup_to_avoid_‘LGBT_propaganda’_charges —_Meduza⠀⇛ # ⚓ 404 Media ☛ Taliban_Shuts_Down_'queer.af'_Domain,_Breaking Mastodon_Instance⠀⇛ When the Taliban retook control of Afghanistan in 2021, the fate of these domains and the websites on them became uncertain, and, three years later, another shoe now appears to be dropping. Last month, Erin Shepherd, the administrator of the queer.af Mastodon instance on the Fediverse posted that they have been “in limbo” since the Taliban retook control of the country, and had already planned to shut down in April. The Taliban shut the domain down roughly two months before it was scheduled to renew. # ⚓ Variety ☛ Jon_Stewart_Explains_Apple_Exit:_Why_the_Streamer Canceled_The_Problem⠀⇛ While an individual with knowledge of the situation said at the time that Stewart and Apple’s split was an amicable one, The New York Times reported that the duo had disagreements over topics that were to be covered in the third season, including A.I. and China. Members of the U.S. House of Representatives later questioned Apple CEO Tim Cook about whether the tech giant’s decision to cancel Stewart’s show was because the host may have been planning an upcoming episode about China. # ⚓ Meduza ☛ Yekaterinburg_man_sentenced_to_eight_days_in_jail for_laying_flowers_at_memorial_to_protest_mobilization⠀⇛ According to human rights advocates, five people were arrested at the Black Tulip monument on Saturday. In addition to Yakupov, two people were charged with violating protest rules. # ⚓ Quartz ☛ Elon_Musk_bought_Twitter_because_of_account tracking_his_private_jet⠀⇛ The new book is a detailed investigation into the power struggle at Twitter, now called X, in the last few years. The book seems to confirm that Musk’s personal gripes played a key role in his $44 billion acquisition of the social media platform. # ⚓ Reason ☛ No_Libel_or_Emotional_Distress_Discovery_for_Being Called_a_"Nazi"⠀⇛ From Magistrate Judge Robert Norway's report and recommendation in Frank v. Fine (M.D. Fla. Jan. 5), adopted by Judge Paul Byron on Jan. 19: Plaintiff [Colby Alexander Frank] {a self-proclaimed "white civil rights advocate" and member of the "Goyim Defense League"} here alleges that Defendant [Randy Fine, a Florida legislator] defamed him by publishing... o § Freedom of Information / Freedom of the Press⠀➾ # ⚓ CPJ ☛ CPJ_condemns_Kyrgyzstan’s_order_to_shut_investigative outlet_Kloop⠀⇛ “After last month’s mass arrest of journalists linked to anti-corruption outlet Temirov Live, the forced closure of Kloop—one of the most respected media outlets not just in Kyrgyzstan but in the whole of Central Asia—signals Kyrgyz authorities’ intent to wipe out an investigative reporting hub that has previously set the country apart from its authoritarian neighbors,” Gulnoza Said, CPJ’s Europe and Central Asia program coordinator, said in New York on Monday. “Authorities in Kyrgyzstan should allow Kloop to remain open, reverse their escalating campaign against the press, and allow independent media to work freely.” # ⚓ CPJ ☛ Bangladeshi_journalist_Mohammed_Emran_Hossan_killed in_road_crash_after_reporting_death_threat⠀⇛ A jeep hit Hossan’s motorcycle and ran over his body, according to a complaint, reviewed by CPJ, that was filed by the family at Rangunia Model Police Station on the day that Hossan died. No arrests had been made although the police were given the driver’s name, those sources said. A journalist familiar with the case, who spoke to CPJ on condition of anonymity due to fear of reprisal, said the driver went into hiding shortly after the crash. # ⚓ The Dissenter ☛ Countdown_To_Day_X:_Assange_Prosecution_Is Politically_Motivated⠀⇛ o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ JURIST ☛ Malaysia_federal_court_declares_Kelantan_state Shariah_laws_unconstitutional⠀⇛ The Malaysian federal court declared several Kelantan state Sharia laws to be unconstitutional in a judgement on Friday. # ⚓ Jacobin Magazine ☛ A_Philly_Sex_Shop_Fired_Its_Workers_When They_Started_a_Union⠀⇛ But because of the environment that we worked in and because of regular layoffs, there was a lot of staff turnover. It was a small business, so we were all doing things that went beyond retail or beyond working in a store. I was doing some of the social media; another one of my coworkers was doing part of the educational side of the business, as well as working on the floor. # ⚓ Federal News Network ☛ As_you_return_to_the_office,_the office_space_must_evolve⠀⇛ “One trend that we’re seeing, and I think is going to remain, is that the work and workspaces need to remain agile and flexible to address the current environment we’re in. And we need to manage that ever-changing environment,” said Chuck Hardy, the chief architect at the General Services Administration, in an interview with Federal News Network. “This makes managing the surge vitally important and properly planning spaces. I think agencies are learning that, but more directly, it’s sending that message that you don’t build space for your busiest time of the year. Instead, you build it for the mean and have solutions in place like federal co-working, like commercial co-working or like telework that effectively and efficiently absorb those surges.” # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Papers_Please,_But_For_Porn_Scheduled_For_A_2025 Debut_In_The_UK⠀⇛ Stop-start. Push-pull. Yank-tug. That’s the way things have been going in the UK. One would expect better performance from lawmakers with a hard-on for porn. # ⚓ RFA ☛ North_Korea_cracks_down_on_homes_converted_into Airbnb-style_lodgings⠀⇛ The move targets informal innkeepers and prostitution. # ⚓ Hong Kong Free Press ☛ ‘I_go_almost_every_day’:_The_elderly Hong_Kong_democracy_advocates_following_2019_protest_court cases⠀⇛ When Poon walks into Hong Kong’s District Court, it feels like home.  Like clockwork, the sexagenarian opens her bag for a security check, fills her empty bottle – no liquids are allowed past the screening – and makes sure her phone is on silent. o § Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾ # ⚓ APNIC ☛ Unbloating_the_buffers⠀⇛ Guest Post: How bad is bufferbloat, really? # ⚓ Michael Geist ☛ The_Law_Bytes_Podcast,_Episode_192:_Kate Robertson_on_the_Privacy,_Expression_and_Affordability_Risks in_Bill_C-26⠀⇛ Bill_C-26, alternately described as a cyber- security, critical infrastructure or telecom bill, remains largely below the radar screen despite its serious implications for privacy, expression, and affordable network access. # ⚓ APNIC ☛ Unbloating_the_buffers⠀⇛ Bufferbloat is so common that we don’t even think about it. Of course, video calls drop out and glitch when you download something, duh! The Internet is working hard, it’s only natural that it’s a bit slow to react. It doesn’t have to be this way. Chances are, your connection is faster than 30Mbit up/down. You only need less than 10% of it for a perfectly good Zoom call. If bandwidth is split equally, it should be pretty hard for a home network to not be able to support a video call. Yet in practice, latency-sensitive traffic glitches all the time when the network is busy! People often think it’s the lack of bandwidth, but it’s usually the extra latency caused by bufferbloat. # ⚓ CBC ☛ Bell_denied_stay_in_decision_allowing_smaller companies_to_sell_[Internet]_using_its_fibre_networks⠀⇛ Bell responded last fall by reducing its network investment plans by $1.1 billion by 2025, including a minimum reduction of $500 million this year, and warns there could be further cost reductions if the company feels it has to stay ahead of regulatory decisions it finds unfavourable. # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Judge_Grants_Preliminary_Injunction_Blocking Ohio’s_Unconstitutional_‘Parental_Consent’_Social_Media_Law⠀⇛ Last month we wrote about Netchoice suing Ohio over its “Parental Notification by Social Media Act,” in which I filed a declaration highlighting how problematic the law would be for a site like Techdirt. By the time we’d finished the article about the lawsuit, a federal judge had already granted a temporary injunction, blocking the law from going into effect. The law was incredibly problematic for many reasons, but like some other laws, the whole idea was to make websites get “parental consent” for kids using social media. # ⚓ Matthew_Palmer:_Not_all_TLDs_are_Created_Equal⠀⇛ In light of the recent cancellation_of_the_queer.af domain_registration_by_the_Taliban, the fragile and difficult nature of country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs) has once again been comprehensively demonstrated. Since many people may not be aware of the risks, I thought I’d give a solid explainer of the whole situation, and explain why you should, in general, not have anything to do with domains which are registered under ccTLDs. o § Digital Restrictions (DRM)⠀➾ # ⚓ Tom's Hardware ☛ The_Canadian_government_wants_to_ban Flipper_Zero-type_hacker_tools_to_combat_car_theft⠀⇛ Canada's Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry wants to ban devices such as Flipper Zero, as a means to combat car theft. § Monopolies/Monopsonies⠀➾ o ⚓ India Times ☛ Apple:_How_Apple’s_proposed_changes_could_crumble the_freemium_model⠀⇛ Apple has also introduced a new fee for developers, called the ‘core technology fee’. Developers will now pay 0.50 euros for each first annual install over one million in the past 12 months. These changes are significant because they open up the ‘walled garden’ that Apple has prided itself on, but they also come with a caveat that could effectively kill the ‘freemium’ model that most of these apps are based on. o ⚓ Zimbabwe ☛ Apple_showed_its_dictator_ways_with_bad_faith compliance_to_EU_law_and_developers_are_fighting_back⠀⇛ All that talk of the Apple ecosystem hinges on this. Apparently, if you still want to exercise your right to pick devices you want, limit yourself to one or just two Apple devices. If you collect all, you will struggle to leave Apple’s garden. o ⚓ Wired ☛ I_Stopped_Using_Passwords._It's_Great—and_a_Total_Mess⠀⇛ Google, Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, GitHub, PayPal, the UK’s National Health Service, OnlyFans, Nintendo, and more than 100 websites have started supporting passkeys. More than 8 billion online accounts can set up passkeys right now, says Andrew Shikiar, the chief executive of the FIDO Alliance, an industry body that has developed the passkey over the past decade. So, I decided to kill my passwords. For the past month, I’ve been converting as many of my accounts as possible—around a dozen for now—to use passkeys and start the move away from the password for good. Spoiler: When passkeys work seamlessly, it’s a glimpse of a more secure future for millions, if not billions, of people, and a reinvention of how we sign in to websites and services. But getting there for every account across the [Internet] is still likely to prove a minefield and take some time. o § Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ Dennis Crouch/Patently-O ☛ Don’t_Judge_a_Range_by_its Cover:_Federal_Circuit_Sides_with_Patentee_on_Written Description_Support⠀⇛ In a recent decision, the Federal Circuit held that a claimed range reciting narrower values than those described in the patent monopoly specification can still satisfy the written description requirement under 35 U.S.C. § 112(a). RAI Strategic Holdings, Inc. v. Philip Morris Prods. S.A., No. 22-1862 (Fed. Cir. Feb 9, 2024). Reversing a PTAB post- grant review decision, the court ruled that claims reciting a heating element with having a length of 75-85% of the disposable aerosol-forming substance had adequate written description support even though the specification only described broader ranges, such as “about 75% to about 125%.” Id. # ⚓ Dennis Crouch/Patently-O ☛ March-In_Rights [Ed: Obviously those who respond to it are patent maximalists who follow him in Microsoft's prison.]⠀⇛ I have a poll running Microsoft's Surveillance Arm LinkedIn about whether the Federal Government should more aggressively use its march-in rights to ensure public access to federally funded inventions.  # ⚓ Scoop News Group ☛ ‘Human_contributions’_are_focus_of inventorship_analysis_in_AI_age,_patent_office_says⠀⇛ New guidance from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office outlining how the agency will analyze inventorship in the age of artificial intelligence stresses the importance of focusing on “human contributions” to innovations. The examination guidance, published for public inspection Monday on the Federal Register, is aimed at providing clarity to agency personnel and stakeholders on how it will analyze inventorship “as AI systems, including generative AI, play a greater role in the innovation process.” # ⚓ JUVE ☛ Peterreins_Schley_and_WobbleWorks_serve_PI_at world’s_biggest_toy_trade_fair [Ed: Patent thugs stealing stuff]⠀⇛ The Nuremberg-Fürth Regional Court has handed down an ex-parte preliminary injunction against myFirst Tech Asia, after its competitor WobbleWorks accused the company of infringing the latter’s 3D pens (case ID: 19 O 581/24). > # ⚓ Dennis Crouch/Patently-O ☛ Joint_Inventorship:_AI-Human Style⠀⇛ The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) recently published examination guidance and a request for comments on the treatment of inventorship for inventions created with the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI) systems.  Inventorship Guidance for AI-Assisted Inventions. The key takeaway here is that the USPTO believes that an AI-developed invention is patentable so long as a human satisfies the joint-inventorship standard of “significantly contributing to the invention.” A human who provides a significant contribution may be the sole inventor and original owner, even in situations where the Hey Hi (AI) provided the greater contribution. # ⚓ Kluwer Patent Blog ☛ Cladribine_SPC_–_a_Potential_Dilemma for_the_English_Court_of_Appeal?⠀⇛ It took longer to arrive than expected but here it is.   The UK Courts have been given an opportunity to depart from the jurisprudence of the CJEU in their interpretation of the SPC Regulation. The opportunity has arisen in the following way. # ⚓ Dennis Crouch/Patently-O ☛ Judge_Newman’s_D.C._Lawsuit Against_Fellow_Judges_Largely_Dismissed_on_Jurisdictional Grounds⠀⇛ Federal Circuit Judge Pauline Newman has been fighting for her right to judge after charges implicating her fitness for office.  Earlier this month, a committee of federal judges upheld Newman’s one-year suspension from new case assignments for refusing to cooperate with a misconduct investigation.  Newman had separately sued her colleagues in DC District Court, but Judge Cooper has now dismissed most of that lawsuit on jurisdictional grounds. While a few counts remain, the court’s ruling deals a serious blow to Judge Newman’s attempt to challenge the judiciary’s self- policing procedures.  Newman v. Moore, 23-cv-01334 (D.D.C., February 12, 2024). Newman v. Moore Decision. # ⚓ Dennis Crouch/Patently-O ☛ Playing_From_The_Rough:_Kirkland Signature™_Irons_and_The_Doctrine_of_Equivalents⠀⇛ Guest Post by Jordan Duenckel.  Jordan is a third- year law student at the University of Missouri and a registered patent monopoly agent.  He has an extensive background in chemistry and food science. Before law school, he was a greenskeeper at a local golf course.  # § Software Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ The Register UK ☛ Cloudflare's_crowd-sources_another patent_troll_case_victory⠀⇛ Sable Networks, which owns patents originally given to defunct "flow-based router" company Caspian Networks, sued Cloudflare and five other companies in 2021 alleging a whole host of violations of four patents now owned by Sable. o § Trademarks⠀➾ # ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Luxury_Brand_Hermes_Sues_Tiny_Used_Book_Shop_In Turkey_Called_‘Hermes_Sahaf’⠀⇛ Usually when I write about trademark disputes, it’s at least the case that if I really squint at an accuser’s claims, or perhaps hit myself in the head with a hammer for several minutes, I can at least see their perspective in a dispute. I may still call the whole thing very stupid, as is my habit, but I can see why the whole thing started. # ⚓ TTAB Blog ☛ TTAB_is_Considering_Dropping_Citations_to_USPQ in_favor_of_Westlaw⠀⇛ In a recent Board decision, In_re_Pro_Eagle_LLC, Serial No. 97738815 (February 9, 2024), the Board announced in a footnote that it is conducting an "internal Board pilot program exploring the possibility of broadening or altering acceptable forms of legal citations in Board cases." It appears that the Board may decide to drop USPQ citations in the future. The footnote from the Pro Eagle case is quoted below. # ⚓ TTAB Blog ☛ TTABlog_Test:_Is_MENSTRUATION_CRUSTACEON_Merely Descriptive_of_Microwavable_Heating_Pads?⠀⇛ The USPTO refused to register the proposed mark MENSTRUATION CRUSTACEON for "Microwavable heating pads not for medical purposes," finding the mark to be primarily merely descriptive under Section 2(e) (1). Applicant argued, among other things, that "the rhyming, incongruous qualities of MENSTRUATION CRUSTACEAN" and its "humorous, rhyming cadence" . . . "captures the consumer’s attention and identifies Applicant as the source of the goods." How do you think this came out? In_re_What_Do_You_Meme,_LLC, Serial No. 97406016 (February 8, 2024) [not precedential] (Opinion by Judge Cheryl S. Goodman). o § Copyrights⠀➾ # ⚓ Hong Kong Free Press ☛ ‘Tomorrow_never_knows’:_Hong_Kong indie_collective_seeks_community,_history_for_the_city’s alternative_music_scene⠀⇛ Sum Lok-kei sometimes thinks back to a one-day music festival he organised almost eight years ago, when he and long-time friend Jason Cheung played alongside a dozen alternative bands from Hong Kong and China in a marathon performance of hybrid indie sounds. # ⚓ Reason ☛ On_Copyright,_Creativity,_and_Compensation⠀⇛ What to make of all this? I am not oblivious to the irony of being confronted with this problem after having spent 30 years or so, as a lawyer and law professor, reflecting on and writing about the many mysteries of copyright policy and copyright law in the Internet Age. Here are a few things that strike me as interesting (and possibly important) in this episode. # ⚓ Torrent Freak ☛ Google:_Piracy_Shield_Has_Legal_Limits, Anti-Piracy_Chief:_Think_Ethics,_Do_More⠀⇛ Italy's Piracy Shield system has been fully- operational for almost two weeks yet usage remains surprisingly low. Meanwhile, responding to reports that pirate streaming apps are available on the Play Store, Google noted that, under law, it is not subject to Piracy Shield blocking orders. In a response that spoke of the need for “autonomous initiatives” inspired by "ethics and self- regulation," the head of telecoms regulator AGCOM disagreed. # ⚓ Torrent Freak ☛ The_U.S._Tops_the_Manga_Piracy_Chart,_While Iran_Leads_in_Music_Piracy⠀⇛ Piracy continued to rise globally in 2023 across all content categories. The largest relative increase was visible in the music and software categories, which saw double-digit growth. In the publishing category, manga comics dominate with the United States the leading source of traffic. Surprisingly, most music pirates come from Iran today. ╘══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╛ ¶ Lines in total: 5632 ➮ Generation completed at 02:49, i.e. 14 seconds to (re)generate ⟲