𝕿𝖊𝖈𝖍𝖗𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙𝖘 Bulletin for Thursday, April 29, 2021
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Generated Fri 30 Apr 02:40:34 BST 2021
Created by Dr. Roy Schestowitz (𝚛𝚘𝚢 (at) 𝚜𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚣 (dot) 𝚌𝚘𝚖)
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Gemini index for the day: gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/29/


╒═══════════════════ 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐒 ════════════════════════════════════╕
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╒═══════════════════ 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐗 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╕

⦿ Stallman Was Right About ’Secure’ Boot (Matthew Garrett’s Work Now Used to Prevent Users Adopting New Ubuntu Releases/Derivatives) | Techrights

⦿ Defending Concepts, Defending Free Speech, Defending Society From Oppression | Techrights

⦿ Lying and Breaking the Law: Is This the Best Europe’s Second-Largest Institution (EPO) Can Do? | Techrights

⦿ When A Source of Pollution and Corruption Paints Itself Green | Techrights

⦿ IRC Proceedings: Wednesday, April 28, 2021 | Techrights

⦿ The Practice of Ritual Defamation (Relevant to Cancel Mobs) | Techrights

⦿ Dr. Richard Stallman on How He Judges News Stories | Techrights

⦿ The Clown Song | Techrights

⦿ With Sponsors Like These... | Techrights

⦿ The Web Never Recovered Since Microsoft Destroyed It and It’s Still Getting Worse | Techrights

 ䷼ Bulletin articles (as HTML) to comment on (requires login):
		http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/cannot-upgrade-ubuntu/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/controversial-views-not-a-crime/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/epo-lying-and-breaking-the-law/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/green-epo/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/irc-log-280421/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/ritual-defamation/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/rms-news-stories/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/the-clown-song/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/with-sponsors-like-these/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/www-recovery/#comments

 ䷞ Followed by Daily Links (assorted news picks curated and categorised):
		http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/proxmox-ve/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/risc-v-international-growing/#comments
		http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/router-freedom/#comments

                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 76

╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕

(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/cannot-upgrade-ubuntu/#comments
    Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/29/cannot-upgrade-ubuntu/

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


✐ Stallman_Was_Right_About_‘Secure’_Boot_(Matthew_Garrett’s_Work_Now_Used_to
Prevent_Users_Adopting_New_Ubuntu_Releases/Derivatives)⠀✐


Posted in Free/Libre_Software, GNU/Linux, Ubuntu at 7:58 pm by Dr. Roy
Schestowitz


Summary: Matthew_Garrett pushed_a_malicious_‘feature’_(antifeature)_of
Microsoft and now we all pay for it; instead of working to remove the
restrictions, Garrett is nowadays working hard to remove RMS (the_messenger)


MS in 2021:


                🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇You_cannot_upgrade_Ubuntu⦈_
  Sources: It’s_FOSS, OMG!Ubuntu and plenty_more (if they make it enough of a
pain or a risk, they hope people will stay with Windows and maybe use WSL, not
                                real GNU/Linux)


RMS in 2012: Direct_download_as_Ogg (0:13:28, 5.5 MB)


Dr. Roy Schestowitz: I want to know how big a threat you think the so-called
“secure” boot is considered to be to the Free software movement.


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Richard Stallman⦈ Dr. Richard Stallman: It’s a disaster.
Well, except that it’s not secure boot that’s a disaster, it’s restricted boot.
Those are not the same. When it’s front of the control of the user, secure boot
is a security feature. It allows the user to control what programs can run on a
machine and thus prevent — you might say — unexpected malware from running. We
have to distinguish the unexpected malware such as viruses from the expected
malware such as Windows or Mac OS or Flash Player and so on, which are also
malware; they have features that hurt the user but users know what they are
installing. In any case, what secure boot does is that it causes the machine to
only work with (?) programs that are signed with a certain key, your keys. And
as long as the user controls which keys they are, then it’s a security feature.
However, it can be chained into a set of digital handcuffs when the user
doesn’t control the keys. And this [is] happening.


“We have to distinguish the unexpected malware such as viruses from the
expected malware such as Windows or Mac OS…”Microsoft demands that ARM
computers sold for Windows 8 be set up so that the user cannot change the keys;
in other words, turn it into restricted boot. Now, this is not a security
feature. This is abuse of the users. I think it ought to be illegal.


It’s a matter of control by the vendor of course, not control by the user
himself


Exactly, and that’s why it’s wrong. That’s why non-free software is wrong. The
users deserve to have control of their computers/


I think that not only Windows is going to be an issue in fact, if you consider
the fact that even a modified kernel is going to be in a position where it’s
perhaps not seen as verified for execution. Right, I’m saying, it might not
only be a malicious feature in case of something like Windows running on it,
it’s also for — let’s say — a user of the offered operating system but it’s
free if the user wants to modify the operating system, for example…


The thing is, if the user doesn’t control the keys, then it’s a kind of
shackle, and that would be true no matter what system it is. After all, why is
GNU/Linux better than Windows? Not just ’cause it has a different name. The
reason it’s better is because it’s freedom-respecting Free software that the
users control. But if the machine has restricted boot and the users can’t
control the system, then it would be just as bad as Windows. So, if the machine
will only run a particular version of GNU/Linux, that is a restriction feature.
And I haven’t heard anyone doing that yet with GNU/Linux, but that’s what Red
Hat and Ubuntu are proposing to do things — somewhat like that — for future PCs
that are shipped for Windows. But it’s not exactly that. And my reason is, the
users will be able to change the keys. They will be able to boot their own
modified version of the system of Fedora or Ubuntu if they want. So, what
Fedora and Ubuntu were proposing doesn’t go all the way there. They’re
proposing to do things to make it more convenient for users to install the
standard version of those systems. But if things go as it has been announced,
users will still be able to change the keys and boot their own versions. So, if
all the restricted boot — but it will be something that goes sort of half-way
there — it’s somewhat distasteful.


“The thing is, if the user doesn’t control the keys, then it’s a kind of
shackle, and that would be true no matter what system it is.”On the other hand,
with Android, which is another mostly Free operating system which contains
Linux but doesn’t contain GNU, it’s quite common for the product to have
something equivalent to restricted boot, and people have to struggle to figure
out how they can install a modified and more free version of Android. So, the
presence of the kernel Linux in a system doesn’t guarantee it’s going to be
better. And I’ve heard someone say — oh, it hasn’t been checked — that a
particular or kind of Android device is actually using an Intel chip with
restricted boot.


One of the concerns that I think is worth raising is the fact that, as far as I
know, with many of the embedded devices, especially those based on ARM, I
believe it’s not even possible to get into boot menu to disable so-called
“secure”…


That’s where Microsoft is really going all out, because Microsoft has ordered
essentially — demanded — that those shipping ARM devices for Windows 8 make it
restricted boot with no way to get around it.


Yeah, which also means of course waste of… all sorts of impacts on the
environment. Any time that hardware become obsolete with the operating system
itself is not being used of course…


“So it’s a very damaging thing that Microsoft is doing and so we need to look
for every possible way to stop them or tweak what they’re doing.”Well, it’s
worse than that. It means basically that those devices, you have to throw them
out if you want to escape to the free world. And this — in the past — we were
able to install, to liberate a computer by installing Free software on it
instead of its user-restricting operation system, and this of course was
tremendously helpful to the spread of GNU/Linux because it meant that users
could move to freedom. It would be much harder if they had to buy another
computer to do so. So it’s a very damaging thing that Microsoft is doing and so
we need to look for every possible way to stop them or tweak what they’re
doing.


As embedded (HTML5):



Your browser does not support the audio element.


Keywords: UEFI Coreboot GRUB GNU FSF


Download:


                        🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Ogg_Theora⦈_


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⣤⢤⢤⢤⠤⠤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣾⣾⣮⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣴⣤⣤⣤⣼⣭⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡏⣏⢹⡛⢿⡿⢹⡟⣿⢿⣿⡯⢿⡽⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⡋⣿⡏⣿⢟⣿⢻⣿⣟⣿⣛⢿⢹⡿⣿⡻⣿⢛⣿⡟⠏⣿⡟⣿⣿⢻⣿⢻⣿⣿⣟⢻⡻⢿⡿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣶⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠠⡄⡄⠀⠀⠿⠿⠀⠀⠸⠿⠇⠀⠸⢿⠇⠀⠀⢅⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⡄⠀⠠⣮⡄⠀⠀⡭⢩⠀⠀⢀⠫⠄⠀⠰⠽⠀⠀⠀⣶⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣰⠀⠀⢰⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣖⡆⠀⠀⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣷⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣾⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⢶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⠿
⣿⡇⣶⡆⡟⣭⢻⢩⠙⣷⡇⣽⣿⢸⡇⡏⣫⢻⢫⡉⡏⣭⠭⢹⢋⡅⡟⠍⢻⡇⣽⢫⡙⣿⠸⣿⢸⢨⡝⡏⡏⡟⢫⢹⢈⡏⣿⢹⣷⡖⣸⡆⣿⣿⢱⡆⡻⠱⠸⣿⡇⢸⢹⢹⡫⢽⠈⣿⣧⠉⣼⠫⠙⡁⣽⡇⡇⢨
⣿⣷⣶⣶⣷⣶⣾⣾⣶⣿⣷⣿⣿⣶⣶⣇⣴⣾⣒⣢⣷⣿⣾⣾⣶⣶⣷⣾⣿⣷⣾⣶⣶⣿⣷⣶⣾⣶⣶⣷⣶⣷⣾⣾⣶⣷⣶⣾⣷⣶⣾⣶⣾⣾⣶⣶⣿⣿⣾⣿⣶⣿⣶⣾⣮⣾⣶⣿⣿⣶⣿⣶⣿⣷⣿⣷⣷⣾
⣿⣏⠻⢫⡿⠿⡿⡿⢿⡏⢻⡏⡿⠿⡿⣿⢿⠿⢿⣿⠿⣿⠿⢿⣿⢟⣍⠻⠉⡿⠏⢹⠿⢿⠿⢿⡟⣭⡿⣿⢿⠿⠿⠻⡿⠿⡿⠿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣆⣿⣘⣃⣇⣃⣸⣇⣰⣆⣏⣁⣸⣈⣾⣈⣸⣟⣙⣸⣸⣆⣿⣜⣛⣰⣄⣇⣃⣠⣈⣸⣸⣿⣟⣒⣹⠈⣾⣊⣹⣘⣇⣁⣇⣿⣸⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣾⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣽⣿⣿⣿⣭⣽⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣯⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣯⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⢿⢿⡿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣷⣿⣾⣾⣾⣾⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣷⣷⣿⣼⣼⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣯⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣽⣿⣽⣯⣯⣯⣿⣽⣿⣽⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡿⢿⡿⢿⢻⢻⢿⠿⠟⣿⠻⢿⠿⣿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣟⣿⠿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⡻⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣶⢶⣷⣿⣾⣷⣿⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣯⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣯⣿⣵⣿⣮⣷⣶⣿⣿⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣵⣮⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡻⣿⣿⡿⠻⡿⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡠⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⢎⠶⣶⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣴⣾⣭⣻⣿⣤⣶⣶⠶⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣥⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣞⣝⣆⣽⡏⣷⣱⣹⣋⣻⣗⣾⣏⣿⣱⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⡏⣿⣹⣉⣇⣹⣿⣸⣹⣿⣸⣀⣏⣹⣯⣹⣍⣏⣷⣺⣸⣱⣸⣅⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⠛⣿⠿⣿⣟⡟⢿⣿⠿⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⣾⣿⣶⣿⣿⣶⣾⣷⣷⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣥⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠵⠎⣿⣭⣽⣽⣿⣽⣯⣿⣽⣯⣽⣯⣽⣭⣯⣿⣯⣽⣯⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣉⣿⣿⣟⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⣘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢻⣿⣿⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠃⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠙⠛⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⡶⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠙⠛⠶⠶⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣆⠀⠀⠳⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣟⣯⣁⣀⣈⣹⣿⣿⣷⣤⣀⢠⣠⣤⣴⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢹⡆⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⡀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⣿⡟⠉⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⡘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠋⠉⢰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠇⢂⣈⣀⣈⣁⡀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠉⠉
⠉⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⡟⠋⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠻⠻⡿⠿⠿⠟⠁⠂⢛⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠙⠋⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠚⠭⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣧⠋⠹⣿⡃⢻⣦⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠁⠈⢻⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠑⠀⠀⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢀⣶⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢼⣧⡅⢲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣾⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢷⣤⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣷⣶⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠸⣿⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣄⣠
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣺⣶⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⣿⡟⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣆⣄
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⢿⡻
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⡨⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠇
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⡛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣟⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣶⣴⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣷⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠫⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢒⠄⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣬⣤⣬⣦⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢑⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
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╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕

(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/controversial-views-not-a-crime/#comments
    Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/29/controversial-views-not-a-crime/

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✐ Defending_Concepts,_Defending_Free_Speech,_Defending_Society_From
Oppression⠀✐


Posted in Free/Libre_Software, GNU/Linux at 7:05 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


Even when they tell us that they protect us from predators and terrorists
(usually whenever they pass new laws for the super-rich, notably advanced means
of social control and suppression of dissent)


        🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Oust your founder and nobody will be shot⦈


Summary: The war on expression of perfectly lawful opinions is assured to lead
to a regretful endgame; cui bono?


I WAS BORN 39 years ago to a family not wealthy. My parents were not so highly
educated. My mother managed to graduate in the area of history — a career she
never fulfilled (or even pursued) as a hard-working young mother. When I was
very young my gym teacher told her I was “non-conformist” (his words) and she
told me that as a toddler I was inquisitive and kept asking questions she could
not quite answer. She found that baffling as she was — and still is — very
conformist and wasn’t accustomed to even friends of hers asking such questions.
She said it was a bunch of questions about how things worked and why they
worked that way. I had no mental disability or challenges, I was just curious
by nature. This isn’t exactly a skill that came in handy at schools, where
pupils were graded mostly based on their ability to memorise and parrot what
they had been told (or read). The same was true when I studied Computer Science
(specialising in Software Engineering) at University. Mostly garbage in (or
Babbage in), garbage out. When I started my Ph.D. at the age of 21 I was
finally able to investigate things on my own and 18 years later I still do the
same. I don’t always expect people to condone or accept my thoughts and I’m
fine with it. Techrights turns 15 later this year, it’s being read more than
ever before (in spite of the collapse of journalism, partly due to social
control media consolidation), so I assume many people do agree with me on at
least some of the things published here. I republish what I don’t agree with
sometimes, though we tend to republish things we do agree with (and can verify
for accuracy, or in other words fact-check).


“What happened to Richard Stallman just over a month ago was also exemplary and
part of a trend…”I regret to say that earlier this year Twitter suspended me
for expressing a view on factual information (regarding patents). Two weeks
later it completely banned my account without even an explanation. At the
moment a prominent lecturer who specialises in patents is looking into
appealing or raising the issue at a governmental level; he deems it utterly
wrong and disturbing that Twitter would spurn users for ‘wrongthink’ about
patents (nothing to do with racism, sexism or some other form of intolerance).
This is work in progress… and a matter of principle.


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇#Cancel Stallman  #Love Money⦈ What happened to Richard
Stallman just over a month ago was also exemplary and part of a trend;
corporate-led or corporations-funded online mob (led by their front groups,
which coordinate the mobbing) seek to eradicate the ‘epidemic’ of free thought.
We’re supposed to only repeat falsehoods and euphemisms like “intellectual
property”, apparently…


Over the past month we’ve republished a bunch of old interviews I conducted
with Dr._Stallman. We’ve also reproduced many articles. Now it’s my turn to
express my personal views, moreover in a form that’s a tad longer than usual
(and takes more time to write). Let’s roll back a little and consider how we
got here.


I became involved in Free software more than 20 years ago. At the time, despite
me not knowing, Dr. Stallman had already been canceled. Several times in fact.
I’d say, based on my readings (about the time I was still a young child),
“Linux” was the first notable ‘go at it’ — still_ongoing I might add because
they pretend the operating system turns 30 this year (actually it turns 38).
The media started calling everything “Linux” back in the 90s and in 1998 it was
rebranding everything as “Open Source” (even in reference to Free software like
the GNU Project). All these attempts to marginalise the GNU Project, the FSF,
and the founder of both became known to me much later. It takes some research
to properly understand that because the corporate (or “tech”) media isn’t
helping. It’s actually engaging in revisionism, inducing confusion by
misinformation or deliberate omissions.


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇He said 'assault' means physical. That's also what the
dictionary says.⦈ About a decade later, in 2009, Richard Stallman said “emacs
virgins” and the ritual/cancel_mob went berserk. We wrote about a dozen
articles about it back then. Basically, virgin can be either a guy or a girl
(although only the latter has a hymen) but the word itself does not even refer
to anything sexual. Stallman was referring to people who just never used GNU
emacs before (or any other kind of emacs), possibly because they’re accustomed
to other editors and may be using ‘rich-text’ word processors instead. In any
event, it was all along a phony scandal and back then the mob was rallied
mostly by the GNOME Foundation. Here in the UK the term “virgin” is used a lot
in relation to business (we have Virgin Mobile, Virgin Trains etc.), so the
term isn’t even remotely offensive.


Fast-forward another decade and find some ‘leaked’ (not really) E-mails from
Dr. Stallman at MIT — E-mails that he disseminated to many colleagues and
alumni regardless. He was defending a dead friend of his by arguing over
semantics.


Did Dr. Stallman commit a crime? No. Many would argue that he said nothing
wrong either (as in factually wrong), albeit he made a wrong decision to
interject as it would offend many victims, who would rightly or wrongly
misinterpret his words, perceiving them as a form of blame-shifting.


My initial reaction was that I don’t want to be seen as endorsing his messages/
views on this, but nevertheless it wasn’t the big scandal MIT sought to make of
it, partly because of unfavourable press coverage that was also dishonest
(distorting what Dr. Stallman had actually said). Before the whole cancel mob
went ballistic I told Dr. Stallman in confidence that the timing was
interesting, as well as the publication that chose to distort his words. Many
people no longer remember this, but Bill Gates was embroiled in a very major
MIT scandal because he was directly connected to Epstein’s payments to MIT (the
administrators_at_MIT_unequivocally_admitted_this_but_wanted_to_hide_that
fact).


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Is Minsky a pervert?⦈ In any event, a scapegoat was found at
MIT and they decided to cancel everybody except Gates and his facilitators at
MIT. It would not surprise us if MIT continued taking bribes from Gates after
2019. MIT still covers_up_for_Gates_(last_year).


But this post isn’t about Gates, who pays the media to create a ritualistic
cult that worships him based on deliberate falsehoods and straw men arguments.


The unfortunate thing is, from now on people would be reluctant to defend old
or dead (posthumously) friends who cannot defend themselves, even when they’re
innocent. Can demented people be assumed guilty? How about dead people? Are we
so immature as a society that we cannot handle public discourse anymore? Or a
society that stones people (or lynches them online) for not going along with
the masses or a perceive consensus, sometimes reinforced only by corporations
and their front groups/think tanks/media?


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇I think, therefore I'm guilty⦈ It would be nice to think
that people are mature enough to be able to discuss or debate things, rather
than resort to infantile name-calling, exaggerations, and maliciously
fabricated false accusations.


In the case of the EPO, which I’ve covered very closely since 2014, both Benoît
Battistelli and António_Campinos ‘canceled’ Techrights by preventing employees
from even accessing the site. And for what? For objectively exposing
corruption, oftentimes by presenting leaked evidence? Or for opposing European
software_patents, which are objectively illegal?


We’re currently at risk of muzzling the very same people who expose the
oppressors instead of removing the oppressors. █


                        🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Cancel RMS⦈


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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⠹⣿⣿⣿⣮⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠙⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⡿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣿⣾⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⡟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠛⢹⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀⠀⠈⠻⠷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣷⣦⣴⣶⣶⠖⠀⡠⣾⣿⠀⠀⠀⢠⣟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠼⠿⠖⠄⠀⠠⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣼⣷⡟⠃⠀⠀⣰⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠉⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣯⣉⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⠠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣶⣶⣦⡀⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣆⣴⣶⣶⣦⣰⣶⣶⣶⣶⡆⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⣿⣿⡟⠃⠀⣠⣾⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠻⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⣿⣿⡇⢠⣾⣿⣿⡿⡆⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢾⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠿⠿⠟⠁⠘⠻⠿⠿⠛⠀⠛⠿⠿⠟⠃⠀⠿⠿⠇⠸⣿⣿⠿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⡀⣤⣤⡄⣀⣤⣤⣀⢀⣤⣤⣠⣤⣤⢠⣤⣤⣀⣀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣤⣤⡄⢀⣤⣤⣄⡀⣠⣤⣄⣤⣤⡄⣤⣤⢉⣥⣤⢠⣤⣤⣀⣀⠀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣠⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣷⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣧⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⡿⢷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⡷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⠇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⡏⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠸⢿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠻⣿⣿⣿⠟⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠈⠿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠸⢿⣿⣿⡿⠃⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⡿⠇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣷⣤⣤⣤⣤⢆⡠⣀⡠⣀⡄⠀⣠⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣦⣄⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠁⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠿⢛⡟⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢉⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⣾⡿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣤⣾⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢭⣵⣾⣷⠘⠀⠄⡀⠀⢉⡤⢿⠟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⡰⢢⣶⣤⣶⣤⢀⡀⠁⠀⢸⠃⠈⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠹⣿⣿⣩⣥⣿⠇⠀⠀⠈⠇⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣄⣀⣲⣄⢻⡟⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⣿⡐⠀⠀⠀⣼⠀⠈⠻⢿⣄⣄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣶⠆⠀⢀⣿⠁⠀⠀⣰⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠁⠒⠒⠒⠛⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣭⣥⣤⣤⣶⠉⠀⢀⣾⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠻⠁⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⠆
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡉⠁⠀⣀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⡏⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢯⣔⡣⠌⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⠇⢠
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⣀⣀⡀⢀⣀⣀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⢀⣀⣀⡀⠀⣀⣈⣉⡛⠛⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠉⢁⣀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡏⠀⣼
⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣷⢸⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡜⣿⣿⣇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣞⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣃⣼⣿
⢿⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠹⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠇⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠇⠻⠿⠿⠸⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠃⠀⠀⠿⠿⠿⠸⠿⠿⠇⠻⢿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠸⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠃⠙⢿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠸⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠃⠀⠸⠿⠿⠀⠀⣼⣿⡿⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⠷⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⣀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠁⢰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣶⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣶⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟
⠀⠀⠀⠘⠂⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣏⣉⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣽⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠉⣿⣿⣿⠉⠁⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⢠
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠘⠿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢻⡿⠿⠟⠁⠀⢋
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣀⡀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣇⣈⡀⠀⢺⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠙⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⢿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠂⠀⠘⠛⢻⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⠄⡀⢀⡀⣀⠀⣀⣤⣤⣉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠂⠸⢿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣠⣤⣶⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣨⣿⣗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣇⢠⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣿⣷⣶⡀⠀⣀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢠⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⡄⠀⠠⠀⠹⣿⣻⣟⡼⣷⣯⠘⠀⢀⠀⢠⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠢⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⢿⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⡶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠟⠇⠈⠸⣿⡆⢀⣌⠀⢹⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢸⣇⠀⠀⣾⡔⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠋⠀⠘⣠⣜⣉⣀⠀⠀⢶⣾⣿⣶⣾⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡧⡇⢠⣾⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⢰⡞⠚⠛⠛⣠⡄⠈⠻⠿⠛⠆⠀⠈⠀⠘⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣁⣀⣀⣠⣴⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠀⣰⣤⡀⠀⢸⡇⠋⢸⠻⣿⣷⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⡶⠚⠋⡕⣤⣤⢠⣟⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⢀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣶⣸⡇⠀⠛⠂⠉⣩⣥⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠻⣆⠐⠀⢿⢨⣶⣿⣧⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠠⢐⣠⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⠓⠉⠉⠁⠉⠉⠉⠈⣋⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢻⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣻⠗⠀⠀⠀⠃⢻⣿⠙⠛⠀⠀⠀⢁⠔⠊⣠⣾⠛⠁⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢻⣿⣿⡟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡼⣿⣻⣿⣀⣄⡠⣠⣤⣀⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⠀⠀⠰⡆⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⡠⠞⡁⡴⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣷⢰⡛⠛⠻⡿⠸⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⡋⢙⣿⣿⠏⠙⣹⣿⣿⡔⣲⣾⡇⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣷⠸⣷⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠄⣊⣤⣶⠗⠁⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠄
⢹⣿⣿⠁⠸⡧⠀⠀⡀⠡⠀⠀⠀⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣗⡁⠀⠂⢘⣿⣿⡄⠈⠉⠐⡌⢘⣿⣿⣿⠃⠛⠿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢿⠀⢹⡇⠀⣠⠿⣿⡶⢏⣤⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⣀⡄
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⣷⡀⠀⣀⣤⣆⠈⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠀⠠⠙⠟⢿⣿⠇⠀⢰⡶⡃⢺⣿⣿⣿⠯⠀⠐⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⡇⠀⣠⡀⠈⠀⢀⠀⣪⣤⣶⣷⣴⣾⣿⣽⣷⣤⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣀⡴⢸⠟⠃
⢀⣄⡠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠃⠈⠟⠛⣿⢆⠈⠀⣻⣿⣏⣀⡀⡄⠀⠐⠘⣿⡤⡄⡈⠀⡋⠀⣻⣛⠁⠀⠀⠠⡇⠀⢴⣄⠀⠸⠿⠿⠀⢻⠿⣒⣲⣦⣤⣴⣶⠃⣾⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⡷⠖⠋⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠉⡽⠷⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⡄⠁⠀⢸⠌⠁⠀⠀⠨⡟⠿⡇⡁⠀⡄⠛⠙⠇⠈⢉⠐⠿⠀⠀⠉⠄⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠈⠛⠻⢶⣶⠏⠀⣰⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢯⠤⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣭⠀⣤⢈⣶⡾⣶⡄⢰⣶⣶⡀⣶⣶⢰⣶⢠⣶⢷⣶⡁⣶⣶⡆⣶⣶⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⣰⣾⣷⣦⣶⣶⣶⣶⢰⣶⣶⠉⣶⣶⣏⣶⣶⡟⣶⣶⡆⣶⣶⡖⣶⣶⣶⠁⣶⡆⣶⡆⣜⡦⢤⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⢶⡷⢶⡿⢾⣿⡇⠛⠃⣼⡿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣾⣿⢸⣿⠘⠛⠃⣿⣧⡄⣿⣿⠀⠀⠰⡇⠀⠹⣿⣮⡍⠆⣿⣿⣾⣾⡟⣿⡇⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⠂⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠍⢽⣿⠯⣖
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣾⠷⣾⠷⠞⣿⣇⣿⡇⣿⡷⣿⣧⣿⡏⣿⣿⢸⣿⣸⣿⠇⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣀⠀⠀⡇⠀⢰⣶⣹⣿⠀⣿⣿⠁⣿⡷⣿⣇⣿⣿⣁⣿⣿⣀⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⡇⠁⠐⠋⠀⠁
⢶⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠉⠀⠀⠉⠛⠋⠁⠉⠁⠉⠉⠉⠁⠉⠉⠀⠙⠛⠉⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠒⣠⡇⠀⠈⣝⠛⢭⠀⠍⠹⣦⣍⣁⣉⠉⠉⡉⠉⠉⠉⣩⣭⣥⡭⠉⢯⡙⠭⣥⡩⢅⡉⠁⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠚⠓⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢒⣒⠒⠒⣒⣶⣒⢒⣒⡒⣒⡒⣒⣒⣒⠒⠺⡷⠶⢞⣛⡛⢛⣒⡒⢖⣲⣟⡻⢛⣛⢿⣒⢶⣒⣒⣛⣛⡻⣓⡲⣶⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡶
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣰⣇⣠⣏⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⢹⣿⡾⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⣟⠋⢀⠀⡗⠒⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣾⣿⢸⣿⡟⣧⢿⣷⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣶⣶⣤⡄⢈⣽⣉⣹⣋⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⢸⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⠇⣿⡟⠃⢸⠀⡗⠒⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡟⣣⡼⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠴⠶⠶⠶⠖⠛⠛⠛⠛⠋⠙⣿⡟⠛⢛⣛⠛⠊⠟⠋⠿⠭⠼⠿⠶⢘⢿⣾⠿⠁⠻⠿⠿⠀⠿⠿⠶⢸⣤⡗⠒⠸⠿⠸⠏⠿⠇⠻⣿⣿⢟⠸⠿⠹⠿⠸⠿⠷⠎⠃⠿⠏⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠻⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⡀⠘⣿⣄⠛⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⣌⡓⢄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⢸⣿⡗⠒⠒⠒⠒⠶⠦⠦⠤⠤⠔⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⠟⠛⠛⠿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠫⡢⡙⠦⣾⡄⠀⠀⠀⢸⠘⣿⡟⠛⠒⠒⠒⠒⠶⠖⣢⠖⠁⠠⣴⣶⠂⠀⠀⣰⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣶⡄⠀⠀⣼⡿⠑⡆⠀⠀⠀
⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣭⣟⣁⣦⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣦⣬⣷⣤⣶⣤⣬⣤⣼⡟⠚⠚⡖⢀⠄⠀⠊⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠛⠃⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⣀⣀⡀⠃
⣿⣿⣿⣋⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣾⣿⠀⠰⠿⠿⠿⠿
⣿⣿⣿⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠛⠉⠉⠻⣿⣿⣿⣭⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣅⢠⣶⣶⣶
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⣶⣮⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⡄⠀⠀⠙⠛⠛⠛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠻⠷⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⢙⠻⣿⣿⡀⠀⢠⡘⢷⠃⡢⡙⣆⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠃⢀⠤⠀⠀⠀⢈⡇⠀⠀⠀⢠⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠻⣿⣯⣽⡓⡒⠉⠉⠠⣶⠬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣥⡈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣾⣿⣇⠀⣹⣿⡌⠋⠷⠗⢻⠀⠠⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⢛⣁⣠⠖⢁⣀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣾⣷⣶⣶⣤⣤⣶⣬⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⢃⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡄⠀⠈⠀⣆⣠⣴⠎⣨⠂⠈⠈⠀⢈⣙⣛⣉⣈⣉⣁⣀⣤⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠈⣇⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⡶⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠌⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⢻⡟⢡⣿⠰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⣏⡄⠀⡧⠅⠊⠎⢹⠀⠛⠛⠻⢿⣶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⣿⣿⣿⠙⣿⢸⣽⠂⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣄⠁⠃⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⢉⣉⣀⣀⣀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣷⣦⡀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⡟⠀⣿⠸⣿⡇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⠄⣙⣛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣴⣿⡇⠀⣯⠌⠉⢹⠛⠛⠉⠉⢀⣀⣠
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢄⣠⣮⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣠⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⢀⣤⣤⡀⠨⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⢸⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠸⣿⣿⠇⠀⠹⣿⣷⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣾⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⠷⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣼⡿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⢀⠆⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠛⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠋⠉⠙⠻⣿⣿⣷⣤⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⢀⣬⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⡧⠲⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢒⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⠟⠓⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠁⢖⣴⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠏⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⢰⠆⣀⠐⢂⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⢀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⠀⡏⠈⠁⠀⢰⡄⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⠀⠀⢀⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⣿⣷⡆⠀⠐⠆⢺⢷⣄⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣗⠋⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣎⠆⢰⡄⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⢰⣛⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⡀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢷⣿⡛⢀⡁⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠈⢻⠛⠋⠉⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣺⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠈⠊⣬⣤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢼⠻⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣟⠫⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣋⣄⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣄⠐⠀⢀⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠟⠉⠉⠉⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠍⠇⠀⠿⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⠅⣕⡯⢤⠾⠟⠛⠛⠙⠛⠋⠏⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠈⠋⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⡿⢻⣿⣿⢹⣿⡖⠀⠀⠀⠻⢹⡟⣉⣭⣽⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⠟⠀⢸⣿⣿⠂⠙⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠛⠿⢿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠲⡷⢶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⢀⣠⣼⣿⣷⡤⢀⡿⠁⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⡂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⢀⠀⠄⡍⣀⣀⣄⢤⡄⢦⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠉⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⢼⣿⡳⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢰⣶⣶⣶⡆⣶⣶⣶⢩⢠⣶⣶⣦⠀⣶⣶⣶⢰⣶⡆⣶⣶⣶⣍⢫⢰⣶⣶⡎⣶⣶⣎⢫⣶⣶⣦⢠⣶⣶⣮⡛⣿⣿⣿⢿⣶⡎⣶⡆⣶⣶⢑⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡆⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠁⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡄⠀⠸⣿⣿⣟⢁⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⠈⠘⢋⣛⢱⣿⣿⣿⠸⣿⣾⣟⠹⣿⣿⣟⢁⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⡇⠘⠋⠛⢱⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⠟⠛⠋⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣁⠀⢰⣾⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠉⢸⣿⣾⣿⣴⣾⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⡇⣿⣿⣀⢸⣿⡇⠈⠀⠀⠀⠛⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠟⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠛⠛⠛⠃⠛⠛⠛⠀⠈⠛⠛⠛⠙⠛⠙⠛⠛⠛⠃⠛⠛⠛⠋⠀⢠⣀⣴⣛⣛⣜⣛⣫⡛⠛⠛⠈⠛⠛⠛⠙⠛⠛⠛⠃⠙⠛⠛⠁⠛⠛⠛⠘⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⣦⣴⣤⡄⣶⣤⣦⢠⣴⣤⡄⢰⣦⢰⣶⢠⣴⣶⣤⠀⡈⣷⣶⣭⡍⣿⣯⣿⣧⣴⣆⣴⣶⣠⣶⣦⡄⣴⣶⢀⣴⣶⣤⡀⣴⣶⣦⢠⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣉⢸⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⠸⣿⣾⡛⠠⡂⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⠇⢿⣷⣟⠃⣿⣿⢸⣿⠸⠿⠇⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⠉⣾⣿⣽⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⢠⣬⢻⣿⡄⠀⣿⣿⠉⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⠀⣤⡝⣿⣷⣿⣿⢸⣿⢰⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣨⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠹⠏⠿⠇⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠸⠿⠺⠟⠹⠿⠈⠻⠿⠟⠁⠀⠿⠿⠀⠀⠿⠟⠿⠿⠀⠿⠟⠀⠙⠿⠿⠋⠿⠿⠘⠻⠿⠟⠹⠿⠃⠿⠟⠿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣀
⣿⣏⡏⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠿⣿⣅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣩⡉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠻⣆⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⣿⣏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⣢⡥⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠶⡉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠧⢹⣷⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡿⠛⠛⠉⠛⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣤⣶⣶⡶⠶⠶⠶⠤⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠠⠶⡒⠻⠛⠓⠒⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⡆⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣇⣠⣆⠀⠐⣰⠄⢦⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⣴⣋⣶⣇⠂⠀⣴⠀⠀⠀⠀⡤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣓⣚⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡃⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣭⣥⣴⣶⣶⣾⡧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⠇⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡧⠀⠘⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⡿⠃⠀⠸⣸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠓⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡂⠀⠀⠀⢹
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡻⠟⠻⠇⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠊⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⡇⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠙⠏⠁⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣟⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠉⠓⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡆⣶⣶⡆⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣴⡶⣶⡄⠀⢰⣶⣶⢰⣶⡆⢰⣶⢶⣦⣰⣶⣶⣆⠻⣿⣿⢀⣴⣿⣶⣶⡿⠿⠗⠒⠂⠒⠀⠀⠀⢀⣸⠤⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠠⠄⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⡇⠈⠁⠻⣷⣯⡁⠀⣿⡟⣿⣼⣿⡇⠘⢿⣾⣍⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠉⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⡀⠁⣐⡞⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣂⢞⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⣿⣏⣿⡇⠀⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣼⣿⣹⣿⢻⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠆⠀⠀⠀⠈⡈⠻⠋⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣷⣄⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠈⠉⠁⠉⠁⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠀⠈⠉⠁⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠭⠭⠁⠀⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⢀⣷⡌⠻⣿⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣷⡄⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣼⣿⣸⣿⢻⣿⢸⣿⢰⣿⣿⡆⢿⣿⡿⠃⠸⢿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣦⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⡿⠯⠁⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⢿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⠷⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣄⣀⡀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠃⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⢸⣿⡿⢸⣿⢸⣿⣼⣿⢿⣿⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⣿⡿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣶⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣯⡓⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⢀⣀⡀⢀⣀⡀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⣀⣀⠀⣀⡀⣀⡀⢀⣀⣀⢀⣀⣀⡀⢀⣀⢀⣀⠀⠀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⣘⢿⣿⢿⣻⢿⣛⣛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⡀⠘⢂⠀⠀⣿⣇⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣷⣿⡟⣿⡞⢻⣿⠛⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⡇⣼⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠸⣿⣾⡏⠀⢾⣿⡿⠧⣸⣿⣿⠘⣿⣼⡟⣿⣟⠿⢇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣷⣾⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⣠⠠⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣭⡅⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣯⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⠀⢻⣿⠁⠀⣈⣻⣿⣦⣿⣿⣿⡆⢻⣿⠛⣊⡻⣿⣎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣼⠗⠁⠀⠀⠀⢸
⠀⠸⠿⠿⠿⠹⠿⠏⠿⠷⠿⠃⠸⠿⠀⠿⠿⠹⠿⠿⠇⠿⠇⠿⠷⠿⠏⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠀⠸⠿⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠿⠿⠏⠿⠇⠸⠿⠀⠻⠷⠿⢧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠠⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸
⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣄⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣉⣙⣛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣁⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣸
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⣛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡿⠟⠛⣻⣥⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣯⠀⡄⠋⠁⠋⠝⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡯⠀⠡⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⢯⠿⢿⣿
⠁⠀⠀⢀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣤⣦⣤⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢭
⣰⡤⢤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⡟⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣇⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣋⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⢰
⣿⣿⣆⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⢷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⢀⣾
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣸⣿
⣿⣿⣿⡟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⢹⣿⡟⠛⠈⠙⠻⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣤⣬⣥⣄⣀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠹⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢏⣰⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠉
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠙⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣷⣶⣤⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠙⢿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⠀⡀⠀⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣶⣄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠉⠉⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠈⢿⣦⣜⠿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠁⠀⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡿⢸⣿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠂⠀⠈⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣀⣀⣴⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⣸⣿⣤⣿⣿⣟⣟⣻⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠻⢭⣭⣿⢿⡇⠘⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣴⣶⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣶⠾⠿⠛⠋⠉⠀⠀⢻⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣶⣶⣦⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣠⣴⣶⡿⠿⠛⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⠿⠛⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢣⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣤⣤⣄⣀⡀⢠⣤⣤⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⢫⣥⣤⠀⠀⢀⣤⣤⡀⠀⠀⣀⣀⠀⣠⣤⣤⡀⢴⣾⣿⣿⣷⣄⣀⣸⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⡟⢸⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣧⣤⣴⣶⣿⠟⣿⣿⠋⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⣇⢀⣴⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣇⣸⣿⣿⡀⣿⣿⣏⠀⣹⣿⡏⠀⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣧⣄⣾⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣧⣤⣿⡿⠟⢻⣿⣿⠀⢹⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣧⣴⣶⣦⡀⢹⣿⣿⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⢹⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣇⣰⠶⠆⢀⣤⣇⠀⢸⠿⣹⠶⣿⡿⢇⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⣿⣿⣿⣆⢻⣿⣿⣿⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠹⣿⣿⡀⡀⢻⣿⣿⣄⣻⣾⣿⣿⣿⣧⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣸⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢻⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠁⠀⢿⣿⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡟⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢸⣿⣇⢸⣿⡆⢹⣿⣿⣯⡍⢿⣿⣿⢿⠿⠋⠛⠋⠛⠘⠛⠛⠛⠃⡈⠻⣿⣿⣇⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡆⢸⣿⡄⠀⢿⣿⡇⢿⡿⠷⢿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣼⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠈⣧⣴⣾⡿⢰⣿⣶⡶⢾⣿⣿⡆⢸⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⡟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⣿⣇⠀⢸⣿⣿⢀⣀⣤⣺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣧⣬⣿⠛⠁⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⢾⣿⣿⠇⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⠟⠈⣿⣿⡌⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⣿⠿⣿⣿⠃⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⢀⣹⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⢹⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡆⠀⠹⣿⣿⡿⠏⠈⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⢀⣀⣠⣼⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠈⠉⠁⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣶⣾⡿⠿⠟⠛⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣶⣾⣶⣾⣿⣿⡿⠿⠻⣟⡏⡀⠀⠀⣽⠀⣏⡁⠀⠇⠀⣎⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠃⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣶⣶⡿⠿⠟⠛⠋⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡧⠀⠀⠋⠉
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣻⣭⣵⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣭⣟⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⡛⠭⠐⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣡⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢛⠋⠅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⡻⡧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢛⡩⠁⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⢯⣽⣟⣿⣛⢛⡫⣻⣿⢿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡋⠁⠒⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⡟⠿⠻⢿⢝⣦⣿⢸⢣⣸⡇⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⡛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⡏⣖⢶⡊⣿⢩⣩⡭⢡⡗⣾⢒⡓⣿⣿⡿⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⡛⠍⠀⠈⠁⠀⡀⠤⠂⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣞⢧⣧⣜⣒⣛⣘⣇⣯⡾⢇⠏⠰⣣⣿⡟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⢀⠠⠀⠀⡁⠠⢲⣆⢱⡂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⡻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣭⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢟⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⢁⠄⠰⠂⡉⡄⠒⠙⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣭⣍⣿⢹⣯⣭⣽⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⠀⠈⠙⠛⠋⠛⠉⠀⠀⡀⠄⠀⠀⢠⡀⡄⡀⠠⠠⠙⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣠⠀⠀⠐⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠻⢿⣿⣿⢻⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠉⠉⠻⢻⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⢰⡰⢼⠨⠄⠒⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⣠⣴⣶⣾⡇⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⣀⣠⡶⣾⣿⢗⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣄⢼⣯⣽⡇⠨⣿⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠠⡠⠈⠑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⡄⠀⠀⣿⢊⣿⠇⠀⠀⣻⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡥⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⡇⣶⣮⡇⠀⣻⣧⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⢻⣆⣿⢆⡀⢠⣿⡿⠟⠋⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣾⣯⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⡖⡅⠭⠧⣗⣹⣹⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠙⠛⠛⠛⠋⠁⠀⣀⠀⠀⣴⣾
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠘⣿⣯⢩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⢉⣠⣿⣇⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⣀⣠⣤⡀⣀⣤⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣾⣿⣿⠀⠀⠙⢿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠹⢿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢀⣹⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⢄⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠻⠁⠀⣹⣿⠃⢉⠌⣬⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡐
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⢶⣿⠋⠀⠐⠀⠀⠛⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⢻⡀⠀⠀⣴⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⡐⢤⠀⢽⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⢩⡁⠿⠿⣲⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠠⣃⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣥⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⢳⡀⠀⠀⢜⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⡤⠀⠠⠡⢂⢞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠆⠀⢰⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠠⠍⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡇⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠖⢘⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠛⢛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠈⠉⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⢻⡟⣿⣾⣾⣷⣷⣿⣿⣾⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⢸⣇⣿⣿⣿⡿⡟⣿⣿⢿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣀⣀⣤⡤⠐⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⢉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⡆⠀⢀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠁⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡟⠋⠁⣠⠀⠀⠘⢿⣶⣤⣀⣀⣀⣈⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⡟⠋⠁⣠⡄⠀⠘⢿⣷⣦⣤⣄⣀⣀⣉⣯⣭⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⢨⣭⣀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣴⣿⢿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢠⣭⣥⡀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣤⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠁⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⢻⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⡟⣉⡛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⢁⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠻⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⡟⢁⡛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡿⠟⢿⢿⣯⣿⣿⠀⢰⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣟⠁⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⢸⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠐⣿⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣻⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⡿⣿⣇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡷⣒⡤⠚⣿⡯⠈⠀⠈⣿⡎⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣼⣷⣷⡌⠻⠆⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢺⡢⠊⢿⣯⠔⠀⠀⣿⣧⠻⣿⣫⣿⣿⣿⣟⣠⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣼⣿⣷⠆⠹⠆⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟
⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⠧⠈⠀⠀⢿⣿⡀⢿⣿⣿⣯⣿⡶⠶⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣮⣝⣻⣟⣋⣛⠉⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠘⠟⡄⠀⠀⠸⣿⠆⠻⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣼⣿⣛⣉⣹⠀
⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡈⢿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣄⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣄⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣾⣿⣦⡻⢿⡿⠟⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⣀⣾⣿⣷⣝⠻⠿⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢾⡄⣶⣾⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣦⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠛⠛⠿⡿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⢾⣇⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣄⣠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠛⠛⠻⠿⠛⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠻
⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠜⠿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣯⠘⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠈⠛⢷⡿⣿⣿⣿⡆⢿⣿⣿⡿⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠀⠀⠀⠈⠿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠈⠿⠃⠓⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⠁⠀⠀⠀⢹⢿⣿⣿⡷⠀⠛⠇⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠃⠀⠀⠀⢀⠁⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠝⣝⠻⠯⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⠂⢰⡄⠀⠀⠀⠨⠪⡙⠓⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⣤⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⣸⡀⠀⠀⢀⣀⡈⢳⠄⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⢸⡷⣰⣌⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⢀⠀⠂⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠤⡆⠩⡂⠀⠨⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⣿⣰⣮⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⢿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⢣⠀⡇⠐⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⣼⣧⣤⣤⣄⣤⣽⣤⣭⣤⣢⣤⡄⣤⡄⢠⣤⣤⣤⣿⣿⣯⣤⣤⢠⣤⣤⡄⣤⣤⣤⣤⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⠃⠀⢀⣼⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣯⣿⣻⣟⢺⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⡃⢸⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣿⣿⣇⢸⡇⢸⡏⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡈⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⣿⣿⠀⠢⢈⠓⢜⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠉⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⡈⡍⠈⠁⠁⠉⠁⠈⠁⠈⢸⣿⣿⠉⠉⠨⡉⠪⢯⠉⠈⠁⠈⠁⠀
⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠻⠿⠤⠒⠀⠀⠈⠉⠙⠻⢿⣿⣿⣧⢥⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⡿
⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿
⠈⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣴⣿⣿⡿⠿⠋⠹⣿⣷⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣯⣷⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯
⠀⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠤⠄⠀⠍⠁⠀⠒⠂⢀⣈⡉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣷⣿⣻⡿⠟⠛⠍⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠩⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯
⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⡿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣛⣯⣷⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠐⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣿⣷⢹⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⢿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢱⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣟⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠘⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢴⣾⣿⣿⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻
⠀⠀⠹⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⣘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣶⠶⢿⣿⣷⣴⣶⣶⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣄⣀⣤⣀⣴⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣾⣿⣾⣾⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⠇⢀⣀⣿⣿⣷⡍⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠛⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣹⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠁⣴⣶⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣤⣤⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⠛⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⢈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⢀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠙⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⡿⠁⢻⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠀⠁⠀⢀⣴⠾⢿⣟⠛⠻⠿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⠁⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠹⢿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⠟⠀⢰⣿⡇⠀⠐⣿⣿⡞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⡿⠁⠀⣴⣶⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⢘⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠈⠉⢀⠈⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣠⣤⣤⡜⣿⣿⣥⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣄⣤⣤⣤⣤⣵⣤⣤⠤⣤⠤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣯⣯⣿⣿⣷⣤⣤⣤⣽⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣬⣤⣤⣤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢵⣏⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣭⣩⣹⣯⣽⡿⣿⡌⣿⢿
⣿⣟⣿⣿⡟⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣤⢼⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣟⠻⢿⣽⡿⣷⠗⠲⣄⡾⢬
⣿⣿⣟⣿⠀⣿⡅⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣈⣸⣿⣿⣿⢹⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⠅⢭⡹⣿⡾⠛⠋⠀⠀⠀⠺⢍⡉
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣧⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠀⠀⠉⠻⢿⢻⡏⢹⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⢓⠙⣻⠛⢿⣿⠀⡬⠍⠃⠀⠈⠃⠀⠁⠰⠛⠻⠄⠀⠀⠄⡰⢦⡄⢀⡀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⢻⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢀⠠⠀⠀⣶⢾⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡎⢹⣶⣿⡟⣿⣎⢋⡄⣰⣆⡀⡂⠀⡀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣸⣿⡿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠈⢥⣀⠀⠈⠟⠝⠂⡿⣛⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠸⣿⣿⣇⣿⢿⡹⣅⠉⡋⡳⠷⠈⠀⣄⣀⠀⠂⠀⠀⢤⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀
⣿⡿⢿⠿⠀⢹⣿⡇⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣠⣌⣓⣠⣠⠀⠀⠀⢸⢯⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⢰⣿⣿⡅⠀⠐⢷⠀⠀⠁⣱⣀⠀⠀⠈⠐⠀⠀⠀⠲⢲⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣾⣿⠁⠀⠈⣿⡇⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠸⢸⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣻⠿⢿⣿⢻⣻⣛⣿⣿⠀⢨⣿⣿⡇⢠⠴⡟⠀⠀⠀⣿⡿⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢀⣿⡇⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⡦⢸⣿⣿⣷⡼⠀⡇⢸⠀⠀⡿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠛⣿⣿⣴⡀⠘⠃⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠙⠛⠛⠛⠛⠋⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⠀⠒⠃⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⣻⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠚⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⠀⠚⠀⠀⠃⠁⠀⠠⢤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤
⠀⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢫⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⢸⣿⡯⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡄⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣶⣦⣄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
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⠀⠀⠈⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠂⠻⠟⠛⠛⠉⣉⣿⣷⡿⠿⠟⠋⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣾⣆⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⢁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠋⣩⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣶⣦⡦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡁⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣟⠛⠃⠀⡤⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣴⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢬⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⡀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠁⠀⣠⡶⠿⣿⡙⠻⢿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣄⣼⣿⣿⣷⣍⠛⢛⠛⠿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡀⠁⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⠿⠁⠀⣿⣷⠀⠀⣿⣿⡾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢻⣿⣿⣿⣥⣛⣁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⡟⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠈⢛⣿⣇⣹⡿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣿⡍⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣽⣭⣿⣻⣆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⢿⣿⡁⠀⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣻⣰⣻⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⡟⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢋⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣴⣿⠙⣿⣿⠀⣍⢫⡄⣠⢹⣹⣧⡀⣀⠀⢀⣀⢀⣸⢷⣶⣭⢼⡿⢿⡷⢰⠀⢠⣎⣅⠀⡆⠴⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠻⠋⣠⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠹⣿⡏⠀⣿⣧⠀⢹⡞⢻⡏⢸⠉⡏⢷⡏⠀⢿⣩⣽⣿⢸⡏⡇⣯⡉⣿⣛⢸⠠⢸⡇⣿⡀⡇⢸⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣢⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣷⠻⠁⠀⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠈⠳⢿⡞⣼⣾⠖⠀⠀⠀⢠⣷⠻⡆⣷⣾⣷⣷⢹⢻⣷⣶⣮⣴⣂⡤⢀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⢀⣼⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿

                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 843

╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕

(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/epo-lying-and-breaking-the-law/#comments
    Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/29/epo-lying-and-breaking-the-law/

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


✐ Lying_and_Breaking_the_Law:_Is_This_the_Best_Europe’s_Second-Largest
Institution_(EPO)_Can_Do?⠀✐


Posted in Europe, Patents at 4:21 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


Video_download_link


http://techrights.org/videos/epo-injustice.webm


Summary: The frustrating state of the EPO, wherein laws are broken without any
sort of accountability (even the tribunals are deeply rigged since the days of
Benoît_Battistelli, who ‘kidnapped’ a judge to ‘make a point’ and then sent all
other judges to ‘exile’)


IT is outrageous. Attorneys are outraged. Those who pay close enough attention
anyway…


What profession are we dealing with here? Does it have anything to do with
justice? Anything?


“Jorge Campinos gave birth to a sociopath — the very same thing Jorge worked
hard to combat (until his premature death).”Seems not…


António_Campinos, who runs the EPO after a rigged appointment (by Battistelli),
is doing lobbying and ‘soft power’ while pretending he stands for innovation.
What a disgrace. Watch this_latest_‘news’ (warning: epo.org link) at the EPO’s
Web site. Pay attention to what it says about the UPC along with “hey hi”
nonsense (for European_software_patents along with other agenda of patent
extremists). What on Earth is this? Campinos is moreover exploiting dead
people, scientists whose work the EPO is trying to take credit for (based on
nothing at all, after their deaths).


In short, the EPO’s management breaks the law, then attacks the courts, and
then lies about the whole thing. Incredible! As we noted this morning, will
“the German government wake up and do something before it’s too late?”


Likely_not…


Why?


It’s part of this racket. It profits from it. But if that’s not bad enough,
yesterday Campinos published this_outrageous_post about G1/21 (not the first of
its kind), causing unease and anger. “Yesterday,” it says, “the President of
the EPO submitted written observations to the Enlarged Board of Appeal on case
G 1/21, “Oral proceedings by videoconference”. The referral concerns the
question whether the conduct of oral proceedings in the form of a
videoconference is compatible with the right to oral proceedings as enshrined
in Article 116(1) EPC if not all of the parties to the proceedings have given
their consent to the conduct of oral proceedings in the form of a
videoconference.”


They’ve rigged this whole case already. It’s a kangaroo court [1, 2]. Attorneys
and lawyers in Europe are not amused! (And their comments ought to be covered
later in the week or in the weekend, due to lack of time at this moment)


To quote Campinos: “It’s the innovation sector that’s going to help us get back
to better days…”


What he means to say is patents, not innovation. Monopolies and science are not
the same thing. At the moment it is a bunch of patents preventing poor people
from getting vaccinated, so the monopolies are in fact increasing the death
toll. Not that such ‘pesky’ facts would bother the “Child_of_the_Carnation
Revolution". Jorge Campinos gave birth to a sociopath — the very same thing
Jorge worked hard to combat (until his premature death). █



                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 935

╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕

(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/green-epo/#comments
    Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/29/green-epo/

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


✐ When_A_Source_of_Pollution_and_Corruption_Paints_Itself_Green⠀✐


Posted in Deception, Europe, Patents at 5:02 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


Video_download_link


http://techrights.org/videos/epo-greenwashed-in-media.webm


Summary: In order to distract from EPO scandals or whiten (paint as green
rather) the reputation of the Office a new media campaign started, basically
celebrating patents as if they’re a solution to global warming


THE EPO‘s “orange one” has embarked on another greenwashing campaign, just like
the ENArque, Benny.


Is orange the new green?


“The EPO isn’t all happiness and windmills; it’s an institution that oppresses
people and contributes a lot to pollution, as the video points out.”The video
above shows the reach of this latest PR campaign, which the EPO likely wastes a
lot of money on.


Is this what a patent office supposed to have spent money on? How about paying
your staff? Instead of cutting pay (relative to inflation)…


Two atrocious puff pieces penned or published on the same day (Tuesday) want
you to think EPO_saves_the_planet (warning: epo.org link) and conducts
‘studies’ (warning: epo.org link). In reality, however, the EPO is grossly
misusing_funds_to_bribe_scholars (for self-serving propaganda; there are
strings attached) and this greenwashing of patents actually helps monopolies
which deny access to solutions/mitigation techniques. More greenwashing_stunts,
as we noted on Tuesday…


The video above shows 4 new puff pieces, prepared in collaboration with the EPO
[1, 2, 3, 4]. The first one we saw in English was published by Deutsche Welle
(DW), which (as we said this morning), “has been reduced to mouthpiece of
corrupt EPO management, greenwashing an institution that should be on trial for
serious crimes. Did DW too take bribes from the EPO or is this PR voluntary?”


The wordings in those puff pieces (also the attribution and logos) suggest
close coordination with the EPO. It’s not journalism, it’s just marketing or
lobbying. They also quote António_Campinos as if he’s some kind of expert (he
clearly isn’t), unlike IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol, who is quoted as
writing (in a press release): “Around half the emissions reductions to get to
net zero by 2050 may need to come from technologies that are not yet on the
market…”


He means patents, not technologies.


Patents don’t do anything; manufacturing does.


So, in short, the EPO_pretends_to_be_doing_studies (propaganda with the veneer
or lustre of “science”), clearly a misuse of a patent office for objectives
unrelated to it. Are some of these publications bribed (the EPO does bribe
publishers, it even brags about this in its annual reports) and, if so, how far
does the corrupting power of the EPO stretch? This needs to stop. The EPO isn’t
all happiness and windmills; it’s an institution that oppresses people and
contributes a lot to pollution, as the video points out. █


                     🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇An old windmill⦈


⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢨⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣯⡻⢷⣿⢨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡛⡩⣿⣿⠘⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣻⡘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣎⠉⢈⣲⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢾⣿⣿⢿⡃⠈⢸⣍⠬⢛⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⠟⠿⠏⠒⠐⠚⣻⡟⢿⡵⣾⡿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⣿⢦⣥⡀⠀⠂⠛⠚⢛⠁⡻⠽⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡭⠄⠀⡀⠈⡵⣛⢀⣀⠸⣿⣳⣿⣯⣞⡻⠿⣿⣿⠇⠙⢹
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡉⠁⣻⣿⣿⣿⣟⢸⢟⣏⠕⠋⡛⠂⢈⢭⣄⡒⠀⠏⣼⢛⣅⣗⣿⡶⣿⣿⣷⡅⠀⣾⣿⡦⠆⠀⢘⣻⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⡄⢸⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡄⠌⠣⠘⡥⠀⣿⡷⠿⠙⠅⠿⣿⡦⣶⣝⣛⣿⣶⣶⣷⣦⠀⣬⡩⠅⠀⢀⣀⡤⣞⣾⠾⠿⠯⠉⠋⠀⠨⣽
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢙⣿⡎⠀⠄⠀⠈⠉⢻⢿⠛⠈⠁⠀⢒⣴⡤⠄⠐⡒⠶⠛⠀⢿⣸⣸⣿⠿⣻⣋⣗⡻⠫⣛⠀⢿⡏⠪⡌⠯⢎⣈⢃⠨⠷⠶⢤⡀⠁⠁⠰⠗
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠤⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣾⢑⠀⠀⠈⠈⠨⠊⠀⡘⡀⢸⣻⠀⠿⢿⣿⣿⡟⣻⣮⣶⣿⡽⣗⠀⣦⣭⣅⣈⣁⣄⣀⣠⡀⠠⠤⣤⣤⣤⠀⠘⠁
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⠿⠿⣿⣿⡏⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡐⠰⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠁⠀⠉⠡⡀⠀⣈⣐⣉⣺⠿⠿⢟⡙⠫⠝⠀⢿⣿⣿⠙⠉⠈⠙⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣄⠀⠠⠉
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢐⣤⣾⡻⠀⠖⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⠆⠀⣲⣷⣉⡅⠽⡶⢶⣿⣾⠿⠁⠊⠁⣺⣽⠀⣨⣁⣀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⣔⣶⣷⡷⢶⠦⠀⠠⡤
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣥⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡛⠙⠈⠹⣇⡅⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠅⠘⣽⡵⠀⠀⠂⡄⠓⢀⡤⠚⠉⠻⠿⣿⣛⣛⣺⡮⠤⠴⣦⣓⣦⣑⢀⣘⡁⠀⠚⠑⣃⡄⠁⠉⠙⠙⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⣦
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣽⣿⡏⣿⣟⢿⣿⡽⣱⡭⠤⠀⡒⠄⠁⡀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠔⢩⡔⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⣠⡿⠋⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢩⣿⠶⣶⣒⣊⣀⣀⡹⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣶⣦⣤⣄⣀⣀⠠⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢋⣵⡿⡿⠳⡀⠙⡇⣘⠿⠟⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠄⠀⣐⠪⠅⠰⠃⠀⠀⠕⡀⠀⠏⠀⠀⣠⠞⠊⠀⠀⢀⡠⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠳⢭⣝⠶⢶⣖⣚⣊⣉⡙⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣔
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠉⠉⠉⠄⠠⠀⡇⠃⠊⠁⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣒⠐⣢⠾⠁⠀⠀⣀⠔⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠲⢥⣬⣿⡒⢶⣞⣃⣉⣭⡉⠉⠻⠿⠿⠟⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠘⠠⠄⠀⢰⠃⠀⣤⡴⠦⣶⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠳⡻⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠊⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠉⢛⡷⣶⣬⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣀⣀⣀⠀⣸⣵⣿⣿⣟⣦⢀⣀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡠⠋⠀⠀⠀⡠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠤⠔⠒⠂⠛⠛⠛⠒⠛⠛⠛⣟⠛⠛⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣭⣉⠠⠖⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⣀⡤⠞⠁⠀⡠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠄⠀⠀
⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠏⢿⣟⣂⡚⠖⠉⡈⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⡃⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀
⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⢸⠁⠀⠈⡳⠒⠉⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡁⣷⡀⠀⠀⢿⡇⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠸⣏⡋⡿⢿⣿⣿⠳⠷⠁⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠁⠀⢀⢃⢠⢿⠀⣸⠀⡏⢀⢳⢼⠇⡏⠁⠀⠄⢾⣇⠀⠂⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀
⠙⠺⡅⣔⢽⠍⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⢸⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠁⠀⢀⢸⢹⢹⠘⡟⠀⡇⡇⢹⠘⠀⠃⢻⠀⡄⢸⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠁⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⢸⢸⢸⢸⠀⡇⡇⡇⡇⡺⡀⡂⣸⣸⣀⣇⣠⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣼⣄⣠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣟⠀⠀⣸⣼⣼⣶⣶⣷⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣒⣛⠒⠖⠆⢠⣤⠲⢠⣶⣤⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠛⠛⠛⠋⠉⠉⠈⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣦⡭⠍⣵⣬⣽⣿⣚⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡝⠛⣩⣩⢹⡟⡏⢭⢯⢹⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠋⠁⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠤⠾⠶⣢⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣀⣸⣿⡿⠒⠂⠈⠉⣥⣥⣝⣘⣘⡁⠃⠃⠀⠀⠇⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡭⣉⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣒⠷⢦⣶⣶⡶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡶⢶⡶⠖⠀⠉⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢾⠂⠀⠀⠔⠓⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⢸⣿⣿⡿⠛⠻⠿⠟⠛⠻⠛⠋⠀⢉⣬⠿⣯⣿⣿⢿⢽⣭⣿⠿⣯⣭⣭⠽⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⣿⣧⢤⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣧⢤⣭⣟⠓⠂⠀⠸⢱⠀⠀⢠⣠⣤⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡶⣄⠠⠵⠤⠀⢸⣧⢚⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠰
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⡄⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⢾⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⠷⠟⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠘⢭⠈⠹⠇⢰⡄⣤⣿⢠⣤⣴⣾⣦⡀⠀
⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠔⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠨⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⡂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣼⣿⣿⢿⡿⠛⠉⠀⠀⢰⢠⣼⢸⣿⡏⡆⢉⣿⡷⣿⣿⣿⣿⡧⣢⡀⠀⠀⢄⠀⢸⣿⢻⡿⢸⣿⣿⡟⣿⣷⣄
⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⢻⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⣽⣿⣿⣿⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢹⣿⡿⢸⢹⡓⠇⢼⢻⢹⣆⣿⣏⡔⣴⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠀⠁⠘⢺⠾⡷⠿⡷⢿
⠀⠀⡀⠀⡀⡀⡄⡆⡄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠀⠀⠠⡇⣤⢀⣙⠀⠀⠀⣤⣄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣧⣿⣷⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠚⠈⠃⢈⠘⡇⠀⠀⠀⢨⣿⣯⢃⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⢸⣧⣿⡇⠆
⠃⠁⡇⠀⡆⡇⠃⡇⠅⡇⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠇⣿⢹⢻⡀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠛⠙⡻⠲⢶⢾⣿⠟⠿⠉⠻⣿⣄⣹⠀⠀⠀⠻⢸⡆⠀⠀⡇⠀⢰⣰⣿⡿⢃⣿⠃⠘⢯⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠨⢸⣿⢻⣯⠜
⡀⡆⡇⠄⡇⡁⡀⢡⡇⠁⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠂⠈⠀⠀⡇⣿⢸⢸⠀⠀⠀⠄⢀⣈⢇⣗⢂⢰⣿⣿⣷⠇⠀⠀⠘⢿⣷⣀⠀⠀⢠⡈⠃⠀⠀⡇⢀⣼⡿⠇⣄⡾⠃⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⢆⠐⠖⠀⠰⠀⠀⠌⠣⢼⣿⡄
⣀⡁⡀⠀⡗⠂⡀⠀⡇⠂⠂⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀⠁⢸⠘⡏⠀⠀⠀⠂⢸⠀⢀⡀⠉⠐⣿⠟⠻⠀⠀⠀⠈⠐⡿⣿⣦⡄⡉⢻⣦⡀⠀⢁⣾⠟⠐⢠⣿⠁⡀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣾⣼⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠂⡇⢀⣞⣐⡄⠀
⢩⣤⡬⠋⢥⡢⡄⣄⠁⠀⠁⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠸⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠑⠀⠄⢀⣀⠠⢰⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⡏⠈⠻⣿⣎⠘⡏⣻⣦⣿⠏⠀⢠⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⡀⠀⠃⠘⠋⠙⠙⠃
⢿⠏⣼⣦⠲⠷⡀⠀⠱⡄⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢠⢸⣽⡟⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣈⠁⠀⠀⢘⡿⠾⠿⠉⠻⠏⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣏⣿⣏⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⢋⠴⢉⠙⠢⠀⠁⠀⠀⡘⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⡂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢨⣴⠀⠀⢸⡹⠙⠡⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⢀⡶⠞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠘⠓⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢟⣟⢳⠀⠀⠀⠸⣷⣠⣤⣤⣃⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⢿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⢰⠀⠀
⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⢠⣀⠄⠠⣸⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣾⣿⠿⣠⠄⢀⣤⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣧⣼⣯⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠍⢙⣙⣹⣿⣟⢳⠀⠀⠀⠘⡟⠀⠀⠀⠈⣴⠞⠁⠀⠀⠀⠔⣄⠀⠀⠙⢦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⣾⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠾⠋⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠈⠻⣧⡄⠀⠀⠑⢴⡀⠀⠀⣯⣅⣻⡿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠠⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡠⢠⣶⣦⣿⡼⣶⣶⣶⣖⣔⢶⡆⠀⠀⠛⠶⢿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡛⣧⠀⣰⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢏⠐⢄⠀⠈⢿⣦⣰⣿⣿⣿⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⢸⠰
⠐⠈⣀⣀⣠⣇⣠⣼⣦⣾⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⠂⠛⠿⣿⣿⣷⣧⣡⣶⡠⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣽⣛⢻⣿⣿⣿⢟⡆⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⡀⣄⠀⠀⢹⡛⠉⣿⣿⠇⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠘⠈⠀
⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢼⣰⠀⠀⠉⢫⣟⠀⣻⣿⡫⣂⡇⠀⠀⠀⠈⠿⢻⡤⡀⠀⠀⠺⣷⣄⠀⠀⠈⠻⣷⣄⠹⣿⣿⠏⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣬⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠻⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣦⠯⡦⠀⢸⣷⣵⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡜⠁⠁⠙⢿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡟⢠⣾⣷⣾⠛⠠⢀⠀⠀⠲⣦⣤⣀⠀⠀⢀⡐⣲⠁⢰⣦⠀⣈⡇⠀⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡇⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⢟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣍⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⡝⠸⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣿⣟⠅⠘⣿⡿⣿⡇⠀⠀⡝⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠈
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡶⢣⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⢏⣽⣿⢟⣱⠀⢻⣿⣙⣤⠂⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⢿⠀⠀⢿⠀⠘⣇⠀⠀⠰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀
⣿⣿⡿⣿⢏⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠈⠟⡉⠱⣭⠇⠀⠀⣛⠁⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡄⠀⠈⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⢨⠀⠈

                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1082

╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕

(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/irc-log-280421/#comments
    Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/29/irc-log-280421/

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


✐ IRC_Proceedings:_Wednesday,_April_28,_2021⠀✐


Posted in IRC_Logs at 2:33 am by Needs Sunlight


                                      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H                                     🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_


                                         #techrights_log_as_HTML5                                                                                  #boycottnovell_log_as_HTML5


                                      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H                                     🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_


                                    #boycottnovell-social_log_as_HTML5                                                                               #techbytes_log_as_HTML5


                                      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t                                      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_


                                          #techrights_log_as_text                                                                                   #boycottnovell_log_as_text


                                      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t                                      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_


                                     #boycottnovell-social_log_as_text                                                                                #techbytes_log_as_text


                          Enter_the_IRC_channels_now


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§ IPFS Mirrors⠀➾


CID                                              Description     Object type


                                                 IRC log for
 QmbXqnH96a3wwiRQEwhpmzDDv7y7gSKHbCtSBqZfKYqh3J #boycottnovell  🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈
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                                                 IRC log for
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 QmSjZPh3FydA5etEJT6JXQP3T7EW88Gp9tM4DpwprDbaTW social          🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈
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                                                 IRC log for
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 QmZZSjhV1p7jbVbTz414AZn21i6iCsMb9QomnK1LTtK1z9 social          🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈
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                                                 IRC log for
 QmaxYHPdSrfvLAAzhBmw7mn4kPEshJwQXpLGDMKKrNZgMX #techbytes      🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈
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                                                 IRC log for
                                                 #techbytes
 QmabHFRUqzsQ7VKp1tibtLvSCB7UD4Ef1BCrF4w4t7eZpo (full IRC log   🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈
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(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/ritual-defamation/#comments
    Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/29/ritual-defamation/

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✐ The_Practice_of_Ritual_Defamation_(Relevant_to_Cancel_Mobs)⠀✐


Posted in Deception, Free/Libre_Software at 6:03 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


Summary: Published on April 26, 2021. Reproduced with permission from here.


Written in 1990, this short essay by Laird Wilcox[1] is pertinent today and
specially applicable to the defamation of Richard Stallman. The modus operandi
described by Wilcox matches seamlessly the procedure adopted by Stallman’s
attackers. We are reproducing it verbatim from the original[2] with permission
from the author. A 5 minutes read worth one or two whole books on the subject.


§ The Practice of Ritual Defamation
How values, opinions and beliefs are controlled in democratic societies⠀➾


by Laird Wilcox – 1990


Defamation is the destruction or attempted destruction of the reputation,
status, character or standing in the community of a person or group of persons
by unfair, wrongful, or malicious speech or publication. For the purposes of
this essay, the central element is defamation in retaliation for the real or
imagined attitudes, opinions or beliefs of the victim, with the intention of
silencing or neutralizing his or her influence, and/or making an example of
them so as to discourage similar independence and “insensitivity” or non-
observance of taboos. It is different in nature and degree from simple
criticism or disagreement in that it is aggressive, organized and skillfully
applied, often by an organization or representative of a special interest
group, and in that it consists of several characteristic elements.  #aggressive


Ritual Defamation is not ritualistic because it follows any prescribed
religious or mystical doctrine, nor is it embraced in any particular document
or scripture. Rather, it is ritualistic because it follows a predictable,
stereotyped pattern which embraces a number of elements, as in a ritual.


The elements of a Ritual Defamation are these:


   1. In a ritual defamation the victim must have violated a particular taboo
      in some way, usually by expressing or identifying with a forbidden
      attitude, opinion or belief. It is not necessary that he “do” anything
      about it or undertake any particular course of action, only that he
      engage in some form of communication or expression.  #no-deed
   2. The method of attack in a ritual defamation is to assail the character of
      the victim, and never to offer more than a perfunctory challenge to the
      particular attitudes, opinions or beliefs expressed or implied. Character
      assassination is its primary tool.  #character-assassination
   3. An important rule in ritual defamation is to avoid engaging in any kind
      of debate over the truthfulness or reasonableness of what has been
      expressed, only condemn it. To debate opens the issue up for examination
      and discussion of its merits, and to consider the evidence that may
      support it, which is just what the ritual defamer is trying to avoid. The
      primary goal of a ritual defamation is censorship and repression.  #no-
      debate
   4. The victim is often somebody in the public eye—someone who is vulnerable
      to public opinion—although perhaps in a very modest way. It could be a
      schoolteacher, writer, businessman, minor official, or merely an
      outspoken citizen. Visibility enhances vulnerability to ritual
      defamation.  #vulnerable
   5. An attempt, often successful, is made to involve others in the
      defamation. In the case of a public official, other public officials will
      be urged to denounce the offender. In the case of a student, other
      students will be called upon, and so on.  #mob
   6. In order for a ritual defamation to be effective, the victim must be
      dehumanized to the extent that he becomes identical with the offending
      attitude, opinion or belief, and in a manner which distorts it to the
      point where it appears at its most extreme. For example, a victim who is
      defamed as a “subversive” will be identified with the worst images of
      subversion, such as espionage, terrorism or treason. A victim defamed as
      a “pervert” will be identified with the worst images of perversion,
      including child molestation and rape. A victim defamed as a “racist” or
      “anti-Semitic” will be identified with the worst images of racism or
      anti-Semitism, such as lynchings or gas chambers.  #exaggeration
   7. Also to be successful, a ritual defamation must bring pressure and
      humiliation on the victim from every quarter, including family and
      friends. If the victim has school children, they may be taunted and
      ridiculed as a consequence of adverse publicity. If they are employed,
      they may be fired from their job. If the victim belongs to clubs or
      associations, other members may be urged to expel them.  #humiliation
   8. Any explanation the victim may offer, including the claim of being
      misunderstood, is considered irrelevant. To claim truth as a defense for
      a politically incorrect value, opinion or belief is interpreted as
      defiance and only compounds the problem. Ritual defamation is often not
      necessarily an issue of being wrong or incorrect but rather of
      “insensitivity” and failing to observe social taboos.  #insensitivity
An interesting aspect of ritual defamation as a practice is its universality.
It is not specific to any value, opinion or belief or to any group or
subculture. It may be used for or against any political, ethnic, national or
religious group. It may, for example, by anti-Semites against Jews, or by Jews
against anti-Semites; by rightists against leftists or by leftists against
rightists, and so on.


The power of ritual defamation lies entirely in its capacity to intimidate and
terrorize. It embraces some elements of primitive superstitious belief, as in a
“curse” or “hex.” It plays into the subconscious fear most people have of being
abandoned or rejected by the tribe or by society and being cut off from social
and psychological support systems.  #peer-pressure


The weakness of ritual defamation lies in its tendency toward overkill and in
its obvious maliciousness. Occasionally a ritual defamation will fail because
of poor planning and failure to correctly judge the vulnerability of the victim
or because its viciousness inadvertently generates sympathy.


It’s important to recognize and identify the patterns of a ritual defamation.
Like all propaganda and disinformation campaigns it is accomplished primarily
through the manipulation of words and symbols. It is not used to persuade, but
to punish. Although it may have cognitive elements, its thrust is primarily
emotional. Ritual Defamation is used to hurt, to intimidate, to destroy, and to
persecute, and to avoid the dialogue, debate and discussion upon which a free
society depends. On those grounds it must be opposed no matter who tries to
justify its use.  #emotional █


===============================================================================
References and Notes


   1. Laird_Wilcox. ↑
   2. The_Practice_of_Ritual_Defamation (Archived) ↑

                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1336

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(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/rms-news-stories/#comments
    Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/29/rms-news-stories/

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✐ Dr._Richard_Stallman_on_How_He_Judges_News_Stories⠀✐


Posted in Deception, FSF, Interview at 7:27 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


Originally published_9_years_ago


                    Direct_download_as_Ogg (12:12, 4.8 MB)


Summary: Relevant bit of an old interview series with Richard Stallman (2012)


===============================================================================
Dr. Roy Schestowitz: How do you judge the reliability of a news source and
which one or ones do you favour?


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Richard Stallman⦈ Dr. Richard Stallman: Well, how do I judge
the reliability? To a large extent I look at the story, and I try to judge
based on the other things I know whether this looks like it’s bullshit or
possible truth. Because there are news sources that I know often slant things,
but that doesn’t mean that I think that their statements of facts would wrong,
because I expect that they would be caught if were wrong. I don’t know of any
news sources that I could say “that’s a good one”, because they all have their
positions, they all want to say some things and not others. The question is,
does it seem plausible that they would say falsehoods about facts? Because
there is some embarrassment involved in getting caught in saying… in giving
some news that wasn’t true.


Many places are not likely to say things that are just false, but they may draw
conclusions that don’t really follow, or that reflect bias.


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Keywords: softwarepatents uspto monopoly gpl gplnext gnu fsf richardstallman


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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠙⠋⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠚⠭⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣧⠋⠹⣿⡃⢻⣦⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠁⠈⢻⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠑⠀⠀⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢀⣶⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢼⣧⡅⢲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣾⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢷⣤⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣷⣶⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠸⣿⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣄⣠
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣺⣶⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⣿⡟⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣆⣄
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⢿⡻
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⡨⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠇
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⡛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣟⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣶⣴⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣷⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠫⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢒⠄⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣬⣤⣬⣦⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢑⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀

                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1475

╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕

(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/the-clown-song/#comments
    Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/29/the-clown-song/

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


✐ The_Clown_Song⠀✐


Posted in Deception, Finance, Microsoft at 5:44 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


   🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Ponzi-Nadella: We're doing great because we say so!⦈


Summary: Ponzi puts his Nadella mask on; the biggest scam since Enron and the
2008 financial crisis?


THE Ponzi_scheme afoot
Shareholders we loot
The system we reboot
To tell the truth is moot


Everything is clown
Clown computing is the game in town
The finances may be down
Let’s rebrand before we drown


LinkedIn we reframe
Layoffs and write-offs are a shame
To Nokia we once came
And the outcome was the same


Office is the clown
Windows is the clown
Don’t you mope and frown
Even when Teams_are_down


Azure has layoffs, sure
Losses we ensure
Clown is the future, hear us roar!
Even when in reality it’s cannibalisation and gore █


⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢛⣛⣛⡻⢟⣻⣽⡻⢟⣛⠛⣛⢛⣛⣛⡛⣛⡛⣿⣿⢛⣛⢟⣛⠻⣛⣛⡻⣟⣛⣛⣛⠟⣛⣛⡛⣛⣛⣿⣛⣛⣿⢟⣛⣛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⢹⣿⣼⣿⢹⣿⢸⣿⣆⣿⠈⢹⣿⠃⣿⡇⠿⠿⢸⣿⣼⣿⠀⣿⢿⣇⢸⣿⡏⣿⡇⣿⣏⡅⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡿⣿⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⢛⣃⣿⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⡟⠀⣿⡇⠶⠶⢸⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣸⣿⢸⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⡟⡃⣿⣿⠚⣿⣿⠏⣿⣇⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⠿⠸⠿⠘⠿⠾⠟⠸⠿⡸⠿⠸⠿⠷⠆⠿⠇⠀⠀⠸⠿⠹⠿⠸⠿⠹⠿⠼⠿⠿⠿⣃⠿⠷⠦⠿⠿⠶⠿⠿⠶⠿⢏⠿⠷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠙⠛⠿⠶⢶⣤⣄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠛⠲⣤⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠛⠶⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⠶⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠀⠀⠁⡀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣶⣶⣶⣷⣦⣶⣂⣀⣀⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠳⣤⡀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣄⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠳⣄⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠃⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣥⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠑⢤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⠉⣁⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⢿⣿⡿⠟⠉⠙⠻⠿⠛⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠙
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠋⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠻⠿⠦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣤⣤⣄⡀⠀⣀⣠⣶⣶⣶⣦⣤⣤⣴
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣶⡆⠈⠂⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⣤⣠⣤⣤⣤⣴⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⢀⠀⠈⡐⠀⠀⠀⢀⡄⢀⣿⣿⣿⣄⢺⣿⣦⣄⣀⡀⣀⣤⡔⢠⢩⣽⣿⣿⣟⣯⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠰⢦⣿⣿⣾⡾⠟⠁⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠉⣛⣛⣛⣛⣋⣭⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡖⠶⠐⠐⣂⣀⡀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⢈⣉⣉⣙⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⡿⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⣹⠛⠻⠿⢿⠿⠛⠿⠿⠇⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⢃⣠⡅⠂⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠻⣿⠋⢠⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠾⣿⣿⣿⣦⡙⢿⡿⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠐⠾⡿⠛⡊⠀⠀⢀⣀⣠⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠌⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⠠⠄⠀⠀⠉⠙⢻⣷⣰⣭⣢⣄⡀⡀⠀⣀⡠⠔⠁⠀⠀⠰⠾⠿⠟⠻⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⣀⣀⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⣤⣤⡀⠀⠀⢠⣄⣀⣀
⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣠⣀⣄⣤⣀⠀⠀⠸⠄⠀⠀⣾⣿⡗⣸⣿⣿⣿⣠⠆⠀⠀⠀⠒⠘⠉⠉⠉⢁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠄⠀⣼⣷⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣷⣾⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⠇⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠏⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠋⠐⢿⣿⡿⠿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⢺⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣠⣤⣤⣤⣴⡾⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠛⠛⠋⠉⠁⠀⠈⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣠⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠸⣿⣿⡟⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⡿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⡁⢺⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣤⡀⣀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⡙⣿⡇⣸⣿⠿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⡁⠓⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣭⡝⣫⣭⢁⣬⢩⣭⣭⣩⣭⢩⣭⣍⡛⢫⣿⣿⠻⠋⣤⣤⣖⡺⠟⣫⣭⣛⢟⣿⡟⣿⡟⣿⡟⢟⣯⣽⡻⣿⡿⣁⣤⣄⠀⣠⣤⣄⡀⢠⣤⣤⠀⣤⣤⡄⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣤
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⡇⣿⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⣉⢍⣋⢸⣿⣹⣿⢸⣿⣉⠀⠀⣿⡏⢹⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⡇⣿⣷⣽⡇⣿⣿⠹⠿⣸⠃⣿⡇⠿⠇⣿⣿⣹⡷⢸⣿⣉⠀⣿⢿⣇⠈⢹⣿⢩⣼⠆⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣷⣿⢿⣾⣿⢸⣿⠛⣼⣿⢸⣿⢹⣷⢸⣿⠛⠀⠀⣿⡇⢸⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⢻⣿⠈⠀⣿⡟⣿⡇⣿⣿⢻⣦⢸⣿⠛⢸⣿⣼⣿⠀⢸⣿⠘⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡸⠿⠏⡸⠿⢇⡸⠿⠿⢇⣿⠸⠿⠸⠿⡸⠿⠿⠆⠀⠿⠿⠿⣟⣜⠿⠾⢟⡼⠿⢇⠿⢇⠿⢇⡙⠿⠞⠿⢸⣆⠻⠷⠻⠇⠿⠿⠸⠿⠸⠿⠿⠼⠿⠹⠿⢆⠸⠿⢸⡆⣀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠿⠿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣛⣛⣛⡻⢟⣛⣛⠻⣛⣛⣛⢿⢛⣛⣛⠂⣀⡐⣛⡛⢀⣀⣀⡀⢀⣈⣛⢿⣟⣛⡛⣛⡛⢛⣛⢛⣛⣛⠿⠛⣁⣈⣙⠻⢛⣛⣛⠛⣛⠛⣛⡛⡿⢛⣨⣁⠹⢛⣋⣙⡻⢛⣛⠻⣹⢷⣦⣄⣀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡧⣿⣿⣹⣷⢸⣿⠉⢰⣿⡏⣿⡇⢸⡿⣿⠀⣿⡇⣿⡇⢸⣯⡹⠗⢸⣿⠩⣼⡇⣿⣇⣿⣿⣸⣿⢸⣿⠉⢀⡀⣿⣏⠿⠇⣸⡿⣿⠀⢿⣷⣿⠠⠇⣿⣏⠿⠇⣾⡏⣿⣷⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⢻⣷⢸⣿⢛⢸⣿⡇⣤⡄⣿⣇⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⡇⢊⣛⢿⣦⢸⣿⢛⣼⣇⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⠛⣘⡖⣈⡻⣿⡆⣿⣇⣿⡆⠘⣿⡇⣶⡖⣈⡻⣿⡆⣿⡇⣿⣿⢸⣿⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⠿⠿⠾⠟⠸⠿⠶⢆⠿⠷⠿⡃⠿⠏⠿⠧⡻⠷⠿⠇⠸⠿⠾⠟⠸⠿⠶⢸⣿⠹⠿⢇⠿⠿⢇⠸⠿⠶⢀⣇⠻⠷⠿⠣⠿⠏⠿⠇⠀⠿⠇⣟⡄⠻⠷⠿⢇⡻⠷⠿⠏⠰⠶⠐⢻⢛⡿⣿⣿⠟⡚
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣻⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⢰⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⢀⣾⣿⢋⣶⣶⣾⣶⣲⡿⣧⣷⣿⣦⣆⡺⣷⢦⣶⣶⡟⠁⢀⣶⣿⡖⠰⠀⢘⠋⠻⠿⢋⣋⣁

                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1568

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⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


✐ With_Sponsors_Like_These…⠀✐


Posted in Debian, Deception, Free/Libre_Software at 4:05 pm by Dr. Roy
Schestowitz


Earlier today:


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇DPL_and_Ford⦈_


Last month:


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇DPL_anti-RMS⦈_


Earlier this month:


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Post_by_Chris_Lamb,_former_DPL_and_former_boyfriend_of_Bully
de_Blanc⦈_


Many years ago:


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Ford_and_Nazism⦈_


22 years ago:


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Ford_and_death_camps⦈_


Summary: Does the Ford front group think it can embellish its image by liaising
with former Debian Project Leaders who play a role in the campaign to undermine
the Free Software Foundation?


⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⠣⠹⢋⣹⠘⣩⢩⠙⣩⢉⠏⠛⡅⠋⠝⢋⡅⢋⡉⢉⡍⡍⠋⠝⠉⡍⡅⡋⠽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣧⣾⣧⣦⣼⣼⣬⣼⣴⣤⣾⣼⣴⣧⣦⣴⣦⣤⣆⣀⣾⣧⣧⣦⣴⣶⣧⣧⣦⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣟⢛⠻⠟⡟⠟⠟⠟⠛⠻⠛⢻⠟⠛⠟⣿⠛⠻⠛⠻⠻⠛⠛⠟⡟⠛⢿⠛⠟⠛⠛⡟⠛⢿⠛⠛⠛⠟⠛⠟⢿⠻⠻⠛⡟⠟⠛⠛⠛⡟⠛⡟⠛⠟⠟⠛⡟⠻⠻⡟⠻⠻⠻⡻⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⡿⠾⣷⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣿⣦⣶⢶⣷⢶⠶⣷⡶⣷⡮⣾⢾⣶⣾⣶⠷⣷⣶⣶⣶⡶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⠶⣷⣷⣷⣶⣶⡶⣾⢷⡿⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣦⣸⣴⣤⣠⣠⣤⣦⣴⣷⣤⣤⣤⣇⣄⣤⣼⣤⣼⣤⣦⣤⣼⣬⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣬⣤⣠⣤⣤⣧⣴⣦⣦⣤⣤⣮⣤⣤⣥⣦⣿⣦⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣴⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣌⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⡏⡉⠉⠨⢩⣿⢩⡉⠉⠉⠁⠍⠩⠉⠉⣯⢭⠋⣻⡭⠉⢙⡯⣡⡯⠩⠉⢩⣿⠙⠍⠏⡭⠉⣻⢩⡏⠁⠉⠈⠉⣿⣩⠉⡍⠉⡍⡽⠩⠩⠏⡍⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠾⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⠛⠛⠛⠟⠛⠛⠛⡟⠛⠛⢛⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣏⠻⠾⠾⠾⠶⠶⠶⠶⠷⠶⠶⠶⢟⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⡟⢛⠛⢛⣿⠻⠛⠟⠛⠛⡟⠟⠛⠟⠿⠛⠟⠻⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣷⢶⣷⣶⣶⢶⣾⣶⠶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣾⣶⢿⣶⡵⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⢿⣿⣿⢿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠿⠿⠿⠧⠣⠄⠀⠀⠈⠄⠼⠀⠕⠴⠆⠴⠔⠴⠄⠏⠼⠆⠦⠢⠣⠠⠢⠮⠅⠀⠀⠀⠄⠡⠡⠀⠀⠧⠈⠄⠇⠠⠠⠀⠠⠅⠂⠄⠠⠀⠸⠘⠔⠅⠴⠄⠄⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿
⠀⢠⣶⠿⣶⡄⣤⢤⣤⡀⠀⠀⣠⠤⠤⣤⡀⢀⣤⠤⢤⣄⠀⢀⣤⠤⢤⡤⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⡤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⢄⣤⣤⣤⡄⠀⣠⠤⠤⣤⡤
⠀⠈⠁⠀⠉⠁⠉⠀⠊⠁⠀⠀⠉⠈⠀⠉⠁⠈⠁⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⣤⣴⣂⣾⣔⣽⣆⣷⣄⣠⣥⡂⣪⣈⣄⣭⣅⣖⣨⣨⣾⢂⣀⣶⣅⣀⣺⣿⣪⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣛⣹⣿⣴⠇⠀⠙⠦⠵⠀⠘
⡀⣀⠀⡀⢀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡀⣀⠀⠀⠀⡀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀
⣷⣶⣾⣶⣶⣿⣷⣷⣶⣶⣷⣾⣷⣿⣿⣶⣶⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⠏⢺⠎⠇⢿⡏⡙⠈⠹⡍⡟⡍⣿⠿⠀⠈⡫⠉⣿⢈⠖⠋⠮⡱⢾⡏⠝⠝⢩⡭⠁⡯⠉⢿⠍⠝⡥⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⠿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣇⣃⣹⣁⣊⣾⣇⣌⣀⣘⣄⣏⣆⣿⣈⣀⣑⣂⣀⣰⣀⣀⡀⣀⣾⣸⣨⣕⣀⣦⣰⣇⣀⣾⣘⣈⣈⣐⣏⣀⣰⣹⣨⣄⣆⡊⣅⣁⣂⣾⣘⣇⣈⣈⣀⣁⣁⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⡿⢿⡿⢿⢿⡿⢿⢿⢿⠿⣿⠿⣿⢿⠿⢿⢿⠿⢿⢿⡿⡿⢿⡿⢿⠿⡿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣧⣧⣼⣦⣵⣽⣧⣤⣤⣼⣦⣧⣧⣿⣶⣧⣥⣧⣤⣧⣮⣼⣴⣼⣟⣤⣇⣤⣿⣥⣜⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡟⡟⢻⠛⠟⣿⡟⠻⠻⢿⠟⡿⡿⣿⠛⡿⠿⡿⠟⢟⢿⢟⣻⠿⢿⡟⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣷⣷⣾⣷⣶⣾⣷⣶⣶⣿⣷⣷⣷⣿⣿⣾⣶⣷⣶⣾⣿⣾⣿⣶⣾⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡏⣏⢽⡉⢉⢿⡏⠛⠙⣻⡋⡟⡛⣿⣉⢟⠋⠋⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣷⣾⣾⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣷⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⠧⢺⠄⡡⣻⡇⣉⠈⠹⣅⢏⡍⣷⢡⢣⠈⣩⠉⢍⡍⢹⠉⠍⣿⠆⣶⠩⣫⢩⡍⠉⣯⣿⣰⡧⢺⣶⣿⡍⣝⠉⢩⡍⠨⡋⠉⡧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⡿⢿⠿⠿⢿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⣿⢷⡿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣾⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠠⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⠶⢶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡶⠶⣶⣶⡶⡶⡶⢶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣭⠟⣿⣝⡯⣫⣩⣭⡯⡯⢻⢻⣯⢿⣭⣝⣿⣿⡇⣿⣻⡿⣜⣣⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡭⢯⣿⢽⡍⢿⠿⡭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣷⣽⣼⣧⣽⣧⣾⣶⣥⣯⣦⣭⣮⣤⣿⣿⣯⣬⣷⣾⣿⣬⣿⣯⣬⣽⣼⣿⣴⣧⣿⣾⣥⣯⣾⣧⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣟⣝⢿⠿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡋⣛⣿⠉⡟⠉⠉⢹⠋⠃⢸⢩⠋⢉⠙⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⡫⡿⢏⣇⣷⣆⣶⣾⡇⢿⢭⡥⣽⢶⣷⣿⡿⠾⠾⣗⢿⡓⣿⠞⣼⡽⢿⡟⣶⣿⢿⣨⡧⡿⣰⢖⣷⠺⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢛⡻⣗⣶⣿⣿⣷⢿⣾⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢾⡿⢿⢻⣿⣿⣛⢖⣿⣛⡻⣿⣿⢟⠷⣾⣿⢸⣟⣻⣿⢟⡻⣿⣟⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣚⣼⣟⣟⣿⣟⣿⣛⣡⣷⣹⣾⣷⣟⣒⡿⣬⣿⣿⣧⣜⣘⣷⣷⣺⣿⣟⣭⣛⣽⣷⣺⣖⣎⣿⣪⣣⣾⣏⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠐⠢⢾⠉⣿⠉⡏⢉⠙⡏⢉⡉⠻⠋⡉⢻⠉⣉⡋⢈⡙⢉⡉⢻⠉⣉⣿⡟⠉⣙⡏⢉⡉⠿⠋⡉⢻⠀⣉⠀⣿⠀⡟⢉⠉⡇⢈⡉⢋⠀⣙⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⠙⠃⣸⡀⠛⠀⡇⠘⢀⡇⠘⠃⣠⡈⠃⣸⠀⣿⣇⠘⣃⠐⠒⣾⠀⣿⣿⣟⠒⢀⡇⠘⠃⣤⡈⠃⣸⡀⢛⡀⣿⠀⣇⠘⠀⡇⢸⡇⢸⡀⢛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣾⣿⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢉⣉⣹⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠉⣿⣿⠉⣉⣹⠿⠿⣿⠿⣿⠿⡿⠿⢿⣿⠿⠉⢹⠿⠿⡿⠉⢿⠉⣿⠿⠿⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢠⣤⡇⢰⠆⠁⢠⣶⠀⡶⠀⣿⣿⠀⣤⡏⠰⡆⢸⠀⡿⠀⡇⢰⠀⡇⢰⠀⠘⢀⡀⢰⠀⣾⠀⡇⢰⡆⢸⠀⡆⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⣷⣦⣴⣷⣼⣿⣶⣴⣴⣿⣿⣴⣿⣿⣦⣴⣾⣦⣴⣴⣧⣾⣶⣷⣦⣦⣶⣦⣴⣾⣦⣼⣶⣿⣦⣴⣿⣴⣷⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⠿⠿⡿⢿⣿⣟⠿⡻⢟⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣾⣠⣼⣧⣤⣹⣥⣥⣥⣥⣥⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣋⢿⣿⠏⡏⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⣤⣜⠟⠁⣀⠈⠛⣠⣤⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠛⠛⡿⠟⠛⠛⢿⡟⠛⠛⠻⣿⠛⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣳⡘⠿⠟⡀⠘⠛⠁⣀⠻⠿⣣⡘⢿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠘⠛⢛⠁⣾⣿⣷⠈⡇⢙⠛⢀⣿⠀⣿⣷⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⡹⢁⣤⣄⠙⣡⣶⡌⠏⣵⣾⡹⢫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣧⣸⣿⣿⣧⣈⣛⣁⣴⣇⣽⣷⣈⣻⣀⣉⣁⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢛⣵⡌⠛⠋⣴⣘⠛⣡⣧⠛⠛⣵⣌⢻⣿⣿⣿⡏⢠⣤⣤⠏⣡⣤⣍⢻⠁⣿⣿⠉⡏⠈⢿⡏⢸⠁⣤⣍⠙⣿⠏⡈⣿⣤⠀⣤⡍⢸⠏⣡⣤⣌⢻⠃⠙⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡌⠀⣶⡆⠈⣴⣿⡎⠃⣶⣶⠈⢡⣾⣿⣿⣿⡇⢰⣶⣶⡀⢿⣿⡟⢨⡀⣿⣿⠀⡇⢸⣆⠃⢸⠀⣿⡿⠃⡟⣐⣓⠘⣿⠀⣿⡇⢸⡀⢿⣿⡿⢸⠂⣷⡈⠃⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠈⠀⣴⠮⣉⢵⡧⠈⠉⣰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣶⣿⣷⣦⣴⣾⣷⣾⣿⣷⣾⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣿⣿⣷⣾⣶⣿⣷⣾⣿⣶⣤⣶⣿⣶⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣬⣾⣿⣧⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⡿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⡿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣸⢠⣁⢨⣿⣈⡀⢨⠐⡁⣎⢆⡁⢸⠀⡁⢺⠀⠂⣀⡀⣽⡈⢀⠘⡀⡇⡰⢀⢘⡇⠂⣁⡆⢈⢈⠀⡱⣂⢺⡇⣆⢨⠀⡇⢨⠐⣯⠀⡅⣎⣯⢔⡠⣅⢱⠀⣅⡆⢸⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⢶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢝⢩⠩⠉⡏⢉⠩⡇⡍⠹⣿⠉⠹⠉⠍⡏⢝⠩⡉⣭⢈⠉⢩⡍⢹⡋⠉⡍⡏⢸⡯⠙⠩⡉⠍⢩⢹⠉⠩⢉⣭⠉⣿⠈⠍⡉⣽⢠⠈⠉⡏⠉⠉⡏⢽⠈⠉⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠉⠏⠩⢙⠩⡋⠍⢩⠉⠿⡇⠍⠹⢩⢨⡇⠅⠈⡋⢉⠋⣿⠉⠋⡍⢉⡏⠉⢸⠉⠩⢹⡏⠹⠉⡇⠹⠉⠉⠩⢸⡏⠉⠉⡿⠉⠉⢩⠁⠍⠋⠉⠩⠉⠋⠉⠅⡋⢹⢩⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡝⠉⡁⢹⠉⢻⡋⠍⡝⢉⠋⠹⡉⢫⢸⡇⡅⡍⠋⢹⡏⠙⠉⢹⢩⢩⢸⡏⠉⠈⡏⠝⢹⢩⢸⡇⡅⡍⠋⢹⡏⠙⢩⢫⠃⡏⢙⠩⡅⣿⢉⠋⡝⢫⢸⡇⡅⡍⠋⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⣷⣾⣶⣿⣷⣦⣾⣾⣷⣾⣶⣷⣾⣷⣶⣷⣷⣾⣷⣷⣷⣾⣾⣶⣾⣷⣾⣶⣷⣾⣷⣾⣾⣷⣶⣷⣷⣾⣧⣾⣾⣷⣧⣷⣾⣶⣷⣿⣶⣶⣷⣷⣾⣷⣶⣷⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠛⢻⢛⠙⣿⠉⢉⢻⠛⡋⣿⠛⠛⠛⢻⢛⢹⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⣷⣾⣾⣾⣾⣶⣾⣾⣶⣷⣿⣶⣾⣶⣾⣷⣾⣶⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡍⡍⠻⠙⢻⠙⢻⢙⠙⠟⢻⠛⠟⠛⡛⡻⠛⠛⢹⠙⠛⢛⠙⠻⠙⢛⠟⠛⡛⢙⡏⠛⡿⠛⡟⠛⠻⢛⠙⠛⢻⠋⠛⠛⠋⠛⠛⡋⠛⢟⢻⢙⠙⠟⢻⢛⠟⢛⠋⠛⢟⡋⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⣶⣶⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣾⣾⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣧⣼⣶⣶⣷⣾⣴⣷⣷⣤⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠏⠉⡍⠉⠝⠉⢩⠃⠉⠋⢿⠉⢩⠋⢹⠉⡝⠉⠋⢋⠘⠉⠉⠋⠃⠹⡏⠙⢩⠋⢹⠋⠏⠉⠝⠉⠫⠋⡍⣯⠉⡝⠉⡏⡂⡋⠋⠙⠙⠝⠉⠙⠉⠅⠩⠋⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⠿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⣿⣾⣿⣿⡿⡿⡿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡿⢿⢿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣃⣀⣀⣀⣻⢀⣰⣑⠁⣀⣑⣀⣻⣀⣸⡌⣄⣀⣁⣇⣸⣈⣈⣇⣸⣇⣃⡀⣊⢀⣑⣁⣆⣁⣀⣾⣀⣀⣇⣂⣈⣨⣇⣕⣀⡅⣀⣆⣈⣂⣈⣕⣂⣀⣈⣈⣇⣁⣀⣈⣐⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠟⡿⠿⠟⢿⢻⠿⠛⢿⠿⠻⠿⡟⡿⠿⣿⠿⠿⡿⠟⠿⠿⠟⣿⠿⠿⡿⢻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⡟⠛⢿⠿⡿⠿⢿⡟⠿⢿⡟⠻⡿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠟⡿⠿⠿⡿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⣤⣧⣄⣦⣤⣥⣽⣤⣥⣼⣦⣴⣤⣤⣤⣥⣴⣼⣤⣼⣧⣤⣥⣤⣄⣯⣤⣤⣬⣼⣦⣤⣥⣤⣤⣥⣧⣴⣬⣤⣧⣤⣵⣧⣤⣴⣧⣤⣦⣤⣥⣤⣤⣤⣤⣧⣤⣤⣤⣤⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠋⠛⠟⠛⠻⠛⡏⠛⠋⡟⡛⠛⠋⡏⠛⢻⢙⠛⢻⠛⡋⢻⡻⠛⠉⡋⢻⢻⠛⢻⠛⡋⡿⣛⠛⢛⠋⠟⠛⡋⡛⠉⠛⠛⠛⠛⡛⡻⠋⢻⠛⡋⢙⠏⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣶⣶⣷⣶⣾⣾⣷⣶⣷⣷⣤⣶⣷⣷⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣾⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣾⣶⣷⣯⣤⣤⣬⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣭⣥⣥⣬⣥⣬⣤⣥⣤⣤⣤⣥⣤⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡧⠉⠏⠀⠁⠍⢟⠍⢩⠉⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⣄⣁⣹⣁⣠⣁⣁⣅⣁⣅⣸⣠⣀⣁⣘⣏⣉⣨⣈⣁⣉⣹⣠⡉⣹⣅⣉⣣⣁⣍⣉⣅⣁⡁⢹⣸⣈⣁⣽⣰⣂⣉⣏⣸⣈⣌⣈⣌⣩⣘⣈⣍⣏⣉⣨⣏⣹⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣶⡶⣶⣶⠶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⢶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⢶⢶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡶⠶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠧⠦⠅⠀⠂⠔⠄⠦⠠⣿⣀⣰⣀⢀⣀⣐⣐⣻⣐⣅⣀⣺⣀⣮⣇⣕⣀⣢⣀⣄⣷⣀⡇⣨⣂⣀⣐⣇⣄⣄⣼⣀⣴⣄⣼⣀⢐⣅⣀⣨⣄⣀⣆⠀⣧⣀⣦⣠⣆⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠟⠻⠿⠻⠿⠿⠟⣿⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⠛⠻⠿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠟⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⡟⠟⠿⠿⣟⠛⠿⠿⠻⡿⠿⢿⠻⠿⠿⠿⡿⢿⠿⠿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣓⣂⣐⣘⣀⣂⣀⣐⣛⣀⣂⣃⣐⣃⣐⣂⣀⣢⣽⣴⣦⣤⣿⣤⣼⣤⣎⣤⣧⣤⣷⣼⣮⣦⣾⣴⣵⣴⣼⣧⣤⣧⣧⣧⣴⣴⣿⣦⣼⣴⣦⣼⣦⣤⣮⣆⣼⣼⣧⣤⣷⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠙⠛⠛⠙⢛⡙⢛⠉⠛⡛⠛⡛⢻⢋⠋⣿⠉⠙⠛⣿⢉⠛⠛⠋⢹⢉⠛⠛⠛⡛⠋⠟⠋⡏⠛⢛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣾⣾⣿⣾⣶⣾⣷⣷⣷⣾⣿⣿⣷⣷⣿⣾⣿⣷⣯⣭⣥⣭⣥⣭⣭⣥⣥⣬⣭⣤⣥⣥⣭⣬⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡏⣿⢹⢺⢹⣾⢻⣻⢻⣿⡿⣻⣿⣟⣿⣻⢻⢻⣿⡟⣟⣿⢿⣻⡟⡟⡟⣿⡏⣿⡟⣻⢺⣿⣿⣿⡿⣷⣟⢿⣿⣿⢹⡏⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⢿⣿⡏⣿⣿⡿⣿⡻⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣷⣿⣾⣾⣾⣿⣾⣿⣾⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣾⣿⣾⣾⣿⣷⣿⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣷⣿⣷⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣷⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣷⣿⣿⣷⣿⣷⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣯⣟⣇⣟⣾⣸⣮⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⡿⣿⢉⣿⣻⢏⣙⣛⣻⣉⢻⣿⣏⣛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣽⣝⣹⣿⣯⣯⣟⣏⣽⣿⣉⣯⣍⣉⣽⣏⣏⣿⣹⣯⣋⣽⣉⣹⣍⣩⣿⣽⣹⣿⣽⣹⣽⣭⣹⣯⣽⣩⣿⣟⣯⣿⣟⣿⣝⣽⣯⣉⣹⣍⣹⣹⣯⣉⣉⣽⣏⣉⣩⣿⣯⣝⣿⣯⣹⣿⣿⣉⣉⣏⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣍⣝⣹⣯⣻⣿⣏⣉⣹⣙⣝⣟⣉⣫⣍⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣽⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣏⣽⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣻⣛⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿⣻⣿⣛⣿⣿⣻⣿⣻⣿⣻⣟⣟⣿⣯⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣟⣏⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣙⣟⣻⣿⣿⣽⣟⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣟⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣟⣿⣟⣿⣛⣿⣿⣿⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣿⣹⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣛⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣟⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣛⣿⣯⣿⣻⣿⣏⣿⣿⣹⣻⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣻⣿⣟⣻⣿⣿⣻⣿⣟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣻⣝⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣟⣿⣿⣻⣿⣻⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣻⣿⣟⣟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣟⣿⣿⣛⣿⣻⣻⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣟⣿⣟⣻⣟⣻⣛⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣯⣿⣟⣿⣿⣻⣿⣟⣿⣿⣻⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣻⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣯⣿⣿⣟⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣝⣟⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣿⣹⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣛⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣟⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⢻⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠙⠳⢄⠀⠈⠙⠷⣄⠀⠈⠛⢧⡄⠀⠙⠻⣧⡄⠈⠙⠿⢧⡄⠈⠙⢿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⡆⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠓⠀⠀⠀⠙⠓⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡎⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣱⠜⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠹⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⡟⡎⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠐⢰⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡃⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⡆⢱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠄⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⡟⡇⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣶⣶⣶⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⠃⠇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣲⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡟⣽⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⡀⠑⢄⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⡅⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠈⢢⠘⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠈⠒⠈⠉⠉⠙⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⠿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠠⠐⠒⠒⠲⢤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣌⠛⢿⢀⣿⣿⡻⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠓⢄⠀⠀⠀⠤⢤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡆⠘⢸⣿⡟⠃⣾⣤⠄⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⡃⢹⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠁⠘⠿⠋⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠘⠱⠿⠀⢸⠁⠂⠐⠶⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠀⠉⠛⠁⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠾⡀⠀⢀⠀⠰⣶⣶⣶⣦⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣶⣶⡆⢐⣶⣦⣤⣄⡀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣥⣬⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢀⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⢀⡀⠀⢈⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⣀⠀⣀⣤⡀⢀⠀⣀⣹⣽⢍⣉⡁⢀⡋⡛⠛⠛⠙⠛⠛⠛⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⢲⣦⠘⠟⣶⣾⡇⠈⠉⠀⠰⠟⠀⠼⠿⠟⠛⠿⠄⠘⢘⡂⠀⠀⣒⣿⣻⣛⡻⡻⠟⠀⠾⢹⣆⣅⣤⣥⣌⠉⣁⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠙⠻⠟⠋⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠈⢿⣷⣄⣙⡛⠀⣠⣴⣾⡿⠁⣰⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣷⣄⠈⢍⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⠖⠀⣼⣾⣿⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣁⣒⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⡉⠛⠛⠛⠛⠋⠁⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣤⣭⣉⣉⣁⣀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣯⠉⢯⠹⠿⢿⠿⠿⠉⣿⠿⠉⡿⠿⢿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠻⠿⠿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡏⢹⠟⠻⠉⠿⡿⠿⠿⠻⣿⠉⡭⡹⠿⠿⠿⡿⠍⢹⡍⠿⢿⠿⢿⠿⠍⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠸⡄⠈⠩⠸⠂⠞⠀⣯⠸⠀⠄⠟⣀⠸⢾⠸⠀⠇⠇⢸⠀⡀⠥⠇⠇⠸⠸⠇⠄⣿⠀⢇⠨⢼⡄⣸⡀⠥⡁⠅⠇⢸⡇⠸⠀⠇⠀⠁⢸⠸⣿⠀⢦⡀⠇⡀⠸⡀⠇⢸⠇⠇⠘⠨⠀⡀⠇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣟⢻⠿⣿⣿⣟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⢸⠀⡆⡤⢸⠘⢰⣁⠂⣷⠀⡎⣤⢹⡿⠀⠘⡆⡇⢈⡐⠈⢰⣼⢠⠀⡆⢂⠁⡄⢰⢰⡧⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣾⣶⣷⣾⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⡀⡈⡉⢉⢨⢩⠍⡉⠁⠉⠉⠉⡉⡉⢸⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⡍⢹⠉⠉⠉⢉⡇⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⡇⢆⠀⡇⠈⢩⠉⠡⠈⡃⠈⠉⠉⠁⢀⠉⠉⠈⠀⠈⢙⠉⠉⠉⠀⠉⠉⡁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡟⠋⠙⠛⠛⢳⠙⠋⠙⠛⠛⠛⢻⠛⠉⠛⠘⠛⠒⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣷⣶⣶⣶⣿⣾⣾⣶⣶⣷⣷⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⠄⡋⠉⡉⠸⢉⡏⠍⠁⠋⠉⠋⠉⠉⢸⡇⡁⠉⠉⠸⡏⢘⠍⠩⠩⠋⠩⠉⠉⠩⠉⢹⠉⠈⠏⢉⠙⣽⠱⠈⠉⡷⢀⠉⠩⠁⢿⠘⠐⠍⠉⠍⢩⡇⠞⠍⠉⠍⠉⠉⠉⢉⢩⡍⢉⠉⠉⡏⠍⠉⠋⢙⠉⠠⣿⣿⣿
⡿⢿⠿⠿⢿⠟⡾⠿⠿⠿⡿⣿⠟⠿⡿⠟⢿⡟⢿⢿⠟⣟⠛⠿⡟⢿⢿⢿⠿⠻⠟⢿⣿⢿⠿⡿⡿⡛⠿⣿⠟⠿⠿⣿⡿⠿⠟⡿⠿⠻⣿⠿⠟⠛⡿⢿⠿⢻⢿⡾⠿⢿⠗⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣷⣠⣥⣬⣼⣤⣥⣬⣤⣤⣷⣤⣧⣬⣤⣤⣬⣧⣬⣤⣤⣯⣤⣬⣤⣤⣼⣧⣴⣤⣥⣬⣧⣬⣤⣦⣬⣥⣴⣤⣦⣬⣤⣹⣥⣦⣤⣥⣤⣤⣿⣤⣬⣤⣬⣥⣤⣤⣼⣤⣤⣥⣤⣿⣰⣤⣤⣬⣤⣤⣥⣤⣂⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡟⠍⠛⢹⠛⠛⢙⠋⡟⠛⢻⠛⣿⠻⠛⠉⠟⠛⠋⠙⣿⠙⠟⡏⡉⠟⠛⠏⡝⢻⠛⠹⠙⠛⠛⡟⠛⠙⠻⡏⠻⢻⠛⠛⡏⢻⠙⠙⢻⠙⢻⢹⠙⠛⠋⠏⣽⠉⡟⠛⡟⢻⠛⢹⠙⠛⠛⠹⠉⠻⠛⢻⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⡿⣿⣿⢿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣷⡶⢿⢿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣾⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣧⣂⣘⣀⣸⣆⣸⡇⣀⣆⣀⣆⣠⣰⣀⣗⣀⣆⣀⣒⣸⣤⣠⣀⣠⣀⣂⣀⣔⣧⣀⣀⣠⣤⣸⣇⣀⣀⣔⣄⣸⣈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠙⣹⠉⡛⠛⠛⠛⠋⡛⡏⡋⣟⠛⡛⠛⢻⠛⡟⠛⣛⠙⠛⠛⣻⢙⠛⠛⠛⣻⠋⠛⠛⠛⢻⢛⠛⡻⠛⠛⢛⠛⢛⠟⠋⠛⠛⣫⠉⠛⠛⢋⢉⠛⡟⡛⡛⠛⢙⠛⢛⢙⠛⡟⠛⢻⠉⡛⡏⡋⠻⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣷⣷⣾⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⠴⣶⣷⢷⣿⢶⣷⣶⣾⣶⢶⣾⣾⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣾⠶⣿⣶⣷⡷⣦⣾⣷⣷⣿⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣷⣷⣿⣷⠿⠾⣶⡷⣷⣾⢶⣷⣾⣾⣶⣷⣶⢶⡷⣾⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣾⡶⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣧⣺⣀⣀⣂⢀⣇⣨⣂⣀⣀⣀⣂⣀⣀⣂⣀⣀⣈⣀⣀⣹⣠⣠⣀⣀⣘⣻⣀⣂⣀⣯⣂⣐⣕⣂⣐⣀⣀⣀⣀⣐⣀⣇⣀⣄⣸⣀⣃⣂⣀⡂⣼⣐⣀⡇⢢⣀⣢⣠⣈⣂⣀⣅⣀⣀⣀⣀⣠⣂⣐⣀⣐⣀⣂⣀⣿⣿
⡟⡙⠛⣻⢉⠛⢛⠛⡻⠛⢛⠟⡝⠛⠛⠟⢯⠙⠋⡻⡛⠛⠟⠛⠛⠛⡟⠿⡋⠻⡻⡟⠛⡛⢻⠛⠛⡋⠛⠟⢻⢋⠙⠟⠿⣛⠛⢛⠛⢛⠟⠛⠛⢟⡏⢛⣿⠛⡏⡏⡫⡿⣛⠛⠛⠟⠛⡟⡛⠛⠛⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣷⡶⣶⡾⣾⣶⣶⣶⡶⣶⣾⣶⣶⢶⣷⣶⣾⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⢶⣶⣶⣿⣶⢷⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣾⣶⢶⣶⣶⣦⣼⢶⣶⣶⣿⣶⡶⣶⣶⣴⣶⣶⣮⣼⣷⣶⣾⣶⣷⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣷⣾⢾⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣏⣚⣀⣁⣑⣁⣁⣗⣂⣘⣈⣸⣇⣐⣁⡠⣹⣏⣀⣁⣰⣈⣇⣆⣁⣆⣈⣈⣘⣇⣑⣹⣈⣩⣈⣰⣀⣇⣃⣸⣐⣀⣁⣹⣐⣂⣁⣑⡁⢀⣊⣀⡇⣊⣀⣁⣊⣸⣇⣘⣁⣺⣇⡠⣹⣇⣌⣊⣈⣂⣆⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡟⣛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⡟⠿⠟⠿⠛⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣷⣥⣮⣷⣾⣦⣤⣾⣾⣴⣦⣧⣦⣶⣮⣴⣦⣶⣥⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣷⢰⢨⡏⣽⢈⡏⡁⣏⢍⢰⣇⢉⡋⢈⠏⢉⣨⢅⡏⡍⣹⢀⣏⢁⣩⢩⠁⣿⢈⢍⡏⣘⠉⡉⡩⣅⢉⣉⡅⣨⢉⣏⣉⡋⠉⣙⠉⢉⣍⢉⣩⡉⢹⢠⣈⢩⢉⢨⡏⡍⡉⢽⠁⡋⣉⢍⠏⢉⣍⢩⢉⡅⡉⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠻⠿⡟⠿⠿⠿⠟⠻⠿⠛⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡛⠿⠿⡛⡟⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⢿⡿⠿⠛⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠻⡿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠻⠟⠿⠿⡟⠿⠿⠿⡟⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⠻⠿⠿⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣧⣥⣤⣵⣤⣤⣬⣜⣼⣧⣤⣬⣤⣮⣤⣤⣥⣧⣵⣼⣤⣼⣧⣔⣼⣧⣤⣮⣦⣤⣥⣴⣤⣮⣷⣦⣥⣴⣤⣤⣼⣮⣬⣤⣼⣬⣤⣥⣤⣨⣾⣤⣴⣭⣤⣥⣴⣤⣧⣥⣤⣤⣧⣵⣤⣤⣤⣼⣤⣦⣂⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡏⠁⠍⢉⢍⠉⡇⠨⠉⢹⡉⠉⢉⠄⡏⢍⢰⡨⠈⠋⢹⣉⢉⠉⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿

                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1793

╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕

(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/29/www-recovery/#comments
    Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/29/www-recovery/

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


✐ The_Web_Never_Recovered_Since_Microsoft_Destroyed_It_and_It’s_Still_Getting
Worse⠀✐


Posted in Site_News at 8:04 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


“In Microsoft’s view, Thomas Penfield Jackson was a technological caveman.
There was a personal computer on his desk, but he rarely used it, nor did he
send or receive E-mail. Microsoft had reason to believe that neither Jackson
nor the government’s chief attorney, David Boies—who, like Jackson, did not use
E-mail—would comprehend the technological complexities of its defense. But
Jackson and Boies didn’t need an engineering degree to understand Microsoft’s
alleged intent to harm competitors or to punish companies that did business
with rivals.”


“Since the evidence appeared so lopsided, Jackson often wondered why Microsoft
didn’t abort the trial—and stop the damage to its reputation—by seeking a
settlement. He blamed Microsoft’s chief counsel, William Neukom, saying that he
should have arranged a truce before the financial markets were roiled and a
judge was forced to play Solomon.”


                                             –The_New_Yorker_–_January_15,_2001


Summary: The Internet is mostly fine, but the_World_Wide_Web_is_worth
abandoning_in_many_cases, especially because it’s becoming a DRM transport
layer with a payload of surveillance and manipulation


THE World Wide Web (or the Web or WWW for short) used to be fun. Honestly!


The first Web browser I used fit on a single floppy disk (the smaller type),
quite some time before Netscape was a thing.


“Connections at homes have improved a great deal since the mid 1990s. Let’s
take advantage of them.”Many would rightly argue that the blame (in the title)
is misplaced because the current Web browser monopoly isn’t Microsoft’s but
Google’s. True enough… and Netscape never dominated to the same extent MSIE
did, definitely not for the same reasons (abuse and sabotage). But the fact
remains that due to the growing complexity of the Web — a never-ending upgrade
treadmill — the Web gravitates towards monopolies or at least monocultures
(e.g. one single dominent rendering engine and now DRM too).


We keep encouraging people to at least give Gemini space a try (as we_last_did
a_day_ago). You know something has gone very wrong when you load a page about
10 MB in size (1 MB of fonts, 2 MB of JavaScript frameworks, 5 MB of high-
resolution photos etc.) just to read a headline, one sentence, or at most an
article 5-10 paragraphs in length. The same could be done with less than 10 KB
(kilobytes), i.e. 1,000 times less, traffic-wise.


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Spacewalk⦈ The same wasteful culture that tells you to buy a
new computer (or ‘smart’ ‘phone’) every 3-5 years tells us that sites need to
be overhauled and redesigned more often than this. Techrights has hardly
changed in 15 years.


Don’t believe me? Here’s the site in 2006:


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Techrights_2006⦈_


Sometimes being less advanced or rejecting unwanted/unnecessary so-called
‘progress’ is a good thing.


Now, in terms of technical merit, Gemini enjoys encryption, Unicode support
(even emojis), and a lot more. But it’s focused on content and encourages
readers too to focus on content. Creators and readers aren’t far apart because
setting up Gemini capsules, even hosting them in one’s own home, isn’t
particularly hard and ought not be expensive. Pages are very small in size, so
in term of bandwidth it’s not a problem. So far this month we’ve served
100,000+ Gemini pages and assuming each of them is, on average, 10 KB, that
would be a total of one gigabyte in term of traffic (for a whole month!). 100
pages are about a megabyte.


Now, going back to Microsoft, planned obsolescence has long been a thing there.
It compels people to ‘upgrade’ and get new licences (Windows, Office etc.) even
when there’s no practical reason to do so and Microsoft actively_fights_against
the_right_to_repair.


It may be too late to salvage the Web. It needs to be further distributed and
decentralised. Communication needs to be hosted from one’s own equipment, not
hired space in “clown computing” or so-called ‘social’ media (social control is
what it’s all about, weeding out voices that platform owners object to).
Connections at homes have improved a great deal since the mid 1990s. Let’s take
advantage of them. █


⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⣤⣤⣤⡀⢀⣤⣤⣤⣄⣤⣤⣤⣤⣄⣤⣄⠀⠀⢠⣄⢀⣤⣤⣤⡀⣤⣄⠀⠀⠀⣤⣄⠀⢠⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣤⣤⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣠⣠⣴⣒⠒⠢⠀
⢸⣿⣿⣿⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣛⠛⠛⣿⡇⢀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣴⡿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⠛⠉⠉⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⢞⣵⠟⠛⠻⣿⣷⣤⠀
⠸⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠛⠏⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⣿⡿⠿⠇⠀⣿⣷⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⢿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠢⢲⡶⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣧⠀⠀⠿⠿⣿⡿⠀⠀⣱⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣶⣷⠀
⠰⠿⠿⠿⢿⢿⣿⠀⠀⠀⡿⠏⠀⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠷⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢿⣿⠀⢻⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⠀⢸⣟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣷⣶⣶⣾⠿⠁⠀⢰⡟⢿⣿⣦⣀⣴⣿⡿⠃⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⠶⠟⠛⠛⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀
⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣒⣲⣖⡒⢒⣒⣒⣶⣒⢒⡖⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣖⡖⠖⢶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣃⣐⣘⣛⣿⣶⣷⣷⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣷⣾⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⢻⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⡀⣿⠀⣔⠘⠸⢸⡇⣈⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠸⣿⡇⣿⡿⢿⢿⠿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡇⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠛⢛⠟⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⢟⠟⡛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠛⠛⠀⠀⠀⠋⠀⠘⠀⠀⠋⠛⠃⠀⠙⠓⠙⠃⠀⠘⠁⠛⠀⠁⠉⠁⠙⠉⠘⠀⠘⠁⠓⠈⠛⠘⠋⠃⠋⠘⠉⠛⠃⠘⠁⠈⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠓⠒⠓⠓⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠓⠒⠒⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛
⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⡿⠿⢿⢿⢿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⡿⠿⣿⡿⢿⢿⢛⣿⢿⡿⢿⢿⢿⢿⡿⣟⠟⡿⡿⣿⠿⠿⠿⡿⡟⢿⡿⡿⢿⡿⢿⢿⣿⠿⠿⡿⡟⠛⡿⡿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣧⣴⣼⣤⣧⣼⣬⣤⣬⣤⣧⣧⣿⣥⣬⣼⣬⣥⣼⣧⣦⣤⣧⣤⣤⣼⣤⣿⣤⣼⣤⣮⣤⣤⣤⣦⣤⣤⣤⣀⣠⣤⣿⣧⣤⣥⣧⣤⣤⣤⣾⣯⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡋⣉⠙⡟⡛⡛⠛⠛⣿⢛⡏⠛⠻⠛⠛⠛⡟⠛⠻⠛⠙⡟⢻⠟⠛⠛⢻⠛⠛⡟⠛⡛⡙⠛⣻⠙⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠋⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⡏⠟⣿⠙⡻⢻⡛⢻⠙⠟⠛⡏⠟⠛⢻⢻⠛⢛⠛⠛⠋⡟⠻⠛⢿⠛⢻⠙⠛⡛⠛⠉⢿⠉⠛⠙⢻⠙⠟⡛⢻⢛⡛⠛⡛⠻⡏⠋⠛⠛⢻⠛⠛⢻⠙⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⡟⢿⢿⡿⠿⡟⢿⠿⣿⢛⠻⢻⡿⠻⠟⢻⡿⠿⠿⠻⠟⢻⣿⠻⡻⠻⢟⢛⣟⠻⠿⡿⠿⠻⠛⣻⠻⠛⠟⠿⠛⠿⠻⢻⠟⠟⡻⠻⠻⢻⠻⠛⠿⠟⠛⡻⢿⠛⠟⠟⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⡷⡿⣾⠾⢶⢷⡷⢶⠿⡾⠿⢾⠿⠶⣶⢾⢷⢾⡶⡶⡶⠷⡾⠾⠷⠶⢷⠿⠷⡶⢶⠷⢶⠶⠾⠾⢶⡖⠲⠶⢶⠷⠶⠾⢶⠶⠷⠶⡶⠞⠖⠶⠷⡷⠶⠷⣾⠶⠶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⡾⣿⣾⣷⣿⣶⣶⣾⡷⣶⣶⡿⣷⣶⣾⡭⡤⢤⣤⣥⣤⡤⢤⣬⡤⠤⣥⣬⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣷⣷⣶⣾⣴⣶⣷⣷⣶⣷⣤⣷⣶⣶⣶⣷⣷⣶⣦⣾⣶⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣷⣾⣥⣤⣾⣤⣤⣴⣤⣭⣤⣤⣤⣾⣷⣦⣤⣤⣧⣤⣤⣴⣤⣤⣤⣬⣧⣤⣤⣦⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⠿⢿⣿⡿⠿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⡿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⣿⢿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡄⠀⣤⡄⢀⣠⣤⣄⣤⣤⣧⢤⣥⣤⣤⣤⣤⣧⣤⣤⣤⣤⣠⡤⢦⣤⣤⣥⣤⡄⢤⣤⣤⡧⣤⣤⢤⣤⣀⡧⢤⣴⣤⢤⣤⣼⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡅⠀⢼⡄⢠⣤⢤⠤⣧⣤⣼⣤⣤⡤⣤⣄⠤⢤⣤⡤⣤⠤⣤⣧⣤⣤⣤⣦⡤⣤⣤⡄⡸⣤⣤⢤⣤⣤⣤⡧⣤⣤⡧⣤⣤⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠄⠀⢤⡅⢠⣤⢴⣤⣤⣧⣄⣤⢤⣤⠤⡤⣤⡤⠤⣧⣦⣤⣤⣼⠤⣤⣤⣤⢤⠧⣤⣤⣧⣤⣦⣤⢼⣤⣤⢤⢤⣤⡤⣤⣤⣴⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡄⠀⣄⡇⢠⣠⢼⡤⢤⣥⢤⣤⣤⣤⣦⢇⣤⣤⣤⢠⣥⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣀⣥⣤⣤⣤⣼⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⡼⣤⡤⣦⢤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⣠⡄⢀⣤⣬⣇⣄⣤⣤⣤⣠⣸⣤⣼⣤⣼⣤⣤⣤⣧⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣥⣄⣤⣤⣤⣠⣴⣀⣧⣤⣤⣤⣤⣥⣬⣤⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡄⠀⣤⡄⢠⣤⣀⣇⣤⣤⣄⣧⣤⣤⣠⣦⣄⣤⣄⣤⣤⣄⣤⣄⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣠⣤⣤⣼⣤⣴⣴⣤⣧⣤⣤⣄⣤⣤⣀⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠃⠀⠿⠇⠸⠿⠛⠿⠿⠟⠟⠿⠿⠿⠟⠛⠿⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠻⠛⠟⠟⠿⠿⠿⠻⠿⠛⠻⠛⠟⠻⠛⠿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣬⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⡟⣛⡿⢻⠛⠻⠛⡿⡛⡟⠻⢻⢟⠟⠟⠛⣻⠻⠛⠟⠛⡟⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠻⡟⠻⠻⡟⢛⡟⠛⢟⠛⠛⠛⠟⢛⠛⡟⠻⢻⠻⡛⣻⠛⠻⠻⣿⠿⠛⠛⡿⢛⢻⡟⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⡷⡿⠷⣾⠶⠶⢾⠟⠶⠶⠶⣾⠶⠷⢶⠲⠿⠶⡶⠳⠶⠷⢶⠶⠲⡶⠲⠾⢿⠶⠶⠷⠿⠷⠷⠷⠖⡶⠶⠲⠺⡖⠷⠶⠶⠶⠶⠖⢶⠶⠲⠶⠶⠖⠶⡶⠶⢶⣷⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣷⣾⡶⣾⣴⡷⢾⣶⡶⠶⣿⣿⢶⣶⣷⣶⢷⢶⣿⣿⣶⣶⣾⣶⢶⡷⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣦⢶⣶⠶⣶⣷⣶⡶⢶⣷⠶⣶⣶⡶⣶⢶⣾⣶⡶⣶⣶⣶⣴⡷⢶⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣷⣶⣥⣴⣴⣵⣴⣬⣧⣷⣤⣼⣤⣼⣤⣼⣼⣤⣤⣤⣴⣼⣤⣤⣤⣤⣰⣦⣴⣵⣤⣤⣤⣼⣤⣼⣤⣴⣤⣤⣴⣬⣴⣤⣤⣤⣶⣤⣤⣤⣧⣤⣤⣦⣼⣤⣤⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣗⣕⣵⣆⣪⣰⣶⣮⣪⣾⣦⣤⣢⣼⣬⣼⣢⣖⣅⣄⣤⣾⣠⣀⣎⣤⣂⣀⣯⣠⣸⣠⣤⣸⣠⣨⣀⣀⣤⣸⣀⣴⣌⣏⣴⣨⣇⣄⣠⣁⣔⣀⣸⣴⣅⣅⣧⣐⣥⣪⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣯⣋⣏⣉⣉⣿⣉⣍⣹⣏⣍⣉⣫⣏⡉⣉⣩⣉⣀⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣈⣁⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣏⣉⣈⣉⣉⣈⣉⣹⣉⣉⣈⣉⣩⠍⣻⣰⣈⣉⣹⣈⣉⢉⢉⣉⣉⣉⣁⢇⣋⣁⣙⣹⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⡯⡫⡻⠫⡛⢻⠛⢹⠛⡝⠛⠋⢩⠋⡏⠛⠛⠻⡏⣍⠋⢻⠙⠝⠝⡉⠋⠋⠙⡉⢻⠙⠙⠛⡟⠉⠉⢉⠍⠫⠛⡟⠙⠝⢝⠙⠉⡉⡏⠫⡋⠋⡙⠋⠙⡉⠋⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⡟⢟⠛⠛⡟⠛⠛⠛⣻⡟⣋⡛⠛⢛⠛⡛⠛⡛⠙⠙⢻⠛⡛⡛⢺⠻⡛⢛⢛⠟⢛⡛⠛⠛⢻⡟⠋⠋⢛⠑⡏⠛⡟⠛⠛⢻⠛⠋⠛⠛⢻⠛⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⠿⢿⡿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠻⢿⠻⠿⠿⠷⠻⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⢻⠿⠾⠿⠻⠿⠟⠿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣷⣶⣾⣾⣷⣼⣷⣾⣦⣷⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣾⣷⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣾⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⢿⢿⢿⠿⡿⠿⡿⡿⣿⠿⢿⠻⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠟⠿⠿⠿⢿⠟⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠟⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⢶⣶⡷⢶⣿⣷⣾⢾⠶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣿⣾⣾⣶⣶⡾⢾⣷⢾⣾⣷⣶⣾⣾⢷⣾⣷⣶⣾⢶⣾⣾⣶⣷⣦⣶⠶⣾⣶⣶⣶⢶⣷⣾⣴⡶⣦⣶⢾⣷⠾⣿⡶⡶⣷⣶⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣯⣅⣤⣤⣤⣵⣶⣦⣤⣷⣤⣤⣴⣾⣧⣤⣧⣤⣤⣼⣤⣧⣤⣤⣼⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣤⣦⣤⣦⣴⣔⣼⣠⣤⣄⣤⣤⣤⣼⣤⣤⣤⣧⣧⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣇⣌⣵⣩⣮⣀⣄⣸⣀⣸⣤⣅⣌⣰⣁⣀⣠⣀⣸⣀⣧⣄⣀⣀⣀⣇⣃⣬⣠⣂⣻⣀⣇⣀⣀⣀⣼⣌⣠⣺⣈⣀⣀⣐⣸⣀⣀⣸⣐⣈⣀⣾⣕⣀⣀⣄⣇⣀⣀⣸⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⡏⣯⣋⣉⣹⣈⣏⣉⣍⣉⣉⣀⣏⣉⣉⣁⣉⣉⣏⣉⣉⣉⣏⣈⣉⣉⣁⣉⢉⣉⣉⣹⣩⣹⣉⣉⣁⣹⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣟⣇⣌⢈⡏⢉⣯⣙⣭⣙⣉⣉⣛⣿⣿⣏⡀⣹⣹⣹⣉⣉⣩⣙⣉⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿

                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1950

╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


✐ Links_29/4/2021:_Proxmox_Virtual_Environment_6.4_and_Calculate_Linux_21⠀✐


Posted in News_Roundup at 12:02 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈


§ Contents⠀➾


    * GNU/Linux
          o Distributions
          o Devices/Embedded
    * Free_Software/Open_Source
    * Leftovers
    * § GNU/Linux⠀➾


          o § Server⠀➾


                # ⚓ AMD_Hits_Intel_Below_The_Belt_In_The_Datacenter_Wallet⠀⇛


                       What Intel calls “cloud digestion” as the cause of
                       the massive pullback in spending in its Data Center
                       Group is looking more and more like a case of “Epyc
                       indigestion” for Intel, not for the hyperscalers
                       and cloud builders. And the top brass at Intel
                       should be thanking the heavens for their good luck
                       that capacity for advanced fab processes has been
                       severely constrained at the same time Intel
                       struggled to get its server chip act together. If
                       that had not been the case, AMD might be truly
                       cleaning Intel’s CPU clocks.


                       In the first quarter ended in March, AMD was
                       hitting on all cylinders, with its client, server,
                       and game console businesses all up significantly
                       year-on-year as well as up sequentially, delivering
                       a stunning 92.9 percent revenue growth, to $3.45
                       billion, and an amazing 3.4X increase in net
                       income, to $555 million. All of this good business
                       helped AMD increase its cash hoard by 2.3X to $3.12
                       billion, which helps cushion the blow on that
                       pending $35 billion acquisition of FPGA maker
                       Xilinx. When you start using “X” instead of
                       “percent” on numbers moving up and to the right,
                       that is always a good sign.


                # ⚓ Simplifying_In-Place_Upgrade_from_Oracle_Linux_7_to_8_with
                  Leapp⠀⇛


                       Upgrading to a newer major release of Oracle Linux
                       (from Oracle Linux 7 to 8) has been historically
                       quite intrusive.


                # ⚓ Kubernetes_configuration_patterns,_Part_1:_Patterns_for
                  Kubernetes_primitives⠀⇛


                       This article is the first in a two-part article
                       series on Kubernetes configuration patterns, which
                       represent ways of configuring Kubernetes
                       applications and controllers. Part 1 introduces
                       simple approaches that use only Kubernetes
                       primitives. These patterns are applicable to any
                       application running on Kubernetes. Part 2 will
                       introduce more advanced patterns. These patterns
                       require you to code against the Kubernetes API when
                       you are developing Kubernetes controllers.


                       [...]


                       For simplicity, I’ve used only Deployments in the
                       example YAML files. However, the examples should
                       work with other PodSpecables (anything that
                       describes a PodSpec) such as DaemonSets and
                       ReplicaSets. I also omitted fields like image,
                       imagePullPolicy, and others in the example
                       Deployment YAML.


                # ⚓ Kubic_with_Kubernetes_1.20.0_released⠀⇛


                       The Kubic Project is proud to announce that
                       Snapshot 20210426 has been released containing
                       Kubernetes 1.21.0.


          o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾


                # ⚓ I_Need_Ambient_Noise_At_My_Workstation⠀⇛


                       So about thirty minutes ago, I was sitting at my
                       desk trying to do some work. And it was quiet. No,
                       it was TOO quiet. I needed some ambient background
                       noise. So I created a thing.


                # ⚓ The_Misadventures_of_Mad_Mikhail_|_Coder_Radio_411⠀⇛


                       Mike has a few stories to share, but more
                       importantly a very hard lesson he’s going to make
                       sure you damn sure you learn.


                # ⚓ mintCast_359.5_–_FLoC_Blocked⠀⇛


                       2:30 Linux Innards
                       48:43 Vibrations from the Ether
                       57:56 Check This Out
                       1:08:03 Announcements & Outro


                       In our Innards section, another stroll down privacy
                       lane


                       And finally, the feedback and a couple suggestions


                # ⚓ FLOSS_Weekly_627:_Beyond_the_Browser_–_Intention_Byway⠀⇛


                       Browsers and the Web are just one model for making
                       the Internet work. Another is one Doc Searls and
                       his colleagues at Customer Commons are working on:
                       the Intention Byway. With co-hosts Katherine
                       Druckman and Shawn Powers, Doc discusses how it all
                       works: with compute nodes called “intentrons” at
                       the ends and a “byway” for pub-sub messaging in the
                       middle. As a new model, it creates a boundless
                       variety of ways for demand and supply to signal
                       each other in the open marketplace, outside the
                       silos and platforms of the big tech giants. And, of
                       course, it’s all open source.


          o § Kernel Space⠀➾


                # ⚓ Linux_5.13_Graphics_Drivers_Are_Exciting_From_Intel_Alder
                  Lake_S_Bring-Up_To_AMD_FreeSync_HDMI_–_Phoronix⠀⇛


                       The Direct Rendering Manager (DRM) kernel graphics
                       driver changes have been submitted and merged for
                       the ongoing Linux 5.13 kernel merge window and it
                       brings with it many changes, especially for these
                       open-source Intel and AMD Radeon drivers.


                # ⚓ Rust_heads_into_the_kernel?⠀⇛


                       In a lengthy message to the linux-kernel mailing
                       list, Miguel Ojeda “introduced” the Rust for Linux
                       project. It was likely not the first time that most
                       kernel developers had heard of the effort; there
                       was an extensive discussion of the project at the
                       2020 Linux Plumbers Conference, for example. It has
                       also been raised before on the list. Now, the
                       project is looking for feedback from the kernel
                       community about its plans, thus the RFC posting on
                       April 14.


                # ⚓ Btrfs_on_zoned_block_devices⠀⇛


                       Zoned block devices have some unfamiliar
                       characteristics that result from compromises made
                       in the name of higher storage density. They are
                       divided into zones, some or all of which do not
                       support random access for write operations.
                       Instead, these “sequential” zones can only be
                       written in order, from the first block to the last.
                       This constraint poses a new challenge for
                       filesystems, which are normally designed with the
                       assumption that storage blocks can be written in
                       any order. It is thus not surprising that zoned-
                       device support in mainstream filesystems in Linux
                       has been slow in coming; that is changing, though,
                       with the addition of support for zoned block
                       devices to Btrfs in Linux 5.12.


                       The only way to overwrite data in a zoned drive’s
                       sequential zone is to reset the write pointer to
                       the beginning of the zone, which immediately erases
                       the entire content of that zone. On the other hand,
                       random read access is fully supported. Many zoned
                       devices also provide some “conventional” zones that
                       support random read and write operations. Zoned
                       devices were first seen in the form of shingled
                       magnetic recording (SMR) drives; the kernel has
                       low-level support for these devices. Zoned devices
                       using flash storage also exist; they trade
                       flexibility for reduced hardware complexity. These
                       devices were added to the NVMe standard in the form
                       of the Zoned Namespaces (ZNS) command set, which
                       has been supported in Linux since the 5.9 release.


                       Work has been going on for a number of years to
                       support zoned drives in Linux filesystems. Copy-on-
                       write filesystems should be easier to adapt, as
                       they are designed to avoid overwriting data blocks.
                       Among the existing Linux filesystems, F2FS already
                       supports zoned devices, and allows normal
                       operations on such devices (but requires that the
                       drive provide at least one conventional zone). In
                       addition, zonefs, a special filesystem for zoned
                       devices, was included in the 5.6 kernel. Using
                       zonefs requires applications designed for this
                       purpose, as the filesystem does not support the
                       creation of normal files. Some types of
                       applications do fit the model well, however, for
                       example those with log-structured data.


                # ⚓ Running_code_within_another_process’s_address_space⠀⇛


                       One of the key resources that defines a process is
                       its address space — the set of mappings that
                       determines what any specific memory address means
                       within that process. An address space is normally
                       private to the process it belongs to, but there are
                       situations where one process needs to make changes
                       to another process’s memory; an interactive
                       debugger would be one case in point. The ptrace()
                       system call makes such changes possible, but it is
                       slow and not always easy to use, so there has been
                       a longstanding quest for better alternatives. One
                       possibility, process_vm_exec() from Andrei Vagin,
                       was recently posted for review.


                       In truth, alternatives to ptrace() already exist
                       for some tasks. The cross-memory attach system
                       calls were merged for 3.2 in 2011 as
                       process_vm_readv() and process_vm_writev(). As
                       their names would suggest, they allow one process
                       to read from and write to another process’s memory.
                       Those system calls satisfy many needs, but fall
                       short when even more invasive access is needed to
                       another process’s address space. Sometimes, it
                       seems, there is no alternative to running code
                       within the target address space.


                       Vagin’s patch set gives a couple of examples of
                       where this access would be useful. User-mode
                       kernels, such as User-mode Linux and gVisor, have
                       to be able to intercept system calls made by a
                       sandboxed process and, possibly, run them in the
                       address space of that process. The Checkpoint/
                       Restore in User space project needs to reach deeply
                       within a process to extract all of the information
                       needed to checkpoint it. Both use cases are
                       currently handled with ptrace() but, once again,
                       better and faster alternatives are wanted.


                # § Graphics Stack⠀➾


                      # ⚓ AMDVLK_2021.Q2.2_Brings_Minor_Improvements_But_No
                        Vulkan_Ray-Tracing_Yet_–_Phoronix⠀⇛


                             AMD engineers today published AMDVLK
                             2021.Q2.2 as their latest open-source public
                             code drop of their official Linux Vulkan
                             driver.


                             While this month AMD published a new Radeon
                             Software packaged driver build with Vulkan
                             ray-tracing support for Linux systems, that
                             driver is binary-only. Now as their first
                             AMDVLK update since that milestone,
                             unfortunately, the ray-tracing support hasn’t
                             made it into this open-source driver yet.


          o § Applications⠀➾


                # ⚓ timg,_a_text_mode_image_viewer_and_video_player⠀⇛


                       timg is developed by Henner Zeller, and in 2017 I
                       wrote a blog post about creating a snap package for
                       timg. A snap package was created and published on
                       the Snap Store. I even registered the name timg
                       although some time later it became much stricter to
                       register a package name if you are not the
                       maintainer. In addition, it was so early days for
                       snap packages that I think you could not setup the
                       license of the software in the package, and it
                       always came up as Proprietary.


                       Fast forward from 2017 to a couple of weeks ago, a
                       user posted an issue that the snap package of timg
                       does not have the proper license. I was pinged
                       through that Github issue and decided to update the
                       snapcraft.yaml to whatever is now supported in snap
                       packages. Apparently, you can now set the license
                       in snap packages. Moreover, timg has been updated
                       and can play many more image and video formats. I
                       figured out the latter because timg now has a lot
                       more dependencies than before.


          o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾


                # ⚓ My_Infrastructure_As_Of_2020⠀⇛


                       Last year, I wrote about my infrastructure as of
                       2019. Here’s the update for 2020! I would advise
                       that you first (re)read last year’s article, since
                       this one will be more like a diff.


                # ⚓ My_current_HTML_boilerplate⠀⇛


                       Every element I use for the basic structure of a
                       HTML document, with explanations why.


                       Usually when I start a new project, I either copy
                       the HTML structure of the last site I built or I
                       head over to HTML5 Boilerplate and copy their
                       boilerplate. Recently I didn’t start a new project,
                       but I had to document the structure we use at work
                       for the sites we build. So, simply copying and
                       pasting wasn’t an option, I had to understand the
                       choices that have been made. Since I spent quite
                       some time researching and putting the structure
                       together, I decided to share it with you.


                # ⚓ [Old] Highlighting_columns_in_HTML_table⠀⇛


                       The other day I looked up colgroup on MDN because
                       something didn’t work the way I expected it to
                       work. I found the solution to my problem, but the
                       demo at the beginning of the page also caught my
                       attention. The author adds a class to the col
                       element, which does nothing with the col element
                       itself, at least not visually, because the element
                       doesn’t get rendered on the page, but it applies
                       the styles from the class to all the cells in the
                       column.


                       Why is this interesting? Well, there are no columns
                       in HTML tables, only rows and cells and the col
                       element allows us to style columns anyway.


                # ⚓ Struggling_With_the_Linux_Secure_Copy_Command?_Use_This_scp
                  Example⠀⇛


                       The scp command lets you copy a file efficiently
                       between two different hosts. The syntax for scp
                       reuses the syntax of cp, so it should feel familiar
                       to most Linux users.


                       The tricky bit with the scp command is that either
                       source or destination may be remote i.e. a computer
                       connected to another network, different from your
                       local one. When specifying a file for copying,
                       you’ll need to include details about the remote
                       host as well. This includes its IP address and
                       username.


                # ⚓ How_to_Manage_systemd_Services_Using_the_systemctl_Command
                  in_Linux⠀⇛


                       Managing services is one of the key
                       responsibilities of Linux system administrators.
                       Knowing how to manage system services is also
                       important for Linux users as they might have to
                       deal with services in one way or the other.


                       This guide takes a look at how to manage systemd
                       services using the systemctl command.


                # ⚓ Fix_The_“No_Module_Named_Setuptools_rust”_Error_In_Python⠀⇛


                       This post will show you how to fix the
                       “ModuleNotFoundError: No module named
                       setuptools_rust” error when installing packages in
                       Python 3. We will also look at a cryptography
                       module error that sometimes also occurs.


                # ⚓ Junichi_Uekawa:_Surrounding_a_region_with_Emacs_lisp.⠀⇛


                       Surrounding a region with Emacs lisp. I wanted to
                       surround a region with HTML tags and here’s what I
                       learnt today. Specifying “r” in interactive gives
                       two numbers, begin and end. When I want to obtain
                       multiple kinds of values in interactive, I can use
                       newlines to delimit. set-marker is an api to keep a
                       marker at relative position even after edits, API
                       needs making make-marker to create an empty marker
                       first, and seems like the number of markers affects
                       editing speed so the API is made to allow reuse of
                       markers. After I got these going I could now write.


                # ⚓ What_To_Do_After_Installing_Ubuntu_21.04_Hirsute_Hippo⠀⇛


                       This is an introduction & collection of tips of
                       Ubuntu for first time users who just had new
                       computer with 21.04 codenamed Hirsute Hippo. This
                       article is for you to help knowing the most basic
                       things of Ubuntu, like the versions & names, the
                       desktop and apps you are using, and learning about
                       everything else. This is also for those who meet
                       Ubuntu after switching from other operating systems
                       like Windows or MacOS. Lastly, I hope you will like
                       it and enjoy your computing happily with Ubuntu!


                # ⚓ Junichi_Uekawa:_Setting_wake-on-lan_in_Debian_way.⠀⇛


                       Setting wake-on-lan in Debian way. There’s several
                       ways that your network interfaces can be
                       configured. The Debian way is to use ifup/ifdown.
                       Make sure your network is configured with it by
                       checking ifquery. nmcli d and networkctl list are
                       NM and systemd equivalents of commands. After you
                       know which one is managing your device you can go
                       ahead and set up WoL configuration appropriately.
                       Default Debian installation would probably start
                       with a ifup/ifdown config.


                # ⚓ How_to_install_JetBrains_CLion_on_Linux⠀⇛


                       JetBrains Clion is a cross-platform IDE (integrated
                       development environment) for both the C and C++
                       programming languages. It offers many valuable
                       features, such as code generation, code analysis,
                       etc.


                # ⚓ Linux:_How_to_export_and_import_VMs_in_VMware_Workstation⠀⇛


                       If you use VMware Workstation 16 on Linux and want
                       to know how to export and import VMs, you’ll need
                       to take advantage of the OVF file format. In this
                       guide, we’ll show you how to use VMware to export
                       and import VMs in the OVF format on Linux.


                # ⚓ How_to_install_Rigs_of_Rods_on_a_Chromebook⠀⇛


                       Today we are looking at how to install Rigs of Rods
                       on a Chromebook. Please follow the video/audio
                       guide as a tutorial where we explain the process
                       step by step and use the commands below.


                # ⚓ No_audio_device_detected_after_upgrading_to_F34⠀⇛


                       In Fedora 34, Fedora team decided to switch from
                       Pulse Audio to Pipewire. Pipewire is still very
                       experimental and has various issues.


                       After I upgraded to Fedora 34, Pipewire refused to
                       detect my audio. I read through forums on
                       Archlinux, etc and mailing list. Initially, I
                       attempted to rectify this issue. However, after
                       spending an hour on this issue, I realised that it
                       is probably because my audio card or whatever
                       hardware is not compatible with it yet.


                # ⚓ Define_an_alias_in_Nushell⠀⇛


                       A few days ago I decided to switch my main shell to
                       nushell.


                       [...]


                       This switch feels like the biggest shell related
                       change for me since I switched from Windows Command
                       Prompt to Bash. Even the switch from Bash to ZSH
                       was small in comparison.


          o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾


                # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Let’s_welcome_Kate_the_Cyber_Woodpecker⠀⇛


                             A lot of good things happen at the moment in
                             Kate’s development.


                             We didn’t only implement a plentoria of new
                             features for 21.04 and fix a lot of bugs in
                             the last months and year, we did improve our
                             overall product branding, too.


                      # ⚓ Kdenlive_21.04_Released_with_Exciting_Improvements
                        and_Bug_Fixes⠀⇛


                             A new Kdenlive update (21.04) has arrived as
                             part of KDE app upgrades.


                             This release isn’t limited to resolving some
                             issues or applying marginal updates, but it
                             should give a boost to Kdenlive through
                             significant contributions, varying from
                             interface improvements to new media features.


                             In case you’re hearing about Kdenlive for the
                             first time, let me briefly give you a
                             description:


                             Kdenlive stands for KDE Non-Linear Video
                             Editor. Non-linear means that editing can be
                             done in any order that suits your needs, and
                             the original media files are never
                             overwritten. Kdenlive is written in C++ with
                             the Qt and KDE libraries. The MLT framework
                             enables Kdenlive to integrate many plugin
                             effects for video and sound processing.


                # § GNOME Desktop/GTK⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Bully_de_Blanc:_Friends_of_GNOME_Update_–_April_2021
                        28.04.21_22:41
                        ⠀⇛


                             Linux App Summit is coming up. Join us and
                             KDE from May 13 – 15 to learn and grow the
                             Linux app ecosystem. Keynote speakers include
                             GNOME Foundation member and former executive
                             director Karen Sandler and Kathy Giori, who
                             has built her own Linux powered private smart
                             home. The schedule is online and registration
                             is open.


                             We’ve opened registration for GUADEC 2021.
                             This year’s conference will take place
                             online, using our BigBlueButton installation.
                             You can [read the schedule][] and then
                             register online to attend! Highlights from
                             the schedule include 24 sessions on all sorts
                             of topics, the GNOME Foundation annual
                             members meeting, and keynotes by Hong Phuc
                             Dang and Shauna Gordon-McKeon.


          o § Distributions⠀➾


                # ⚓ Proxmox_Virtual_Environment_6.4_released⠀⇛


                       We have just released version 6.4 of our
                       virtualization platform Proxmox Virtual
                       Environment! The new version brings the Single File
                       Restore and Live Restore features to you,
                       simplifying your restore tasks, hence improving
                       recovery time objectives (RTO).


                # § Screenshots/Screencasts⠀➾


                      # ⚓ KaOS_2021.04⠀⇛


                             Today we are looking at KaOS 2021.04. It uses
                             KDE 5.21.4, Linux Kernel 5.11, and uses about
                             700-1000 MB of ram when idling. It is
                             beautiful, stable, and just a great Linux
                             distro. Enjoy!


                      # ⚓ KaOS_2021.04_Run_Through⠀⇛


                             In this video, we are looking at KaOS
                             2021.04.


                # § PCLinuxOS/Mageia/Mandriva/OpenMandriva Family⠀➾


                      # ⚓ opera_browser_updated_to_76.0.4017.94⠀⇛


                             Opera is a Chromium-based browser using the
                             Blink layout engine. It differentiates itself
                             because of a distinct user interface and
                             other features.


                # § Gentoo Family⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Gentoo-Based_Calculate_Linux_21_Released_with_New
                        Gaming_Flavor,_LXQt_0.17_and_Xfce_4.16⠀⇛


                             It’s been almost a year since the last
                             Calculate Linux release, which celebrated
                             project’s 20th anniversary, and now a new
                             major release saw the light of day, Calculate
                             Linux 21, introducing a new flavor for Linux
                             gamers.


                             Meet Calculate Container Games, a new
                             Calculate Linux flavor designed as a solution
                             for playing modern games on Steam anywhere,
                             on any device. It is based on the Calculate
                             Scratch Server flavor and uses Valve’s
                             recently released Steam Link app to play on
                             any TV set, phone, laptop, tablet, etc.


                # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Cockpit_243⠀⇛


                             Cockpit is the modern Linux admin interface.
                             We release regularly.


                             Here are the release notes from Cockpit
                             version 243.


                      # ⚓ Fedora_Linux_34_Delivers_A_More_Integrated_Desktop
                        Experience_With_GNOME_40⠀⇛


                             Fedora Linux 34, the latest version of the
                             fully open source Fedora operating system, is
                             now generally available. Fedora Linux 34
                             further improves the overall user experience
                             with key updates like GNOME 40, while still
                             providing a foundation for new use cases,
                             like edge computing, with improved support
                             for hardware watchdogs for automated system
                             recovery.


                             A more integrated, unified desktop experience
                             with GNOME 40, which makes key features of
                             the GNOME shell, like search, windows and
                             workspaces more spatially coherent.


                      # ⚓ Looking_forward_to_Fedora_34⠀⇛


                             The Fedora project may have managed to shake
                             off its reputation for delayed releases in
                             recent years, but that hasn’t stopped the
                             release date for Fedora 34 from slipping one
                             week to April 27. Modulo a handful of bugs,
                             though, this release is in its final form, so
                             a look at what is coming is warranted.
                             Distribution releases, especially those for
                             fast-moving community distributions, are a
                             good point at which to catch up with the
                             state of many free-software projects and
                             where Linux is headed in general. Fedora 34
                             includes a lot of changes, including the
                             GNOME 40 release but, for the most part, it
                             looks like an exercise in continuity.
                             Incidentally, your editor has been made aware
                             that we are all supposed to call the
                             distribution “Fedora Linux” now, with the
                             bare name “Fedora” reserved for the project.
                             So this article should properly be talking
                             about “Fedora Linux 34″, but old habits die
                             hard.


                             Like many distributors, Fedora makes it easy
                             to beta-test its upcoming releases so, on a
                             whim, your editor decided to update his
                             system and see what was coming; what could
                             possibly go wrong? The target Thinkpad, which
                             nicely came with Fedora pre-installed by the
                             manufacturer, was just sitting there waiting
                             for this sort of opportunity. As expected,
                             the upgrade went smoothly and the laptop
                             booted up in the new system without any
                             obvious hitches.


                      # ⚓ Value_range_propagation_in_GCC_with_Project_Ranger⠀⇛


                             One of the optimizations GNU Compiler
                             Collection (GCC) performs on C and C++
                             programs is value range propagation (VRP).
                             VRP determines what subranges a variable can
                             contain and uses that information to
                             eliminate redundant calculations. This in
                             turn makes programs smaller and run faster.


                      # ⚓ Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux_8.4_Will_Soon_Be_available⠀⇛


                             Red Hat has introduced new capabilities and
                             enhancements to Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
                             Generally available in the coming weeks, Red
                             Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 refines the
                             platform’s role as a lightweight, production
                             grade operating system for edge deployments,
                             adding new Linux container, deployment and
                             management capabilities scaled for the needs
                             of edge computing.


                             According to the company, Red Hat Enterprise
                             Linux is the established foundation for the
                             Red Hat Edge initiative, which aims to extend
                             the capabilities of Red Hat’s open hybrid
                             cloud portfolio to the edge, from
                             telecommunications and transportation to
                             smart automobiles and enterprise devices.


                      # ⚓ Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux_8.4_to_focus_on_driving_edge
                        adoption_–_SD_Times⠀⇛


                             Red Hat announced new features coming to Red
                             Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8.4, which will
                             be released in a few weeks, at its Red Hat
                             Summit virtual conference this week.


                             According to the company, this release
                             “refines the platform’s role as a
                             lightweight, production grade operating
                             system for edge deployments, adding new Linux
                             container, deployment and management
                             capabilities scaled for the needs of edge
                             computing.”


                             Red Hat recently released a report, “The
                             State of Enterprise Open Source,” which
                             showed that 72% of IT leaders are expecting
                             open source to drive adoption of edge
                             computing in the new two years. Red Hat Edge
                             is a new effort being highlighted in RHEL 8.4
                             that aims to extend Red Hat’s cloud portfolio
                             to the edge. This includes extending existing
                             solutions like OpenShift, Advanced Cluster
                             Management for Kubernetes, Ansible Automation
                             Platform, Red Hat Integration, and Red Hat
                             Data Services.


                      # ⚓ Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux_takes_aim_at_edge_computing
                        |_InfoWorld⠀⇛


                             With Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4, Red Hat is
                             emphasizing edge computing deployments, with
                             the addition of container deployment and
                             management capabilities geared to edge usage.
                             RHEL 8.4 will become generally available in
                             the coming weeks.


                             Announced April 27, RHEL 8.4 helps maintain
                             standardization and control across Linux
                             container images, beginning with updates to
                             Red Hat’s Podman container engine, for
                             managing containers across the hybrid cloud
                             from a single point. Additionally, the Image
                             Builder tool has added support for creating
                             installation media tailored for bare metal,
                             helping IT teams maintain a common foundation
                             even when dealing with disconnected edge
                             environments.


                      # ⚓ Register_now_to_join_us_May_11_&_12_for_Code_@_Think
                        2021⠀⇛


                             Think 2021 is your chance to connect with
                             subject-matter experts, explore the latest
                             tech, and build your skillset to make
                             yourself indispensable. This year’s event
                             offers you the chance to get certified in
                             technologies through new courses, try out new
                             products, and work with the experts behind
                             emerging technologies – from Kubernetes to
                             quantum and edge computing. This year, Code @
                             Think is a dedicated track for you to engage
                             with the greater community of developer and
                             open source leaders to explore key
                             technologies through unparalleled interactive
                             experiences.


                             [...]


                             And you won’t just be hearing from us. You’ll
                             meet and collaborate with leading
                             technologists, subject-matter experts, IBM
                             clients and business partners, analysts, and
                             countless others who are working on today’s
                             most important issues and challenges.


                # § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Users_warned_against_upgrading_to_Ubuntu_21.04⠀⇛


                             In a strange turn of events, Ubuntu
                             developers are asking users not to upgrade
                             their Ubuntu 20.10 installations to the
                             recently-released Ubuntu 21.04 due to a
                             strange bug.


                             Normally, as soon as a new release is up for
                             grabs, existing Ubuntu users would typically
                             get a notification about its availability and
                             can then switch to the new release with a
                             single click.


                             However, a severe issue prompted Ubuntu
                             developers to disable the upgrade prompt.
                             While a manual upgrade was still possible,
                             some top Ubuntu developers want the distro to
                             actively discourage users from upgrading.


                      # ⚓ Ubuntu_21.04_is_now_available_with_native_Microsoft
                        Active_Directory_integration_and_Wayland_as_the
                        default⠀⇛


                             Canonical released Ubuntu 21.04, a new
                             version of the organization’s Linux
                             distribution. The release comes three weeks
                             after the release of beta versions, and can
                             already be downloaded from the official
                             Ubuntu website as desktop, server and cloud
                             versions.


                             Updates from Ubuntu 20.10 are not enabled at
                             this point as some systems may end up in an
                             unbootable state if EFI version 1.10 is used.
                             Upgrades will be enabled in the future “once
                             an updated version of shim is available 2hich
                             is compatible with EFI version 1.10″.


                             Ubuntu 21.04 is a short-term release, which
                             means that it is good for 9 months of updates
                             before it is running out off support. The
                             latest long-term servicing release is Ubuntu
                             20.04 LTS.


                             The release is powered by Linux 5.11 kernel
                             and GNOME 3.38, and the first that makes
                             Wayland the default on the system, provided
                             that the computer’s hardware supports it.


                      # ⚓ Ubuntu_21.10_is_called_‘Impish_Indri’_—_here_is_when
                        the_Linux_distro_should_be_released⠀⇛


                             Linux distributions and silly names go
                             together like peanut butter and jelly. For
                             whatever reason, the maintainers of these
                             operating systems seem to enjoy having fun
                             with what they call them — some argue it is
                             childish. Hell, even Google — a multi-billion
                             dollar company — once used sugary dessert
                             names for the Linux-based Android operating
                             system. I am glad the search giant stopped
                             that nonsense.


                             One of the most well-known desktop Linux
                             distributions to use funny names is Ubuntu.
                             It famously uses the convention of an
                             adjective and a lesser-known animal, each
                             starting with the same letter. The letter is
                             chosen sequentially by alphabet. For example,
                             Ubuntu 21.04 uses the letter “H” — “Hirsute
                             Hippo”.


                             The next version of the operating system,
                             version 21.10, will use the letter “I.” For
                             this release, Canonical has chosen “Impish
                             Indri.” Never heard of a an indri? Neither
                             have I. Apparently it is a type of a large
                             lemur. The word “impish” is a synonym of
                             “mischievous.” The animal looks pretty cool,
                             as you can see from the image at the top of
                             this page.


          o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾


                # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Meet_SeedGerm:_a_Raspberry_Pi-based_platform_for
                        automated_seed_imaging⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Pimoroni_Keybow_2040_Review:_Programmable_Keyboard
                        with_Pi_Silicon_Inside⠀⇛


                             With the ability to map keystrokes, mouse
                             movements and commands to any of the 16 keys,
                             the Keybow 2040 is a powerful device for home
                             workers and gamers. We can map commonly used
                             sequences including reloading, inventory
                             management and combo moves in our games or
                             actions in a photo editor like Photoshop, and
                             we can use Keybow 2040 perform a series of
                             complex steps all from the push of a button.


                             If you’ve ever wanted an extra 16,
                             programmable keys on your keyboard, the
                             Keybow 2040 lets you add them.


                      # ⚓ Xilinx_Introduces_Kria_K26_SoM_and_vision_AI_devkit
                        based_on_Zynq_Ultrascale+_XCK26_FPGA_MPSoC_–_CNX
                        Software⠀⇛


                             Silicon vendors will usually focus on chip
                             design, and provide an expensive evaluation
                             kit to early customers, leaving the design of
                             cost-optimized boards and system-on-modules
                             to embedded systems companies.


                             But Xilinx has decided to enter the latter
                             market with the Kria portfolio of adaptive
                             system-on-modules (SOMs) and production-ready
                             small form factor embedded boards starting
                             with Kria K26 SoM powered by Zynq UltraScale+
                             XCK26 FPGA MPSoC with a quad-core Arm Cortex-
                             A53 processor, up to 250 thousand logic
                             cells, and a H.264/265 video codec designed
                             for Edge AI applications, as well as computer
                             vision development kit.


                      # ⚓ Arduino-controlled_gas_mixing_device_fills_DIY_laser
                        tubes_|_Arduino_Blog⠀⇛


                             Lasers come in two varieties: solid-state and
                             gas tube. As the name suggests, the latter
                             types contain gas. That is a mixture of gas
                             in precise proportions. To fill his DIY laser
                             tube, Cranktown City built an Arduino-
                             controlled gas mixer.


                             This device has an Arduino Uno board that
                             drives three relay modules. The first relay
                             switches power to a gas pump, the second
                             relay controls an output valve, and the third
                             relay controls an input valve. A push button
                             starts the pumping process. The pump turns on
                             and the input valve opens. Gas from a storage
                             tank is pumped into an inflatable bag. Once
                             the bag is full, as detected by a limit
                             switch, the two valves flip and the gas pumps
                             into the laser tube.


          o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾


                # ⚓ Norbert_Preining:_In_memoriam_of_Areeb_Jamal⠀⇛


                       We lost one of our friends and core developers of
                       the FOSSASIA community. An extremely sad day.


                # § Productivity Software/LibreOffice/Calligra⠀➾


                      # ⚓ I_Want_to_Learn_LibreOffice⠀⇛


                             This is a collection of recommended videos
                             and tutorials to practically learn
                             LibreOffice for beginners divided to Writer
                             (word processor), Calc (spreadsheet), and
                             Impress (presentation). They are excellent,
                             thorough, and rich of examples user guide
                             made by TheFrugalComputerGuy (videos) and
                             Ahuka (tutorials) — they are people who care
                             deeply about LibreOffice. If you want to
                             learn LibreOffice, we suggest you start with
                             their tutorials. Thank you very much for them
                             for making these tutorials patiently for
                             years!


                             [...]


                             If you prefer learning by reading books or
                             written tutorials, Prof. Kevin O’Brien, also
                             known as Ahuka, one among speakers behind
                             Hacker Public Radio — a popular internet show
                             about technologies –, made a thorough guide
                             for Writer, Calc, and Impress you can learn
                             by reading. Interestingly, each tutorial is
                             accompanied by its audio recording from the
                             Radio you can listen too. It is worth
                             learning. No other one made such excellent
                             tutorials can be read freely on the web
                             (outside of the official tutorials) for
                             LibreOffice up to today.


                      # ⚓ LibreOffice_Macro_Team:_progress_report⠀⇛


                             Macros help users to automate common tasks in
                             LibreOffice. In September 2019 we announced a
                             new team in our community to work on macro
                             support. The last progress report was
                             published in April 2020, so it is high time
                             to look into what has happened since then.


                             [...]


                             The biggest single event was the introduction
                             of ScriptForge Libraries in LibreOffice 7.1.
                             ScriptForge and its documentation is a
                             collaboration betwen Jean-Pierre Ledure,
                             Alain Romedenne and Rafael Lima. You can read
                             more about it in the January 2021 blog post
                             and the work-in-progress Help content.


                      # ⚓ LibreOffice_Conference:_Call_for_Papers_is_Open_!⠀⇛


                             The Document Foundation invites all members
                             and contributors to submit talks, lectures
                             and workshops for this year’s LibreOffice
                             Conference, which will take place online. The
                             event is scheduled from September 23 to 25,
                             Thursday to Saturday. Whether you are a
                             seasoned presenter or have never spoken in
                             public before, if you have something
                             interesting to share about LibreOffice, ODF,
                             the Document Liberation Project or the ODF
                             Toolkit, we want to hear from you!


                             Proposals should be filed by June 30, 2020,
                             in order to guarantee that they will be
                             considered for inclusion in the conference
                             program.


                # § CMS⠀➾


                      # ⚓ CC_Search_to_join_WordPress.org⠀⇛


                             The WordPress community has long advocated
                             for a repository with GPL-compatible images,
                             and it’s time to listen to that need. CC
                             Search, a CC0 (Creative Commons Zero) image
                             search engine, is joining the WordPress
                             project with over 500 million openly licensed
                             and public domain images discoverable from
                             over 50 sources, audio and video soon to
                             come.


                      # ⚓ Creative_Commons_Search_to_Relaunch_on
                        WordPress.org⠀⇛


                             The Creative Commons search engine will soon
                             be part of WordPress.org, as Automattic will
                             begin sponsoring several members of the CC
                             Search team to maintain it. The engine
                             currently offers over 500 million images,
                             audio, and videos, under Creative Commons
                             licenses or the public domain, aggregating
                             more than 45 different sources.


                             Matt Mullenweg announced the acquisition on
                             his personal blog, saying that CC Search
                             would be “joining the WordPress project.” It
                             is a major benefit to the community,
                             providing a valuable resource for finding
                             GPL-compatible images for use in WordPress-
                             derivative products like themes and plugins.
                             Mullenweg hinted at a long-term plan where
                             deeply integrating CC search into
                             WordPress.org is just the first step…


                # § Programming/Development⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Print_Debugging_Should_Go_Away⠀⇛


                             There are many reasons why print debugging is
                             still the best option for many developers.
                             rr, Pernosco and similar tools can’t even be
                             used at all in many contexts. However, most
                             of the limitations of these tools
                             (programming languages, operating systems,
                             hardware platforms, overhead) could be
                             mitigated with sufficient investment in
                             engineering work and a modicum of support
                             from platform vendors. It’s important to keep
                             in mind that the level of investment in these
                             tools to date has been incredibly low,
                             basically just a handful of startups and
                             destitute open source projects. If the
                             software industry took debugging seriously —
                             instead of just grumbling about the tools and
                             reverting to print debugging (or, at best,
                             building a polished implementation of the
                             features debuggers have had since the 1980s)
                             — and invested accordingly we could make
                             enormous strides, and not many people would
                             feel the need to resort to print debugging.


                      # ⚓ Laravel_vs_CodeIgniter_–_Which_is_Better_PHP
                        Framework_for_Development⠀⇛


                             Laravel vs CodeIgniter – Which is Better PHP
                             Framework for Development? we’re considering
                             the two best PHP frameworks Laravel and
                             CodeIgniter for website development.


                      # ⚓ Qt_Design_Studio_2.1_released⠀⇛


                             Qt Design Studio is a UI design and
                             development tool that enables designers and
                             developers to rapidly prototype and create
                             beautiful experiences for desktop, embedded,
                             and mobile platforms. Both designers and
                             developers use Qt Design Studio which makes
                             collaboration between the two a lot simpler
                             and more streamlined.


                      # § Python⠀➾


                            # ⚓ Make_a_Countdown_and_Pomodoro_Timer_in_Python⠀⇛


                                   In this tutorial, we’ll be creating a
                                   countdown timer that asks the user how
                                   much time (in seconds) they want to set
                                   the timer for—once time is up, print
                                   out “Blast Off!”.


                                   We’ll also be creating an extension to
                                   this project where we’ll make a
                                   Pomodoro Timer with 25-minute and 5-
                                   minute intervals—the Pomodoro technique
                                   is a productivity method that is often
                                   used while studying or working. It uses
                                   a timer to break down work into
                                   intervals, traditionally 25 minutes in
                                   length, separated by short 5 minute
                                   breaks.


                      # § Shell/Bash/Zsh/Ksh⠀➾


                            # ⚓ Bash_Command_Line_And_Shell_Scripts_(Mercury
                              Learning)⠀⇛


                                   but sometimes it just looks like the
                                   Linux command line. As a result books
                                   on the “language” have to make a choice
                                   of targeting programmers or users.
                                   Books that target the programmer tend
                                   to assume that the reader knows most of
                                   the basics of the Linux command line
                                   and proceed from this point to
                                   introduce programming features that
                                   make scripting possible.This Pocket
                                   Primer spends a lot of time discussing
                                   the Linux command line and so is much
                                   more suitable for the beginner.


                                   It starts off with a look at what Bash
                                   is and what shells use it and what you
                                   are likely to encounter in the real
                                   world. From here we have a fairly
                                   standard account of the command line
                                   mostly working with files. My only
                                   complaint is that there isn’t enough
                                   distinction between the features that
                                   are Bash and those that are simply
                                   Linux/Unix utilities. Chapter 2
                                   continues with an in-depth look at file
                                   commands. Chapter 3 lists “useful”
                                   commands – of course what is useful
                                   depends on what you are trying to do,
                                   but this is not a bad selection.


                      # § Rust⠀➾


                            # ⚓ This_Week_in_Rust_388⠀⇛


          o § Standards/Consortia⠀➾


                # ⚓ Proud_member_of_10KB_club⠀⇛


                       The 10 KB Club is a curated collection of websites
                       whose home pages do not exceed 10 KB compressed
                       size.


                # ⚓ The_results_of_the_year_2019_and_2020_of_the_level_of
                  implementation_of_the_European_Interoperability_Framework_by
                  the_Member_States_are_now_accessible_in_a_visual_way!⠀⇛


                       In the context of our National Interoperability
                       Framework Observatory (NIFO) action, the results of
                       the year 2019 and 2020 of the level of
                       implementation of the European Interoperability
                       Framework (EIF) by the Member States are now
                       accessible in a visual way!


                       NIFO provides comprehensive information and
                       reporting activities on interoperability and
                       digital public services in 35 European States. It
                       analyses, monitors and evaluates the National
                       Interoperability Frameworks (NIFs) of EU Member
                       States and associated countries, as well as the
                       alignment and implementation of these frameworks
                       with the EIF.


    * § Leftovers⠀➾


          o § Science⠀➾


                # ⚓ Michael_Collins,_Apollo_11_astronaut,_dies_at_90⠀⇛


                       Collins was selected by NASA to become an astronaut
                       in 1963. His first flight was a three-day mission
                       aboard Gemini 10, which launched on July 18, 1966.
                       The expedition conducted a docking test and double
                       rendezvous in orbit, and during the flight, Collins
                       became the third person in U.S. history to conduct
                       a spacewalk.


                       Apollo 11 was Collins’ second flight into space. In
                       his bestselling 1974 memoir, “Carrying the Fire: An
                       Astronaut’s Journey,” Collins reflected on his
                       solitary time in orbit around the moon — an
                       experience that prompted some to call him “the
                       loneliest man in history.”


          o § Health/Nutrition⠀➾


                # ⚓ Austrian_doctors_confirm_that_Ramadan_boosts_corona
                  infections_–_In_German_hospitals,_there_is_already_a_separate
                  (unofficial)_specialist_term_for_Muslim_patients:_“patients
                  with_communication_blockage”⠀⇛


                       The fact that, due to the prevailing “politically
                       correct” ideology, any reference to migrants as
                       potential source of infection is immediately
                       dismissed as “racism” or “right-wing extremism”, no
                       matter what the facts are, is certainly an
                       obstacle. This makes a factual discussion or the
                       implementation of effective countermeasures almost
                       impossible.


                # ⚓ COVID_in_India⠀⇛


                       Delhi’s notorious pollution relented, and there
                       were blue skies during my week there.


                       But the pandemic was looming. A conference
                       participant from Tokyo took ill with what turned
                       out to be Delhi Belly (aka traveller’s diarrhoea).
                       However, since Covid-19 has already taken hold in
                       Japan, and some of its symptoms overlap with Delhi
                       Belly, the organizers took him to a nearby clinic.
                       They were not equipped to administer a Covid test,
                       so he was sent on to a hospital with this capacity.
                       To the relief of all at the conference, his test
                       result was negative.


                # ⚓ Indians_are_crowdsourcing_aid_as_covid_surges_|_MIT
                  Technology_Review⠀⇛


                       Ninety percent of India’s oxygen supply—7,500
                       metric tons daily—is being directed to covid
                       patients. Still, demand has been so overwhelming
                       that any possible lead on extra supplies, no matter
                       the price, can disappear quickly.


                # ⚓ As_India’s_COVID-19_deaths_rise,_grief_goes_online⠀⇛


                       Unable to attend the funerals of friends and
                       relatives dying in their thousands from a resurgent
                       coronavirus, bereaved Indians like Sudarshana are
                       channeling their grief through a rare safe public
                       space: the internet.


                       Images of burning funeral pyres and heart-rending
                       eulogies have flooded social media since a surge in
                       infections pushed the COVID-19 death toll to over
                       200,000 on Tuesday.


                # ⚓ Breakthrough:_New_Malaria_Vaccine_Proves_Highly_Effective_–
                  The_Wire_Science⠀⇛


                       Coronavirus vaccines have been developed and
                       deployed in record time, but as global rollout has
                       progressed, too few doses have been made available
                       in low-income countries. It’s a stark reminder that
                       when it comes to infectious diseases, the world’s
                       poorest often get left behind.


                       This is a problem that extends far beyond COVID-19.
                       In Africa, for example, malaria has probably caused
                       four times as many deaths as COVID-19 over the past
                       year. Thankfully, our new research shows that an
                       effective vaccine against malaria could now be
                       closer than ever before.


          o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾


                # § Proprietary⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Fortnite’s_cash_cow_is_PlayStation,_not_iOS,_court
                        documents_reveal⠀⇛


                             Court documents reveal that PlayStation 4
                             generated 46.8 percent of Fortnite’s total
                             revenues from March 2018 through July 2020,
                             while Xbox One, the second-highest platform,
                             generated 27.5 percent. iOS ranked fifth,
                             with just 7 percent of total revenue. The
                             remaining 18.7 percent would have been split
                             between Android, Nintendo Switch, and PCs.


                      # ⚓ Academics_fret_as_Turnitin_nears_monopoly_on
                        plagiarism_checks⠀⇛


                             Turnitin’s proposal to buy out its last major
                             competitor would give it a near monopoly in
                             global academic integrity services, with
                             insiders warning that the deal could reduce
                             product diversity while handing the company a
                             treasure trove of data.


                             Turnitin’s latest planned acquisition is
                             Ouriginal, a Stockholm-based company formed
                             just last September from the union of
                             European text-matching services Urkund and
                             PlagScan. Turnitin said the deal was “subject
                             to regulatory approvals”.


                      # ⚓ Apple_Touts_660_Million_Paid_Subscriptions_Across
                        Services,_Including_TV,_Music_and_Games⠀⇛


                             Apple CFO Luca Maestri told analysts on an
                             earnings call that the company had “more than
                             660 million paid subscriptions” across its
                             services division, including video music,
                             news and games, and that its video, music,
                             games and advertising businesses all had
                             their best quarters yet.


                      # ⚓ Apple_profits_double_as_it_squares_up_to_Facebook⠀⇛


                             Sales to China nearly doubled, leading to
                             overall revenues for the first three months
                             of this year of $89.6bn (£64.2bn), more than
                             50% up compared to a year earlier.


                      # ⚓ Will_Apple’s_tighter_privacy_rules_for_ads_hurt
                        Facebook?⠀⇛


                             On April 26th Apple, which supplies one-fifth
                             of the world’s smartphones and around half of
                             America’s, introduced a software update that
                             will end much of this snooping. Its latest
                             mobile operating system forces apps to ask
                             users if they want to be tracked. Many will
                             decline. It is the latest move forcing
                             marketers to rethink how they target online
                             ads.


                      # § Pseudo-Open Source⠀➾


                            # § Privatisation/Privateering⠀➾


                                  # § Linux Foundation⠀➾


                                        # ⚓ Uni_group_reveals_the_sordid_buggy
                                          Linux_kernel_patch_story⠀⇛


                                               Students and the staff
                                               member at the University of
                                               Minnesota who were involved
                                               in submitting known buggy
                                               patches to the Linux kernel
                                               project have released a
                                               statement which they claim
                                               details the full history
                                               behind their actions which
                                               were geared towards writing
                                               a research paper.


                                               In the statement, which was
                                               not attributed to anyone
                                               and dated 27 April, they
                                               said that the research
                                               paper had been withdrawn.
                                               It was linked online by the
                                               Linux Weekly News website,
                                               run by Jonathan Corbet, a
                                               developer himself.


                                               It said the group would
                                               detail two aspects: the
                                               message log of disclosure
                                               of the findings to the
                                               community; and the patches
                                               submitted.


                                               “By showing the details of
                                               the patches and the
                                               exchange of messages, we
                                               wish to help the community
                                               to confirm that the buggy
                                               patches were ‘stopped’
                                               during message exchanges
                                               and not merged into the
                                               actual Linux code,” the
                                               statement claimed.


                                        # ⚓ Intentionally_buggy_commits_for
                                          fame—and_papers⠀⇛


                                               Fields asked for more
                                               details, some of which were
                                               filled in by Leon
                                               Romanovsky. A paper [PDF]
                                               by Qiushi Wu and Kangjie
                                               Lu, both of the University
                                               of Minnesota, details the
                                               process of introducing use-
                                               after-free bugs into the
                                               kernel for the purposes of,
                                               essentially, showing that
                                               it can be done—and
                                               presenting a paper about
                                               it, naturally. Romanovsky
                                               continued: “Yesterday, I
                                               took a look on 4 accepted
                                               patches from Aditya [Pakki]
                                               and 3 of them added various
                                               severity security ‘holes’.”


                                               Kernel developers have
                                               enough problems with bugs
                                               being added by mistake, so
                                               patches with intentional
                                               bugs are obviously
                                               unwelcome. Kroah-Hartman
                                               said that all of the
                                               patches coming from these
                                               developers need to be
                                               reverted because “what they
                                               are doing is intentional
                                               malicious behavior and is
                                               not acceptable and totally
                                               unethical”. He put together
                                               a patch set of 190
                                               reversions that he called
                                               the “easy” reverts; there
                                               is a set of 68 additional
                                               patches that need manual
                                               review to determine what to
                                               do about them. “Some of
                                               them are not able to be
                                               reverted as they already
                                               have been reverted, or
                                               fixed up with follow-on
                                               patches as they were
                                               determined to be invalid.
                                               Proof that these
                                               submissions were almost
                                               universally wrong.”


                                               [...]


                                               It is a horrifically messy
                                               situation, seemingly
                                               brought about by
                                               researchers who were not
                                               too concerned about the
                                               effects of their research
                                               on others. While Linux
                                               developers hardly need the
                                               additional work, the
                                               resulting “extra” scrutiny
                                               of new patches will be
                                               beneficial. It is a bit
                                               hard to see that as a
                                               silver lining, exactly—more
                                               like a sad but necessary
                                               outcome that was
                                               inevitable, as Roeck put
                                               it. This incident also
                                               should serve as a warning
                                               to researchers, at least
                                               hopefully, going forward:
                                               our communities are not
                                               playthings. Our code is
                                               free and open, but not for
                                               abuse.


                      # § Security⠀➾


                            # ⚓ Security_updates_for_Wednesday⠀⇛


                                   Security updates have been issued by
                                   Debian (chromium and shibboleth-sp),
                                   Fedora (ceph and salt), Oracle
                                   (thunderbird), Red Hat (etcd),
                                   Scientific Linux (nss and openldap),
                                   SUSE (curl, gdm, and libnettle), and
                                   Ubuntu (openjdk-8, openjdk-lts and
                                   underscore).


                            # ⚓ Too_big_to_care:_About_the_deteriorated_abuse
                              handling_at_some_western_IT_giants⠀⇛


                                   Imagine you are in need of an ISP to
                                   host your 100,000 malware distribution
                                   sites. Which one would be your first
                                   choice? You operate a website for
                                   exchanging stolen credit card data, and
                                   need a reliable place for web and DNS
                                   services. Where do you go? A botnet
                                   operation of yours relies on reachable
                                   C&C servers, but even the dirtiest ISPs
                                   shut them down quickly. What to do?


                                   Among the western cloud providers that
                                   fit the bill are Google, Microsoft and
                                   Cloudflare. Choose three.


                                   [...]


                                   Firewall rules tend to fail when it
                                   comes to malicious activity originating
                                   from big cloud providers or other
                                   heavily centralised IT players, such as
                                   major ESPs (email service providers).
                                   While processing Autonomous Systems
                                   makes it easier to permit access to one
                                   distinct cloud provider, but drop
                                   traffic to others located in the same
                                   area, they cannot protect against abuse
                                   within the AS or IP networks allowed.


                                   This is precisely why the author is so
                                   disappointed about Google, Microsoft
                                   and Cloudflare: Blocking them is
                                   impossible in almost any circumstances
                                   – even dropping traffic to single IP
                                   addresses of them already causes huge
                                   collateral damage. Worse, they know
                                   they can get away with this attitude.
                                   Among the motivations behind this post
                                   is to raise pressure on such ISPs,
                                   striving for a internet being less
                                   dirty than the one we have to make do
                                   with today.


                                   Using IPFire’s web proxy in combination
                                   with some good and reliable domain-
                                   based blocklists2 is not a silver
                                   bullet either: While it helps to deny
                                   access to knowingly malicious domains
                                   hosted on legitimate infrastructure, it
                                   is of no use if the offending domain is
                                   something like
                                   firebasestorage.googleapis[.]com, being
                                   abused for hosting phishing sites for
                                   years.


                            # ⚓ Valid_Takes:_More_Ethereum_Upgrades_to_Come
                              After_Proof_of_Stake,_Buterin_Says⠀⇛


                                   The Ethereum 2.0 network had its first
                                   major incident on Saturday, April 24. A
                                   bug was discovered in the software
                                   client, Prysm, that prevented roughly
                                   70% of validators on the network from
                                   producing blocks.


                            # ⚓ Daniel_Kaminsky,_Internet_Security_Savior,_Dies
                              at_42⠀⇛


                                   Daniel Kaminsky, a security researcher
                                   known for his discovery of a
                                   fundamental flaw in the fabric of the
                                   internet, died on Friday at his home in
                                   San Francisco. He was 42.


                                   His aunt, Dr. Toby Maurer, said the
                                   cause was diabetic ketoacidosis, a
                                   condition that led to frequent
                                   hospitalizations in recent years.


                            # ⚓ Experian_API_Exposed_Credit_Scores_of_Most
                              Americans⠀⇛


                            # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾


                                  # ⚓ Facebook_expects_ad_tracking_problems
                                    from_regulators_and_Apple⠀⇛


                                         “We continue to expect increased
                                         ad targeting headwinds in 2021
                                         from regulatory and platform
                                         changes,” Facebook CFO Dave
                                         Wehner writes in the company’s Q1
                                         2021 earnings release. Wehner
                                         specifically calls out iOS 14.5,
                                         which includes a feature that
                                         lets iPhone and iPad users easily
                                         stop apps from tracking them in
                                         certain ways. Facebook expects to
                                         start seeing an impact from the
                                         changes to iOS right away.


                                  # ⚓ Facebook_Revenue_Soars_to_$26.1_Billion,
                                    Tops_2.85_Billion_Monthly_Active_Users⠀⇛


                                         Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg also
                                         addressed Apple introducing an
                                         iOS 14 privacy update that will
                                         impact her company’s advertising
                                         conversions. “We’re working with
                                         our customers to implement
                                         Apple’s API and our own
                                         aggregated events measurement API
                                         to mitigate the impact of the iOS
                                         14 changes,” she told analysts.


                                  # ⚓ Irish_DPC_“handles”_99,93%_of_GDPR
                                    complaints,_without_decision?⠀⇛


                                         The two hour hearing (full video
                                         1, video 2 and video 3) before
                                         the Joint Committee on Justice
                                         was split into two sessions, with
                                         Max Schrems (noyb) and Fred Logue
                                         (FP Logue Solicitors) in the
                                         first session, and Helen Dixon
                                         (DPC) and Johnny Ryan (ICCL) in
                                         the second session. Witnesses in
                                         the first session largely agreed
                                         on countless issues with the DPC
                                         and highlighted that most
                                         complaints before the DPC hardly
                                         see any decisions – often for
                                         years. Despite reporting more
                                         than 10,000 complaints in 2020,
                                         the DPC only plans six to seven
                                         formal decisions in 2021, meaning
                                         that only 0.07% of all GDPR
                                         complaints might possibly see a
                                         formal decision. This
                                         “disappearance” of complaints led
                                         Mr Schrems to speculate about a
                                         “Bermuda triangle” at the DPC.


                                  # ⚓ Citizen_Lab_Responds_to_NSO_Group_and
                                    Continued_Spyware_Abuse⠀⇛


                                         In December 2020, the Citizen Lab
                                         published The Great iPwn:
                                         Journalists Hacked with Suspected
                                         NSO Group iMessage ‘Zero-Click’
                                         Exploit. This report detailed how
                                         government operatives used NSO
                                         Group’s Pegasus spyware to hack
                                         36 personal phones belonging to
                                         journalists, producers, anchors,
                                         and executives at Al Jazeera, as
                                         well as the personal phone of a
                                         journalist at London-based Al
                                         Araby TV. After the report was
                                         published, NSO Group stated that
                                         it would review the information
                                         in the report and undertake an
                                         investigation “if warranted.”


                                         However, the Citizen Lab has
                                         little reason to believe that
                                         such an investigation would be
                                         genuine, transparent, and
                                         thorough. As highlighted by a
                                         coalition of human rights
                                         organizations in a letter to NSO
                                         Group released today, NSO Group
                                         continues to fail in human rights
                                         compliance. The company has
                                         fallen far short of numerous
                                         promises and commitments it made,
                                         in particular with regards to
                                         transparency and its human rights
                                         due diligence framework. Dr. Ron
                                         Deibert, founder and director of
                                         the Citizen Lab, makes the
                                         following points in his latest
                                         reply to NSO Group: [...]


                                  # ⚓ Poll:_72%_Of_Citizens_Oppose_EU_Plans_To
                                    Search_All_Private_Messages_For_Allegedly
                                    Illegal_Material_And_Report_To_The_Police⠀⇛


                                         For the representative opinion
                                         poll citizens from the
                                         Netherlands, Poland, Germany,
                                         Italy, France, Austria, the Czech
                                         Republic, Spain, Sweden and
                                         Ireland were asked about their
                                         opinion on the automatic
                                         searching of all personal
                                         electronic mail and messages of
                                         each citizen for presumed
                                         suspicious content in the search
                                         for child pornography. On average
                                         across Europe, a large majority
                                         of 72% of respondents opposes the
                                         idea. Only 18% support the EU‘s
                                         plans.


                                         The survey was commissioned by
                                         the Pirate Party MEP Patrick
                                         Breyer who is negotiating the
                                         file for the Greens/EFA group.
                                         Breyer comments on the poll
                                         results as follows: [...]


                                  # ⚓ Your_social_media_photos_could_be_used_in
                                    ways_you_never_expected_|_Opinion⠀⇛


                                         And this is the weird detail I
                                         can’t get past: Last year, the
                                         majority of the pictures Detroit
                                         police used with the department’s
                                         controversial facial recognition
                                         technology came from social
                                         media. This year, images from
                                         social media are running a close
                                         second to images from Project
                                         Greenlight.


                                         “We’re in a perpetual lineup, all
                                         day, every day,” said Tawana
                                         Petty, a Detroit author and
                                         activist who. “Everybody is in a
                                         lineup, whether you snap a
                                         selfie, walk past a green light,
                                         drive past a traffic camera … if
                                         there happens to be a
                                         surveillance camera in your
                                         neighborhood. All day, every day,
                                         in a lineup, hoping you don’t get
                                         misidentified for something you
                                         didn’t do.”


                                         Part of what seems odd about this
                                         social media thing is that most
                                         of us have no idea that the
                                         pictures we upload to social
                                         media could be used in this way.


                                  # ⚓ Signal_Received_Grand_Jury_Subpoena_to
                                    Hand_Over_User_Data⠀⇛


                                         Signal has received a subpoena
                                         coming from the United States
                                         Attorney’s Office in the Central
                                         District of California, asking
                                         the end-to-end encrypted IM
                                         platform to hand over user data
                                         that was determined to be
                                         relevant to an ongoing criminal
                                         investigation conducted by
                                         Homeland Security Investigations.


                                  # ⚓ Confused_U.S._Feds_Subpoena_Signal_for
                                    Data_It_Doesn’t_Collect⠀⇛


                                         For the second time in several
                                         years, Signal has been subpoenaed
                                         by U.S. federal investigators for
                                         data that the encrypted chat app
                                         company doesn’t actually collect.


                                         In a statement published
                                         Wednesday, the company disclosed
                                         that it had recently received a
                                         summons from the U.S. Attorney’s
                                         Office in the Central District of
                                         California. The request comes
                                         from investigators with the U.S.
                                         Department of Homeland Security
                                         and asks for data on half a dozen
                                         Signal users — including their
                                         addresses, “their correspondence,
                                         and the name associated with each
                                         account,” along with other
                                         subscriber data.


                                         Apparently, the investigators who
                                         filed the subpoena aren’t too
                                         familiar with the company. All
                                         Signal can actually do is provide
                                         them with Unix timestamps for
                                         when each user account was
                                         created and the date when each
                                         account last connected to
                                         Signal’s servers — because that’s
                                         all the company actually
                                         collects. As a recent comparison
                                         between different data collection
                                         practices by various chat apps
                                         shows, Signal is in a league of
                                         its own when it comes to
                                         respecting users’ privacy.
                                         Whereas something like WhatsApp,
                                         despite offering encryption,
                                         still hoovers up a host of
                                         analytics and user information
                                         including your name, location,
                                         contacts, user and device ID,
                                         etc., Signal retains pretty much
                                         zilch.


          o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾


                # ⚓ The_MH17_Trial:_The_Dangers_of_Presuming_the_Fairness_of_a
                  Geopolitically-Driven_Enterprise⠀⇛


                       November 2020 saw the conclusion in Schiphol, the
                       Dutch airport near Amsterdam, to the pre-trial
                       hearings in the case being brought by the Dutch
                       Prosecution Service against three Russians (Igor
                       Girkin, Sergey Dubinskiy, Oleg Pulatov) and one
                       Ukrainian (Leonid Kharchenko), former military
                       leaders of the Donetsk People’s Republic. They were
                       charged with the delivery of a Russian Buk-Telar
                       missile launcher that was allegedly used by
                       separatists in eastern Donbass to shoot down
                       civilian Malaysian Airlines flight MH17 on July 17,
                       2014, with the ensuing loss of 298 lives.


                # ⚓ Jeremy_Scahill:_Joe_Biden’s_Foreign_Policy_Record_Shows
                  Evolution_of_U.S._Empire_Since_Vietnam_War⠀⇛


                       An investigation into President Joe Biden’s foreign
                       policy record reveals “the history of the evolution
                       of the American empire, from the Vietnam War to the
                       present,” says Jeremy Scahill, award-winning
                       journalist and co-founder of The Intercept, which
                       recently published a project titled “Empire
                       Politician” that examines Biden’s stances on war
                       and militarism. Scahill says Joe Biden is the first
                       president in decades to come to the White House
                       after spending significant time in Congress, but
                       it’s not clear whether that will push him toward
                       greater restraint in matters of war and peace.
                       “Biden has spent his entire life railing against
                       executive overreach, demanding that Congress be in
                       charge of declaring war, and he may well be
                       presented with a conflict around the world where
                       it’s going to really call the question on which Joe
                       Biden shows up: Joe Biden, commander in chief, or
                       Joe Biden who spent most of the past 50 years as a
                       senator demanding that Congress be given its proper
                       authority,” says Scahill.


                # ⚓ “Empire_Politician”:_Joe_Biden’s_Half-Century_Record_on
                  Foreign_Policy,_War,_Militarism_&_the_CIA⠀⇛


                       As President Joe Biden nears his 100th day in the
                       White House, we look at his foreign policy record,
                       both as president and over the past five decades. A
                       new project created by Jeremy Scahill, award-
                       winning journalist and senior correspondent at The
                       Intercept, examines Biden’s stances on war,
                       militarism and the CIA going back to the early
                       1970s, when he was first elected as a senator in
                       Delaware. We air a video discussing the project,
                       titled “Empire Politician,” featuring Scahill.


                # ⚓ QAnon_fans_are_obsessed_with_Arizona_vote_“audit,”_still
                  hoping_for_Trump_comeback⠀⇛


                       The audit is being conducted by Florida-based tech
                       company Cyber Ninjas, owned by Doug Logan, a known
                       QAnon conspiracy theorist who, in advance of the
                       recount, speculated that it would garner an extra
                       200,000 votes for Donald Trump, according to the
                       Huffington Post. Logan himself has widely spread
                       false claims on Twitter that Trump lost the
                       election due to systemic fraud, without of course
                       supplying any evidence.


                       Arizona Republican officials had reportedly never
                       heard of Cyber Ninjas, which has no known
                       experience in auditing elections. On Friday,
                       Maricopa County Superior Court Judge Christopher
                       Coury demanded that the firm provide more
                       transparency regarding its recount procedures.
                       Cyber Ninjas has so far refused to hand over such
                       information, claiming it would “compromise the
                       security of its recount,” according to The Arizona
                       Republic. The company also alleged that divulging
                       the details of its recount procedures would
                       threaten its trade secrets.


          o § Transparency/Investigative Reporting⠀➾


                # ⚓ Pirates:_Mandatory_Transparency_Register_For_Lobbying_In_EU
                  Institutions_Doesn’t_Live_Up_To_Its_Name⠀⇛


                       Yesterday evening, the European Parliament endorsed
                       an Interinstitutional Agreement for a Mandatory
                       Transparency Register, aiming at implementing
                       stricter rules for lobbying within Parliament,
                       Commission and Council. While the text is an
                       important step towards more transparency, it fails
                       at its aim of enhancing openness of the EU
                       decision-making processes. For the Pirates
                       Delegation in the Greens/EFA Group, significant
                       registration exemptions represent missed
                       opportunities for more accountability in the
                       institutions.


          o § Environment⠀➾


                # ⚓ Julian_Casablancas_Interviews_Noam_Chomsky_on_Latest
                  ‘S.O.S._—_Earth_Is_a_Mess’⠀⇛


                       The interview ends with Casablancas asking Chomsky
                       what he would do with a magic wand, to which he
                       replies, “If I had a magic wand, I would get people
                       to understand… let’s take the environment, which is
                       the most crucial issue we face. You can’t
                       overestimate, we have maybe a decade or two, that’s
                       it, in which we can decide to get the heating of
                       the environment under control. If we don’t do it,
                       we’re finished. It’s not that everybody’s going to
                       die the next year, but we’ll be on a course that is
                       irreversible.”


                # § Energy⠀➾


                      # ⚓ The_Composer_Who_Fought_Uranium_Mining_on_the
                        Orkneys⠀⇛


                             “Yellow cake” or uranium ore, seemed like an
                             unlikely subject matter for a cabaret. But
                             Maxwell Davies was an unlikely kind of
                             musician — deeply connected to causes
                             including gay rights, anti-war and the
                             environment.


                             I first learned of the music of Maxwell
                             Davies through Donald Ranvaud, another
                             renaissance polymath, who was teaching at the
                             University of Warwick when I was a student
                             there and inspired in me a passion for
                             Italian cinema, especially Bertolucci and
                             Pasolini.


                # § Wildlife/Nature⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Whales_Face_New_and_Emerging_Threats⠀⇛


                # § Overpopulation⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Counterpoint:_In_truth,_overpopulation_is_blighting
                        human_lives⠀⇛


                             In recent years, several economists have
                             argued that future population decreases would
                             be economically deleterious. Although Cowen
                             notes this only briefly, others have been
                             more explicit that fewer people, leading to
                             decreased consumption and reduced economic
                             growth, will damage the global economy. This
                             is the case only if humanity stubbornly
                             pursues an 18th-century economic system that
                             understandably did not anticipate the
                             constraints of the 21st-century world.


                      # ⚓ ‘It’s_a_massive_injustice’:_inside_a_film_on_the
                        dangers_of_overpopulation⠀⇛


                             When asked why people might perceive him as
                             evil, he sheepishly replies: “By wasting a
                             limited resource that should be left for
                             future generations.” It is this dichotomy of
                             consumption and conservation that’s the root
                             of the new documentary 8 Billion Angels.


                             It’s a film about the connection between
                             climate change and overpopulation,
                             demonstrated through the intersection between
                             human geography and resource management. It’s
                             the brainchild of producer Terry Spahr, who
                             previously worked in the private sector but
                             the realities of climate change frightened
                             him into action.


                      # ⚓ Population_growth_and_resource_depletion⠀⇛


                             Students may have a hard time understanding
                             that population growth is controlled not only
                             by birth and death rates but also by the
                             present population. The mathematics of
                             exponential growth govern the prediction of
                             population growth. In some cases, you may
                             want to point out that students may have
                             heard of exponential growth in other
                             contexts, such as compound interest or the
                             spread of viral disease. The rate of
                             population growth at any given time can be
                             written: [...]


                      # ⚓ Poverty_and_overpopulation⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ [Old] Letter:_Overpopulation_is_the_elephant_in_the
                        room⠀⇛


                             Around 1920 the global population was about a
                             third of what it is today. In 1968 it was
                             about half. The population doubled from 1968
                             and is now approaching 8 billion and growing
                             rapidly.


          o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾


                # ⚓ Verizon_Communications_Is_Weighing_a_Sale_of_Yahoo!,_AOL
                  Unit⠀⇛


                       Verizon Communications Inc. is considering selling
                       its media division, according to people familiar
                       with the matter, as the telecommunications giant
                       seeks to unload once high-flying dot-com brands
                       such as Yahoo! and AOL.


                       Verizon Media could fetch as much as $5 billion,
                       said the people, who asked to not be identified
                       because the matter isn’t public. The company is
                       talking to Apollo Global Management Inc. about a
                       deal, they said. It couldn’t immediately be learned
                       how a deal would be structured or if other suitors
                       may emerge. No final decision has been made and
                       Verizon could opt to keep the unit.


                # ⚓ How_to_stream_President_Joe_Biden’s_first_joint_address_to
                  Congress⠀⇛


                       President Biden will deliver his first joint
                       address to Congress on Wednesday. There will be an
                       unusually small crowd in the House chamber due to
                       the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, but the event
                       will be streamed on social media platforms for
                       viewers across the country.


          o § Misinformation/Disinformation⠀➾


                # ⚓ Right-wing_lies_like_Biden’s_beef_ban_and_Kamala’s_book
                  spread_too_fast_for_corrections_to_counter⠀⇛


                       In both cases, however, it’s highly unlikely that
                       corrections will ever penetrate the consciousness
                       of the average person who shared straight-faced
                       posts referencing these fake stories on Facebook,
                       Instagram, Twitter, or the other social media
                       sites. On the contrary, you’ll probably be hearing
                       right wing relatives griping about Harris using her
                       book to indoctrinate migrant children and “jokes”
                       about Biden’s burgers for years to come.


          o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾


                # ⚓ Facebook_claims_it_mistakenly_hid_posts_calling_for_India’s
                  prime_minister_to_resign⠀⇛


                       When Facebook users tried to view a hashtag calling
                       for the resignation of Indian prime minister
                       Narendra Modi on Wednesday, they instead saw a
                       message saying that Facebook was temporarily hiding
                       the posts in order to keep the community safe.
                       Buzzfeed News reports that the posts were hidden
                       for about three hours.


                # ⚓ Controversial_EU_Anti-Terror_Internet_Regulation_TERREG
                  Adopted⠀⇛


                       After the European Parliament’s Home Affairs
                       Committee (LIBE) agreed to a new EU regulation to
                       prevent the dissemination of terrorist content
                       online (TERREG) by 52:14 votes last week, the
                       regulation has now been deemed approved by the
                       plenary without a vote. The regulation will allow
                       national authorities to have Internet content
                       removed, even if hosted in another Member State,
                       within one hour, without requiring a court order.
                       The proposal has been criticized by numerous NGOs
                       as well as UN Special Rapporteurs, the European
                       Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) and the
                       International Commission of Jurists (ICJ).


                # ⚓ PM_says_his_approach_to_tackle_blasphemy_will_work⠀⇛


                       “I want the Muslim countries to devise a joint line
                       of action over the blasphemy issue with a warning
                       of trade boycott of countries where such incidents
                       will happen. This will be the most effective way to
                       achieve the goal.”


          o § Freedom of Information/Freedom of the Press⠀➾


                # ⚓ Jeremy_Scahill_on_Biden’s_“War_Against_Whistleblowers,”
                  from_Daniel_Ellsberg_to_Edward_Snowden⠀⇛


                       We continue our conversation with The Intercept’s
                       Jeremy Scahill, who just published a groundbreaking
                       new project on Joe Biden’s decades-long foreign
                       policy record. Scahill says that during his years
                       in the U.S. Senate, Biden “almost never meets a war
                       he doesn’t support,” becoming one of the most
                       hawkish figures in Washington in the 1990s and
                       2000s. Scahill also discusses Biden’s “war against
                       whistleblowers,” from Daniel Ellsberg to Edward
                       Snowden.


                # ⚓ New_Report_Shows_Curbs_to_Media_Freedom_in_Europe⠀⇛


                       Leading media organizations and watchdog groups
                       have issued a new report concerning threats to
                       press freedom across Europe. It documents a record
                       number of reported violations including physical
                       attacks, harassment, intimidation and online
                       violence against journalists in 2020 — in some
                       cases intensified by COVID-19 pandemic measures.


                       This is the third annual report authored by media
                       groups partnering with the 47-member Council of
                       Europe to promote press protection and safety in a
                       region stretching from Portugal to Russia.


                       Among its key findings: eroding legal protections
                       for journalists and government interference are
                       threatening free expression and the media’s role as
                       watchdog against abuse.


                # ⚓ 2_Spanish_Journalists_Among_3_Killed_in_Ambush_in_Burkina
                  Faso⠀⇛


                       In Burkina Faso, violence has fueled a fast-growing
                       displacement crisis, with more than a million
                       people fleeing their homes since 2019, according to
                       the United Nations’ humanitarian affairs body.
                       Three million people are in need of humanitarian
                       assistance, in a country with a population of 20
                       million.


                # ⚓ Two_Spanish_journalists_killed_in_eastern_Burkina_Faso⠀⇛


                       War reporter David Beriain and cameraman Roberto
                       Fraile were killed when the government convoy they
                       were accompanying was attacked yesterday morning on
                       the road leading to the Pama national park in the
                       east of the country, several Burkinabe security and
                       governmental sources told RSF.


                       They were travelling with the convoy with the aim
                       of covering its operations against poachers. This
                       park is located near the tri-border Sahel zone –
                       Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso – where several armed
                       groups are active.


                # ⚓ Spanish_journalists_David_Beriain_and_Roberto_Fraile_killed
                  in_Burkina_Faso⠀⇛


                       The two journalists were working on a documentary
                       about poaching when unidentified gunmen ambushed
                       the group of about 40 people they were traveling
                       with, according to those news reports. Spanish
                       Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez confirmed the
                       journalists’ deaths in a tweet today.


          o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾


                # ⚓ “They’re_Trying_to_Make_It_So_We_Walk_Away”:_It’s_About_to
                  Get_Harder_to_File_Lawsuits_Saying_Sugar_Harvesters_Poisoned
                  the_Air⠀⇛


                       Two years ago, a group of residents from the rural
                       Glades region of western Palm Beach County took
                       powerful sugar companies to court, alleging that
                       the farmers’ harvesting practices were poisoning
                       poor communities in Florida’s heartland.


                       For sugar companies, the most efficient way to cull
                       crops is to burn away the plant’s leafy outer
                       stalk, which sends plumes of smoke and ash into
                       mostly Black and Hispanic neighborhoods on the
                       northern edge of the Everglades. Some residents say
                       the smoke is making them and their children sick.
                       The industry disputes that claim and has sought to
                       dismiss the lawsuit.


                # ⚓ A_fired_Amazon_worker_is_trying_to_unionize_four_NYC-area
                  facilities⠀⇛


                       Amazon workers at four different facilities near
                       Staten Island have begun the process of unionizing
                       with the Amazon Labor Union. The organizing effort
                       is being led by Christian Smalls, a former
                       warehouse worker who was fired in March after
                       organizing a walkout to protest unsafe working
                       conditions during the pandemic, according to
                       Protocol.


                       The company has responded by posting anti-union
                       messages on TV screens at JFK8, the fulfillment
                       center where Smalls used to work. “KNOW THE FACTS
                       BEFORE YOU SIGN A UNION CARD,” reads one of the
                       messages obtained by Motherboard. “If someone asks
                       you to provide your personal information or sign a
                       union card, do not release your personal
                       information without knowing all the facts.”


                # ⚓ Who_Is_Mario_Gonzalez?_Bodycam_Shows_Police_Kneeling_on_Man
                  Before_His_Death⠀⇛


                       But Gonzalez’s family says he was complying with
                       the officers and they had no reason to use force.


                       “The police killed my brother in the same manner
                       they killed George Floyd,” his brother Gerardo
                       Gonzalez said after viewing the body camera footage
                       of the incident.


                       The nearly hourlong video from the body cameras of
                       two of the officers involved was posted on YouTube
                       on Tuesday.


                # ⚓ Video_Shows_Police_Laughing_at_Footage_of_Arrest_of_Woman
                  With_Dementia⠀⇛


                       In the newly released footage, an hourlong video
                       uploaded to YouTube by the law firm representing
                       Ms. Garner, three Loveland police officers laugh
                       while they watch footage of Ms. Garner’s arrest.


          o § Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾


                # ⚓ A_Digital_Dystopia:_How_Calls_for_Backdoors_to_Encryption
                  Would_Ruin_the_Internet_for_Everyone⠀⇛


                       Imagine what would happen if they got their wish.
                       Without secure encryption, the Internet – and parts
                       of the world that increasingly rely on it – would
                       soon become a dystopia.


                       It would have a dramatic effect on the ability of
                       business and governments to continue functioning,
                       especially when most collaboration is happening
                       online. The risks of information breaches, trade
                       secrets, and employee information being leaked
                       would have long-term, negative implications – the
                       very reason businesses and governments rely on
                       encryption to secure their data.


                # ⚓ Internet_freedom_declined_in_Pakistan_in_2020,_says
                  report⠀⇛


                       Internet freedom in Pakistan declined dramatically
                       in 2020 due to increased blocking of political,
                       social and cultural websites by the government,
                       beefed-up operationalisation of an undeclared
                       policy of connectivity restrictions and increased
                       disinformation and weaponisation of the cybercrime
                       law as a tool.


                       This is the crux of the findings of the “Annual
                       Pakistan media legal review 2020” report launched
                       by the Institute for Research, Advocacy and
                       Development (IRADA) to commemorate the World Press
                       Freedom Day on May 3.


          o § Monopolies⠀➾


                # ⚓ Google_Says_Pretty_Much_Everything_Shields_It_From_Being
                  Sued_Over_Things_Telegram_Users_Said⠀⇛


                       An ambassador who last worked as a US ambassador
                       more than two decades ago recently sued Apple and
                       Google for… well, let’s go to the tape. Apparently,
                       it’s somehow these two companies’ fault that
                       Telegram users make anti-Semitic comments and
                       otherwise make “Ambassador Marc Ginsberg” (as the
                       plaintiff refers to himself in his complaints) feel
                       unsafe.


                # ⚓ Australian_antitrust_watchdog_goes_after_preinstalled_iOS
                  apps⠀⇛


                       As part of an investigation into app store
                       dominance, namely Apple’s App Store and Google’s
                       Play Store, the Australian Competition and Consumer
                       Commission this week called for the two tech giants
                       to give users more choice when it comes to
                       preinstalled apps.


                       [...]


                       “There is a need for consumers to have more choice
                       through an ability to change any preinstalled
                       default app on their device that is not a core
                       phone feature,” the report reads. “This would
                       provide consumers with more control to choose the
                       app that best meets their needs, and promote more
                       robust competition in downstream markets for apps.”


                       So-called “choice screens” are being investigated
                       as a potential solution. Seen on Android, the
                       feature presents users with the option of
                       downloading alternative search engines and
                       browsers, but could be broadened in Australia to
                       include preinstalled apps.


                       In Russia, Apple implements a similar feature to
                       adhere to local law, albeit with government-
                       approved apps. Elsewhere, iOS 14 users are able to
                       change the system default browser, email app and
                       search engine in the Settings app.


                # § Patents⠀➾


                      # ⚓ U.S._Patent_Office_Issues_Notice_of_Allowance_for
                        Nicox’s_Latanoprostene_Bunod_in_Normal_Tension
                        Glaucoma⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Meril_Life_Sciences_denied_compulsory_licenses_in
                        heart_valve_dispute [Ed: These patents can only lead to
                        more deaths, nothing else]⠀⇛


                             The dispute between Edwards Lifescience and
                             Meril Life Sciences spans numerous
                             jurisdictions and numerous patents. All
                             patents relate to minimally-invasive heart
                             valve technology. Now, the Federal Patent
                             Court in Germany has denied Meril a
                             compulsory licence.


                             Edwards Lifescience owns several patents and
                             utility models for this technology, including
                             EP 3 593 762 B1, EP 3 498 226 B1, EP 2 628
                             464 B1, EP 3 494 928 B1, EP 3 494 930 B1 and
                             EP 3 590 471 B1. These patents protect
                             minimally-invasive heart valves and
                             accessories. A further patent, EP 3 494 929,
                             relates to a delivery system for
                             transcatheter heart valves.


                             US company Edwards Lifescience provides the
                             heart valves in four sizes which can be
                             individually adapted to patients’ physical
                             conditions. However, Meril offers its product
                             in a larger variation of sizes.


                      # ⚓ EPO_President_comments_on_referral_G1/21 [Ed: EPO
                        management breaks the law, then attacks the courts,
                        then lies about the whole thing. Incredible! Will the
                        German_government_wake_up_and_do_something_before_it’s
                        too_late?]⠀⇛


                             Yesterday, the President of the EPO submitted
                             written observations to the Enlarged Board of
                             Appeal on case G 1/21, “Oral proceedings by
                             videoconference”. The referral concerns the
                             question whether the conduct of oral
                             proceedings in the form of a videoconference
                             is compatible with the right to oral
                             proceedings as enshrined in Article 116(1)
                             EPC if not all of the parties to the
                             proceedings have given their consent to the
                             conduct of oral proceedings in the form of a
                             videoconference.


                      # ⚓ EPO_President_at_the_Spanish_Chamber_of_Commerce_on
                        the_support_to_innovators [Ed: The criminal who runs
                        the EPO is doing lobbying while pretending he stands
                        for innovation]⠀⇛


                             Yesterday, 27 April, EPO President António
                             Campinos appeared as guest speaker at a
                             virtual meeting of the Spanish Chamber of
                             Commerce’s Research and Innovation Committee.


                             Mr Campinos spoke with the committee members
                             about the significant role that innovation
                             and intellectual property can play in a
                             sustainable recovery of the global economy.
                             “It’s the innovation sector that’s going to
                             help us get back to better days”, he said.


                      # ⚓ Clean_energy_innovation_slowing_globally:_report [Ed:
                        When the EPO isn’t misusing_funds_to_bribe_scholars
                        (for self-serving propaganda) it does this greenwashing
                        of patents]⠀⇛


                             A joint report by the European Patent Office
                             and the International Energy Agency found
                             that found that the average annual growth
                             rate of patents for low carbon emissions
                             technologies has fallen to 3.3 percent since
                             2017, considerably slower than the average
                             level of 12.5 percent in the period 2000-
                             2013.


                      # ⚓ Clean_Energy_Innovations_Slowed_Between_2017-19 [Ed:
                        EPO pretends to be doing studies (propaganda), clearly
                        a_misuse_of_a_patent_office_for_objectives_unrelated_to
                        it]⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Clean_energy_patents_rise,_but_below_10-year_rate:
                        IEA [Ed: More greenwashing_stunts of the EPO have
                        reached far and wide. Are these publications bribed
                        (the EPO does bribe publishers)?]⠀⇛


                             The new joint study by the IEA and the
                             European Patent Office (EPO), titled “Patents
                             and the energy transition: global trends in
                             clean energy technology innovation”, finds
                             that patents related to low-carbon energy
                             technologies grew on average by 3.3% a year
                             in the 2017-19 period, highlighting that
                             innovation progress will be essential to
                             accelerate the transition to clean energy,


                      # § Software Patents⠀➾


                            # ⚓ $2,250_Awarded_for_KinectUs_prior_art⠀⇛


                                   Unified is pleased to announce PATROLL
                                   crowdsourcing contest winner, Vibhor
                                   Dimri, who received a cash prize of
                                   $2,250 for his prior art submission for
                                   U.S. Patent 9,294,428. The patent is
                                   owned by KinectUs LLC. The ’428 patent
                                   generally relates to a system and
                                   method for establishing a communication
                                   between mobile device users that
                                   register with a collaboration system,
                                   which determines a match between
                                   profile data of the first registered
                                   mobile device and profile data of the
                                   second registered mobile device. It is
                                   currently being asserted against Bumble
                                   Trading, LLC.


                # § Copyrights⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Activision_Fights_Back_Against_Call_of_Duty_Copyright
                        Infringement_Lawsuit⠀⇛


                             Activision and Infinity Ward were hit with a
                             copyright infringement lawsuit in February
                             alleging that the companies made a direct
                             copy of a character called “Cade Janus” and
                             relabeled her as “Mara” in Call of Duty:
                             Modern Warfare. In a response filed this
                             week, the defendants provide a laundry list
                             of affirmative defenses including fair use
                             and the existence of an implied license.


                      # ⚓ File-Sharing_Site_Wants_Movie_Company_to_Pay_For
                        Overturned_Anti-Piracy_Filter⠀⇛


                             Czech file-sharing and hosting site Ulož.to
                             has successfully appealed a preliminary court
                             order that required it to block files that
                             contain the word “Charlatan.” The broad
                             measure, requested by movie distributor
                             CinemArt, was overturned on appeal and the
                             file-sharing site is now looking for more
                             than $36,000 in compensation.



                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 4782

╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


✐ Links_30/4/2021:_Health_of_KDE_Assessed,_RISC-V_International_Growing⠀✐


Posted in News_Roundup at 6:35 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈


§ Contents⠀➾


    * GNU/Linux
          o Distributions
          o Devices/Embedded
    * Free_Software/Open_Source
    * Leftovers
    * § GNU/Linux⠀➾


          o § Server⠀➾


                # ⚓ Linux_Format:_SERVER_UPGRADE_WARNING!⠀⇛


                       After 12 years of uninterrupted, smooth service,
                       the stalwart Linux Format server is being put out
                       to pasture in the great server farm in the sky.


          o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾


                # ⚓ Ubuntu_Podcast_from_the_UK_LoCo:_S14E08_–_Minimum_Cover
                  Novel⠀⇛


                       This week we have been changing jobs and getting
                       new microphones. We discuss tablets, which ones we
                       own and why we use them, bring you some GUI love
                       and go over all your wonderful feedback.


                       It’s Season 14 Episode 08 of the Ubuntu Podcast!
                       Alan Pope, Mark Johnson and Martin Wimpress are
                       connected and speaking to your brain.


                # ⚓ These_Brave_Extensions_Are_Essential_To_My_Workflow⠀⇛


                       Ocassionally someone asks what extensions I’m
                       running in my brave web browser so I thought I’d
                       just be easier to go over all of them in one video,
                       unlike my regular system apps these don’t typically
                       change too often.


                # ⚓ Shading_workflow_for_comics_–_Krita⠀⇛


                       Learn to shade a comic in Krita the way I shaded
                       Episode 34 of my webcomic Pepper&Carrot ( https://
                       www.peppercarrot.com/en/article467/episode-34-the-
                       knighting-of-shichimi ). The video is detailed and
                       goes step-by-step to explain in details what I’m
                       selecting; and more importantly maybe, why. It
                       might sounds like this setup is long to do, but if
                       I’m not explaining it; adding the hardlight, the
                       mid-grey and the selection by color label can be
                       done within a minute. It then allows to shade
                       quickly the panels. This video follows a series of
                       two videos: a timelapse about inking a page of this
                       episode, and a detailed video about the flatting of
                       the page with the colorize-mask feature of Krita.


          o § Kernel Space⠀➾


                # § Graphics Stack⠀➾


                      # ⚓ NVIDIA_465.27_Linux_Driver_Brings_Expanded_Laptop_GPU
                        Support_–_Phoronix⠀⇛


                             NVIDIA today released their 465.27 Linux
                             driver as the newest stable build in this
                             current driver series.


                             Earlier this month the NVIDIA 465 series
                             debuted as stable with an assortment of
                             improvements and new features. Today’s NVIDIA
                             465.27 is just an incremental step past that.


          o § Benchmarks⠀➾


                # ⚓ Ubuntu_21.04_–_X.Org_vs._Wayland_Linux_Gaming_Performance⠀⇛


                       One of the most significant underlying changes with
                       the recent release of Ubuntu 21.04 is the default
                       GNOME Shell desktop environment is running the
                       Wayland-based session by default rather than the
                       traditional X.Org Server session. But what does
                       this mean for the Linux gaming performance on
                       Ubuntu 21.04? Here are some (X)Wayland vs. X.Org
                       benchmarks.


                       Ubuntu 21.04 is using the Wayland-based GNOME
                       session by default on supported (namely non-NVIDIA)
                       setups. However, via the log-in manager one can
                       easily switch back to GNOME on X.Org if desired for
                       testing/comparison purposes or if finding issue
                       with the Wayland support.


          o § Applications⠀➾


                # ⚓ MusE_4.0_Comes_Packed_with_Tabbed_UI,_Dark_Theme,_and_More
                  Exciting_Changes⠀⇛


                       MusE is a popular open-source DAW (Digital Audio
                       Workstation) that has been one of the few DAWs
                       available for Linux. The project has recently
                       released the 4th version of their software with
                       over 700 commits since their last release.


                       [...]


                       It can be a hassle to be constantly moving your
                       hands between your keyboard and mouse all day. This
                       has led to the rise of keyboard shortcuts, with
                       almost all modern applications supporting them.


                       Not wanting to be left out, MusE has added even
                       more keyboard shortcuts, resulting in a huge boost
                       to productivity. The result of this is a much
                       easier time navigating the UI and interacting with
                       your music.


                       [...]


                       While not a complete list of improvements, we have
                       discussed the main improvements in this release. I
                       think all these improvements will make a huge
                       impact on productivity and the popularity of MusE
                       as a preferred DAW for Linux.


                # ⚓ The_10_Best_Open_Source_Web_Servers_for_Linux⠀⇛


                       You are reading this article from a website powered
                       by an open-source web server simply because open
                       source web servers power over 80% of websites and
                       applications. The term web server can be used
                       interchangeably to refer to the hardware or
                       software used to serve content to end-users or
                       clients over HTTP.


                       Web servers have been under development and
                       constant improvement since the early 90s. There are
                       different types of web servers, and they can be
                       built for specific needs, for certain technologies,
                       or as special options for certain corporations.


                       This article will list some of the reliable and
                       popular open source web server projects available
                       for you to install and get your application or
                       website running.


                # ⚓ QEMU_6.0_Released_With_AMD_SEV-ES_Encrypted_Guest_Support,
                  Experimental_Multi-Process⠀⇛


                       QEMU 6.0 is out today as the newest feature release
                       for this processor/machine emulator and virtualizer
                       that serves as an important part of the open-source
                       Linux virtualization stack.


                       QEMU 6.0 brings with it many new features including
                       the likes of experimental multi-process device
                       emulation support, AMD SEV-ES encrypted guest
                       support, new processor.machine support, and other
                       virtualization improvements.


                       - QEMU can now be built with link-time
                       optimizations (LTO) and also supports LLVM Control-
                       Flow Integrity (CFI) too.


          o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾


                # ⚓ How_To_Enable_EPEL_Repository_on_AlmaLinux_8_–_idroot⠀⇛


                       In this tutorial, we will show you how to enable
                       the EPEL repository on AlmaLinux 8. For those of
                       you who didn’t know, Extra Packages for Enterprise
                       Linux (EPEL) is a repository with a high-quality
                       set of additional packages for Enterprise Linux
                       operating systems such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux
                       (RHEL), CentOS, and Scientific Linux (SL), Oracle
                       Linux (OL), AlmaLinux, and any other Linux
                       distribution from the RHEL family. Once you set up
                       the EPEL repository, you can use dnf command to
                       install any of close to 7,000 EPEL packages.


                       This article assumes you have at least basic
                       knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and
                       most importantly, you host your site on your own
                       VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes
                       you are running in the root account, if not you may
                       need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root
                       privileges. I will show you through the step-by-
                       step added EPEL repository on AlmaLinux 8.


                # ⚓ How_to_install_Firefox_ESR_on_Deepin_20.2⠀⇛


                       In this video, we are looking at how to install
                       Firefox ESR on Deepin 20.2. Enjoy!


                # ⚓ How_to_download_files_on_Linux_with_Curl⠀⇛


                       Curl is one of the most used Linux utilities ever.
                       It’s built-in so many GUI tools and used on pretty
                       much everything. As a result, it is very reliable
                       and one of the best tools users can use to download
                       files.


                # ⚓ How_to_install_the_Palemoon_Browser_on_a_Chromebook⠀⇛


                       Today we are looking at how to install the Palemoon
                       Browser, based on Firefox, on a Chromebook. Please
                       follow the video/audio guide as a tutorial where we
                       explain the process step by step and use the
                       commands below.


                # ⚓ How_To_Enable_RPM_Fusion_Repository_In_Fedora,_RHEL_–
                  OSTechNix⠀⇛


                       In this brief guide, we will see what is RPM Fusion
                       repository, why should we install RPM Fusion
                       repository, and finally how to enable RPM Fusion
                       repository in Fedora, RHEL, and its clones like
                       CentOS, AlmaLinux distributions.


                # ⚓ How_To_Install_Podman_on_Ubuntu_20.04_LTS_–_idroot⠀⇛


                       In this tutorial, we will show you how to install
                       Podman on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. For those of you who
                       didn’t know, Podman or Pod Manager is a very
                       popular utility for managing containers and the
                       storage volumes that are mounted onto those
                       containers. All the containers and Pods are created
                       as child processes of the Podman tool. The Podman’s
                       CLI is based on the Docker CLI. Just like Docker,
                       it helps developers to develop, manage, and run
                       their applications on containers.


                       This article assumes you have at least basic
                       knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and
                       most importantly, you host your site on your own
                       VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes
                       you are running in the root account, if not you may
                       need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root
                       privileges. I will show you through the step-by-
                       step installation of Podman on Ubuntu 20.04 (Focal
                       Fossa). You can follow the same instructions for
                       Ubuntu 18.04, 16.04, and any other Debian-based
                       distribution like Linux Mint.


                # ⚓ How_to_Benchmark_your_GPU_on_Linux⠀⇛


                       Linux is not famous for its gaming abilities and
                       possibilities, and it is only natural that there
                       aren’t many GPU benchmarking tools available with
                       which users can test their graphics hardware. There
                       are however some benchmarking suites that can help
                       you determine the various aspects of your GPU
                       performance with precision. In this tutorial, I
                       will show you GLX-Gears, GL Mark 2 and the
                       benchmarks from Unigine Benchmark Products.


                # ⚓ How_to_Create_Bootable_USB_Installer_for_Ubuntu_21.04_/
                  20.04_|_UbuntuHandbook⠀⇛


                       Want to create a bootable live-USB for installing
                       Ubuntu on your machine? Well, here’s how to do it
                       in Windows, Linux, or Mac OS.


                       I used to use UNetbootin to create bootable Live
                       USB. However, the USB drive does not boot after
                       writing with recent Ubuntu ISO images. So here I’m
                       going to introduce you few other USB writing tools.


                       Though I prefer the style of Ventoy, it however
                       does not install in my USB stick for unknown
                       reason. If you need bootable USB with other data
                       transfer usage unaffected, try it!


                # ⚓ How_to_Install_and_Configure_Perf_in_Linux_Distributions⠀⇛


                       Monitoring a Linux system is usual for every user.
                       Especially if you are a system admin, you might
                       need to check your system elaborately. You can’t
                       find many tools to know the system’s overall
                       status; finding an application that can generate a
                       real-time in-depth system status is complicated.
                       The Perf is one of the Linux tools you can use to
                       know the detailed health checkup and the live
                       position on your system. Perf is one of the most
                       used and robust system monitoring tools to gather
                       information on the Linux kernel, CPU, and hardware.
                       Moreover, it can also perform dynamic tracing,
                       checking hardware status, and provide benchmark
                       reports on a Linux machine.


                # ⚓ How_to_deploy_Ghost_Blog_with_Nginx_on_Ubuntu_20.04⠀⇛


                       Ghost is a free, open-source, and lightweight
                       blogging platform built on Node.js. It is simple,
                       customizable, and allows you to create and publish
                       your content on the internet. It is specially
                       designed for blogging so it is much faster than
                       other blogging platforms.


                # ⚓ How_to_play_Dead_Rising_on_Linux⠀⇛


                       Dead Rising is an action/adventure open-world game.
                       The game focuses on Frank, the photographer, just
                       as the world descends into a zombie apocalypse. The
                       player controls Frank as he fights to survive at an
                       abandoned mall.


                # ⚓ How_to_tail_(follow)_Linux_Service_Logs⠀⇛


                       One of the most common tasks during Linux
                       troubleshooting and software development sessions
                       is following service logs on a Linux system.


                # ⚓ Stop_logging_as_root_in_5_simple_steps⠀⇛


                       Do you still manage your virtual servers with the
                       root superuser? Here are five easy steps to stop
                       using root right now.


                       This post is for people with an SSH-based
                       authentication on Fedora, CentOS, or RHEL servers.
                       If you spin up a virtual server online, you can
                       usually choose to use an SSH-based authentication
                       instead of providing a password. That’s great! But
                       the initial connection would be set up for the root
                       superuser, and that’s not a good idea.


                       The first step to using root less is to stop using
                       it to log in. You can do that by choosing a new
                       admin account with sudo privileges and reuse the
                       root SSH server configuration. Here’s how.


                # ⚓ Start_Searching_In_Linux_Like_A_Pro_(_10_examples_+_Bonus
                  Tip_)⠀⇛


                       Now this article is going to be as simple as
                       possible and straight forward as possible. The idea
                       is to help you understand the pure basics in Linux
                       searching. In addition we are going to use several
                       searching tools to help us with this quest.


          o § Games⠀➾


                # ⚓ The_30_Best_Game_Emulator_Consoles_for_Linux⠀⇛


                       With the improved form of technology, powerful
                       gadgets such as phones are taking over the market.
                       Most people did not anticipate that the phone would
                       stand out and be vital in today’s world. Compared
                       to the old times when people used consoles such as
                       Nintendos and early play station designs, personal
                       computers have offered excellent features to
                       gamers.


                       Since many people love to relieve their childhood
                       nostalgia, Linux developers have tirelessly worked
                       and created a robust game emulator console system
                       for most of us.


                # ⚓ Gaming_on_Linux:_Guide_to_Graphics⠀⇛


                       GPUs are in short supply across the board due to
                       delays brought by COVID-19, but don’t fret! Now is
                       the perfect time to plan out your dream machine. If
                       questions surrounding your graphics preferences
                       render you confused, we’ve compiled some useful
                       info below on NVIDIA GPUs and AMD GPUs, as well as
                       suggestions for how much power you may desire.


                       Don’t I just need a GPU?


                       For games that require less rendering, any GPU will
                       run just fine, like the NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060
                       that’s served you well over the years. However, if
                       you want newer games to run like smooth butter at
                       their maximum settings, your old GPU puts a
                       technical limitation on which ones you can add to
                       your library.


                       [...]


                       While the 3D space is more intensive, the use of
                       simpler models and less detailed textures reduces
                       the computing power necessary to make any derpy
                       shapeman game run beautifully.


                # ⚓ Total_War:_ROME_REMASTERED_from_Feral_Interactive_is_out
                  now⠀⇛


                       Total War: ROME REMASTERED from game developer /
                       porter Feral Interactive and Creative Assembly with
                       SEGA as publisher is now officially out with Linux
                       support. [...]


                       Bringing us another quality natively supported game
                       originally known as Rome: Total War, Feral really
                       pulled out all the stops on this one. Some
                       remasters simply give a refreshed look but this is
                       a truly huge revamp of all parts of the game
                       allowing people to relive a favourite and for Linux
                       users – to play through it perhaps for the first
                       time.


                       The file size got a bit big for their liking
                       though, so you will notice that a free DLC is
                       available right away with the Enhanced Graphics
                       Pack. Not surprising though, because together the
                       installed size comes right up close to 70GB – so if
                       you want the true full experience be sure to have
                       some space ready.


                       [...]


                       If you did play the original, you’re in for an
                       upgraded nostalgic treat. For everyone else, it
                       makes it super easy to get into. Overall, it’s
                       absolute fantastic. To see Feral Interactive
                       continue to support Linux with some great ports is
                       wonderful. They’ve done another brilliant job, not
                       that we expected any less from them. It’s an easy
                       recommendation to pick up if you love strategy
                       games and previously missed out it due to the
                       original lacking Linux support. It just became one
                       of the best strategy games available on Linux.


                # ⚓ The_excellent_space_RPG_‘Star_Traders:_Frontiers’_is
                  getting_mod_support⠀⇛


                       Trese Brothers have announced that their fantastic
                       space exploration RPG Star Traders: Frontiers is
                       getting modding support, three years after the
                       original release.


                       As what looks like their most popular PC release,
                       Star Traders: Frontiers had ended up with a bit of
                       a following and a Very Positive overall rating on
                       Steam from over 2.5K people. Over the years they’ve
                       released something in the region of 250 free
                       upgrades both small and some huge adding lots of
                       new features.


          o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾


                # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Health_of_the_KDE_community⠀⇛


                             Today, I decided to look at KDE git history
                             and look at the project’s health as a whole.
                             It’s inspired by the work of Hans Petter
                             Jansson for GNOME and use the tool he made
                             (fornalder).


                             fornalder is easy to use and the
                             documentation in the readme was beneficial. I
                             don’t know if this is because it was
                             programmed in Rust but fornalder was
                             blazingly fast and most of the time spent
                             during this analysis was spent on cloning the
                             repos.


                             These stats include all the extragear,
                             plasma, frameworks and release service
                             repository as well as most of the KDE
                             websites and a few KDE playground projects I
                             had on my hard drive. For example, it doesn’t
                             includes most of the unmaintained projects
                             (e.g. kdepimlibs, kdelibs, koffice, plasma-
                             mediacenter, …). Also important to note, is
                             that this doesn’t include translations at
                             all, since they are stored in SVN and added
                             in the tarballs during the releasing process.


          o § Distributions⠀➾


                # ⚓ Modern_Lightweight_Linux_Distro_Showdown:_Who_is_the
                  Champion?⠀⇛


                       As a Linux user, I was recently in search of a
                       Linux distribution (distro) that is lightweight and
                       runs efficiently on a virtual machine or a physical
                       machine using minimal resources. In the end, only 1
                       would be chosen as the lightweight Linux
                       distribution of choice. It would have to be good
                       enough to deploy as a daily-driver on my main
                       machine. So, I began the online search and found
                       many articles recommending copious distros which
                       claim to check the boxes for the aforementioned
                       requirements. Needless to say, the number of
                       returned results was staggering.


                       The Long List of Contenders


                       The distros which were recommended most commonly
                       have been compiled into a list of contenders as
                       shown below. Whenever possible, the most recent
                       stable release of each distro was chosen. The
                       values provided for the “RAM” and “Disk Space”
                       columns are the preferred/recommended system
                       requirement values (not the minimum system
                       requirement values).


                       [...]


                       After installing each of these distros on a virtual
                       machine and getting to know more about them
                       (especially at an idle state), the following
                       comparison is being made. The difference of CPU
                       usage at an idle state amongst the distros is
                       negligible. When we start to look at RAM
                       utilization and hard disk space, the clear stand-
                       out is Lubuntu. The LXQt desktop really puts the Qt
                       framework in a whole new light (pun alert) of being
                       lean and efficient, especially in terms of memory
                       usage at idle.


                # § Screenshots/Screencasts⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Fedora_34_overview_|_Welcome_to_Freedom.⠀⇛


                             In this video, I am going to show an overview
                             of Fedora 34 and some of the applications
                             pre-installed.


                # § SUSE/OpenSUSE⠀➾


                      # ⚓ openSUSE_Leap_15.3_RC_Released._Download_and_Test
                        Now!⠀⇛


                             The upcoming openSUSE Leap 15.3 RC is
                             released for developers and testers. We round
                             up the changes and give you the details on
                             the download.


                             openSUSE Linux distribution is used by
                             millions of users worldwide across general
                             desktops, enterprise deployments, and
                             servers. The openSUSE Leap is the long-term
                             support (LTS) version of this distro while
                             openSUSE Tumbleweed is the tested-rolling-
                             release distribution. The leap series is
                             rock-solid and is ideal for a variety of
                             users. openSUSE Leap can easily compete with
                             Ubuntu Linux operating system in terms of
                             flexibility and ease of use.


                             openSUSE project announced the release
                             candidate of its upcoming long-term support
                             release Leap 15.3 aligning with its schedule.
                             Let’s take a look at what’s new.


                      # ⚓ Power_Your_Agile_Data_Platform_with_SUSE_Rancher_and
                        MongoDB_Enterprise_Advanced⠀⇛


                             In an earlier article of this agile data
                             platform series, we looked at streamlining
                             your IT landscape and gaining agility,
                             performance and cost savings with SUSE Linux
                             Enterprise and Microsoft SQL Server.


                             In this article, we move from the traditional
                             enterprise database into the cloud native
                             realm with SUSE Rancher and MongoDB
                             Enterprise Advanced.


                # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾


                      # ⚓ My_immutable_Fedora⠀⇛


                             For many years now, I’ve been using immutable
                             versions of Fedora. I remember that I started
                             to play with immutable Fedora back in 2015
                             when Fedora Atomic was new. I liked the idea
                             since the first time I’ve read about it, but
                             in the beginning, I did not spend too much
                             time making it work on my setup because it
                             seemed a little bit too complex. At
                             DevConf.cz 2016, I met Patrick Uiterwijk, who
                             was running his spin of Fedora Atomic. We had
                             a long chat on it, and he explained to me his
                             workflow. Soon after, I started to use an
                             immutable version of Fedora on my personal
                             laptop, but I was not daring to use it on my
                             work laptop. When I left Red Hat at the end
                             of 2017, my personal laptop became my only
                             laptop for a little while, and the immutable
                             Fedora became my only OS. Since then, I’ve
                             been using only immutable Fedora on my
                             computers. In June 2020, I took the time to
                             clean up my build process and files, and I
                             moved all the needed bits to a new git repo
                             that is now openly available and can be found
                             here .


                             If you are wondering what’s an immutable OS
                             and why it’s different from a “mutable” (or
                             “standard”) OS, the short version of it is
                             that with an immutable OS, when the OS is
                             running, the OS filesystem is in read-only
                             mode. Therefore no application can change the
                             OS or the installed applications. This aspect
                             has many implications, one of which is that
                             you can not upgrade or alter the installed
                             software, but you need to “re-install” the
                             whole OS while the OS is not running. This
                             feature can seem more a problem than a
                             feature, but as we will see, it’s not, and
                             actually, it does bring a lot of advantages.


                      # ⚓ Fedora_Linux_34_has_landed,_and_it’s_an_exquisite
                        take_on_the_desktop⠀⇛


                             When last I wrote about Fedora 34, the
                             desktop operating system was still in beta. I
                             tested that beta and found it to be a
                             remarkable step forward for Fedora Linux. I
                             called it a game-changer. Why? Let me count
                             the ways.


                             First, there’s GNOME 40, which turns this
                             particular open-source desktop workflow into
                             a thing of beauty. Although I already felt
                             GNOME had a pretty decent workflow,
                             everything changes with this latest
                             iteration. Switching from the vertical to
                             horizontal layout might seem like a small
                             change, but it’s quite profound in how well
                             it ups the efficiency of the desktop.
                             Everything just makes sense now; so much so
                             that I keep asking myself, “Why didn’t the
                             GNOME developers do this all along?”


                      # ⚓ Download_Fedora_34_Full_Editions_(Workstation,
                        Server,_IoT_Included)⠀⇛


                             Fedora 34 just released Tuesday, 27 April
                             2021 (at the same time Ubuntu 21.04
                             released). It is the latest stable version of
                             the technology leading computer operating
                             system, Fedora, one of the most popular
                             choice from the GNU/Linux family. It features
                             the latest Free/Libre Open Source Software
                             technology, by the desktop with GNOME 40, by
                             the filesystem with Btrfs compression, and
                             many more. You can download all editions
                             Workstation, Server, and IoT in one page
                             below — included with checksums for you to
                             verify and Announcement & Release Notes
                             information at the end. Happy downloading!


                      # ⚓ Red_Hat_Offers_Complete_Kubernetes_Stack_with_Red_Hat
                        OpenShift_Platform_Plus⠀⇛


                             Red Hat, Inc., the world’s leading provider
                             of open source solutions, today announced Red
                             Hat OpenShift Platform Plus, a new edition of
                             the industry’s leading enterprise Kubernetes
                             platform designed to provide a holistic
                             solution to help customers adopt DevSecOps
                             across the entirety of the hybrid cloud.
                             Offering a complete Kubernetes stack out of
                             the box, Red Hat OpenShift Platform Plus
                             brings together everything needed to build,
                             deploy and run nearly any application
                             wherever OpenShift runs.


                      # ⚓ Red_Hat_Announces_OpenShift_Platform_Plus⠀⇛


                             Red Hat has announced Red Hat OpenShift
                             Platform Plus, which aims to provide a
                             complete DevSecOps solution across the hybrid
                             cloud.


                      # ⚓ Red_Hat_Satellite_6.9.1_has_been_released⠀⇛


                             We are pleased to announce that Red Hat
                             Satellite 6.9.1 is generally available as of
                             April 26, 2021.


                             Red Hat Satellite is part of the Red Hat
                             Smart Management subscription that makes it
                             easier for enterprises to manage patching,
                             provisioning, and subscription management of
                             Red Hat Enterprise Linux infrastructure.


                      # ⚓ Red_Hat_bolsters_Edge_strategy_with_major_RHEL
                        platform_update⠀⇛


                             Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 brings container
                             deployment and management tools scaled around
                             edge requirements


                      # ⚓ Red_Hat’s_Virtual_Summit_Airs_Latest_Linux
                        Technology⠀⇛


                             Red Hat on Wednesday concluded its April two-
                             day Summit 2021 Virtual Experience with a
                             hefty list of announcements and presentations
                             by the company’s innovative customers driving
                             the latest open-source technologies and
                             trends.


                             Perhaps one of the event’s most significant
                             announcements was Red Hat’s plan to deliver
                             the first functionally safe, continuously
                             certified Linux platform for vehicles.


                             The new Linux-based auto OS will be built
                             from components of Red Hat Enterprise Linux
                             in collaboration with exida. This operating
                             system will be designed for continuous
                             updates throughout its life cycle while still
                             retaining crucial functional safety
                             certifications.


                      # ⚓ Red_Hat_to_release_Enterprise_Linux_version_8.4⠀⇛


                             Red Hat, has introduced new capabilities and
                             enhancements to its enterprise Linux
                             platform, which it says will further Red Hat
                             Enterprise Linux as a foundation for the open
                             hybrid cloud for data centres and edge
                             deployments.


                             Available in the coming weeks, the company
                             says Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 aims to
                             refine the platform’s role as a lightweight,
                             production-grade operating system for edge
                             deployments, adding new Linux container,
                             deployment and management capabilities scaled
                             for the needs of edge computing.


                             According to Red Hat’s The State of
                             Enterprise Open Source report, 72% of IT
                             leaders surveyed expect open source to drive
                             the adoption of edge computing over the next
                             two years. The Linux Foundation’s 2021 State
                             of the Edge report predicts that by 2025,
                             Internet of Things or edge-related devices
                             will produce roughly 90 zettabytes of data.


                      # ⚓ The_CNCF_mission_to_‘get_the_code_out_there’_makes
                        end_users_a_priority_at_KubeCon_+_CloudNativeCon_Europe
                        2021⠀⇛


                             The pandemic has brought cloud native into
                             the mainstream, accelerating the adoption of
                             digital business across industries and in
                             businesses from neighborhood mom-and-pop
                             stores to global mega-corporations. It’s more
                             than a surface change; companies that
                             traditionally identified as part of the
                             automotive, transportation or even finance
                             industries now have software as their core.


                             “The dynamics have really changed,” said
                             Brian Gracely, senior director of product
                             strategy at Red Hat Inc. OpenShift. “
                             [Enterprise] has looked at Silicon Valley for
                             years, and now they’re modeling it … it is
                             really, really interesting in terms of how
                             far that whole software is eating the world
                             thing is materialized in every industry.”


                             RedHat Inc.’s State of Enterprise Open Source
                             report has charted the steady rise of open
                             source software use in the enterprise. Out of
                             the information technology leaders surveyed
                             for the 2021 report, 90 percent report
                             adopting open source software for their
                             business, with most use around the key areas
                             of infrastructure modernization, application
                             development, and digital transformation.


                # § Debian Family⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Anton_Gladky:_2021/04,_FLOSS_activity⠀⇛


                             This is my second month of working for LTS. I
                             was assigned 12 hrs and worked all of them.


          o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾


                # ⚓ JingPad_A1_–_the_world’s_first_Consumer-level_Linux_tablet
                  soon_launching_on_Indiegogo⠀⇛


                       The company behind JingOS plans to launch a
                       crowdfunding campaign on indiegogo for an ARM-
                       powered tablet preloaded with their JingOS in June
                       2021, they call it the ‘First Consumer-level Linux
                       Tablet – JingPad A1′.


                       The pre-launch page for the campaign has been
                       online for almost a week now. People who are
                       interested in this project can now leave an email
                       on the page to get coupons for the product.


                       https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/jingpad-world-s-
                       first-linux-based-tablet/coming_soon


                # ⚓ JingPad_A1_–_the_world’s_first_Consumer-level_Linux_tablet
                  soon_launching_on_Indiegogo⠀⇛


                # ⚓ Xilinx_launches_UltraScale+_based_SOM_and_$199_dev_kit_with
                  AI_extensions⠀⇛


                       Xilinx has launched a “Kria K26 SOM” that runs
                       Linux on its Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC, plus a $199
                       “Kria KV260 Vision AI” kit with GbE, HDMI, DP,
                       PMOD, CSI, 2x IAS, and 4x USB 3.0. Xilinx is
                       supporting the products with a new edge AI app
                       store.


                       For years, third party vendors have been developing
                       compute modules and SBCs built around Xilinx’s Arm/
                       FPGA hybrid Zynq 7000 and quad -A53 Zynq
                       UltraScale+ MPSoC system-on-chips, most recently
                       including Topc Embedded’s UltraScale+ based Miami
                       MPSoC Plus module and Florida Plus kit. Xilinx
                       itself has limited its homegrown hardware support
                       to high-end evaluation kits, such as its $11,995
                       Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC ZCU216 Evaluation Kit. Now,
                       for the first time Xilinx has launched its own
                       compute module line, called Kria, as well as a $199
                       dev kit.


                       [...]


                       The SoC and module will soon be certified for
                       Ubuntu, which is a first for the Zynq products (see
                       farther below).


                # ⚓ Using_a_10-segment_Led_Bar_with_Raspberry_PI_and_Python⠀⇛


                       10 segment LED bar are commonly used to get visual
                       indicators, usually to measure filling status. You
                       can use these electronic items with Raspberry PI,
                       switching on-off each led separately


                # ⚓ 5_Great_Raspberry_Pi_IDEs_For_Programmers_and_Students⠀⇛


                       Raspberry Pi is one of the popular choices for
                       single-board computers (SBCs). It’s available in
                       various models and has a wide range of uses, from
                       creating a wireless network printer to hosting a
                       Minecraft server.


                       However, the idea that drove the development of the
                       Raspberry Pi originally was to promote the teaching
                       of computer science fundamentals in schools and
                       developing countries while also making it
                       accessible to everyone.


                       It’s this democratization of Pi that ultimately
                       laid its foundation as a device that’s now widely
                       used by many to learn about concepts of computers,
                       electronics, and other hardware verticals.


                # ⚓ RISC-V_International_Welcomes_Chengwei_Capital_as_a_Premier
                  Member⠀⇛


                       RISC-V International, a non-profit corporation
                       controlled by its members to drive the adoption and
                       implementation of the free and open RISC-
                       V instruction set architecture (ISA), today
                       announced that Chengwei Capital has joined the
                       organization as a Premier Member. As part of the
                       Premium membership tier, Chengwei Capital will be
                       joining the RISC-V Board of Directors and Technical
                       Steering Committee.


                       Chengwei Capital has been an active technology
                       investor for more than 20 years, focusing on
                       backing companies that are breaking barriers to
                       innovation. Chengwei Capital is a significant
                       shareholder of SiFive, one of the founding members
                       of RISC-V International and a Premier Member.
                       Chengwei Capital also partnered with SiFive to
                       found StarFive Technology in Shanghai, which is now
                       a leading RISC-V company in China.


                # ⚓ Ubuntu_certified_system_runs_on_AMD_R1000_as_low_as_6W⠀⇛


                       DFI unveiled an “EC90A-GH” industrial mini-PC built
                       around its Ryzen R1000 based GHF51 SBC. These are
                       among the first products to support the 6W R1102G
                       and the first industrial systems to offer certified
                       Ubuntu Core OTA updates.


                       DFI has announced a fanless, 110 x 80 x 60mm
                       embedded system called the EC90A-GH built around
                       its GHF51 SBC. Both the EC90A-GH and GHF51 SBC run
                       Ubuntu, Ubuntu Core, or Win 10 IoT Enterprise on
                       AMD’s Ryzen Embedded R1000 and are part of DFI’s
                       compact “Industrial Pi” family of embedded
                       products. They are also among the first products to
                       support the two low-power R1000 parts with TDPs as
                       low as 6W.


                # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Hands_on:_Webfleet_Solutions_PRO_8475_TRUCK_Android
                        tablet_review_|_TechRadar⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ EV_charging_network_ChargePoint_now_supports_Android
                        Auto_–_The_Verge⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ How_to_Block_Downloading_Apps_on_Android⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Android_12_redesign:_How_do_you_feel_about_it?_[Poll]
                        –_9to5Google⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ OnePlus_6_and_OnePlus_6T_Android_11_release_will_come
                        late_in_2021⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Top_25_best_shooters_for_Android_phones_and_tablets_|
                        Articles_|_Pocket_Gamer⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ A_highly_sarcastic_Android_security_warning_|
                        Computerworld⠀⇛


          o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾


                # ⚓ Michlmayr:_Growing_open-source_projects_with_a_stable
                  foundation [Ed: The elephant in this room is that this is
                  funded by an oligarch, or the Ford Foundation, which now
                  guides the hand of some of those coup plotters (against real
                  communities, as the author of this paper does or participates
                  in)]⠀⇛


                       Martin Michlmayr has put together a primer on
                       managing open-source projects through their growth
                       cycle, specifically with the help of a support
                       foundation, and published the results as a 67-page
                       PDF file.


                # § Web Browsers⠀➾


                      # § Mozilla⠀➾


                            # ⚓ Microsoft,_Google,_Intel_and_Mozilla_want_to
                              move_WebAssembly_beyond_the_browser [Ed:
                              Microsoft inside, so it's obsolete]⠀⇛


                            # ⚓ The_Bytecode_Alliance_calls_for_new_members_in
                              mission_to_build_safer_software_foundations_for
                              the_internet⠀⇛


                # § Productivity Software/LibreOffice/Calligra⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Tender_to_implement_Curl_based_HTTP/WebDAV_UCP_
                        (#202104-01)⠀⇛


                             The Document Foundation (TDF) is the
                             charitable entity behind the world’s leading
                             free/libre/open source (FLOSS) office suite
                             LibreOffice.


                             We are looking for an individual or company
                             to implement Curl based HTTP/WebDAV UCP.


                             The work has to be developed on LibreOffice
                             master, so that it will be released in the
                             next major version.


                             The task consists of addressing two problems.
                             All of the mentioned features and
                             requirements are a mandatory part of this
                             tender and therefore have to be part of the
                             bid. This tender does not contain any
                             optional items.


                # § FSF⠀➾


                      # § GNU Projects⠀➾


                            # ⚓ SETI_Institute_Announces_Recipients_of_SETI
                              Forward_Award_for_Undergraduates
                              ⠀⇛


                                   She helped implement the signal
                                   processing software, GNU Radio, at the
                                   Allen Telescope Array under the
                                   mentorship of Steve Croft, Alex Pollak,
                                   and Derek Kozel.


                # § Programming/Development⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Tomasz_Torcz:_At_some_point_UI_loses_usefulness⠀⇛


                             When it comes to configurability, modern
                             software often hits a sweet spot. We are
                             given nice, usable User Interface (UI)
                             helping with configuration – by hinting,
                             auto-filling and validating fields.
                             Additionaly, the configuration itself is
                             stored in text format, making it easy to
                             backup and track changes. For example in git
                             version control system.


                             [...]


                             Argo CD is a wonderful tool to implement
                             GitOps with you Kubernetes cluster.


                             Kubernetes is configured by plain text files
                             in YAML format. That’s a perfect form to
                             track in git. Argo CD provides
                             synchronization service: what you have in git
                             repository is applied to kubernetes.
                             Synchronization could be automatic or you can
                             opt to sync manually. In later case, Argo CD
                             provides a nice diff view, showing what’s
                             currently configured and how should it be.


                             Argo CD also has a nice concept of
                             responsibility boundaries: it cares only
                             about YAML sections and fields present in the
                             git repo. If you add new section on the
                             running cluster, it won’t be touched. It may
                             be a single field, for example – replicas:


                             Above can be utilized when you manage Argo CD
                             by Argo CD. install.yaml file defines
                             configuration resources likes ConfigMaps and
                             Secrets, yet it doesn’t provide actual data:
                             sections. When you configure Argo CD
                             installation – using nice web UI, no less –
                             data: sections are created and configuration
                             is stored into k8s cluster.


                             Those sections are not part of what is stored
                             in git repository, so they will neither be
                             touched nor rewritten.


                             But what happens when we want to store the
                             Argo CD configuration in the repository, and
                             gitops it to the Moon and back?


                             If we add data: sections, they will be
                             synced. But we will lose ability to use nice
                             UI directly! As UI makes changes on the
                             running cluster, Argo CD will notice live
                             configuration differs from git repository
                             one. It will overwrite our new configuration,
                             undoing changes.


                             If we want to gitops configuration, we
                             basically must stop using UI and manually add
                             all changes to the text files in the
                             repository!


                      # ⚓ The_Eclipse_Foundation_Unveils_its_New_Vision_for
                        Managing_and_Operating_Edge_Computing_Environments_via
                        Open_Source_Software⠀⇛


                             The Eclipse Foundation, one of the world’s
                             largest open source software foundations, as
                             well as the Edge Native Working Group, today
                             announced the release of a new white paper
                             entitled “EdgeOps: A New Vision For Edge
                             Computing” The paper articulates a new
                             approach for building software solutions for
                             edge computing environments, with an emphasis
                             on open source. EdgeOps is an adaptation of
                             DevOps, with a focus on software, tooling and
                             processes for edge computing environments. It
                             specifically addresses the challenges of edge
                             computing, such as power, security, latency,
                             communication protocols, etc., and takes into
                             account the characteristics of edge computing
                             solutions and associated deployment
                             approaches required in an edge environment.
                             The white paper is available now as a free
                             download.


                      # ⚓ Build_your_own_application_with_GTK_4_as_a_Meson
                        subproject! [Ed: After taking money from Microsoft,
                        Collabora's Xavier Claessens collaborates in pushing
                        proprietary software Visual Studio, i.e. PR for
                        Microsoft, which was maybe predictable]⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ CuPy_v9_is_here.⠀⇛


                             We are excited to announce the availability
                             of CuPy v9.0.0. This release contains the
                             effort of development in the past 7 months,
                             including CUDA JIT to transpile Python code
                             to CUDA, support for NVIDIA cuSPARSELt, AMD
                             ROCm support through binary packages, and so
                             on.


                      # ⚓ CuPy_9.0_Brings_AMD_GPU_Support_To_This_Numpy-
                        Compatible_Library_–_Phoronix⠀⇛


                             In recent months there has finally been more
                             open-source projects traditionally focused on
                             NVIDIA GPU compute beginning to offer
                             mainline Radeon support using the open-source
                             ROCm stack. Following the recent PyTorch 1.8
                             with ROCm support, CuPy 9.0 was released last
                             week with that traditionally CUDA focused
                             library now supporting AMD’s ROCm stack.


                             [...]


                             CuPy 9.0 also features some performance
                             improvements and improved documentation. The
                             new AMD GPU support has been tested against
                             ROCm 4.0.


                      # § Python⠀➾


                            # ⚓ [Older]_How_to_work_with_the_Woocommerce_REST
                              API_with_Python⠀⇛


                                   WordPress is probably the most used CMS
                                   in the world (it is estimated that
                                   almost 40% of all websites are built
                                   using the platform): it is very easy to
                                   install and use, and allows even non-
                                   developers to create website in few
                                   minutes. WordPress has a very large
                                   plugin ecosystem; one of the most
                                   famous is Woocommerce, which allows us
                                   to turn a website into an online store
                                   in few steps. The plugin makes use of
                                   the WordPress REST API infrastructure;
                                   in this tutorial we will see how to
                                   interact with the Woocommerce API using
                                   the Python programming language,
                                   showing how to list, create, update and
                                   delete products and categories.


                            # ⚓ Wireless_MicroPython_Programming_With_Thonny_|
                              Hackaday⠀⇛


                                   I had all but given up when by chance I
                                   saw this video on the Dronebot Workshop
                                   channel about running MicroPython on
                                   the new Raspberry Pi Pico boards. Bill
                                   was using Thonny, a Python IDE that is
                                   popular in the education community.
                                   Thonny was introduced in 2015 by Aivar
                                   Annamaa of the University of Tartu in
                                   Estonia. Thonny was designed to address
                                   common issues observed during six years
                                   of teaching Python programming classes
                                   to beginners. If you read about the
                                   project and its development, you’ll see
                                   that he’s put a lot of effort into
                                   making Thonny, and it shows.


                                   Leaning about Thonny got me curious,
                                   and after a little digging I discovered
                                   that it has WebREPL support for
                                   MicroPython right out-of-the-box.
                                   Although this is a new feature and
                                   classified as experimental, I found it
                                   reasonably stable to use and more than
                                   adequate for home lab use.


                      # § Rust⠀➾


                            # ⚓ The_Rust_Programming_Language_Blog:_Announcing
                              Rustup_1.24.1⠀⇛


                                   The rustup working group is happy to
                                   announce the release of rustup version
                                   1.24.1. Rustup is the recommended tool
                                   to install Rust, a programming language
                                   that is empowering everyone to build
                                   reliable and efficient software.


    * § Leftovers⠀➾


          o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾


                # § Proprietary⠀➾


                      # § Pseudo-Open Source⠀➾


                            # § Privatisation/Privateering⠀➾


                                  # § Linux Foundation⠀➾


                                        # ⚓ Linux_Stops_Reverting_Most
                                          University_of_Minnesota_Patches,
                                          Admits_Good_Faith⠀⇛


                                               In response, the UMN
                                               researchers posted an open
                                               letter apologizing to the
                                               community, followed a few
                                               days later by a summary of
                                               the work they did [PDF] as
                                               part of the “hypocrite
                                               commits” project. Five
                                               patches were submitted
                                               overall from two sock-
                                               puppet accounts, but one of
                                               those was an ordinary bug
                                               fix that was sent from the
                                               wrong account by mistake.
                                               Of the remaining four, one
                                               of them was an attempt to
                                               insert a bug that was,
                                               itself, buggy, so the patch
                                               was actually valid; the
                                               other three (1, 2, 3)
                                               contained real bugs. None
                                               of those three were
                                               accepted by maintainers,
                                               though the reasons for
                                               rejection were not always
                                               the bugs in question.


                                               The paper itself has been
                                               withdrawn and will not be
                                               presented in May as was
                                               planned…


                                               One of the first things
                                               that happened when this
                                               whole affair exploded was
                                               the posting by Greg Kroah-
                                               Hartman of a 190-part patch
                                               series reverting as many
                                               patches from UMN as he
                                               could find… As it happens,
                                               these “easy reverts” also
                                               needed manual review; once
                                               the initial anger passed
                                               there was little desire to
                                               revert patches that were
                                               not actually buggy. That
                                               review process has been
                                               ongoing over the course of
                                               the last week and has
                                               involved the efforts of a
                                               number of developers. Most
                                               of the suspect patches have
                                               turned out to be
                                               acceptable, if not great,
                                               and have been removed from
                                               the revert list; if your
                                               editor’s count is correct,
                                               42 patches are still set to
                                               be pulled out of the
                                               kernel…


                      # § Security⠀➾


                            # ⚓ Security_updates_for_Thursday⠀⇛


                                   Security updates have been issued by
                                   Fedora (ceph, jetty, kernel, kernel-
                                   headers, kernel-tools, openvpn, and
                                   shim-unsigned-x64), Mageia (firefox and
                                   thunderbird), Oracle (nss and
                                   openldap), Red Hat (bind), Slackware
                                   (bind), SUSE (firefox, giflib, java-
                                   1_7_0-openjdk, libnettle, librsvg,
                                   thunderbird, and webkit2gtk3), and
                                   Ubuntu (bind9 and gst-plugins-good1.0).


                            # ⚓ Q1_2021_ransomware_trends:_Most_attacks
                              involved_threat_to_leak_stolen_data⠀⇛


                                   The vast majority of ransomware attacks
                                   now include the theft of corporate
                                   data, Coveware says, but victims of
                                   data exfiltration extortion have very
                                   little to gain by paying a cyber
                                   criminal.


                                   The stolen data has likely been held by
                                   multiple parties and not secured, and
                                   victimized organizations can’t be sure
                                   that it has been destroyed and not
                                   traded, sold, misplaced, or held for a
                                   future extortion attempt, they
                                   explained.


                            # ⚓ From_URGENT/11_to_Frag/44:_Analysis_of_Critical
                              Vulnerabilities_in_the_Windows_TCP/IP_Stack⠀⇛


                                   Part 2: The Armis research team finds a
                                   new primitive to bypass firewalls using
                                   CVE-2021-24094, and provides a full
                                   analysis of this Windows TCP/IP stack
                                   vulnerability patched in February 2021.


                                   As detailed in the first part of this
                                   two-part blog series, several
                                   significant vulnerabilities in the
                                   Microsoft Windows TCP/IP stack were
                                   patched in Microsoft’s February 2021
                                   Patch Tuesday. This blog series set out
                                   to do a deep dive on the
                                   vulnerabilities, analyzing their
                                   patches, and finding the root cause and
                                   the potential ramification of these
                                   vulnerabilities.


                            # § Fear, Uncertainty, Doubt/Fear-mongering/
                              Dramatisation⠀➾


                                  # ⚓ Linux_kernel_bug_opens_door_to_all_manner
                                    of_attacks [Ed: Overstates the severity]⠀⇛


                            # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾


                                  # ⚓ Confused_Feds_Subpoena_Signal_for_Data_It
                                    Doesn’t_Collect⠀⇛


                                         For the second time in several
                                         years, Signal has been subpoenaed
                                         by federal investigators for data
                                         that the encrypted chat app
                                         company doesn’t actually collect.


                                  # ⚓ Signal’s_response_to_Homeland_Security’s
                                    grand_jury_subpoena_for_user_data_is
                                    basically_“You_get_nothing._You_lose._Good
                                    day,_sir”⠀⇛


                                         Signal, the popular messaging
                                         service with end-to-end
                                         encryption, stores precious
                                         little user data — “Unix
                                         timestamps for when each account
                                         was created and the date that
                                         each account last connected to
                                         the Signal service.”


                                         So when Homeland Security
                                         subpoenaed Signal to turn over “a
                                         wide variety of information…
                                         including the addresses of the
                                         users, their correspondence, and
                                         the name associated with each
                                         account,” Signal enlisted the aid
                                         of the ACLU, which replied to the
                                         FBI with a polite version of the
                                         Willy Winka “you get nothing”
                                         meme.


                                  # ⚓ Signal’s_response_to_a_subpoena
                                    highlights_value_of_encrypted_messaging⠀⇛


                                         Last week we brought you news of
                                         Signal reverse engineering
                                         Cellebrite’s software and
                                         hardware and discovering a trove
                                         of vulnerabilities that it has no
                                         intention of exploiting.


                                         Today however Signal has shown us
                                         the value of choosing an
                                         encrypted messenger by way of a
                                         response to a subpoena from the
                                         United States Attorney’s Office
                                         in the Central District of
                                         California.


                                  # ⚓ Vivaldi_browser_tries_to_end_your_cookie
                                    consent_nightmare⠀⇛


                                         Chromium-based Vivaldi has
                                         released an update with a new
                                         ‘Cookie Crumbler’ feature to
                                         alleviate the hassle of cookie
                                         consent forms that have plagued
                                         the web for Europeans due to its
                                         new privacy laws.


                                         As all Europeans know, whenever
                                         they open a web page they’re
                                         confronted with a message
                                         advising them that the site uses
                                         cookies for various reasons and
                                         then need to choose “I accept
                                         cookies” or “I refuse cookies”
                                         or, more often an option to
                                         “Manage Cookie Settings” or “Go
                                         to cookie settings”.



                    ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 6446

╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕

⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧


✐ Links_29/4/2021:_Lubuntu_18.04_LTS_EOL,_Router_Freedom⠀✐


Posted in News_Roundup at 11:22 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz


🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈


§ Contents⠀➾


    * GNU/Linux
          o Distributions
          o Devices/Embedded
    * Free_Software/Open_Source
    * Leftovers
    * § GNU/Linux⠀➾


          o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾


                # ⚓ BSDNow_#400:_FreeBSD_became_13⠀⇛


                       FreeBSD 13 is here, multi-factor authentication on
                       OpenBSD, KDE on FreeBSD 2021o2, NetBSD GSoC report,
                       a working D compiler on OpenBSD, and more


                # ⚓ The_Linux_Link_Tech_Show_Episode_904⠀⇛


                       circleci, ubuntu 21.04, fedora 32, 3d printing, arm
                       architecture


          o § Kernel Space⠀➾


                # ⚓ Collabora_take_another_shot_at_futex2_Linux_Kernel_syscalls
                  to_help_Linux_gaming⠀⇛


                       Collabora developers have been working for some
                       time on back-end Linux Kernel improvements to help
                       Linux gaming, and Wine / Steam Play Proton – the
                       latest patches have now been posted for futex2.
                       Available to read about on the Linux Kernel Mailing
                       List, Collabora developer André Almeida introduced
                       the latest set.


                       What’s all this about then? Well, the original
                       futex (more info) introduced in 2003 has certain
                       drawbacks. Developers have been trying to improve
                       it but it’s proven difficult to get new code and
                       features added in given the legacy of it. Some of
                       the new features just don’t fit into the existing
                       futex, and it can be slow – so they’re working on
                       an new version.


                # ⚓ Concurrent_TLB_Flushing_For_Linux_5.13_Provide_A_Small
                  Performance_Benefit_–_Phoronix⠀⇛


                       Linux 5.13′s x86 memory management work is bringing
                       a minor performance optimization that is
                       particularly beneficial in light of the CPU
                       security mitigations in recent years that have an
                       impact on the TLB.


                       VMware engineers for the past two years were
                       looking at concurrent TLB flushes for Linux to
                       flush local and remote translation lookaside
                       buffers concurrently.


                # ⚓ AMD’s_Crypto_Co-Processor_Driver_Adds_Green_Sardine_Support
                  In_Linux_5.13_–_Phoronix⠀⇛


                       The crypto subsystem updates have landed in the
                       Linux 5.13 kernel.


                       This time around on the cryptography side the ECDSA
                       algorithm has been added and a number of other
                       minor improvements to the different crypto
                       accelerator drivers.


                # ⚓ AMD_Energy_Driver_Booted_From_The_Linux_5.13_Kernel_–
                  Phoronix⠀⇛


                       While a lot of new features and improvements have
                       been accumulating for the Linux 5.13 kernel with
                       the ongoing merge window, one of the unfortunate
                       aspects of this new kernel is that the AMD Zen CPU
                       energy driver “amd_energy” is indeed being removed.


                       It’s not being removed as some superior driver is
                       being introduced but rather a disagreement between
                       the upstream kernel maintainer(s) and AMD over the
                       handling of the exposed energy sensors. The
                       situation was laid out earlier this month in AMD
                       Energy Monitoring Driver Slated To Be Removed From
                       The Linux Kernel. Long story short, since last year
                       the AMD Energy sensor information has been limited
                       to root due to the PLATYPUS security vulnerability.
                       HWMON maintainer Guenter Roeck proposed slightly
                       limiting and randomizing the sensor data so it
                       couldn’t be used for nefarious purposes but still
                       accurate enough for genuine use-cases and no longer
                       needing to be root-only access. However, AMD
                       engineers didn’t like that approach.


                # ⚓ Btrfs_Continues_Ironing_Out_Zoned_Mode_Support,_Some
                  Performance_Work⠀⇛


                       Btrfs’ readahead for send handling has been
                       improved to the extent that the run-time for a full
                       send is faster by about 10% and then 25% for
                       incremental send. Btrfs also has ironed out its
                       zoned mode support that began appearing in Linux
                       5.12, reflinks now respect O_SYNC/O_DSYNC/S_SYNC
                       flags, more graceful errors on 32-bit systems,
                       automatic background reclaim of zones that have
                       75%+ of unusable space, and a wide variety of
                       fixes.


          o § Applications⠀➾


                # ⚓ 8_Command_Line_Tools_for_Browsing_Websites_and_Downloading
                  Files_in_Linux⠀⇛


                       This article aims to make you aware of several
                       other Linux command Line browsing and downloading
                       applications, which will help you browse and
                       download files within the Linux shell.


                       That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another
                       interesting topic you people will love to read.
                       Till then stay tuned and connected to Tecmint.
                       Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable
                       feedback in the comments below. Like and share us
                       and help us get spread.


          o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾


                # ⚓ Automatic_load_balancing_for_PMD_threads_in_Open_vSwitch
                  with_DPDK_–_Red_Hat_Developer⠀⇛


                       This article is about the poll mode driver (PMD)
                       automatic load balance feature in Open vSwitch with
                       a Data Plane Development Kit data path (OVS-DPDK).
                       The feature has existed for a while but we’ve
                       recently added new user parameters in Open vSwitch
                       2.15. Now is a good time to take a look at this
                       feature in OVS-DPDK.


                       When you are finished reading this article, you
                       will understand the problem the PMD auto load
                       balance feature addresses and the user parameters
                       required to operate it. Then, you can try it out
                       for yourself.


                # ⚓ Enhance_application_security_by_rotating_3scale_access
                  tokens⠀⇛


                       In Red Hat 3scale API Management, access tokens
                       allow authentication against the 3scale APIs. An
                       access token can provide read and write access to
                       the Billing, Account Management, and Analytics
                       APIs. Therefore, ensuring you are handling access
                       tokens carefully is paramount.


                       This article explains how to enhance security by
                       making access tokens ephemeral. By the end of the
                       article, you will be able to set up 3scale to
                       perform access token rotation. An external webhook
                       listener service performs the actual token
                       revocation. The rotation takes place automatically
                       after a specific event triggers a webhook.


                # ⚓ KDE_Activities:_How_To⠀⇛


                # ⚓ Everything_You_Need_to_Know_About_IP_Addresses_on_Ubuntu⠀⇛


                       Don’t know how to find your system’s IP address in
                       Ubuntu? No problem. In this guide, we’ve covered
                       everything related to IP addresses in Ubuntu for
                       you. Apart from learning about IP addresses, we’ll
                       also discuss how to find your system IP address
                       along with a guide on setting a static IP address
                       in Ubuntu.


                # ⚓ Encrypting_and_decrypting_files_with_OpenSSL_|
                  Opensource.com⠀⇛


                       Secret-key encryption uses the same key for
                       encryption and decryption, while public-key
                       encryption uses different keys for encryption and
                       decryption. There are pros and cons to each method.
                       Secret-key encryption is faster, and public-key
                       encryption is more secure since it addresses
                       concerns around securely sharing the keys. Using
                       them together makes optimal use of each type’s
                       strengths.


                # ⚓ LFCA:_Learn_Cloud_Availability,_Performance,_and
                  Scalability_–_Part_14⠀⇛


                       In the previous topic of our LFCA series, we gave
                       an introduction to Cloud computing, the different
                       types and Clouds, and cloud services and walked you
                       through some of the benefits associated with Cloud
                       computing.


                       If your business is still riding on the traditional
                       IT computing environment, it’s time you leveled up
                       and shifted to the cloud. It is estimated that by
                       the end of 2021, over 90% of the total workload
                       will be handled in the cloud.


                # ⚓ How_to_Use_Nmap_Script_Engine_(NSE)_Scripts_in_Linux⠀⇛


                       Nmap is a popular, powerful and cross-platform
                       command-line network security scanner and
                       exploration tool. It can also help you get an
                       overview of systems that connected your network;
                       you can use it to find out all IP addresses of live
                       hosts, scan open ports and services running on
                       those hosts, and so much more.


                       One of the interesting features of Nmap is the Nmap
                       Script Engine (NSE), which brings even more
                       flexibility and efficiency to it. It enables you to
                       write your own scripts in Lua programming language,
                       and possibly share these scripts with other Nmap
                       users out there.


                # ⚓ Install_and_Configure_Fail2ban_on_Ubuntu_20.04⠀⇛


                       Fail2ban is an open-source security framework
                       written in Python that protects servers against
                       brute force attacks. It scans log files and bans IP
                       addresses that conduct unsuccessful login attempts.
                       It works by updating the firewall to reject new
                       connections from those IP addresses for a
                       configurable period of time.


                # ⚓ Exa_–_A_Modern_Replacement_for_ls_Command⠀⇛


                       exa is a tiny, fast, and modern replacement for the
                       ordinary ls command that comes pre-installed on all
                       Unix and Linux operating systems. It is an enhanced
                       file lister that ships with more advanced features
                       and a more user-friendly version of ls.


                       It uses colors to determine the information of file
                       types and metadata. It is also aware of symlinks,
                       extended attributes, viewing git status, and
                       recursing into directories with a tree view.


                       The command exa is used by command-line users,
                       system administrators, and programmers hundreds of
                       times daily, as well as being helpful when writing
                       automated scripts.


                # ⚓ How_To_Install_PHP_8_on_AlmaLinux_8_–_idroot⠀⇛


                       In this tutorial, we will show you how to install
                       PHP 8 on AlmaLinux 8. For those of you who didn’t
                       know, PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a
                       popular scripting language that powers the dynamic
                       content of millions of websites and apps such as
                       WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla


                       This article assumes you have at least basic
                       knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and
                       most importantly, you host your site on your own
                       VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes
                       you are running in the root account, if not you may
                       need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root
                       privileges. I will show you through the step-by-
                       step installation of PHP 8 on an AlmaLinux 8.


                # ⚓ Linux_tips_for_using_GNU_Screen⠀⇛


                       To the average user, a terminal window can be
                       baffling and cryptic. But as you learn more about
                       the Linux terminal, it doesn’t take long before you
                       realize how efficient and powerful it is. It also
                       doesn’t take long for you to want it to be even
                       more efficient, though, and what better way to make
                       your terminal better than to put more terminals
                       into your terminal?


                       One of the many advantages to the terminal is that
                       it’s a centralized interface with centralized
                       controls. It’s one window that affords you access
                       to hundreds of applications, and all you need to
                       interact with each one of them is a keyboard. But
                       modern computers almost always have processing
                       power to spare, and modern computerists love to
                       multitask, so one window for hundreds of
                       applications can be pretty limiting.


          o § Games⠀➾


                # ⚓ Sunless_Skies:_Sovereign_Edition_launches_May_19_with_a
                  number_of_enhancements_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛


                       Sunless Skies is simply awesome. A gothic-horror
                       exploration RPG with flying-train combat. What more
                       can you possibly ask for? How about a new upgraded
                       version with Sunless Skies: Sovereign Edition.


                       Now confirmed to be launching May 19 with Linux
                       support, Failbetter Games worked to make this the
                       best version possible. While a lot of it was
                       towards the console releases, there’s plenty of PC
                       enhancements too. Naturally this also means much
                       better gamepad support, which no doubt many will
                       appreciate. I certainly will, as it seems like such
                       a great fit to play on one.


                # ⚓ Dark_Envoy_is_a_non-linear_sci-fantasy_RPG_coming_in_2022
                  and_it’s_looking_good_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛


                       Founded in 2016, Event Horizon set off on a mission
                       to develop memorable RPGs. They’ve since grown to
                       20 people after Tower of Time from 2018. Looks like
                       Dark Envoy has much higher production values with
                       motion-captured animation, scenic locations and all
                       available in 4K. The good news is they still plan
                       full Linux support too.


                # ⚓ Google_finally_adds_a_search_bar_to_Stadia,_some_big_UI
                  changes_coming_that_look_good_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛


                       It’s hard to believe that Google, leader of the
                       search engines took this long to implement search
                       into Stadia but it’s finally here. The Stadia team
                       also announced some good other changes coming.


                       Not exactly a revolutionary feature a search bar,
                       but a ridiculous thing for a store not to have. Do
                       note though, the search bar is currently only for
                       the Web – so mobile clients don’t have it (yet?).
                       It’s funny really, such a simple feature has
                       probably been the number 1 most requested feature
                       by Stadia users. It’s rolling out to everyone
                       across the week, so if you don’t have it yet – be
                       patient.


                # ⚓ Awesome_looking_voxel_puzzler_Bonfire_Peaks_releases_later
                  this_year_in_Q3⠀⇛


                       Developer Corey Martin (Pipe Push Paradise and
                       Hiding Spot) and publisher Draknek (A Monster’s
                       Expedition) have announced that Bonfire Peaks will
                       see a release along with Linux support during Q3
                       this year. That means we should see it sometime
                       between July and the end of September.


                       “Move onwards, move upwards, and leave nothing
                       behind: in Bonfire Peaks, players must climb to the
                       top of a mysterious island ruin, burning everything
                       they own along the way. Featuring hours of
                       masterfully designed puzzle content, a
                       breathtakingly lovely voxel overworld, and not a
                       single second of filler content.”


          o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾


                # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Kdenlive_21.04_Released_with_Automatic_Speech-to-Text
                        and_Improvements._Try_Now!⠀⇛


                             Kdenlive 21.04 release brings major updates
                             and new features. We take a look at those and
                             give you download details.


          o § Distributions⠀➾


                # ⚓ Proxmox_VE_6.4_Released_With_Single-File_Restore_And_Live
                  Restore⠀⇛


                       Proxmox VE 6.4 is based on Debian Buster 10.9, but
                       using a newer, long-term supported Linux kernel
                       5.4. Optionally, the 5.11 kernel can be installed,
                       providing support for the latest hardware.


                       Proxmox VE (Proxmox Virtual Environment) is an
                       open-source server management platform for your
                       enterprise virtualization. It is a Debian-based
                       Linux distribution with a modified Ubuntu LTS
                       kernel and allows deployment and management of
                       virtual machines and containers. Proxmox VE can be
                       used also on a single node and on a cluster.


                       With a centralized built-in web interface, users
                       can run VMs and containers, manage software-defined
                       storage and networking, clusters, etc.


                       Proxmox may not be familiar to many, but it is
                       gaining traction due to its smart combination of
                       open-source KVM-based virtualization, software
                       defined storage and containers.


                # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾


                      # ⚓ A_brief_overview_of_the_Container_Network_Interface_
                        (CNI)_in_Kubernetes_|_Enable_Sysadmin⠀⇛


                             If you have worked with Kubernetes (K8s) and
                             tried to learn some of its inner workings,
                             either on the job or in a training course,
                             you must have learned a bit about Container
                             Network Interface (CNI). This article de-
                             mystifies what CNI means and does.


                      # ⚓ Announcing_Dates_&_CfP_for_Nest_with_Fedora⠀⇛


                             As we celebrate Fedora Linux 34 with the
                             upcoming Release Party, we are also looking
                             forward to our next event: Nest with Fedora.
                             As I mentioned in my last update, the 2021
                             edition of our annual contributor conference
                             will again be virtual. I am happy to announce
                             the dates for this year’s contributor
                             conference: August 5th-8th, 2021. The Fedora
                             Project has been thriving, and I am sure that
                             this years event will be full of exciting
                             content.


                      # ⚓ Fedora_34_Reviewed:_A_Great_GNOME_distro_that’s_worth
                        checking_out!⠀⇛


                             I had a chance to check out Fedora 34
                             recently, and was impressed by the overall
                             quality of the GNOME desktop and its
                             implementation. There are a few rough edges,
                             but overall, it’s a great distribution. In
                             this video, I talk about the highlights and
                             what makes it stand out.


                      # ⚓ Fedora_Linux_34_available_for_download⠀⇛


                             Woo-hoo! Today is officially the day many of
                             us have been waiting for. Yes, Fedora Linux
                             34 is finally available for download. For
                             many Linux users, Fedora is considered the
                             best overall operating system to be based on
                             that open source kernel. The distro focuses
                             on truly free and open source software — a
                             pure Linux experience. It is also fairly
                             bleeding edge, but at the same time, it
                             remains stable for everyday use.


                             What makes Fedora 34 so exciting? Well, this
                             version of the Linux-based operating system
                             uses GNOME 40 as its default desktop
                             environment, and version 40 is the most
                             electrifying version of GNOME in years. GNOME
                             40 is notable for a horizontal workspace
                             switcher and having the Dash (favorites
                             launcher) moved to the bottom of the screen.
                             Despite being released last week, Ubuntu
                             21.04 fails to comes with this version of
                             GNOME.


                      # ⚓ The_most_popular_Fedora_Linux_in_years_rolls_out_|
                        ZDNet⠀⇛


                             Red Hat’s community Linux distribution Fedora
                             has always been popular with open-source and
                             Linux developers, but this latest release,
                             Fedora 34 seems to be something special. As
                             Matthew Miller, Fedora Project Leader,
                             tweeted, “The beta for F34 was one of the
                             most popular ever, with twice as many systems
                             showing up in my stats as typical.”


                      # ⚓ Recapping_day_two_of_Red_Hat_Summit_Virtual
                        Experience_2021⠀⇛


                             It seems like just yesterday we were planning
                             for Red Hat Summit 2021, and now the two days
                             of our April Summit programming have just
                             flown by. Let’s take a quick look back at
                             what happened. And, if you missed something,
                             don’t worry! Much of the Summit programming
                             is still available on demand for you to watch
                             at your convenience.


                      # ⚓ Red_Hat_boss_on_Linus_Torvalds:_‘He’s_changed_the
                        world’_|_ZDNet⠀⇛


                             Red Hat CEO Paul Cormier has continued his
                             regional virtual tour this week, sharing with
                             media in the Asia Pacific region on Thursday
                             his thoughts on what the work Linus Torvalds
                             has done over the last 30 years means for the
                             world.


                             “Oh, my gosh, where do you start?,” he began.


                             “I mean, he’s changed the world. Just his
                             vision of an open operating system.”


                             It’s not just the operating system that came
                             out of it, Cormier said.


                             “That was the very beginning. Even when we
                             got started with Linux 20-plus years ago, it
                             really wasn’t — it was for hobbyists, but
                             what Linus did was really show the world that
                             open was a better way to develop new
                             innovation,” the CEO said. “And I think where
                             Red Hat took it from there, from an
                             enterprise perspective, we showed the world
                             that we really could run critical enterprise
                             workloads on open source-developed software.”


                # § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Ubuntu_21.10_‘Impish_Indri’_Opens_for_Development⠀⇛


                             Call me a traditionalist, but after more than
                             ten years of doing this I’m not sure a
                             release cycle would truly feel “underway” if
                             I didn’t squeeze out a 200 word post
                             mentioning it.


                             “As usual, we expect a large influx of builds
                             and autopkgtests in this initial period,
                             which will cause delays. Please help with
                             fixing any breakage that occurs,” says
                             Ubuntu’s Matthias Klose, in an email he
                             shared to the Ubuntu development mailing list
                             to kick off the cycle.


                      # ⚓ Don’t_Upgrade_to_Ubuntu_21.04_Just_Yet_if_You_Have_an
                        Older_System⠀⇛


                             And, this is why you probably did not notice
                             an update notification while using Ubuntu
                             20.10. Ubuntu developers have acknowledged
                             the severity of this issue and decided not to
                             prompt updates till this bug is fixed.


                             As the bug report also mentions a solution
                             where you download Ubuntu 20.04’s shim
                             package to make amends.


                             However, this is not a feasible solution for
                             users.


                             [...]


                             Shim is a bit of code that is signed by
                             Microsoft. So, they are waiting for the
                             process to complete in order to include the
                             new shim binaries for Ubuntu 21.04.


                             Of course, it also affects some other
                             official Ubuntu flavours like Kubuntu.


                      # ⚓ Lubuntu_18.04_LTS_End_of_Life_and_Current_Support
                        Statuses⠀⇛


                             Lubuntu 18.04 (Bionic Beaver) was released
                             April 27, 2018 and will reach End of Life on
                             Friday, May 30, 2021. This means that after
                             that date there will be no further security
                             updates or bugfixes released. We highly
                             recommend that you re-install with 20.04 as
                             soon as possible if you are still running
                             18.04.


                             After May 30th, the only supported releases
                             of Lubuntu will be 20.04 (until April 2023),
                             20.10 (until July 2021), and 21.04 (until
                             January 2022). All other releases of Lubuntu
                             will be considered unsupported, and will no
                             longer receive any further updates (or
                             support) from the Lubuntu team.


          o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾


                # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾


                      # ⚓ MPi4_NEC_MediaPlayer_Kit_slot-in_card_powers_4K
                        digital_signage_displays_with_Raspberry_Pi_CM4_–_CNX
                        Software⠀⇛


                             NEC Display Solutions has been integrating
                             Raspberry Pi Compute Modules into commercial
                             displays used for digital signage and
                             presentation platforms for over 5 years now.


                             The company, now called Sharp NEC Display
                             Solutions, has launched a new Intel Smart
                             Display Module (SDM)-like slot-in card based
                             on Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 called “MPi4
                             NEC MediaPlayer Kit” and designed as an
                             entry-level card alternative to the company’s
                             Intel SDM slot-in cards designed for NEC
                             large format 4K displays.


                      # ⚓ Allwinner_Processor_2021-2022_Roadmap_–_Allwinner
                        T827,_T723_and_T1033_SoC’s⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Allwinner_V831_NPU_(Neural_Processor_Unit)_reverse-
                        engineered_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛


                             When Sipeed introduced MAIX-II Dock AIoT
                             vision development kit, they asked help from
                             the community to help reverse-engineer
                             Allwinner V831‘s NPU in order to make an
                             open-source AI toolchain based on NCNN.


                      # ⚓ Xilinx_Introduces_Kria_Portfolio_of_Adaptive_System-
                        on-Modules_for_Accelerating_Innovation_and_AI
                        Applications_at_the_Edge_|_Business_Wire⠀⇛


                             Xilinx, Inc. (NASDAQ: XLNX) today introduced
                             the Kria™ portfolio of adaptive system-on-
                             modules (SOMs), production-ready small form
                             factor embedded boards that enable rapid
                             deployment in edge-based applications.
                             Coupled with a complete software stack and
                             pre-built, production-grade accelerated
                             applications, Kria adaptive SOMs are a new
                             method of bringing adaptive computing to AI
                             and software developers.


                             The first product available in the Kria SOM
                             portfolio, the Kria K26 SOM, specifically
                             targets vision AI applications in smart
                             cities and smart factories. The Xilinx® SOM
                             roadmap includes a full range of products,
                             from cost-optimized SOMs for size and cost-
                             constrained applications to higher
                             performance modules that will offer
                             developers more real-time compute capability
                             per watt.


                # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾


                      # ⚓ LineageOS_18.1_lets_OnePlus_6/6T_owners_grab_Android
                        11_–_9to5Google⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ OPPO_F11_Pro_gets_ColorOS_11_(Android_11)_stable
                        update⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Samsung_Galaxy_A_series_One_UI_3.0/3.1_(Android_11)
                        update_status⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ ChargePoint_Continues_to_Enhance_the_EV_Driver
                        Experience_with_Android_Auto_Integration_|_Business
                        Wire⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Memfault’s_Device_Observability_Platform_Now
                        Available_for_Android_and_Microcontroller-Based_Devices
                        with_Free_Trial_–_DevOps.com⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Google_rolls_out_its_Android_earthquake_alert_system
                        to_countries_outside_of_the_US_|_Tom’s_Guide⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Your_next_Android_TV_set-top_box_may_also_be_a_Google
                        Assistant_smart_speaker⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Nexvoo_NexPad_T530_review:_Decent_Android_4K_video
                        conferencing_tablet⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Honor_Band_6_review:_Android_owners,_beware_|_Expert
                        Reviews⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ ‘New_look’_for_Android_12_widgets,_Wear,_more_Google
                        I/O_2021_sessions_–_9to5Google⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Android_11_arrives_on_Galaxy_A41,_Galaxy_Tab_A7,
                        Galaxy_M01,_Nokia_2.4⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ LineageOS_18.1_is_here_for_OnePlus_6/6T,_ZenFone_5Z,
                        and_Mi_Note_3⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Android_11_update_rolling_out_to_Galaxy_M01,_Galaxy
                        M31,_Galaxy_Tab_A7_|_HT_Tech⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Android_users_warned_of_‘DHL’_delivery_scam_that_can
                        steal_your_bank_details_|_Malvern_Gazette⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Android_users_beware!_FluBot_malware_spreading
                        through_SMS_messaging⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Android_phones_send_out_earthquake_alerts_in_Greece
                        and_New_Zealand_–_Greek_City_Times⠀⇛


                      # ⚓ Huawei_Android_rival_release_date_news:_HarmonyOS
                        ‘begins’_rollout,_P30_and_P40_first?_|_Express.co.uk⠀⇛


          o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾


                # ⚓ Martin_Michlmayr:_Research_on_FOSS_foundations⠀⇛


                       This primer covers non-technical aspects that the
                       majority of projects will have to consider at some
                       point. It also explains how FOSS foundations can
                       help projects grow and succeed.


                       [...]


                       This research was sponsored by Ford Foundation and
                       Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. The research was part
                       of their Critical Digital Infrastructure Research
                       initiative, which investigates the role of open
                       source in digital infrastructure.


                # § Events⠀➾


                      # ⚓ IWOCL_+_SYCLcon_2021_Slides/Videos_Published_For_Lots
                        Of_OpenCL,_SYCL_Technical_Talks⠀⇛


                             Taking place virtually this week has been the
                             International Workshop on OpenCL (IWOCL) and
                             SYCLcon. From these events are a lot of
                             interesting presentations for those
                             interested in GPU compute, heterogeneous
                             programming, and industry API efforts.


                # § FSFE⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Router_Freedom_Activity_Package_+++_Fernanda_Weiden
                        +++_Spring_Sales⠀⇛


                             Router Freedom is the right that consumers of
                             any Internet Service Provider (ISP) have to
                             choose and use a private modem and router
                             instead of equipment that the ISP provides.
                             In the context of reform of
                             telecommunications law, since June 2020 a new
                             set of rules guides the implementation of
                             Router Freedom in Europe.


                             Check here the status of Router Freedom in
                             your country
                             Although the new rules will provide more
                             clarity in several respects concerning end-
                             users’ rights, the awareness of Router
                             Freedom is low across Europe. Active
                             participation of local communities in the
                             legislative processes of laws impacting the
                             ability of end-users to choose their network
                             devices is crucial for leveraging the
                             protection of Router Freedom in national
                             jurisdictions.


                             Therefore, we have prepared an activity
                             package for individuals and organisations who
                             want to communicate with regulators and
                             decision makers of their countries and take a
                             stand for Router Freedom. The package
                             consists of an activity summary, a monitoring
                             map and a wiki page with relevant information
                             for local engagement.


                # § Programming/Development⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Color_Maps_and_Conditional_Formatting⠀⇛


                             When visualizing the data, mapping of values
                             to colors is one of essential steps. There is
                             an extensive discussion in the literature
                             about the proper selection of colors (see
                             e.g. the publications mentioned here), and
                             there are multiple publicly available
                             collections of color maps that are designed
                             to deliver best results in scientific
                             visualization applications. For the coming
                             release 2.9 we added some of the well-known
                             collections to LabPlot.


                      # ⚓ Pete_Zaitcev:_Swift_in_2021⠀⇛


                             A developer meet-up for OpenStack, known as
                             PTG, occurred a week ago. I attended the
                             Swift track, where somewhat to my surprise we
                             had two new contributors show up.


                             I got into a habit of telling people that I
                             did not want Swift to end like AFS: develop
                             great software and dead, with nobody using
                             it. Today I looked it up, and what do you
                             know: OpenAFS made a release in June 2020
                             (and apparently they also screwed up and had
                             to post an emergency release in October).


                      # ⚓ Discover_Bottlenecks_on_QNX⠀⇛


                             QNX is commonly the operating system of
                             choice, when it comes to developing on
                             embedded systems. However, the performance
                             limits are exceeded quickly, especially if
                             you’re working on low-end hardware. As a
                             result, you’ll likely need to perform an
                             investigation to find the bottlenecks that
                             contribute to reaching these limits, in order
                             to configure your application to fit the
                             requirements of your system.


                             There are many reasons why an application
                             might be slow. Any number of bottlenecks
                             could be causing the delays. In our
                             experience, file reads and writes have been
                             relevant factors, due to bandwidth
                             limitations.


                      # ⚓ Network,_learn_and_get_inspired_together_–_DEV/DES
                        DAYS_2021⠀⇛


                             The last year has been a roller coaster! As
                             everything continues to be virtual, we wanted
                             to create something special to bring people
                             together and escape the reality.


                      # § Rust⠀➾


                            # ⚓ Rustup_1.24.0_release_incident_report_for_2021-
                              04-27⠀⇛


                                   On 2021-04-27 at 15:09 UTC we released
                                   a new version of Rustup (1.24.0). At
                                   15:23 UTC we received a report that we
                                   had introduced a regression in the part
                                   of the code which is responsible for
                                   proxying the rustfmt and cargo-fmt
                                   portions of Rust toolchains. At 15:27
                                   UTC we had confirmed and identified the
                                   cause of the problem, and while we
                                   worked on a fix, we reverted the
                                   released Rustup to version 1.23.1 – an
                                   action completed by 15:56 UTC.


                                   This means that for approximately 47
                                   minutes, CI jobs which used the code
                                   formatting features of Rust toolchains
                                   may have had spurious failures, and
                                   users who upgraded will have had to
                                   revert to 1.23.1. The revert process is
                                   designed to be as easy as upgrading
                                   was, meaning that users should not have
                                   had lingering issues.


    * § Leftovers⠀➾


          o ⚓ Waiting_for_Catastrophes⠀⇛


                 Chatting with a friend in Baghdad—I’ve been calling
                 friends around the world to ask them how they are doing
                 in the pandemic. Abbas, a veteran reporter in Baghdad,
                 says that there have been over a million confirmed cases
                 of Covid-19 in Iraq, and he does not know anyone who has
                 been vaccinated. Journalists, we joke, using Trump’s
                 phrase, are “enemies of the people” and not essential
                 workers. “Not sure when I’ll get a vaccine,” Abbas said.


          o ⚓ Blake_Bailey’s_Life_as_a_Man⠀⇛


                 I wasn’t planning to read Blake Bailey’s biography of
                 Philip Roth anytime soon. Despite their (to me) obvious
                 male narcissism, I’ve enjoyed some of Roth’s novels a
                 lot—The Ghost Writer, The Counterlife, The Plot Against
                 America, and The Human Stain are favorites. There is
                 something liberatory about the intensity of his
                 commitment to his own id—“the fantasy of purity,” he
                 wrote, in The Human Stain, “is appalling.” But I don’t
                 share the emotional identification with his work felt by
                 numerous literary men of my acquaintance, much less 900
                 pages’ worth of curiosity about the man himself. Still,
                 when Norton announced it was suspending publicity and
                 shipments of the biography’s initial 50,000 print run,
                 and had dropped its plans to print 10,000 more, I called
                 up my local bookstore and reserved a copy. I figure I’m a
                 grown-up, I can decide for myself.


          o ⚓ The_Art_of_the_Memoir_With_Japanese_Breakfast⠀⇛


                 Twenty twenty-one will be a big year for Michelle Zauner,
                 who is a writer, the host of a series of Vice videos
                 about fusion cuisines, the director of a music video for
                 Better Oblivion Community Center (the duo of rock artists
                 Conor Oberst and Phoebe Bridgers), and the soundtrack
                 composer for an upcoming open-world video game. But
                 Zauner is probably best known as Japanese Breakfast, the
                 indie pop artist behind the critically acclaimed albums
                 Psychopomp and Soft Sounds From Another Planet. Her third
                 record, Jubilee, is slated for a summer release after
                 coronavirus-related delays, and her memoir, Crying in H-
                 Mart, was recently published by Knopf.


          o § Science⠀➾


                # ⚓ Enemies_of_Science⠀⇛


                       McCullough argues that cases of shingles outbreaks
                       in people who had received recently received COVID
                       vaccines cannot have been caused by the vaccines as
                       early speculation had suggested (“Shingles is not
                       caused by COVID-19 vaccines. Here’s the science”).
                       “Science,” writes, McCullough, “is littered with
                       post hoc fallacies.” The inference, she argues,
                       from the fact that an outbreak of shingles followed
                       closely upon a COVID vaccine to the conclusion that
                       it was caused by the vaccine is an example of such
                       a fallacy.


                       A post hoc, or more correctly, a post hoc, ergo
                       propter hoc fallacy refers to the inference from
                       the fact that one event followed another event, to
                       the conclusion that the first event caused the
                       second event. More is necessary to support such a
                       conclusion than mere temporal succession.
                       McCullough is right about that. That’s about the
                       only thing she gets right, however, in an otherwise
                       very misleading article that is marred by its own
                       equally egregious informal fallacy.


          o § Health/Nutrition⠀➾


                # ⚓ Prescription_Drugs_in_US_Are_Quadruple_What_They_Cost
                  Elsewhere,_Report_Finds⠀⇛


                # ⚓ Elizabeth_Warren_Unveils_$700_Billion_Plan_to_Establish
                  Universal_Child_Care⠀⇛


                # ⚓ ‘Enraging_and_Unforgivable’:_Fresh_Calls_for_Cuomo’s
                  Removal_After_Nursing_Home_Data_Revelations⠀⇛


                       The New York governor “defrauded the public to sell
                       more books,” said state lawmaker Ron T. Kim.


                # ⚓ India_Desperately_Needs_Biden’s_Help_to_Address_the_Covid-
                  19_Surge⠀⇛


                       President Joe Biden announced Monday that the
                       United States would ship its stockpile of millions
                       of Astrazeneca doses overseas to help countries
                       struggling to vaccinate their populations “as the
                       doses become available.” It remains unclear when
                       these doses will become available, and the Biden
                       administration has yet to decide where these
                       vaccines will go.


                # ⚓ ‘We_Need_Medicare_for_All’:_Video_Shows_People_Worldwide
                  Appalled_by_High_US_Healthcare_Costs⠀⇛


                       The “excellent” video, said one viewer, exposes the
                       “cruelty and inefficiency of our healthcare
                       system.”


                # ⚓ The_Fight_to_Ban_Chemical_Warfare_Helped_Us_Battle_Covid-
                  19⠀⇛


                       In the calendar of war, April has been remembered
                       as grim month since 1915. On April 22 of that year,
                       German forces in World War I used lethal chlorine
                       gas for the first time against French divisions at
                       Ypres.


                # ⚓ Study_Commissioned_by_Sanders_Shows_US_Pays_2_to_4_Times
                  More_for_Prescription_Drugs_Than_Other_Nations⠀⇛


                       The Vermont senator urged Biden to include key
                       drug-pricing reforms in his American Families Plan
                       to stop Big Pharma from “ripping off the American
                       people.”


          o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾


                # § Proprietary⠀➾


                      # § Security⠀➾


                            # ⚓ A_crafty_Linux_malware_has_evaded_detection_for
                              years_and_experts_still_don’t_know_what_it_does
                              [Ed: Some FUD du jour from Microsoft site]⠀⇛


                                   Security researchers have discovered a
                                   crafty piece of malware written for
                                   Linux, but finding it after three years
                                   in the wild is just “the tip of the
                                   iceberg,” they say. Its purpose remains
                                   a mystery.


                            # ⚓ RotaJakiro:_A_Linux_backdoor_that_has_flown
                              under_the_radar_for_years [Ed: Microsoft-
                              sponsored sites push this FUD hard]⠀⇛


                            # ⚓ Weekly_threat_roundup:_Nvidia,_Linux,_macOS⠀⇛


          o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾


                # ⚓ Amid_National_Reckoning_on_Police_Brutality,_Omar
                  Reintroduces_Bold_Reform_Bills⠀⇛


                       “History shows that the criminal justice system is
                       not equipped to prosecute itself.”


                # ⚓ Commission_Finds_Anti-Black_Police_Violence_Constitutes
                  Crimes_Against_Humanity⠀⇛


                # ⚓ Connecting_the_dots_Bulgaria_suspects_six_Russian_nationals
                  in_series_of_arms_depot_explosions⠀⇛


                       Bulgaria is investigating six Russian nationals
                       over their alleged involvement in a series of arms
                       depot explosions dating back as far as 2011, the
                       spokeswoman for the country’s Prosecutor General’s
                       Office announced at a press conference on
                       Wednesday, April 28. The explosions targeted
                       weapons apparently destined for export to Georgia
                       and Ukraine, which belonged to Bulgarian arms
                       dealer Emilian Gebrev. Bulgarian prosecutors also
                       believe there may be a connection between the
                       blasts and the poisoning attempt on Gebrev in 2015.


                # ⚓ Drug_Laws_and_the_Killing_of_Andrew_Brown,_Jr.⠀⇛


                       Like George Floyd and Breonna Taylor and Marvin
                       Scott and Carlos Ingram Lopez and Daniel Prude and
                       so many others, Andrew Brown Jr. would be alive
                       today if it were not for the drug war. What was
                       supposed to be a search and arrest warrant for
                       drugs ended up being a death sentence.


                       Holding one officer accountable does nothing to fix
                       an inherently broken and racist system. This is a
                       systemic issue that demands a systemic response. So
                       long as the drug war remains and we continue to
                       rely on police versus our public health systems to
                       deal with drugs in this country, law enforcement
                       will continue to exploit the premise of the drug
                       war to excuse these deaths and shield themselves
                       from accountability. And tragically, we will
                       continue to see Black, Latinx and Indigenous people
                       killed in horrible and unimaginable ways.


                # ⚓ Chechen_Supreme_Court_prolongs_arrest_of_opposition
                  activist_after_overturning_his_detention_a_month_ago⠀⇛


                       Chechnya’s Supreme Court has upheld the ruling of
                       the court of first instance prolonging the arrest
                       of activists Ismail Isayev and Salekh Magamadov —
                       two brothers who ran the opposition Telegram
                       channel Osal Nakh 95. This was reported to Meduza
                       by the Russian LGBT Network.


                # ⚓ US_Department_Of_Education_Now_Investigating_Florida
                  Sheriff’s_Student_‘Pre-Crime’_Program⠀⇛


                       The Pasco County (FL) Sheriff’s Office decided to
                       bring some of its predictive policing nonsense
                       indoors. It also started looking for smaller
                       targets. The program used to harass residents over
                       things like uncut lawns and missing mailbox numbers
                       was extended to schoolchildren, who were subjected
                       to the same sort of spreadsheet bullshit. Low
                       grades? Miss a few school days? Victim of domestic
                       violence?


                # ⚓ Amid_Widespread_Disease,_Death,_and_Poverty,_the_Major
                  Powers_Increased_Their_Military_Spending_in_2020⠀⇛


                       Even so, the disasters of 2020 were not shocking
                       enough to jolt the world’s most powerful nations
                       out of their traditional preoccupation with
                       enhancing their armed might, for once again they
                       raised their military spending to new heights.


                       During 2020, world military expenditures increased
                       to $1,981,000,000,000—or nearly $2 trillion—with
                       the outlays of the three leading military powers
                       playing a major part in the growth. The U.S.
                       government increased its military spending from
                       $732 billion in 2019 to $778 billion in 2020, thus
                       retaining its top spot among the biggest funders of
                       war preparations. Meanwhile, the Chinese government
                       hiked its military spending to $252 billion, while
                       the Russian government raised its military outlay
                       to $61.7 billion.


                # ⚓ America’s_Ruinous_Pursuit_of_Mission_Impossible_in
                  Afghanistan⠀⇛


                       In all that time, Washington has been fighting
                       what, in reality, should have been considered a
                       fantasy war, a mission impossible in that country,
                       however grim and bloody, based on fantasy
                       expectations and fantasy calculations, few of which
                       seem to have been stanched in Washington even so
                       many years later. Not surprisingly, Biden’s
                       decision evoked the predictable reactions in that
                       city. The military high command’s never-ending urge
                       to stick with a failed war was complemented by the
                       inside-the-Beltway Blob’s doomsday scenarios and
                       tired nostrums.


                       The latter began the day before the president even
                       went public when, in a major opinion piece, the
                       Washington Post’s editorial board distilled the
                       predictable platitudes to come: such a full-scale
                       military exit, they claimed, would deprive
                       Washington of all diplomatic influence and convince
                       the Taliban that it could jettison its talks with
                       President Ashraf Ghani’s demoralized U.S.-backed
                       government and fight its way to power. A Taliban
                       triumph would, in turn, eviscerate democracy and
                       civil society, leaving rights gained by women and
                       minorities in these years in the dust, and so
                       destroy everything the U.S. had fought for since
                       October 2001.


                # ⚓ The_Russia/China_Space_Weaponization_Treaty⠀⇛


                       Fairlamb knows the weaponization of space issue.
                       His background includes being International Affairs
                       Specialist for the Army Space and Missile Defense
                       Command and Military Assistant to the U.S.
                       Secretary of State for Political Military Affairs.
                       He is familiar with war first-hand: he was a
                       company commander in Vietnam. He holds a doctorate
                       on “Comparative Defense Policy Analysis.”


                       “Given the implications for strategic stability,
                       and the likelihood that such a decision [to deploy
                       weapons in space] by any nation would set off an
                       expensive space arms race in which any advantage
                       gained would likely be temporary, engaging now to
                       prevent such a debacle seems warranted,” wrote
                       Fairlamb in his opinion column on February 4 in The
                       Hill. 


                # ⚓ George_Floyd⠀⇛


                # ⚓ US_Role_Behind_the_Defeat_of_Ecuador’s_Leftist_Presidential
                  Candidate⠀⇛


                       This setback for the Citizens Revolution movement,
                       founded by Rafael Correa, will have profound
                       implications for Ecuador and beyond, fortifying the
                       US-allied reactionary bloc in Latin America.


                       Former President Correa left office with a 60%
                       approval rating. He had been twice elected
                       president on the first round; unprecedented for
                       Ecuador, which had a turnover of seven presidents
                       in the previous decade. His Alianza País party had
                       won fourteen elections, reflecting the popularity
                       of their wealth redistributive programs, including
                       reducing extreme poverty in half.


                # ⚓ ‘Police_Killed_My_Brother’:_Video_Shows_Officers_Kneeling
                  on_Mario_Gonzalez’s_Back_for_5_Minutes⠀⇛


                       The body camera footage released Tuesday conflicts
                       with the account Alameda police officers gave
                       earlier this month. 


                # ⚓ Opinion_|_Amid_Widespread_Disease,_Death,_and_Poverty,_the
                  Major_Powers_Increased_Their_Military_Spending_in_2020⠀⇛


                       The existence of widespread poverty in the world’s
                       mightiest military powers raises the question of
                       what could have been done to alleviate or eliminate
                       it, if during 2020 they had not poured nearly $1.1
                       trillion into preparations for war.


                # ⚓ ‘It’s_About_Damn_Time’:_Advocates_Welcome_DOJ_Hate_Crimes
                  Charges_in_Ahmaud_Arbery_Killing⠀⇛


                       “It’s one step closer to justice,” Arbery’s mother
                       said of the new federal indictments for the three
                       men accused of murdering her son in Georgia last
                       year. 


                # ⚓ The_End_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_Is_in_Sight⠀⇛


                       On May 1, the date Donald Trump signed onto for the
                       withdrawal of the remaining 3,500 American troops
                       from Afghanistan, the war there, already 19 years
                       old, was still officially a teenager. Think of
                       September 11, 2021—the 20th anniversary of the 9/11
                       attacks and the date Joe Biden has chosen for the
                       same—as, in essence, the very moment when its
                       teenage years will be over.


                # ⚓ Human_Rights_Watch:_Israel_Is_an_Apartheid_State⠀⇛


                       In the summer of 2014, after an Israeli siege and
                       bombing of Gaza left hundreds of Palestinian
                       children dead, tens of thousands of South Africans
                       took to the streets of their capital city to
                       protest for the Palestinian people. There,
                       addressing a crowd of South African workers, civil
                       society organizations, trade unions, and political
                       parties, the former president of South Africa Thabo
                       Mbeki called for a boycott of Israeli goods,
                       evoking the parallels between his people’s
                       experiences of apartheid and Israel’s treatment of
                       the Palestinians.


          o § Transparency/Investigative Reporting⠀➾


                # ⚓ Credit_Suisse_Faces_Renewed_Push_To_Investigate
                  Whistleblower_Claims_They_Violated_Plea_Deal⠀⇛


                       Credit Suisse, a financial services firm
                       headquartered in Switzerland, violated the terms of
                       a 2014 plea agreement, but the Justice Department
                       under Presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump
                       declined to punish the investment bank.


                       Former Credit Suisse bankers blew the whistle on
                       the firm’s use of sham companies, foundations, and
                       trusts to evade tax authorities in the United
                       States. As Bloomberg noted, in May 2014, when the
                       bank pled guilty, it “did not tell the Justice
                       Department about a $200 million account held by an
                       American client” named Dan Horsky.


          o § Environment⠀➾


                # ⚓ Climate_Crisis_Has_Shifted_the_Earth’s_Axis,_Study_Shows⠀⇛


                # ⚓ ‘We_Need_to_Act_Now’:_Study_Reveals_Glaciers_Melting_at
                  Unprecedented_Pace⠀⇛


                       “A doubling of the thinning rates in 20 years for
                       glaciers outside Greenland and Antarctica tells us
                       we need to change the way we live,” the study’s
                       lead author said. 


                # ⚓ Biden_‘Has_Not_Yet_Done_Enough’_on_Climate_Emergency_in
                  First_100_Days,_Campaigners_Say⠀⇛


                       “Now is the time for Biden to back up his
                       progressive messaging with climate action that will
                       actually stop the crisis at the scale that science
                       and justice demand.”


                # ⚓ Biden’s_Climate_Plan:_It’s_Too_Late_for_Gradualism⠀⇛


                       The climate emergency demands a radical and rapid
                       decarbonization of the economy with numerical goals
                       and timetables to transform all productive sectors,
                       not only power production (27% of carbon
                       emissions), but also transportation (28%),
                       manufacturing (22%), buildings (12%), and
                       agriculture (10%). That emergency transformation
                       can only be met by an ecosocialist approach using
                       public enterprise and planning.


                       Instead, Biden’s plan emphasizes corporate welfare:
                       subsidies and tax incentives for clean energy that
                       will take uncertain effect at a leisurely pace in
                       the markets. Moreover, it does nothing to stop more
                       oil and gas fracking and pipelines for more gas-
                       fired power plants, or to shut down coal-fired
                       power plants. Without out directly saying so, it is
                       a plan to burn fossil fuels for decades to come.


                # § Energy⠀➾


                      # ⚓ Opinion_|_UN_Treaty_Could_Force_Mining_Companies_to
                        Behave_Responsibly⠀⇛


                             As business continues during a global
                             pandemic, the need to protect the
                             environment, health and human rights are
                             ever-more urgent.


                      # ⚓ Nuclear_industry’s_unfounded_claims_let_it_survive⠀⇛


                             The nuclear industry’s unfounded claims let
                             it rely on “dark arts”, ignoring much better
                             ways to cut carbon emissions.


                      # ⚓ House_Dems_Ask_AG_Garland_to_Review_Chevron’s_‘Unjust
                        Legal_Assault’_on_Steven_Donziger⠀⇛


                             “Attorneys working on behalf of victims of
                             human rights violations must not be
                             criminalized,” said Rep. Rashida Tlaib.


          o § Finance⠀➾


                # ⚓ Biden_Unveils_American_Families_Plan,_Which_Would_Establish
                  Paid_Leave_Program⠀⇛


                # ⚓ 200+_Groups_From_67_Nations_Demand_‘Transformational
                  Change’_at_Corporate-Friendly_WTO⠀⇛


                       “The WTO’s hyperglobalization rules shaped a global
                       economy that is not working for most people, and
                       it’s due time to replace them.”


                # ⚓ ‘Exactly_What_This_Country_Needs’:_Progressives_Applaud
                  Biden’s_Proposal_to_Raise_Taxes_on_Wealthy⠀⇛


                       “The era of trickle-down nonsense is over—it’s time
                       to tax the rich.”


                # ⚓ Biden_Proposes_Hiking_Taxes_on_Richest_Americans_to_Fund
                  Universal_Pre-K,_Paid_Leave,_and_More⠀⇛


                       “Taxes have become almost optional for the super-
                       rich. President Biden’s plan is a welcome first
                       step in reversing wealth hoarding and tax
                       avoidance.”


                # ⚓ ‘A_Slap_in_the_Face’:_Postal_Union_Slams_DeJoy_Plan_to
                  Close_Mail_Processing_Facilities⠀⇛


                       “Plant consolidations are a misguided strategy that
                       not only disrupts the lives of postal workers but
                       will further delay mail.”


                # ⚓ Postal_Workers_Union_Slams_DeJoy_Plan_to_Close_Mail
                  Processing_Facilities⠀⇛


          o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾


                # ⚓ DOJ_Rescinds_Trump-Era_Policy_Denying_Grant_Money_to
                  Sanctuary_Cities⠀⇛


                       The move targeted a May 2017 directive requiring
                       recipients of a $250 million law enforcement grant
                       pool to cooperate with immigration authorities. 


                # ⚓ Republicans_to_Break_Tradition_of_Giving_Spanish_Response
                  to_President’s_Speech⠀⇛


                # ⚓ Tucker_Carlson_Is_Emblematic_of_Today’s_Republican_Party⠀⇛


                # ⚓ Republicans_Nationwide_are_Thwarting_Democracy⠀⇛


                       In another vein, they have gone so far in Florida
                       and Oklahoma as to pass legislation openly aimed at
                       leftist demonstrators that would grant immunity
                       from prosecution to drivers who would hit them with
                       their vehicles during street protests. Such laws
                       threaten the constitutional right to peaceful
                       assembly.


                       Forty-five states have considered bills restricting
                       the right of peaceful assembly since November 2016
                       and 17 of them have enacted 28 pieces of such
                       legislation since then, according to the
                       International Center for Not-for-Profit Law. The
                       organization in part tracks legislation seeking to
                       curtail the right to demonstrate without violence.


                # ⚓ Federal_Agents_Execute_Raid_Giuliani’s_Home,_Signaling
                  Turning_Point_in_Probe_Into_Ukraine_Dealings⠀⇛


                       “A judge had to conclude that there was probable
                       cause that evidence of crime(s) would be found
                       there” in order to allow the search of Giuliani’s
                       home.


                # ⚓ Feds_Execute_Search_Warrant_at_Giuliani’s_House,_Office,
                  Seize_His_Cellphone⠀⇛


                # ⚓ WATCH:_President_Joe_Biden_Delivers_First_Address_to
                  Congress⠀⇛


                       “Now—after just 100 days—I can report to the
                       nation: America is on the move again. Turning peril
                       into possibility. Crisis into opportunity. Setback
                       into strength.”


                # ⚓ Opinion_|_Time_to_Choose:_Democracy_or_Authoritariansim⠀⇛


                       Senate Democrats have the power to end the
                       filibuster and thereby allow the For the People Act
                       to become law. It’s time for Democrats to unite on
                       this, without hesitation.


                # ⚓ Republicans_Are_Risking_a_Major_Realignment⠀⇛


                       At President Biden’s first hundred days benchmark,
                       one crucial question should be: How is the GOP
                       doing?


                # ⚓ Opinion_|_An_Ugly_Picture_as_State-Level_GOP_Attempt_to
                  Strangle_Dissent_Nationwide⠀⇛


                       In 34 states, Republican lawmakers attempt
                       destroying the right to protest.


          o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾


                # ⚓ ‘It’s_Important_Americans_Don’t_Take_for_Granted_They_Can
                  Exercise_Their_First_Amendment_Rights’⠀⇛


                # ⚓ Malaysian_Government_Claims_Insulting_The_Queen_With_A
                  Spotify_Playlist_Is_A_Threat_To_National_Security⠀⇛


                       The government of Malaysia has never been shy about
                       censoring uppity citizens for doing things like,
                       say, exposing massive government corruption. But it
                       also has some royalty to shield from the content
                       created by disgruntled citizens. That’s why it
                       recently welcomed a “fake news” law into the fold,
                       giving the government (and the royalty it
                       ultimately serves) yet another censorial weapon to
                       deploy.


                # ⚓ The_Politics_of_Free_Speech_in_Muslim_Countries⠀⇛


                       Many Muslim states stifle the free press, some more
                       than others. Some states own the media and do not
                       permit commercial press, while others allow
                       commercial press but control them through
                       censorship laws. In some cases, the military and
                       intelligence agencies command the state-media and
                       commercial press with hidden hands. In many Muslim
                       countries, journalists disappear, face persecution,
                       imprisonment, assault, torture, and murder. The
                       2018 assassination of Jamal Khashoggi, a Washington
                       Post columnist whose body was sawed into pieces in
                       the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, is the most
                       dramatic example of state-sponsored revenge for
                       exposing the government’s wrongdoings.


                       The absence of the free press empowers governments
                       to manipulate the information reaching the people.
                        Globally, the leading Muslim countries occupy the
                       bottom of free press rankings. Out of 180
                       countries, ranked by Reporters without Borders, a
                       non-governmental organization, Iran (174), and
                       Saudi Arabia (170), the principal Shia and Sunni
                       countries are at the world’s worst. Pakistan (145),
                       Bangladesh (152), and Turkey (153), purportedly
                       constitutional democracies, are slightly better
                       than Egypt (166) suffering under the military
                       dictatorship and Iraq (163) emerging from the U.S.
                       invasion. Indonesia, the most populated Muslim
                       country, trails at 113.


                # ⚓ Months_After_Indian_Gov’t_Threatens_To_Jail_Twitter
                  Employees,_Twitter_Now_Blocking_Tweets_That_Criticize_The
                  Indian_Government⠀⇛


                       Back in February, we wrote about how the Indian
                       government was threatening to jail Twitter
                       employees if the company wouldn’t block various
                       tweets that were critical of the government’s
                       handling of farmer protests in that country. While
                       Twitter pushed back, eventually it did block a
                       bunch of content, though it appears it did so
                       reluctantly, and only because it had no other
                       choice.


                # ⚓ Content_Moderation_Case_Study:_Apple_Blocks_WordPress
                  Updates_In_Dispute_Over_Non-Existent_In-app_Purchase_(2020)⠀⇛


                       Summary: Apple controls what apps get onto iPhone
                       and iPads via its full control over the iOS App
                       Store. Every app (and its updates) need to be
                       reviewed by Apple staff before it’s allowed in the
                       store — and Apple puts in place its own rules for
                       what is and what is not allowed.


                # ⚓ Senator_Marco_Rubio:_Speech_I_Disagree_With_Is_Pollution⠀⇛


                       Senator Marco Rubio keeps trying to act Trump-like,
                       but he just can’t pull it off. He actually knows
                       what he’s saying is bullshit and unlike some other
                       politicians, it’s pretty obvious when Rubio is
                       play-acting populist nonsense, rather than having
                       any real conviction behind it. His latest is a NY
                       Post opinion piece in which he takes on the new
                       favorite punching bag of Republicans-who-have-no-
                       principles-left: what is stupidly being referred to
                       as “woke” corporations.. This is, of course,
                       somewhat hilarious for anyone who followed decades
                       of Republican politics in which over and over the
                       politicians insisted that companies could do no
                       wrong. But now that some companies are pushing back
                       on Republican-inspired nonsense, suddenly they have
                       to be labeled as “woke” and punished.


          o § Freedom of Information/Freedom of the Press⠀➾


                # ⚓ No_strong_feelings_The_Kremlin’s_spokesman_comments_on
                  Meduza’s_‘foreign_agent’_designation⠀⇛


                       During his daily press briefing on Wednesday, April
                       28, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov answered
                       journalists’ questions about Meduza being
                       designated as a “foreign agent.” Reiterating his
                       previous statements about the Justice Ministry
                       making a “legal decision,” Peskov said that the
                       Kremlin has no interest in getting to the bottom of
                       why Meduza was labeled a “foreign agent,” and is
                       more concerned with enforcement of the law. He also
                       said that given today’s media market, the loss of
                       any given news outlet “wouldn’t be felt strongly.”


                # ⚓ Moscow_police_summon_‘Meduza’_correspondent_Kristina
                  Safonova,_plan_to_draw_up_charges⠀⇛


                       On Wednesday, April 28, Meduza special
                       correspondent Kristina Safonova gave the Moscow
                       police a statement about her work at the protest
                       rally on April 21. She later received a summons
                       asking her to report to the police so they can draw
                       up administrative charges.


                # ⚓ Jeremy_Scahill_Discusses_Biden’s_“War_Against
                  Whistleblowers”⠀⇛


          o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾


                # ⚓ ACLU_Urges_Biden_to_Shut_Down_Detention_Facilities_‘Used_to
                  Abuse_and_Traumatize_Immigrants’⠀⇛


                       “It’s time to end our nation’s newest system of
                       mass incarceration of Black and Brown people.”


                # ⚓ At_the_St._Louis_City_Jail,_Inmates_Have_Been_Pushed_to_the
                  Brink⠀⇛


                       On Easter Sunday, about 60 people incarcerated at
                       the St. Louis City Justice Center (CJC) jail in
                       downtown St. Louis escaped from their cells and
                       joined together in an uprising to demand their day
                       in court and improved conditions inside the jail
                       amidst the deadly pandemic. It was the second major
                       uprising at the CJC since February, and at least
                       the fourth coordinated protest there in the last
                       five months. Across the country, the pandemic has
                       catalyzed a year of unprecedented unrest inside
                       jails and prisons. Researchers at Perilous
                       Chronicle reported in November that there had been
                       119 acts of collective resistance in just the first
                       90 days of Covid-19 at facilities in the United
                       States and Canada.


                # ⚓ Opinion_|_Supreme_Court:_Let’s_Make_It_Easier_for_Judges_to
                  Send_Teenagers_to_Die_in_Prison⠀⇛


                       The judicial counterrevolution to juvenile
                       sentencing reform is here, arriving in a regressive
                       decision about a teenager condemned to life without
                       parole.


                # ⚓ Preemptive_intimidation_Meduza_looks_into_the_violent
                  police_response_at_last_week’s_Navalny_protest_in_St.
                  Petersburg⠀⇛


                       Across Russia last week, police arrested almost
                       2,000 people at solidarity rallies in support of
                       Alexey Navalny. Though the demonstrations ended
                       largely without incident in Moscow (where there
                       were only about 30 arrests), police in St.
                       Petersburg acted much more violently, resorting to
                       clubs and stun guns as they arrested more than 800
                       protesters. What’s more, the police brutality
                       continued after demonstrators were taken into
                       custody. At Meduza’s request, local journalist
                       Alexander Yermakov looks into why the St.
                       Petersburg police acted the way they did.


                # ⚓ Russian_police_arrest_more_than_100_people_in_the_week
                  after_the_Navalny_solidarity_protests⠀⇛


                       Russian police have detained 115 people during the
                       week after the protests in support of jailed
                       opposition politician Alexey Navalny on April 21,
                       reports the independent monitoring group OVD-Info. 


                # ⚓ Hard_knocks_Moscow_police_arrested_few_demonstrators_at
                  last_week’s_Navalny_protests,_but_now_they’re_coming_for
                  activists_and_journalists_using_facial_recognition_data⠀⇛


                       Protests in Moscow in support of imprisoned
                       opposition politician Alexey Navalny on April 21
                       ended relatively peacefully with just 60 or so
                       arrests — far fewer than the 1,000 demonstrators
                       police detained at similar rallies in January. A
                       source close to the Russian government told Meduza
                       that the decision to use minimal force against
                       protesters in April was based on recommendations
                       from the Kremlin. Another source close to the Putin
                       administration confirms that the president’s
                       advisers encouraged law enforcement to avoid a
                       scene in Moscow that would displace news coverage
                       of Putin’s state-of-the-nation speech, which took
                       place hours earlier. An official in the Moscow
                       Mayor’s Office confirmed these reports. Almost a
                       week later, however, it’s become apparent that the
                       authorities aren’t done policing the April 21
                       protests. Meduza explains how officials in Moscow
                       and other cities are using new technologies to
                       identify and intimidate the activists and even the
                       journalists who attended the demonstrations.


          o § Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾


                # ⚓ Why_Heritage_Minister_Steven_Guilbeault’s_Own_Department
                  Officials_Don’t_Support_His_Claims_on_Regulating_User
                  Generated_Content⠀⇛


                       This isn’t complicated. The Liberals established
                       exceptions for users and their content in Bill C-
                       10. In fact, on the day he introduced the
                       legislation, Guilbeault told the House of Commons
                       that “user generated content will not be
                       regulated.” With last week’s change, his own
                       department acknowledges that the content will be
                       regulated. No amount of spin will change the
                       reality that Guilbeault committed to exclude user
                       generated content, but caved to pressure from music
                       industry lobbyists instead, tossing out freedom of
                       expression in the process.


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