𝕿𝖊𝖈𝖍𝖗𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙𝖘 Bulletin for Friday, April 30, 2021 ┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅ Generated Sat 1 May 02:40:40 BST 2021 Created by Dr. Roy Schestowitz (𝚛𝚘𝚢 (at) 𝚜𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚣 (dot) 𝚌𝚘𝚖) Full hyperlinks for navigation omitted but are fully available in the originals The corresponding HTML versions are at 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈 Latest in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕 and older bulletins can be found at 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕-𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 Full IPFS index in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔 and as plain text in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔/𝒕𝒙𝒕 Gemini index for the day: gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/30/ ╒═══════════════════ 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐒 ════════════════════════════════════╕ Previous bulletins in IPFS (past 21 days, in chronological order): QmZ1tmGugDNECc6HWK6RAXyor4DYe8kwbyrb8zp1iXVv6Q QmbTzTqQXooSZzCFQCVHrCZsbnA5SXB2JuVPyQgZfNkYW2 Qmas3NxQ3mG3EhFrXQz9DGgH2g9SGY3iD1qUNUiY4LWzQQ QmR2aXCjFqinb5CLi2pSDWhp73xYd1eDTKczhT8jkehzYf QmW31SLGEz9drV7JSSER5kLtYFUA5cLhknY97hdnEjZioV QmeQXjcSNHGJsBoGy8uRLzXK3V9ajbWm4LoDbJMLu7W8ra QmbxfxQ8MP4wrNDfaJBaeWJ17wb6BBqDdLHDukQHp6mutQ QmSYuqJ9P8hSgdb5oVAzvtokT9bBSBWf33LBVJ2vDRkSNy QmRTzFTNKEua6GFu6EGuCeFpTxGtxKYvWkRpj6TC3HrkTp QmVQoeVwK2yhvvMWpLk1tJMvfibbhaMY4nFtuHBimEHW5T QmXNafXd5axgJbMSTJDBhpdahEES6VKHAfwY34G9rygpDN QmPQ7oG2Nj8FKAyQ85RrJktFVMurxCh3Pe3zvDx8rKMAUz QmRgCEHd5HvVtPhazUG8oVowda1vKyqEHfDS2witn4LgH5 QmNs8Lnd17CYyanMLrKZsJMxLpza6WZrFkBe5tLkqLDkZ5 QmTfYRsV88Nc6VUbdnHpsCrRY3CxAQgSjidMgNNrwavfRx QmTioizfonQmkmQZVpk7dZZ67X2Xig8ph9BLmioTxksWXg QmSQttceGFrFU7TmHNANAptaGSCcvan1Eq3QWESem6xe39 QmSZTG3h8A6U3zGFDJ43S48r7L4PQHNWePgtDfg9ttnbbM QmWWQB7dKfFykk9hqcajpXdEzfDGRmtj3BBEk4pp1nMBkN QmQzNpWJQMoFCuyskw5nkucHrWaXPe418yjdFXQCtD7zDD QmZGwB2dwoXTCA8Y8CWe2HqGrE5YtaUwPz4gUmyf4oWnxU ╒═══════════════════ 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐗 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⦿ Sticking It to YouTube (Google, Alphabet) by Self-Hosting Videos and Making Galleries | Techrights ⦿ Show Your Love for the GNU Operating System With These Banners | Techrights ⦿ IRC Proceedings: Thursday, April 29, 2021 | Techrights ⦿ How to Kill the Brand “Linux”, Associating It With an Attack on Human Rights | Techrights ⦿ Microsoft ’Delisted’ by Netcraft, Now Unlisted Among Many Categories | Techrights ䷼ Bulletin articles (as HTML) to comment on (requires login): http://techrights.org/2021/04/30/galleries-self-hosted-videos/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/04/30/gnu-linux-turning-38/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/04/30/irc-log-290421/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/04/30/linux-and-e-passports/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/04/30/microsoft-delisted/#comments ䷞ Followed by Daily Links (assorted news picks curated and categorised): http://techrights.org/2021/04/30/ghostbsd-21-04-2/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/04/30/tde-r14-0-10/#comments ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 60 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/30/galleries-self-hosted-videos/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/30/galleries-self-hosted-videos/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.30.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Sticking_It_to_YouTube_(Google,_Alphabet)_by_Self-Hosting_Videos_and_Making Galleries⠀✐ Posted in Site_News at 3:38 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Let’s weaken Internet monopolies 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Gallery of Techrights videos⦈ Summary: We’ve entered the next step in our plan to become fully self-hosted for videos, including facilities by which to browse past videos BACK in December we started recording and sharing many videos. Almost 40 gigabytes later, and having created .gif (GIF) animations with previews, we can now automatically produce_clickable_video_galleries (screenshot above), more or less like YouTube sans the text and sans the JavaScript. “Putting videos on YouTube isn’t free; the cost is hidden and becoming a slave of masters like Facebook or Google is a huge cost.”The implementation is extremely simple and generally occurred to me as a reasonable possibility when I was in the kitchen a few weeks ago. Rather than attempt to do anything fancy with JavaScript the previews can be done ‘offline’, then uploaded with the same filename as the WebM file, except the extension. We already explained how to streamline the GIF file. That_was_20_days_ago. Once you have enough GIF files in place, try something like this (for our setup it’s all in ~/public_html/ videos/): cd ~/public_html/videos/ find *.gif > /tmp/gif sed 's/.gif//' /tmp/gif > /tmp/gif-raw echo '' > ~/public_html/videos/index.html while IFS= read -r line; do echo "\"$line\"" >> ~/public_html/videos/index.html done < /tmp/gif-raw Of course it would be nice to add header, footer etc. That would actually be the vastly easier part (with commands like cat for concatenation). Appending and prepending bits of HTML: 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Gallery_of_Techrights_videos⦈_ We hope that over time fewer people will moan about YouTube censorship (it’s a form of social control media, connected closely to the US government). Instead, people should shoulder the cost and burden of self-hosting. Putting videos on YouTube isn’t free; the cost is hidden and becoming_a_slave_of_masters_like Facebook_or_Google is a huge cost. One day it can cost as much as an entire channel (getting zapped over political differences, not even obscenities). They typically use terms like “community guidelines”, which include not ‘offending’ particular views or beliefs. █ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⢸⣔⣛⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣉⣉⣉⣹⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣭⣿⣿⠉⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣉⣉⣉⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣁⣒⢂⣀⣀⣰⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⠟⠋⠉⠁⠀⠈⠙⠛⠋⠁⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣭⣭⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠒⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣣⣾⣿⡻⠿⠟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡉⣙⡉⢉⠉⠙⠋⠙⡿⡟⠟⣿⣿⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣨⣉⣨⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣠⣄⣤⣄⣤⣤⣤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣼⣧⣿⣧⣼⣤⣾⣤⣤⣷⣼⣼⣿⣿⡇⣿ ⣿⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣼⣿⣿⣯⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣥⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢛⣻⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⡶⡶⠶⢶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠋⠙⠉⠏⠉⠉⠉⢹⣿⣿⡏⠉⠉⠉⠉⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⡏⠉⠉⠉⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⢈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡈⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠉⠉⠉⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⠀⠀⠐⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣤⣀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⡏⣟⣿⣻⣟⣿⣿⠿⢋⣿⣏⡀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⡿⠿⠯⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠉⠀⢀⡿⠁⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⢥⠶⠶⢾⣿⣿⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⣿⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣟⣟⣿⡇⣿ ⣿⠿⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠾⠿⠷⠶⠶⠶⠶⠿⣸⣿⣿⡿⠷⠶⠶⠶⠾⠷⠶⠾⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠶⠶⠾⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⠷⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠇⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⢰⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡆⠈⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢋⣠⣤⡈⠿⠿⠿⠟⠃⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠛⠛⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠀⢠⣸⣟⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠸⢿⣿⣯⣟⠿⠛⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠄⠂⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⡿⢿⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⠍⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠍⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣾⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⣿ ⣿⣿⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣠⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣸⡇⣿ ⣿⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣼⣿⣿⣯⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣥⣿ ⠛⠋⠛⠙⠛⠛⠉⠙⠛⠉⠉⠙⠋⠉⠉⠛⢛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⢀⢞⢔⢿⣿⣷⣯⣛⠿⡿⠟⠛⠈⠉⠉⠉⠙⣽⢋⣿⣿⣿⣭⣻⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠁⠀⠀⢀⠞⣵⣻⣿⣷⣯⣛⠿⡿⠟⠛⠈⠉⠉⠉⠙⣽⢋⣿⣿⣿⣭⣛⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠁⠀⠀⠀⡜⡱⣻⣿⣷⣮⣟⠿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠱⠯⠷⠿⠿⠿⠟⠗⠊⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠁⠯⠧⠿⠿⠿⠿⠗⠎⠉⠁⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠄⠐⠀⡄⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠ ⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣯⣭⣯⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⠿⠛⠙⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣷⣀⣴⣿⣿⡟⠀⠐⣶⣿⣾⢼⣿⠀⠀⢀⢠⣤⡄⠸⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣇⣶⣾⣿⣿⡟⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠄⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⢿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠷⠀⠰⢿⣷⣿⢼⣿⠀⠀⢿⠊⠉⠁⣀⣹⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠆⠺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣇⣈⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣸⣟⣿⣿⣿⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣃⣈⣀⣀⣿⣿⣴⣤⣶⣿⡇⣿⣏⣈⣉⣁⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣉⣻⢼⣿⣀⣀⣐⣓⣀⣂⣸⣿⣀⣀⣿⣿⣏⣙⣹⣏⣾⣷⣶⣾⣿⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣯⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡧⠀⠈⠙⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⢸⣿⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⡇⣿⡇⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⢿⣿⠿⢿⢼⣿⠿⠇⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⣀⣤⠄⣐⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢶⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⢄⣦⣤⣹⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⡇⣿⡇⠉⣉⣉⠉⢾⣿⡅⠀⠀⢸⢼⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡟⠿⣻⣿⢿⡶⢹⠛⠛⠋⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣏⣛⣋⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣉⣁⣀⣀⣀⣀⣈⣙⣳⣾⢸⣿⣀⣉⣉⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⡇⣿⣇⣀⣀⣀⣀⣈⣉⣀⣀⣀⣼⢼⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣿⣿⣏⣀⣈⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣈⣑⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣽⣏⣭⣽⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣴⡄⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡇⣀⣈⣉⣉⡀⠀⣼⣭⡀⢸⣿⣿⣷⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢻⣯⠝⣿⣿⡇⣿⡇⡀⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⢙⣿⣿⣿⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⡇⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠈⠙⢷⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⠿⠃⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠷⠀⠸⢻⡿⢿⢼⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⣻⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⡀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠂⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣏⣉⣉⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣸⣿⣿⣙⣛⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣃⣉⣈⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣃⡇⣿⣇⣀⣁⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣈⣙⣻⢼⣿⣿⣿⣋⣀⣹⣻⣀⣈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣛⣋⣽⣀⣀⣀⣀⣠⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 183 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/30/gnu-linux-turning-38/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/30/gnu-linux-turning-38/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.30.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Show_Your_Love_for_the_GNU_Operating_System_With_These_Banners⠀✐ Posted in Deception, GNU/Linux at 4:29 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Derived from revisionist_history and self-serving deception by the Linux Foundation (milking the brand without actually using GNU/Linux) PNG with transparency: 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇GNU/Linux_turns_38⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇GNU/Linux_turns_38⦈_ Promotional banners: 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇GNU/Linux_turns_38⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇GNU/Linux_turns_38⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇GNU/Linux_turns_38⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇GNU/Linux_turns_38⦈_ Summary: Later this year GNU turns 38. We now have banners to celebrate this anniversary! ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡀⠀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⡀⢀⡀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⢳⠇⠈⢁⣼⠃⣾⣀⣿⠀⢻⣰⠏⢀⡴⢦⡀⠴⢲⡄⢰⠴⢠⡖⠦⠀⡴⠲⡄⢺⡗⣴⠀⠐⢰⡖⠚⣦⢰⡆⢰⡆⣿⠀⠀⢰⠀⡦⠲⡆⢰⡄⢰⠀⢦⣰⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡹⢹⠉⠠⣄⣼⠇⠻⣄⡿⠀⠀⣿⠀⠸⢯⣩⠁⢿⡹⡇⢸⠀⠠⣍⡻⠈⢧⣠⠏⢸⡇⢷⡀⣰⢾⡇⠀⣿⠸⣧⡼⡇⣿⣤⡄⢸⠀⡇⠀⡇⠸⣇⢼⠀⡼⢻⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡆⠀⠀⢰⠀⡀⢀⢰⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢻⣿⡇⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⡄⢠⠀⡄⠠⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠍⠄⠣⠈⠀⠇⠠⠀⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⢀⢀⡀⠀⢀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⡀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⠀⢸⠀⢸⠀⠀⡇⠐⢸⠀⠀⡁⠄⢆⢸⠀⡷⠀⢈⢸⠠⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣠⣤⣤⣄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡇⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠛⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠓⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⡿⠟⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢠⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⡀⢠⠀⠀⢀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠟⠏⠀⡈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣸⠀⠰⠁⠠⣦⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⢀⣠⡀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠠⢀⡶⠆⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⡠⠌⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠐⠙⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢀⣄⣾⠁⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠷⣦⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠌⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⢀⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⢰⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠟⠁⠇⠀⠀⠀⠘⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠀⠰⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⡐⠀⣰⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠡⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⠄⠀⠀⠐⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠿⠇⠀⣠⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢋⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⣀⣤⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠈⣉⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠈⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣀⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠄⠢⠀⡀⠀⠈⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠙⠋⠉⢀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠁⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⢿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⠿⠟⠛⠛⠋⠋⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠛⠛⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠛⠉⠁⠙⠿⠿⠿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢺⢺⢂⡔⠐⠄⡦⢲⡄⣶⢰⡆⠀⣿⠀⢰⠀⣶⢰⡖⢰⡖⢶⠠⣖⠦⠈⠡⣽⠀⣇⣸⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠏⠏⠉⠣⠈⠇⠇⠸⠇⠻⠼⠇⠀⠿⠀⠸⠦⠿⠸⠇⠸⠇⠸⠐⠮⠝⠐⠦⠞⠀⠣⠼⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡟⠛⠛⠛⢻⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣇⣀⣀⡀⣸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠃⠛⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⢠⣶⡆⠈⣿⠁⢰⣶⡄⠘⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠃⣰⣿⡄⢸⣿⡇⢠⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢴⠀⢠⠒⢢⢠⠒⢢⢰⠒⣄⠔⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⢀⣖⠀⢠⣆⣆⣀⡀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡄⠙⣿⠇⢰⣿⡆⢿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⢸⡀⣸⢸⡀⣸⠈⢉⠎⡎⡣⠀⠸⡀⢈⠇⡇⠀⠀⡇⡇⠀⡇⣗⢒⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠛⠹⣿⠇⠀⣿⠀⠸⣿⠇⢈⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠉⠁⠀⠁⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠁⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠁⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣷⣄⣀⣠⣾⣿⣷⣄⣀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡀⣤⠀⣄⡤⢤⣠⡤⢼⢠⠤⢼⠨⢣⠤⡄⠀⢼⠄⡠⠤⡄⡤⠤⡄⠀⢠⡫⣍⢰⠉⢱⢰⠉⢱⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢷⠋⡾⠘⢄⡠⠻⠇⢸⠸⣀⣼⠀⢨⣉⠆⠀⠸⡀⢧⣀⠇⡧⣀⠏⠀⠰⣄⡸⠸⣄⡸⠸⣄⡸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣁⣧⣀⣀⣟⣆⣇⣐⣽⣾⣀⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠴⠿⠿⠦⢼⣿⣿⢿⢿⢿⡿⣿⣽⣿⡿⡿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡡⠾⠿⠿⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣖⡢⢰⠀⢰⢰⠒⢢⣰⣒⣆⡶⢢⠖⠲⢠⠒⢢⢰⠒⡶⠒⡆⡖⠒⡆⡆⠀⡖⡗⢠⣒⣢⢰⠒⣖⡲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⢸⢸⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣇⡗⣸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠦⠝⠸⠤⠺⢸⠤⠞⠑⠤⠆⠇⠈⠦⠔⠘⠤⠜⠸⠀⠇⠀⠇⡷⠤⠃⠣⠴⠇⠣⠘⠤⠔⠘⠀⠦⠼⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠛⣿⠀⣿⢸⡟⣿⠀⠀⣾⠛⣷⣼⠛⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡀⠀⡿⣿⢿⡧⣺⠒⢠⣎⢇⣇⣎⢸⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠀⠙⠛⢛⣘⣁⡛⠀⠀⠙⣛⣋⡘⠀⠛⠀⠂⠒⠐⠐⠐⠂⠂⠂⠒⠐⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠦⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠴⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣿⠋⢩⣽⣦⣤⣾⣍⠙⣿⡆⢀⡀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢠⣶⢒⡆⣶⡴⡴⣠⣄⣤⣠⢤⣄⡤⣰⣦⠤⡤⣤⣤⣶⠀⣦⢤⡄⡤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣿⣶⠋⠽⣯⠓⣿⡙⣷⣿⠇⢸⡇⠀⢸⡇⣶⢲⡆⣶⠀⣶⠲⣴⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠈⠁⠙⠁⠉⠁⢁⣉⣉⣉⣉⣈⠉⣉⢉⣉⠊⠁⠉⠋⠉⠉⠉⠈⠉⠁⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣇⢤⠃⡈⢵⡬⠷⠚⠁⠀⠸⠷⠶⠸⠇⠿⠸⠇⠻⠶⠿⠼⠛⠧⠰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⠛⠛⢻⣿⢀⣃⣙⢛⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⡘⢆⠈⢢⣄⡝⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣤⡀⢄⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⡓⡑⠊⡃⢛⠀⢀⡀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⢿⣤⣾⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣇⣀⣸⣇⣒⢔⣲⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠀⠙⠘⠚⠓⠃⠛⠛⠘⠘⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠉⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⡿⠛⠛⠻⣿⣿⠟⠛⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣀⣼⣷⠀⢹⡏⠀⣶⣶⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⢀⣾⣧⠀⣿⣿⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⠀⢻⡿⠀⣾⣷⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣏⠉⠿⠿⠀⢸⣇⠀⠿⠿⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠒⢲⠒⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⣄⢀⣆⢀⣄⡀⣀⣄⡆⠀⢰⣠⣀⣀⠀⡀⠀⢰⣄⠀⡆⢠⢶⠀⣔⠛⠲⠀⡴⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣦⣤⣤⣴⣿⣿⣦⣤⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠈⡇⢸⣀⣼⣝⣒⡅⣇⢟⣒⡇⣇⣀⡇⠀⢸⣀⣸⠘⣴⠁⠀⢸⠈⢦⣇⡞⠚⢧⣎⣉⣱⣰⠓⠺⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⢿⣿⡿⢿⠿⣿⡿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⡁⠀⠈⢀⡉⣀⣈⡁⡀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠐⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣼⣆⣈⣿⣰⣘⣠⣟⣧⣁⣸⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣒⡆⡖⠲⣄⠖⢲⡇⠀⠀⢸⡇⣇⣀⡗⡇⠀⠀⠀⢺⢂⡖⠲⡄⠀⣶⠶⣶⠀⣶⣶⠶⣦⠀⠀⣶⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠠⠾⠿⠿⠦⣿⣿⡿⡻⣟⣛⣿⣭⣿⣽⣿⢻⢻⢿⣻⣿⣿⠴⠿⠿⠷⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠫⠥⠧⠇⠀⠏⠦⠼⠇⠀⠣⠼⠃⠇⠀⠀⠧⠤⠤⠀⠸⠌⠧⠴⠃⠀⠿⠀⠻⠶⠿⠻⠀⠿⠀⠘⠿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡇⢇⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠸⣸⢣⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣀⠀⠀⡀⠀⣤⠠⠄⢀⡀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⡀⠀⣤⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢹⡇⣿⢽⡇⣿⢸⣷⡏⢙⣲⡏⢹⡆⣟⢙⡯⣿⢱⡯⢽⣿⡟⠁⣀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⢀⣤⣄⣤⣠⡄⠀⡠⣄⣤⣠⣄⡄⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠈⠁⠉⠋⠁⠉⠈⠁⠙⠉⠀⠙⠋⠀⠏⠋⠁⠉⠁⠉⠋⠉⠁⠀⠉⠈⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢧⠀⠸⠯⠿⠿⢬⠏⠉⠴⠽⠿⠴⠅⠇⠀⡼⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣤⡀⣤⣤⡄⠀⢸⣿⡀⣿⡇⣠⣤⡄⣤⣤⣠⢤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠳⠦⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠤⠴⠞⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣧⣼⠇⣿⢸⡇⠀⢸⡟⣿⢻⡇⣾⣿⣇⣿⠀⢽⣿⡆⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⣼⣗⢿⣰⣷⢧⢇⣴⣤⣦⡶⣴⣤⢦⣾⣖⣶⢶⣶⣶⡇⢸⡦⣤⣰⢠⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠉⠈⠉⠈⠁⠈⠀⠉⠉⠉⠁⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠈⠈⠉⠉⠉⠁⠉⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⡄⢤⣄⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠉⠉⠉⣿⡇⡬⣥⣭⢥⣤⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣤⣤⢠⣿⡇⣥⠭⡍⣬⣥⢄⡤⢤⠤⣄⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠈⠉⠁⠁⠉⠉⠁⠉⠉⠈⠈⠉⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣛⣛⣛⢿⣷⡈⢿⣿⡿⢩⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣮⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢯⣾⢿⣿⣿⣷⣹⣿⣿⣿⠃⣿⣷⣬⠻⣿⣿⣿⢾⣿⣿⣿⣺⡿⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡞⣿⣿⢗⣿⡿⣧⣿⣿⡏⡸⣿⣿⣿⣷⢌⢿⣿⡼⣿⣿⡿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⣻⢴⣾⡟⣼⣿⡿⠘⢁⣍⠀⠀⣤⡀⢰⣿⡷⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣷⡴⣿⣿⡿⠀⠸⣞⣵⣬⣲⠇⠀⣿⣆⣿⣿⡿⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢷⣿⣿⠇⠀⢠⣤⣉⣉⣤⡄⠀⢻⣿⣜⣿⢳⡿⠂⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⢏⣿⣿⠏⠀⢀⣿⣟⡙⡙⣿⣧⢠⠈⢿⣿⡎⠟⣢⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⢸⣿⡇⠀⠸⡾⠉⠁⠀⠀⠉⠙⣾⠀⠀⣿⡨⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⣿⡇⠀⢀⣥⠄⣠⣴⣤⠦⠴⣅⠀⠀⣼⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢰⣥⣾⣦⢠⣿⣭⣭⣭⣽⣧⡄⣴⣷⣬⡆⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣻⣿⣘⠿⢿⣿⣿⣧⡛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠋⢊⣥⣤⣤⠙⠃⢛⣛⠻⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠛⡛⡛⡛⠂⣀⢩⢩⠡⠍⡍⡄⡤⡀⢈⣠⣼⣟⢀⣾⢋⡙⣷⢀⣾⢨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡟⡿⢟⡫⣧⡈⡏⢃⢃⢱⡀⠇⢰⢸⣸⠐⠆⡟⡇⣕⡆⣉⡭⠍⣿⣿⠟⣚⢥⣿⣼⢃⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣾⡿⢿⣧⣇⣐⣈⣈⣥⣤⣼⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡄⠶⠶⠟⣉⢻⣆⣡⡾⣃⠡⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣭⣭⣄⣛⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣯⠙⣿⣿⡿⢉⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢫⣾⣿⣿⣷⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢯⡞⣿⣿⣿⣮⢻⣷⣿⣿⢃⣿⣷⣝⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⡿⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡸⣿⣶⣯⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡏⢼⣿⣿⣿⣦⡙⢿⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⢟⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣝⡿⣮⣾⡿⣼⣿⡿⠈⢚⣋⠉⠉⣁⠉⢸⣿⡧⣋⣽⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢶⣮⣸⣿⣿⡟⠀⠸⢿⣦⣘⡯⠇⠘⣷⡆⣿⣿⡟⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⢿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢠⣉⡛⢋⣁⡀⠀⢿⣷⡹⣿⣣⡶⠀⢈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⠏⠀⢀⣿⡟⠛⠻⣿⣇⢀⠘⣿⣿⡍⠟⣉⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⢿⢼⣿⡏⠀⢰⡾⠛⠁⠁⠀⠛⢻⣼⠀⠘⣿⡨⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣜⣿⠀⠀⢈⣃⡄⣠⣠⣀⣄⡠⣃⠀⠀⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢭⣁⣶⣄⢩⣴⣶⣶⣶⣦⣍⡁⣴⣇⣫⡍⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣯⡰⢾⣿⣿⣿⣎⠿⠿⣿⣿⠿⠟⢘⣉⣭⣍⠲⠂⠟⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠒⢊⣉⢉⢉⣀⡒⡒⡒⣒⡀⠉⣉⣼⡟⢈⣴⠟⠻⣦⢁⣶⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡿⡿⠿⠟⣇⠐⡆⡇⡇⢳⠠⡆⠃⢸⢸⡧⡇⡷⡇⡃⡅⣛⣛⠛⣿⣾⠗⠾⢤⣿⣼⢃⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣽⣿⣷⣭⡇⠃⣐⣂⣃⣁⣤⣬⣬⣭⣥⣥⣥⣥⣭⠠⣤⣴⠾⠋⢿⣔⣣⣾⠓⢃⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣬⣙⣉⣅⠛⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 402 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/30/irc-log-290421/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/30/irc-log-290421/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.30.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ IRC_Proceedings:_Thursday,_April_29,_2021⠀✐ Posted in IRC_Logs at 2:25 am by Needs Sunlight 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_HTML5 #boycottnovell_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_HTML5 #techbytes_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_text #boycottnovell_log_as_text 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_text #techbytes_log_as_text Enter_the_IRC_channels_now =============================================================================== § IPFS Mirrors⠀➾ CID Description Object type IRC log for  QmS3Sh4dUGirGMXpo3CPZPYD7jCmPBb7VWqHRetv28eGom #boycottnovell 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #boycottnovell  QmcRBP4TkS1N7MvK5PfQJ5Ys6j1p234HUH1tpXJLUX39Ga (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for #boycottnovell-  QmdQoJV2JJFVaYuiS8BU76GS1UMzuFPMYRPgxiS44ETTzM social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #boycottnovell-  QmP8YXxZhGaj5cSjJD9Ff1RLPmnRhsX4E9tGq7XGCFWWej social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ (full IRC log as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for  QmUiodyVZmisRkqMbzT3xyQYGE1tZaLZpJkUvsBY7yJkXv #techbytes 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #techbytes  QmVurmVDMMezRZJqjWqBo4vV2KKWtwcBXTrpEcXzBZkCeF (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for  QmfYZJ4mmurPfqnsThJ7qeEQJqo8Ms5mNWT8NSearAqEpj #techrights 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #techrights  QmYgBJchA8q5TMAePooDViAwd65RhrLMVKQ4CvvcH8WV3n (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇IPFS logo⦈ § Bulletin for Yesterday⠀➾ Local_copy | CID (IPFS): QmZGwB2dwoXTCA8Y8CWe2HqGrE5YtaUwPz4gUmyf4oWnxU ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 516 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/30/linux-and-e-passports/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/30/linux-and-e-passports/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.30.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ How_to_Kill_the_Brand_“Linux”,_Associating_It_With_an_Attack_on_Human Rights⠀✐ Posted in Deception, GNU/Linux, IBM, Kernel, Microsoft at 3:44 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Video_download_link http://techrights.org/videos/linux-passports.webm Summary: It seems clear that the so-called ‘Linux’ Foundation is just misusing the brand (“Linux”) like an asswipe or a wet tissue; by throwing the label Linux into controversial things that have nothing to do with Linux itself the Foundation basically alienates potential adopters TODAY an associate sent us this terrible_piece from Korean media, reaffirming the Linux_Foundation's_agenda_that's_undermining_human_rights; what does Linux stand for now? Some “vaccine passports”? What’s the connection to Linux?! Notice how this piece from the Korean publisher is referring to the Linux Foundation as just “Linux” (even in the headline!). As I point out right from the get-go, I’m not against vaccination, but those “passports” are controversial for many legitimate reasons and as_we_pointed_out a_month_ago, Richard_Stallman_(RMS) opposes these too, for they pose a threat to liberties, especially if they’re digital. They can necessitate the carrying of electronic surveillance devices (even for something as simple as entering a shop of ordering a cup of tea). “It’s sad if not frustrating to see class politics and oppression using the name “Linux” even when the area doesn’t relate to operating systems or kernels at all.”A bunch of puff_pieces (paid-for fluff sponsored by the Linux Foundation for IBM and Microsoft, to be filed under “innovation” rather than “lobbying” or “advertising”) confirm our suspicions. It basically boils down to a whole lot of buzzwords or hype waves. Mozilla, a company that nowadays stands for censorship and social control (by oppressive means like deplatforming) is also not particularly impressed by this. A spying proponent, Mozilla, clarified that there’s no need for blockchain hype factor (see the_official_Mozilla_blog,_as_of_8_days_ago) and it seems to boil down to patents, or IBM and Microsoft profits (control over people’s lives is more important to them than the money, as that leads to political entanglements that may render them “too big to fail” and hence worthy of bailouts from taxpayers, which is why they also seek to control medical records). It’s sad if not downright frustrating to see class politics and oppression using the name “Linux” even when the area doesn’t relate to operating systems or kernels at all. What is the ‘Linux’ Foundation turning this trademark into?!?! “Regarding vaccine passports,” Ryan said in IRC just a few moments ago, “we’re not going anywhere that needs one even though we’re both vaccinated. I’m extremely skeptical of the societal implications of this. For starters, closed- source software or not, and it will be, what do you store it on? A smart phone? This pressures people to get smart phones even if they otherwise have no need of them or can’t afford one. What do older people who haven’t ever used one because they can’t think of a need for it do? Go buy one and jack up Apple’s share prices just so they can show some restaurant a “passport” to get a breakfast sandwich?” █ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 600 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/04/30/microsoft-delisted/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/04/30/microsoft-delisted/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.30.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Microsoft_‘Delisted’_by_Netcraft,_Now_Unlisted_Among_Many_Categories⠀✐ Posted in Deception, GNU/Linux, Microsoft, Servers at 3:26 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Video_download_link http://techrights.org/videos/netcraft-iis-windows.webm Summary: Microsoft’s collapse carries on; the video above is my first read through the latest report, which I decided to read out loud (with commentary/ analysis/assessment) minutes after I had seen it published THE latest_Netcraft_report has just come out (about an hour before I recorded this video) and it confirms a strong trend that we mentioned_almost_exactly_a month_ago. Microsoft is dying in Web servers and GNU/Linux has long been the victor. GNU/Linux is also growing_on_desktops/laptops_(more_so_during_lock- downs_when_people_work_from_home). It’s worth noting that Microsoft’s collapse clearly accelerated during the pandemic, for reasons we’ve covered repeatedly since last year (including_major_incidents). 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Trump Microsoft⦈ The bottom line is, expect Microsoft to continue its rapid collapse in the Web servers space. We very much doubt it’s still profitable in that area, having reportedly paid some hosts to game the numbers until such payments were no longer sustainable. GNU/Linux is used more than ever before. It’s an unstoppable force. In terms like Free software, the dominant Web server software is Free (as in freedom) and it’s becoming the norm. All Microsoft can do now is resort to assimilation tactics and try to hijack the competition — i.e. abduct the winner! As I point out in this video, 6 years down the line the whole “Microsoft loves Linux” campaign (a lie) has not worked. Microsoft and “Linux” are pretty much opposites because Microsoft loathes the licence of GNU and Linux. The next video, recorded while this current one was being uploaded, will look into the Linux_Foundation, which isn’t the same as Linux. It’s an infiltration vector and it’s corrosive to Linux. █ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠉⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣦⣤⣄⣀⣀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣠⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣦⣶⣶⣦⣤⣤⣄⡀⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣩⣭⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣟⢵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⠙⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠜⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣧⣀⢈⡉⡉⠉⡙⠻⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡏⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⠏⣡⣿⣇⠷⢶⣅⣶⣶⣶⣶⣕⠫⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣖⣋⠉⢩⣵⣯⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣾⣿⡿⠟⠁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣏⠙⢛⠟⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢛⠿⢿⠿⠿⠋⠀⠀⣄⣴⣏⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣟⣍⠲⢥⡌⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣦⡀⠀⣲⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠈⠛⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣏⡴⢋⣷⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡛⣧⣝⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣟⣵⡏⣿⡀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣷⣽⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣵⣄⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢯⣞⡞⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠗⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠞⠂⠈⢏⡾⢁⣸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣏⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠞⠀⣰⢻⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣾⣀⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠴⢣⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣾⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⣼⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢾⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⡀⢀⣠⣶⣿⣿⠟⠋⠀⠀⢀⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⢠⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⢶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣌⠁⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡿⠛⠟⠿⢛⡿⢿⣟⡋⢻⣦⡀⠰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡏⣿⡏⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣰⣾⣿⢟⣿⡆⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈ ⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣞⣀⣀⣀⣀⣁⣄⣉⣈⣈⣙⣦⣉⣷⣄⣇⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣭⣽⣟⣛⣃⣛⣋⣂⣛⣳⣄⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣌⡀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⣠⣤⣠⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣠⣤⣤⣤⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⣩⣭⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣯⣍⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠟⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡾⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣈⠀⣨⠡⡄⠠⡀⠙⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢟⡿⠗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣛⣽⣿⡴⣿⣶⣆⣰⣶⣶⣤⣤⣤⣴⣭⣭⣭⣝⣿⡃⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⢹⡿⠿⠿⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣻⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣥⡞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⢓⣲⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣶⣶⣾⣾⣶⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⢻⠿⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠟⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢛⣯⣼⣿⣦⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⠟⣥⡈⠝⣿⠉⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠛⡛⠛⠛⠉⣁⣠⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣧⣝⠷⣽⣄⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡄⣰⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⠇⣴⠗⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣦⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡾⣣⣾⢿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢰⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣷⣦⣠⣘⣮⡹⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⢟⣵⡾⣿⡇⠀⠀⠈⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣧⣽⡿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢫⣿⡟⣽⢹⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⢳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢟⣾⢣⡟⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⡿⣡⣟⣸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣴⠟⠰⣙⡾⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⢀⠀⢊⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⡋⠀⢌⡾⣱⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢬⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠈⡘⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⡟⣱⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡑⢥⠉⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠘⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡿⡕⡬⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠠⡠⣀⣌⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣶⣶⠾⢿⣿⡿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⡶⣶⣶⡶⡶⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠞⠛⠙⠙⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⠀⠘⠡⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢶⣷⢳⣿⡛⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣳⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⠿⠿⠿⢻⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⢉⣻⣭⣽⣧⣽⣿⣿⣧⣠⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⠿⣋⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠻⣿⣿⢻⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣶⣿⣯⣧⣿⣿⣿⣻⣽⣿⢿⣿⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡞⠀⠀⠉⠙⠛⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠙⢃⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠂⠀⡿⡟⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣻⣿⣿⠀⢀⢤⣭⣿⡿⡛⠛⠛⠛⠋⠉⠛⠛⠋⠻⣿⠿⣶⡄ ⣶⣶⣶⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⡇⠇⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 720 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.30.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Links_30/4/2021:_GhostBSD_21.04.2,_Five_U.S._Agencies_Compromised_by Microsoft⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 6:18 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o ⚓ Linux_for_Starters:_Your_Guide_to_Linux_–_Introduction⠀⇛ The term ‘Linux’ strictly refers to the operating system kernel, a computer program at the core of a computer’s operating system that has complete control over everything in the system. The kernel manages the system’s resources and communicates with the hardware. It’s responsible for memory, process, and file management. Think of the Linux kernel like a car engine. Linux is released under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Anyone can run, study, modify, and redistribute the source code, or even sell copies of their modified code, as long as they do so under the same license. o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ 7_Reasons_I_LOVE_Manjaro⠀⇛ I started my Linux journey with Fedora and quickly found my way to Ubuntu… and aside from a bit of distro hopping, I found that Ubuntu was where I was most comfortable. But after a while, I found that it just wasn’t meeting my needs and I continued on for greener pastures. # ⚓ Working_On_(Breaking_Some)_Stuff_–_DT_LIVE⠀⇛ Tonight’s one hour live event will be me showing some of the work I’ve done recently with some of my configs (XMonad, Xmobar, Emacs, etc) and some of my scripts, which are on my GitLab and/or the Arch User Repository. o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # ⚓ KVM_With_Linux_5.13_Has_AMD_SEV_Improvements,_Intel_SGX_For Guests⠀⇛ Along with this week’s release of QEMU 6.0, exciting on the Linux virtualization front are the KVM changes that are ready to go with the 5.13 kernel. Linux 5.13 is bringing a number of KVM improvements especially as it pertains to Intel/AMD processor features. The AMD code in particular has seen some shiny new feature work. The changes for Linux 5.13 do include a new KVM API for supporting AMD Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV) live migration of guests. However, the guest API didn’t get completed in time for the Linux 5.13 cycle. Also on the AMD SEV front there is now support for AMD SEV virtual machines to share the same encryption context if desired, such as if having multiple VMs spawned by the same user. The AMD code path now supports virtual SPEC_CTRL handling so that the hypervisor doesn’t need to intervene for speculation control (SPEC_CTRL_MSR) handling. The AMD code also has improved SYSENTER emulation for the 5.13 kernel. # ⚓ Clang_CFI_Support_Upstreamed_For_Linux_5.13_–_But_Only_On ARM64_For_Now_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ Clang’s Control-Flow Integrity provides run-time checks before every indirect function call to ensure the target is a valid function with a valid static type. Clang CFI is implemented as a sanitizer and requires link-time optimizations (LTO) be enabled and thus was blocked until that support first landed in the kernel. Clang CFI can be benficial at ensuring the intended control flow of the software doesn’t change and generally at a cost of ~1% or less to the run-time performance. # ⚓ Apple_Magic_Mouse_2,_Microsoft_SAM_Support_Added_For_Linux 5.13⠀⇛ When it comes to Apple hardware support in the Linux 5.13 kernel not only is support for the Apple M1 SoCs added but the Magic Mouse 2 is also finally being supported in full by the mainline kernel. Plus there are other various interesting HID subsystem updates too this kernel cycle. As previously reported, the Apple Magic Mouse 2 has worked on Linux with the generic HID input code while there has also been out-of-tree / DKMS module support for this Apple mouse. Now with Linux 5.13, the hid-magicmouse kernel driver is extended to cover the Magic Mouse 2. # § Graphics Stack⠀➾ # ⚓ Ricardo_Garcia:_Vulkan_Ray_Tracing_Resources_and Overview⠀⇛ As you may know, I’ve been working on VK-GL- CTS for some time now. VK-GL-CTS the Conformance Test Suite for Vulkan and OpenGL, a large collection of tests used to verify implementations of the Vulkan and OpenGL APIs work as intended by the specification. My work has been mainly focused on the Vulkan side of things as part of Igalia’s ongoing collaboration with Valve. Last year, Khronos released the official specification of the Vulkan ray tracing extensions and I had the chance to participate in the final stages of the process by improving test coverage and fixing bugs in existing CTS tests, which is work that continues to this day mixed with other types of tasks in my backlog. As part of this effort I learned many bits of the new Vulkan Ray Tracing API and even provided some very minor feedback about the spec, which resulted in me being listed as contributor to the VK_KHR_acceleration_structure extension. # ⚓ AMD_GPU_Driver_Developers_Pursuing_New_HDR_Display Work_For_Linux_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ One of the areas of Linux desktop display support that isn’t as well supported compared to Windows is high dynamic range (HDR) displays. There have been various vendors and developers over the years working towards Linux desktop HDR improvements but still it hasn’t been a fast-advancing area in the open-source ecosystem. At least now AMD Radeon graphics driver developers do appear to be working on HDR improvements. NVIDIA’s been working on HDR-related work in recent years, there has been some HDR infrastructure work in core DRM, and some Intel graphics work. But the Linux desktops and other higher-level components still need more adapting for HDR. It’s been a slow process in part seemingly by a lack of Linux desktop developers having HDR displays. # ⚓ NVIDIA_driver_465.27_is_out_now_for_Linux⠀⇛ A small stable update is out for NVIDIA users with a new driver 465.27 that rolled out on April 29 adding support for new laptop cards and some bug fixes. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ Harish_Pillay_9v1hp:_Tech_tip:_using_mutt_to_access mailfence.com⠀⇛ I needed to set up access to a paid-for email provider, mailfence.com via mutt. Yes, they do have a web-based access, but real email users use mutt (and I’ve been using it since about 1998). At least they are providing standard IMAP services which is the Right Thing and also support GPG signing and encryption built-in. I have not checked other providers, but for an email service to offer up standard GPG is a Big Win in my books. # ⚓ How_to_Change_Kernel_Version_in_Manjaro_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ A kernel is a core component of any Operating system. It works as an interface between the machine hardware and the software applications that allocate hardware resources to system processes. Since each element of a Linux OS is built around it, the increasing software and hardware sophistication requires full kernel utilization. Hence, Linux Kernels are always under development with regular updates and version releases. Similarly, updating kernels is an ideal way to ensure that the devices and software are functioning at their best. Manjaro offers various ways to identify, upgrade, downgrade or add new/old kernels. Manjaro provides a great graphical user interface known as Manjaro System Manager for kernel management. Moreover, Manjaro package manager Pacman also provides kernel version management. However, the best feature that distinguishes Manjaro Linux is its hardware detection management tool mhwd-kernel command that allows easy management and installation of multiple kernels. In this article, we demonstrate the use of the Manjaro command-line terminal and GUI to update, add and remove the Manjaro kernel versions. # ⚓ Test_if_a_port_on_a_remote_system_is_reachable_–_Linux Hint⠀⇛ Monitoring for an open port is a key security measure for securing a remote server. Hackers usually target compromised servers by analysing critical open ports. If a hacker manages to find such a port, he/she can use it to send illegitimate traffic or use it for gaining unauthorized access on remote servers. Many important applications like database servers, web servers, file transfer services, etc., use dedicated ports. To harden the security of system/ servers, system administrators usually secure these ports by either denying access to them by unknown users/services or changing the default port number to some other value. In computer networks, knowledge of port management is a very vital task for administering server security. This guide will study various methods of analysing a port on a Linux Ubuntu 20.04 system. # ⚓ What_is_a_.pem_file,_and_how_to_use_it?_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ The .pem file format is mostly used to store cryptographic keys. This file can be used for different purposes. The .pem file defines the structure and encoding file type that is used to store the data. The pem file contains the standard dictated format to start and end a file. We will give you an overview in this article about the .pem file and how to use it. # ⚓ How_to_Change_MySQL_Root_Password_in_Ubuntu_20.04_–_Linux Hint⠀⇛ Passwords are hard to remember, so if you have forgotten the MySQL root password, luckily, there is a way to change it. This post has been written for you, and by the end of this post, you will have successfully changed the password of MySQL. Before getting straight to the solution, it is assumed that you are using the latest version of the MySQL database on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS system. This post will provide a step-by-step guide on how to change MySQL root password in Ubuntu 20.04. So, without wasting any time, let’s start. # ⚓ How_to_Edit_Hosts_File_on_Linux?_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ A Hosts file is supported in Linux, Windows, and Mac; they are plain-text files that work to map hostnames to various IP addresses. It is great to edit the Hosts file when you run the test on the specific network. You can also use the mapping of an IP address to skip the process in which the web browser uses the DNS (Domain Name Server) lookup for translating a domain name to a particular IP address. When a user types a website’s domain name, the domain name needs to translate into a specific IP address. A Hosts file has a top priority over DNS since an operating system checks its Hosts file for a domain and in case there is no entry for that domain. It starts to query the configured DNS servers for resolving the particular domain name. It was the little information about the Hosts file, and we will consider every single aspect on how to edit Hosts files on Linux easily. # ⚓ How_can_I_see_all_Active_IP_Addresses_on_my_Network?_– Linux_Hint⠀⇛ Network administrators need to scan for connected devices on the network as a security measure. With the rise of the Internet of Things(IoT), more devices are being connected to the internet. This raises the concern of organizations to protect their network and online resources from any potential security breaches. Any negligence, in this case, can lead to the loss of potential assets and the reputation of the organization. This is true as even big players like Github, FireEye, Capitol One, etc., have become the victims of cyberattacks in recent times. Maintaining a stable and secure network by preventing unauthorized access and keeping an eye on the activity of legitimate users is very important. Organizations spend millions of dollars on securing themselves from any threat exposure. In case of any awful event, knowing who is connected to the network is the first and most fundamental step towards the threat analysis. This helps the administrators to narrow the investigation process, and it also makes trouble tracking easier. # ⚓ How_To_Install_Telnet_on_CentOS_8_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install the Telnet on CentOS 8. For those of you who didn’t know, Telnet is the application layer protocol that provides bidirectional interactive text-based communication. It works in Server / Client mode where the Telnet Server application is installed in the main computer and all other computers connect with it using the Telnet client application. By default, telnet won’t be installed in your System. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you through the step-by- step installation of the Telnet on a CentOS 8. # ⚓ How_Do_I_Record_Audio_on_Ubuntu?_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ It is essential to have a voice or audio recording feature because it can help you do a voice-over on a video or any other tasks. However, there is always a question about recording audio on Ubuntu. There are some tools available to do it easily, but it is impossible to record audio by an inbuilt system. If you also find something to record voices in your Ubuntu machine easily, then read the article below. We have included all of the information and answers on how to record audio on Ubuntu. # ⚓ [Fixed]_Browser_Keeps_Detecting_Network_Change_in_Linux⠀⇛ For the past several days, I faced a strange issue in my system running Ubuntu Linux. I use Firefox and Brave browsers. Everything was normal in Firefox but Brave keeps on detecting a network change on almost every refresh. This went on to the extent that it became impossible to use the browser. I could not use Feedly to browse feeds from my favorite websites, every search result ends in multiple refresh, websites needed to be refreshed multiple times as well. As an alternative, I tried installing Chrome on Ubuntu. The problem remained the same. I installed Microsoft Edge on Linux and yet, the problem persisted there as well. Basically, any Chromium- based browser keep encountering the ERR_NETWORK_CHANGED error. Luckily, I found a way to fix the issue. I am going to share the steps with you so that it helps you if you are also facing the same problem. # ⚓ How_to_Find_the_Unused_IP_Addresses_on_my_Network_in_Linux? –_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ We all know that multiple devices can be connected with each other over a network. These devices have dedicated IP addresses. However, you want to assign an IP address to a device at times, and you want to look for a valid and unused IP address on the network. In today’s article, we will discuss some methods of finding the unused IP addresses on the network in Linux Mint 20. # ⚓ How_to_Fix_Broken_Ubuntu_20.04_without_Reinstalling_It_– Linux_Hint⠀⇛ We often came across some faulty errors and faced some serious system issues like a broken Operating system. We are only left with a black screen, and it seems like the ultimate fix will be to reinstall the Operating system. That is not the only solution; we can fix a broken Operating system without reinstalling it using some different techniques that we are going to perform in this article. Reinstalling a whole Operating system is not a good option because it may lead to data loss of all important files and folders. # ⚓ Use_freenode_with_[matrix]_with_registration_and verification⠀⇛ Matrix (also written [matrix]) is an open source project and a communication protocol. The protocol standard is open and it is free to use or implement. Matrix is being recognized as a modern successor to the older Internet Relay Chat (IRC) protocol. Mozilla, KDE, FOSDEM and GNOME are among several large projects that have started using chat clients and servers that operate over the Matrix protocol. Members of the Fedora project have discussed whether or not the community should switch to using the Matrix protocol. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Fedora_34_Server_with_Screenshots⠀⇛ Fedora 34 is released for desktop, server & cloud environments, and the Internet of Things, and in this tutorial, we shall go through the various steps on how to install the Fedora 34 server with screenshots. There are some crucial improvements in the server edition, before we proceed to the installation steps, we shall look at some of the new features and improvements. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Virt_Viewer_on_Linux?_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ Virt Viewer is used in order to access KVM virtual machines using the SPICE remote desktop protocol. It is an alternative to VMware Remote Console (VMRC) for KVM virtualization solutions like Proxmox. Virt Viewer has many advanced features like VMware Remote Console (VMRC). # ⚓ How_to_Measure_and_Show_Progress_of_the_“dd”_command_in Linux?_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ The “dd” command in Linux is used to convert and copy files from one place to another. However, by default, this command is not programmed to show the progress of the ongoing operation. If you are copying large files from one place to another, this can be quite troublesome for you because you want to monitor progress continuously. For that, you need to tweak the “dd” command a little so that it is capable of measuring and showing the progress. Today, we will learn how we can achieve this goal using a Linux Mint 20 system. # ⚓ How_to_Open_Firewall_for_NFS_Share_in_Linux_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ NFS is a distributed file system protocol that lets users mount remote files and directories on their systems. It works in a client-server environment where the server shares part of its file system and clients access the shared files and directories. It lets the client view and store their files on a remote system as if they were on their system. This guide will describe how to open a firewall for NFS share in Linux OS. Remember, you will need sudo privilege to allow/block any connection in the Linux firewall. # ⚓ How_to_Open_bz2_File?_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ As a little introduction, the bz2 File is the compressed version of a normal file that helps a user decrease its size. So, commands like “Tar”, which is used to create or extract the tar archives, also support a huge range of comparison programs like lzop, xz gzip, bzip2, lzip, lzma, etc. Bzip2 is one of the best algorithms to compress tar files, and by convention, a tar archive’s name compressed with the bzip2 ends with .tar.bz2 or .tbz2. We will cover brief information on ways to open bz2 file Linux easily. # ⚓ How_to_Secure_WordPress_Installation_with_Bedrock_–_Google Cloud⠀⇛ How to Secure WordPress Installation with Bedrock on Google Cloud Platform. Bedrock is a WordPress boilerplate with a different improved directory structure and easier configuration. It is more secure by isolating the web root and limit access to non-web files and more secure passwords using wp-password-becrypt which replaces the MD5 hashing with modern bcrypt method. In this guide you are going to learn how to install and configure WordPress using Bedrock. This setup is tested on Google Cloud Platform. # ⚓ How_to_Transfer_Books_and_Other_Files_to_Kindle_E-Reader Using_Linux_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ This article will explain how to transfer various files to your Kindle ebook reader connected to a Linux system through a USB connection. The first few sections of the article will cover the file transfer process without using any third party software. The last section will cover ebook transfer and conversion using the “Calibre” ebook management software suite. Note that all the instructions explained below will work on all major desktop operating systems including Linux, Windows and macOS. These instructions will work on Android devices as well, except for the instructions in “Calibre” sections. # ⚓ How_to_disable_automatic_Snap_update_–_PragmaticLinux⠀⇛ Snap packages make it possible to conveniently install software applications on your Linux system. Perfect when your Linux distribution’s package manager does not offer a specific application or the right version. Application developers now only need to package their software once and publish it on the Snapcraft website. Snaps also have a disadvantage: they automatically update to a newer version in the background. This article explains how to disable this automatic Snap update feature. # ⚓ LFCA:_Learn_Serverless_Computing,_Benefits_and_Pitfalls_– Part_15⠀⇛ Serverless technology has generated a lot of hype in the tech community evoking a lot of curiosity and receiving some backlash to a little extent. It’s a technology that began with the launch of AWS Lamba in 2014, which was soon followed by Azure Functions later in 2016. Google later followed suit with the release of Google Cloud functions in July 2018. So, what is serverless technology? To best answer this question, let’s take our minds back to traditional server-based computing. In the traditional IT model, you were in charge of basically everything. As a business owner, you would have to budget for servers and other networking equipment such as routers and switches, and racks for mourning the servers. # ⚓ Building_containers_by_hand:_The_PID_namespace_|_Enable Sysadmin⠀⇛ Continuing with the namespaces series, this article covers the PID namespace. If you want a general overview of all the namespaces, check out the first article. Previously, you created a new mnt namespace. Interestingly, as you discovered, even after creating a new mnt namespace, you still had access to the original host’s process IDs (PIDs). # ⚓ To_Copy_List_of_Files_Using_Bash_Script_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ Bash (Bourne Again Shell) is the kind of shell that is for executing commands and scripts. Bash was a developed version of the sh shell. Bash Script is a file where multiple shell commands are scripted to perform a particular task. In this article, we will see how we can copy multiple files using a bash script. For this article, I am using Ubuntu 20.04 to demonstrate the example. Note: – $USER will print current login users’ usernames. If you are curious what version of bash shell is installed in the system, we can check it using the following command. # ⚓ kex_exchange_identification_Connection_Closed_by_Remote Host_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ While constructing a network of different devices, you may come across multiple challenges. Getting the right piece of hardware is not the only issue but configuring it the right way and making it work well with the rest of the devices is the real art. Having said that, many of the people with the networking background might have come across this issue that their network was working absolutely as intended previously. However, as soon as they introduced a new device to the network, it started malfunctioning and generating different errors. In today’s article, we are going to talk about the probable causes of one such error, i.e., kex_exchange_identification connection closed by remote host. # ⚓ Access_an_alternate_internet_with_OpenNIC_| Opensource.com⠀⇛ In the words of Dan Kaminsky, the legendary DNS hacker, “the Internet’s proven to be a pretty big deal for global society.” For the Internet to work, computers must be able to find one another on the most complex network of all: the World Wide Web. This was the problem posed to government workers and academic IT staff a few decades ago, and it’s their solutions that we use today. They weren’t, however, actually seeking to build _the Internet_, they were defining specifications for _internets_ (actually for _catenets_, or “concatenated networks”, but the term that eventually fell out of vogue), a generic term for _interconnected networks_. According to these specifications, a network uses a combination of numbers that serve as a sort of home address for each online computer and assigns a human-friendly but highly structured “hostname” (such as example.com) to each website. Because users primarily interact with the internet through website names, it can be said that the internet works only because we’ve all agreed to a standardized naming scheme. The Internet could work differently, should enough people decide to use a different naming scheme. A group of users could form a parallel internet, one that exists using the same physical infrastructure (the cables and satellites and other modes of transport that get data from one place to another) but uses a different means of correlating hostnames with numbered addresses. In fact, this already exists, and this article shows how you can access it. # ⚓ Are_RJ45_and_Cat6_The_Same?⠀⇛ Ethernet cables are essential components of Ethernet networks. They’re not only made up of cables alone; at both ends of the cable are the RJ45 connectors. They work hand-in-hand, and it’s impossible to use one without the other. Once fused, the cables that they form become the nerves of the network, allowing data transmission between the devices. The cables are commonly named after the cable category, but they’re also referred to as RJ45 cable. Nowadays, Cat6 cables are the most common Ethernet cable due to the rise of Gigabit Ethernet. Although Cat6 and RJ45 do not refer to the same thing, there are still times that they are used interchangeably, raising confusion and sometimes even arguments as to what these two things really are. It’s simple to differentiate between the two if you’re in the networking space, but for those who are still novices or for those who are simply curious, this article will delve into these things to shed some light on your confused minds. o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ Wolfire_Games_filed_a_lawsuit_against_Valve_over_abuse_of their_market_position⠀⇛ Here we go again, yet another lawsuit has been filed against Steam developer Valve Software over an alleged abuse of their market position with their 30% cut. This time around it’s a noted developer, Wolfire Games (Overgrowth, Receiver), along with two individuals William Herbert and Daniel Escobar “on behalf of all others similarly situated”. [...] It goes even further to mention the likes of Microsoft, EA and more companies that tried and “failed to develop a robust commercial strategy away from the Steam Gaming Platform” arguing that it shows how vital Steam is and so the behaviour is anticompetitive. On top of that it even pulls in the Steam Workshop and the Steam Market, to claim this keeps developers even more tied to Valve and Steam and that Valve takes a big cut. # ⚓ World_Turtles_is_a_chilled-out_city_builder_on_top_of_a huge_space_turtle⠀⇛ World Turtles is a wholesome city-builder that has you build on top of a massive turtle, to save it and perhaps meet more space turtles. Something like that anyway. Sounds like a wonderful idea actually, although a bit weird. The developers say that “Space can be a harsh and unforgiving place, especially to an enormous Turtle. Like the Meeps, their World Turtle also needs your guidance to stay safe and nurtured. And while you’re at it, maybe you can save some others as well…” It’s quite a bit Settlers-like, more than a traditional city-builder. You have dedicated people walking around doing jobs, building and exploring while you’re setting up tasks for them all. There’s a demo available, which while rough gives quite a nice idea of what could turn into a great game. # ⚓ MakerKing,_the_creative_platformer_like_Mario_Maker_is coming_to_Steam⠀⇛ MakerKing (previously called Jumpaï) is now planned to be releasing on Steam, opening the flood gates to bring in many more players to a surprisingly fun platformer. Mixing level creation with a full multiplayer environment and competitive action, MakerKing could actually be quite a hit but that depends on pulling in enough people. It’s been in development for at least four years now with it being in Alpha on itch.io already, with the upcoming Steam release a big update is planned with a wires and electrical system to give players even more creative freedom. # ⚓ Sandbox_god_sim_‘WorldBox’_now_has_a_Linux_build_available and_it’s_seriously_fun⠀⇛ Do you like watching a world evolve over time? Or perhaps you like watching pure chaos unfold. WorldBox is an in development sandbox god sim and now it has a Linux build too. # ⚓ Total_War:_Rome_Remastered_Released_For_Linux⠀⇛ The previously announced Total War: Rome Remastered that was announced by Feral Interactive is now released. Feral Interactive didn’t just port the game to Linux/macOS as they have been traditionally known for but with this go they worked on remastering Total War: Rome with improved visuals, new content, cross-platform multi-player, and other features. This Total War: Rome Remastered is out today for Linux, macOS, and Windows systems. Total War: Rome Remastered also brings 4K optimizations and other display improvements and catering to today’s hardware. o § Distributions⠀➾ # § BSD⠀➾ # ⚓ GhostBSD_21.04.27_ISO’s_are_now_available⠀⇛ I am happy to announce the availability of the new ISO 21.04.27. First, I would like to thank Joe Maloney, Vic Thacker, and Neville Goddard for the time and effort they put into improving and testing GhostBSD to make it better than before. Also, I have special thanks to Kyle Evans and Allan Jude for the help on Twitter about devmatch and our BE problems. When we started to port all the GhostBSD code from 12.2-STABLE to 13.0-STABLE, several problems arose with OpenRC, devd, and drivers not loaded at boot. We discovered that OpenRC devd and devmatch services implementations were not working properly. We had to create rc.devmatch to replace the OpenRC service implementation of devmatch.conf for devd. With devmatch now starting properly, all drivers get loaded at boot and when a new device is inserted. In addition, we were able to remove all changes we made in the GENERIC kernel, making the default kernel a bit smaller. I fixed ntpd and wireguard services. Autoconfiguration for network cards has been removed from NetworkMgr and added to the script started by devd. # ⚓ GhostBSD_Shifts_Base_To_FreeBSD_13.0,_Improvements For_OpenZFS_2.0_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ It was just earlier this month that FreeBSD 13.0 released while already GhostBSD has issued a new release of this desktop-oriented operating system re-based against the new FreeBSD 13.0 base. GhostBSD 21.04.27 is the new release of this desktop BSD distribution that is based on FreeBSD 13.0-STABLE. In moving from FreeBSD 12.2 to 13.0, several issues were uncovered with GhostBSD and addressed for this release. GhostBSD 21.04.27 also adds touchscreen support, devd-based network configuration, OpenZFS 2.0, and OpenRC service improvements. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # ⚓ DFI_EC90A-GH_compact_AMD_Ryzen_Embedded_R1000_mini_PC_is Ubuntu-certified_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛ The single board computer was designed to be integrated into the customer’s own chassis, but DFI has now launched EC90A-GH mini PC based on GHF51 SBC. The fanless system is offered with a choice of AMD Ryzen Embedded R1000-series processor with up to 8GB RAM, dual Micro HDMI output, and has recently been Ubuntu-certified by Canonical. # ⚓ Antmicro_ARVSOM_offers_StarFive_JH71x0_RISC-V_processor, Raspberry_Pi_CM4_compatibility_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛ The Linux capable BeagleV SBC, now called “BeagleV Starlight”, was announced last January with a StarFive JH7100/JH7110 64-bit RISC-V processor, and developers and beta users have just started to get their hand on the board in recent days. But there’s another StarFive JH71x0 hardware in the works with Antmicro ARVSOM. The system-in-module will feature the dual-core RISC-V processor, and be compatible with Raspberry Pi CM4, and by extension Antmicro’s Scalenode server-oriented baseboard. # ⚓ 3.5-inch_SubCompact_board_features_LGA1200_socket_for_Comet Lake_Embedded_processors_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛ Most compact boards covered on CNX Software are either getting the processor soldered on board, or with a system-on-module including CPU, storage, memory, and potentially other features like PMIC and Ethernet. But AAEON GENE-CML5 3.5-inch subcompact board adopts a different approach and uses an LGA1200 socket to offer a choice of five different Intel Comet Lake Embedded processors from Celeron up to Core i7. # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ [Old] Security_&_IT_professionals_for_a_fixable future⠀⇛ In the modern era, tinkering and “modding” have been core to the growth of the high- tech industry in Silicon Valley, Route 128, Research Triangle Park and elsewhere. Read the origin stories of companies like Digital Equipment, Apple, Microsoft and Hewlett Packard and you’ll find engineers tinkering and experimenting with both hardware and software: inventing new products and new industries from the parts and technologies at hand. As security and information technology professionals, we recognize that the freedom to repair, fix and tinker is core to the advancement of the technology industry. We also recognize that it is indispensable if we are to not only realize new products and services, but also keep them secure from [crackers], cyber criminals and other sophisticated adversaries. # ⚓ [Old] Want_to_Take_Down_Big_Tech?_Buy_Used.⠀⇛ ou may take to Twitter to rant about how the line that wrapped around the block at the Apple store was a waste of your time and curse the hype about streamlined tech that is ruining our society. But then you went home, hopped online, and ordered an iPhone from Apple.com. Are you really fighting the good fight? In order to really make a difference, we need to actively choose the used and refurbished. Go to your nearest GameStop and get the latest version of whichever gadget you desire, while simultaneously supporting the right to repair. # ⚓ Building_a_low-cost_flow_meter_for_river_studies_| Arduino_Blog⠀⇛ Scientific equipment is notoriously expensive, and for schools, there are often monopolies on which suppliers can provide it. Eben Farnworth wanted to do something about this problem. His design for an open flow meter only costs around $60 USD, which pales in comparison to the typical price tag of $1,000. Flow meters are great tools to measure how quickly a liquid (typically water or air) passes through a certain area. By using a propeller inside of an enclosure with a known diameter, the amount of liquid per unit of time can be calculated, along with how fast it is going. Farnworth’s design employs a DN80 water sensor, an Arduino Uno, and a 2.4″ TFT touchscreen. # ⚓ Star_Wars_Arcade_Cabinet_|_The_MagPi_#105⠀⇛ # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ /e/_&_2021:_the_year_everything_is_going_to_change_ (2/2)_—_A_product_roadmap⠀⇛ In the first part of this article, we explained that /e/ has a primary focus on user’s data privacy, circular economy and energy, and that it is fully inline with the global trend seeking to reduce the negative impact of tech in general and helping creating a new paradigm to build a better world. Do you want to know more about what we are going to do with the /e/OS user interface? Privacy? End-to-end encryption? Smart assistant? Nuke PIN code? Now let’s cover what we plan to roll out this year… # ⚓ Chromecast_with_Google_TV_gets_advanced_video controls_in_April_update⠀⇛ # ⚓ Sony:_Redesigned_Android_TV_homescreen_coming_to 2016-2020_models_–_FlatpanelsHD⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_Discover_redesign_rolling_out_on_Android_12_– 9to5Google⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_IO_2021:_Pixel_5a,_Pixel_Watch,_Android_12_and everything_that_the_company_may_announce_next_month_– Technology_News⠀⇛ # ⚓ Oppo_F11_Pro_Getting_Android_11-Based_ColorOS_11 Update_in_India_|_Technology_News⠀⇛ # ⚓ Best_Android_app_deals_of_the_day:_Double_Dragon, more_–_9to5Toys⠀⇛ # ⚓ Beware_Flubot!_It’s_stealing_data_on_Android_devices |_Free_Malaysia_Today_(FMT)⠀⇛ # ⚓ Vivaldi_browser_on_Android_lets_you_automatically block_cookie_requests_–_SlashGear⠀⇛ # ⚓ The_Trick_To_Getting_Stronger_Hotel_Wi-Fi_With_Your Android_Phone⠀⇛ o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # ⚓ The_Apache_News_Round-up:_week_ending_30_April_2021⠀⇛ So long, April –the Apache community has had a productive last week of the month. # § Web Browsers⠀➾ # § Chromium⠀➾ # ⚓ Latest_Chrome_OS_91_beta_update_fixes_mouse cursor_&_broken_GUI_elements_in_Linux/Crostini apps⠀⇛ Google’s Chrome OS has come a long way since its release in 2011. Matter of fact, last year Chromebooks outsold Macs as highlighted by this report. # § Mozilla⠀➾ # ⚓ Personal_Digital_Habitats:_Get_Started!⠀⇛ Some developers are already doing something like this today as they build applications that are designed to be local-first or peer-to-peer dWeb/Web 3 based or that support collaboration/ multi-user sync. Much of the technology applicable to those initiatives is also useful for building self-contained PDH applications. If you are an application developer who finds the PDH concept intriguing, here is my recommendation. Don’t wait! Start designing your apps in a habitat-first manner and thinking of your users as app inhabitants. For your next application don’t just build another single device application that will be ported or reimplemented on various phone, tablet, desktop, and web platforms. Instead, start from the assumption that your application’s inhabitant will be simultaneously running it on multiple devices and that they deserve a habitat-like experience as they rapidly switch their attention among devices. Design that application experience, explore what technologies are available that you can leverage to provide it, and then implement it for the various types of platforms. Make the habitat-first approach your competitive advantage. If you have comments or question tweet them mentioning @awbjs. I first starting talking about personal digital habitats in a twitter thread on March 22, 2021. That and subsequent twitter threads in March/April 2021 include interesting discussions of technical approaches to PDHs. # § Productivity Software/LibreOffice/Calligra⠀➾ # ⚓ Open_Badges_for_French_Math_Guide_translators!⠀⇛ Thanks to localisation volunteers around the world, LibreOffice’s documentation is available in many languages. Today, we want to say thanks to the French community of translators, who localised the guide for LibreOffice Math 7.0 – great work, everyone! Each translator gets an Open Badge from The Document Foundation, the non-profit behind LibreOffice. These are special, custom images with embedded metadata, confirming the contributions. # § Openness/Sharing/Collaboration⠀➾ # ⚓ Building_an_open_infrastructure_for_civic participation⠀⇛ Open source is living through a curious moment: just like sharing movements in academia and communities once helped develop open source, open source is now inspiring the development of communities. Notions of open source cities have moved from quaint circles into the mainstream, and open source is now commonly seen on government sites and even in the general media. Despite these advances, open source cities are still in their infancy. One of the most ambitious initiatives for open sourcing a city is the implementation of the civic platform Decide Madrid (Spanish for “you decide, Madrid”) which was later turned into a more general project called Consul that any city could deploy. The challenge for Decide Madrid has been less about getting participation and more about getting the right kind of participation. This article aims to give some nuance to the issue of participatory culture, a common problem with open projects. # § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ Remi_Collet:_PHP_version_7.3.28_,7.4.18_and_8.0.5⠀⇛ RPMs of PHP version 8.0.5 are available in remi-php80 repository for Fedora 32-34 and Enterprise Linux (RHEL, CentOS). RPMs of PHP version 7.4.18 are available in remi repository for Fedora 32-34 and remi- php74 repository Enterprise Linux (RHEL, CentOS). RPMs of PHP version 7.3.28 are available in remi-php73 repository for Enterprise Linux (RHEL, CentOS). # ⚓ Multi-thread_and_Data_Race_Basics_in_C++_–_Linux Hint⠀⇛ A process is a program that is running on the computer. In modern computers, many processes run at the same time. A program can be broken down into sub-processes for the sub-processes to run at the same time. These sub-processes are called threads. Threads must run as parts of one program. Some programs require more than one input simultaneously. Such a program needs threads. If threads run in parallel, then the overall speed of the program is increased. Threads also share data among themselves. This data sharing leads to conflicts on which result is valid and when the result is valid. This conflict is a data race and can be resolved. # ⚓ How_to_iterate_over_the_map_in_C++_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ In this quick tutorial, we will see how to iterate over in map in C++. There are multiple ways to iterate over the map in C++. With newer versions of C++, there are more advanced ways to iterate over the map in C++. # ⚓ How_to_Use_Open_System_Call_in_C_–_Linux_Hint⠀⇛ The system calls are used in the Linux distributions to provide a doorway within the Linux OS and the programs. The Linux operating system uses the Glibc library to support system calls in it while using the C language. There are a lot more ways to use system calls as well. In this article guide, we will be discussing the open system call in the Linux system. The “Open” system call has been used to open the file specified in the path quickly. It let us know about the file descriptor of a user-created file. We have been using Ubuntu 20.04 to get some hands-on “Open” system call. # ⚓ Detecting_memory_management_bugs_with_GCC_11,_Part_1: Understanding_dynamic_allocation⠀⇛ Memory management bugs are among the hardest to find in C and C++ programs, and are a favorite target of exploits. These errors are difficult to debug because they involve three distinct sites in a program that are often far apart and obscured by the use of pointers: memory allocation, the use of the allocated memory, and the release of memory back to the system by deallocation. In this two-part article, we’ll look at GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 11 enhancements that help detect the subset of these bugs that affect dynamically allocated memory. The enhancements discussed here have been made to the GCC core. Related improvements to the GCC static analyzer are covered by David Malcolm in his article Static analysis updates in GCC 11. Throughout this article, I include links to the code examples on Compiler Explorer for those who would like to experiment. You will find the links above the source code of each example. # ⚓ The_GDB_developer’s_GNU_Debugger_tutorial,_Part_1: Getting_started_with_the_debugger⠀⇛ This article is the first in a series demonstrating how to use the GNU Debugger (GDB) effectively to debug applications in C and C++. If you have limited or no experience using GDB, this series will teach you how to debug your code more efficiently. If you are already a seasoned professional using GDB, perhaps you will discover something you haven’t seen before. In addition to providing developer tips and tricks for many GDB commands, future articles will also cover topics such as debugging optimized code, offline debugging (core files), and server-based sessions (aka gdbserver, used in container debugging). # § Shell/Bash/Zsh/Ksh⠀➾ # ⚓ Nested_Loop_in_Bash_Script_Examples_–_Linux Hint⠀⇛ In programming or scripting, the loop is one of the most basic and powerful concepts. A loop is performing certain tasks until the specified conditions are met. Each programming or scripting language has different ways of implementing the concept. In this guide, check out the nested loop in bash scripting. # § Rust⠀➾ # ⚓ How_Rust_makes_Rayon’s_data_parallelism_magical –_Red_Hat_Developer⠀⇛ Rayon is a data parallelism library for the Rust programming language. Common reactions from programmers who start to use Rayon express how it seems magical: “I changed one line and my code now runs in parallel!” As one of Rayon’s authors, I am of course glad to see happy users, but I want to dispel some of the magic and give credit where it’s due—to Rust itself. * § Leftovers⠀➾ o ⚓ Basecamp_Bans_Politics,_An_Act_That_Itself_Is_Political⠀⇛ On Monday, Basecamp CEO Jason Fried came out with a blog post announcing not only a cutback in employee benefits, but that it would be banning social and political conversations on the company’s platforms as well: o ⚓ Bob_Fass_and_Revolutionary_Radio: the_Man_and_the_Medium⠀⇛ Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin and Paul Krassner emphasized the importance of images that carried messages without recourse to words. Throwing money on the N.Y. Stock Exchange, levitating the Pentagon, wearing a shirt made from an American flag to a hearing of HUAC and running a pig for president are examples of using images and guerrilla theater to reach and involve mass audiences. Abbie insisted that organizers shouldn’t go to factories to organize workers, but to Hollywood to make movies that he sometimes called “agit-pop.” Ed Sanders once called Abbie “the Tom Paine of electronic media.” I never listened to a radio show with Abbie or Jerry, but I watched the TV news with them and listened to them dissect the images on the screen. They emphasized visual rather than acoustic storytelling, and of course they also wrote books, though they created books that broke away from linear communication. Abbie turned to Marshall McLuhan to buttress his arguments. For McLuhan, TV was the medium that most of all had to be understood and appreciated. In his view TV, unlike radio, invited audience participation and involvement. o ⚓ Remote_work:_How_I_learned_to_love_–_and_deal_with_–_distractions |_The_Enterprisers_Project⠀⇛ At some point I realized that the very thing – proximity – that made these neglected priorities so hard to ignore could be used to my advantage. So I simply reorganized my day to accommodate them. Pre-pandemic, the workday for many of us encompassed all the time between waking up and getting home in the evening. Now, as long as we get our work done and show up for meetings and other time-specific commitments, it doesn’t really matter what time we do things. That means I can schedule in my formerly neglected priorities as equal constituents of my day. I don’t have to come in late or knock off early just to run an errand, keep a personal appointment, or spend a few extra minutes with the kiddos. Work-life balance has become work-life integration. And the truth is, I probably spend more hours doing my job now than I did before. I don’t feel like I’m wasting time “on the clock” when I break up the day, nor do I feel like I’m working late when I plan a workshop at 10: 30 or 11:00 pm. The best part? I enjoy all of it more! I remember that I like my work and that it doesn’t have to subjugate my other priorities. It all matters, and it all gets done. o § Science⠀➾ # ⚓ [Old] Human_speech_may_have_a_universal_transmission_rate: 39_bits_per_second⠀⇛ Italians are some of the fastest speakers on the planet, chattering at up to nine syllables per second. Many Germans, on the other hand, are slow enunciators, delivering five to six syllables in the same amount of time. Yet in any given minute, Italians and Germans convey roughly the same amount of information, according to a new study. Indeed, no matter how fast or slowly languages are spoken, they tend to transmit information at about the same rate: 39 bits per second, about twice the speed of Morse code. o § Education⠀➾ # ⚓ SCOTUS_Should_Clarify_Tinker_in_Favor_of_Free_Speech,_Not School_Control⠀⇛ But what about speech that occurs outside the schoolhouse gate, and outside school hours? The Court is about to take on that issue in Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L. In 2017, 14-year-old high school freshman Brandi Levy found herself suspended from her school’s cheerleading squad for a year over an intemperate Snapchat post published from off campus and over the weekend. o § Health/Nutrition⠀➾ # ⚓ If_Healthcare_Is_a_Right,_‘Support_Medicare_for_All,’_Omar Tells_Biden⠀⇛ President Joe Biden said “healthcare should be a right, not a privilege in America.” Rep. Ilhan Omar says there’s an easy way to prove it. # ⚓ Sanders_Vows_to_Fight_for_Medicare_Expansion_Left_Out_of Biden’s_American_Families_Plan⠀⇛ “We must take on the greed of the pharmaceutical industry, lower drug prices, and use the savings to expand Medicare.” # ⚓ ‘A_Crime_Against_Humanity’:_Anguish_and_Anger_as_India Covid_Crisis_Surges⠀⇛ “The system hasn’t collapsed,” wrote novelist and activist Arundhati Roy this week. “The government has failed.” # ⚓ Campaigners_Welcome_Imminent_Closure_of_New_York_Nuclear Plant⠀⇛ The Indian Point facility, notes one of its critics, was built “where a severe accident would jeopardize the health of millions of people and where no large-scale evacuation plan would be remotely feasible.” # ⚓ 80_Groups_Blast_US_Interference_in_Mexico’s_Phaseout_of Glyphosate_and_GM_Corn⠀⇛ “We call on Secretary Vilsack and Trade Representative Tai, as key leaders in the new administration, to respect Mexico’s decision to protect both public health and the integrity of Mexican farming.” # ⚓ No,_there’s_no_good_evidence_that_spike_protein_from_COVID- 19_vaccines_causes_pulmonary_hypertension⠀⇛ It’s rather uncommon that I encounter an antivaccine talking point early enough in its course that it hasn’t shown up in a post by one of the big antivaccine websites, such as the ones run by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr, Sherri Tenpenny, or Del Bigtree. This time around, this particular new antivaccine talking point seems to be mainly on Twitter. Have you heard the one about the spike protein and pulmonary hypertension? No? I’ll introduce you to it and then discuss why it’s really a stretch. # ⚓ The_Hard_Problems_of_Vegetarianism⠀⇛ Almost all of this meat, leather, and fur is being produced in factory farms that deprive animals of most of what would make their lives worth living. Driven by the relentless logic of profit- maximization, we curb the space available to them to the bare minimum, feed them food that is neither particularly healthy nor tasty, but helps them to put on weight quickly, and is replete with antibiotics, with all the disastrous long-term consequences that such a practice entails. It’s a system in which I don’t wish to be complicit. Even so, I will argue that the moral high ground often claimed by animal advocates (for whom the issues at hand are so obvious that they struggle to understand how anyone in their right mind could possibly disagree) is shakier than the movement would like to admit. Honestly addressing these shortcomings, I believe, would lend more credibility to the cause among sympathetic-but-not- quite-convinced onlookers, and make it harder to reject its central message outright because of some supposedly unaddressed internal contradiction. o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # ⚓ Five_U.S._Agencies_May_Have_Been_Hacked_Through Ivanti_Flaws [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ “CISA is aware of at least five federal civilian agencies who have run the Pulse Connect Secure Integrity Tool and identified indications of potential unauthorized access,” Matt Hartman, a deputy executive assistant director at CISA, said Thursday in a statement. “We are working with each agency to validate whether an intrusion has occurred and will offer incident response support accordingly.” Hartman didn’t identify the agencies. Reuters previously reported the suspected breaches in federal agencies. # ⚓ Biden_Order_Will_Require_New_Cybersecuriety_Standards In_Response_To_SolarWinds_Attack [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ The order, which is still being drafted, lays out a series of new requirements for companies that do business with the government. The initiative includes plans for more systematic investigations of cyber events and standards for software development. The idea is to use the federal contracting process to force changes that will eventually trickle down to the rest of the private sector. # ⚓ Biden_prepping_cybersecurity_executive_order_in response_to_SolarWinds_attack [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ The SolarWinds attack, believed to be perpetrated by Russian [crackers], was discovered last year. The [attackers] exploited software from the IT group SolarWinds, which helped them gain access to as many as 18,000 customers. A smaller number of the customers’ systems, however, were compromised by follow-on activity. As a result, nine federal agencies and 100 private-sector groups were compromised during the months-long operation. # ⚓ The_ransomware_surge_ruining_lives [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ Microsoft, Amazon, the FBI and the UK’s National Crime Agency have joined the Ransomware Task Force (RTF) in giving governments nearly 50 recommendations. Ransomware gangs are now routinely targeting schools and hospitals. # ⚓ Ransomware_explained:_No_silver_bullet,_out-of-reach crooks [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ Stricken in the United States alone last year were more than 100 federal, state and municipal agencies, upwards of 500 health care centers, 1,680 educational institutions and untold thousands of businesses, according to the cybersecurity firm Emsisoft. Dollar losses are in the tens of billions. Accurate numbers are elusive. Many victims shun reporting, fearing the reputational blight. # ⚓ More_than_70_firms_received_CIA_malware_samples_in 2019:_Kaspersky_sec_chief [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛ The head of security firm Kaspersky’s Global Research and Analysis Team, Costin Raiu, says in 2019 more than 70 security companies were given samples of malware that was created by the CIA. # ⚓ AG_Raoul’s_office_hit_by_ransomware_attack⠀⇛ # ⚓ TBONE:_for_public_release_on_2021-04-28⠀⇛ “Looking at the fact TBONE required no user interaction, and ease of delivery of the payload to parked cars, we felt this attack was ‘wormable’ and could have been weaponized”, says Kunnamon CEO Ralf-Philipp Weinmann. “Adding a privilege escalation exploit such as CVE-2021-3347 to TBONE would allow us to load new Wi-Fi firmware in the Tesla car, turning it into an access point which could be used to exploit other Tesla cars that come into the victim car’s proximity. We did not want to weaponize this exploit into a worm, however.” # ⚓ Court_Could_Consider_Whether_Trump_Interfered_in Cloud_Computing_Contract⠀⇛ A federal court said on Wednesday that it did not dismiss the possibility that former President Donald J. Trump interfered in the awarding of a military cloud-computing contract worth $10 billion, a decision that could result in the overhaul of a long- running effort to modernize technology at the Defense Department. # § Security⠀➾ # ⚓ Task_Force_Seeks_to_Disrupt_Ransomware Payments⠀⇛ # ⚓ Daniel_Stenberg:_fixed_vulnerabilities_were once_created⠀⇛ In the curl project we make great efforts to store a lot of meta data about each and every vulnerability that we have fixed over the years – and curl is over 23 years old. This data set includes CVE id, first vulnerable version, last vulnerable version, name, announce date, report to the project date, CWE, reward amount, code area and “C mistake kind”. We also keep detailed data about releases, making it easy to look up for example release dates for specific versions. # ⚓ Reproducible_Builds_(diffoscope):_diffoscope 173_released⠀⇛ The diffoscope maintainers are pleased to announce the release of diffoscope version 173. # § Fear, Uncertainty, Doubt/Fear-mongering/ Dramatisation⠀➾ # ⚓ New_Malware_Found_Lurking_In_64-Bit_Linux Installs [Ed: Slashdot as megaphone for Microsoft-sponsored Linux FUD]⠀⇛ # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ US_Postal_Service_Is_Surveilling_Social Media_Services_Because_It_Apparently_Has Plenty_Of_Time_And_Money_To_Waste⠀⇛ The United States Postal Service is still in the spying business. The USPS has been scanning pretty much every piece of mail that runs through its system, creating a massive database of metadata that serves whatever purpose the USPS imagines it does. “National security” or whatever the fuck. # ⚓ Grand_jury_subpoena_for_Signal_user_data, Central_District_of_California⠀⇛ Because everything in Signal is end-to-end encrypted by default, the broad set of personal information that is typically easy to retrieve in other apps simply doesn’t exist on Signal’s servers. The subpoena requested a wide variety of information that fell into this nonexistent category, including the addresses of the users, their correspondence, and the name associated with each account. Just like last time, we couldn’t provide any of that. It’s impossible to turn over data that we never had access to in the first place. Signal doesn’t have access to your messages; your chat list; your groups; your contacts; your stickers; your profile name or avatar; or even the GIFs you search for. As a result, our response to the subpoena will look familiar. It’s the same set of “Account and Subscriber Information” that we provided in 2016: Unix timestamps for when each account was created and the date that each account last connected to the Signal service. That’s it. o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ Opinion_|_American-Style_War_‘Til_the_End_of_Time?⠀⇛ War is peace, peace is war. # ⚓ Kill_Anything_That_Moves:_The_Real_American_War_in_Vietnam Revisited⠀⇛ In his spot-on review, Vietnam: A War on Civilians, Chase Madar sums up the war, as portrayed in KATM, thus: “The relentless violence against civilians was more than the activity of a few sociopaths: it was policy.” The same could be said of over 400 years of US history, both domestically and internationally, from 1607 to the present, especially for non-whites. KATM, published eight years ago, is without a doubt the most emotionally wrenching book I have ever read. This might also have to do with the fact that the subject matter is intensely personal for me. I still have vivid recollections of many of the scenes author Nick Turse describes in excruciating detail. I am haunted by them. # ⚓ Admitting_Defeat_in_Afghanistan:_American_“State-Building” Fails_Again⠀⇛ Eschewing historical and scholarly knowledge, the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan was their first mistake. However impelled you feel to invade the fulcrum state, you should always count to ten. Some units entering the country will have passed Gandamak, where a British army was massacred in 1842. Few American soldiers will have noted the landmark. U.S. withdrawals tend to be attended by even worse conditions than those they found on invading. In Afghanistan, almost 40 million people survive, and manage to navigate through the carnage. They live today as they did in 2001 and 1981, in a state shorn of security, pulverized and cratered. # ⚓ Biden,_Recognition_and_the_Armenian_Genocide⠀⇛ With the Armenian Genocide, terms acutely matter. The treatment of the Armenians by the Turks as the Ottoman Empire was running out of oxygen led to deportations from eastern Anatolia in May 1915 that eventually caused some 1.5 million deaths.  (The Turkish estimate is closer to 300,000.)  Suspicions abounded that the Christian Armenians were plotting with Imperial Russia and seeking the establishment of an Armenian state under Russian protection. But importantly, the ailing Ottoman state, pushed along by the Committee of Unity and Progress (CUP), was moving into a phase of murderous homogenisation. Henry Morgenthau, the US ambassador to the Ottoman Empire between 1913 and 1916, took strong exception to the conduct of Ottoman forces in what he described as a “campaign of race extermination”.  Towards the deportations of Armenians, he insisted that Turkish authorities knew in implementing them that they constituted “giving the death warrant to a whole race”.  His protest had the blessing of then US Secretary of State Robert Lansing. # ⚓ North_Korea_is_Back_on_the_US_Agenda⠀⇛ My analysis is that the missile tests reflect North Korea’s impatience with the US to produce a negotiating position that isn’t a repeat of the usual US approach: you eliminate your nukes, then we’ll talk about rewards. The Biden administration reportedly has tried to contact Pyongyang about talks, but Kim Jong-un’s powerful sister, Kim Yo- jong, dismissed the idea, saying that if the Biden administration “wants to sleep in peace for the coming four years, it had better refrain from causing a stink.” The comment was widely interpreted here as a warning, but I contend her message was, “If you want to start talks, offer something different from sanctions, nuclear threats, and military exercises with South Korea.” Whether or not the Biden team will respond with a new approach is uncertain. A North Korea policy review is reportedly underway, following consultations with South Korea and Japan. Meantime, here are eight points that guide my many years of study of North Korea’s international perspective: # ⚓ Human_Rights_Watch_Confirms_Israel_is_an_Apartheid_State⠀⇛ The forthright branding of Israel as an apartheid state by Human Rights Watch could be a watershed moment in mainstream acceptance of what Israel has become. Human Rights Watch is not an outlier or left wing organisation. It is very much a part of the establishment in the United States and is not generally associated with hard hitting criticism that conflicts with the promoted interests of the American state. Kenneth Roth, the Human Rights Watch CEO who has been in power longer than Putin, is a darling of the New York liberal and Democratic Party Establishment. That is an important financial source for HRW and includes many members of New York’s highly altruistic liberal Jewish community (who I should declare have frequently hosted me). # ⚓ West_Africa_is_the_Latest_Testing_Ground_for_US_Military Artificial_Intelligence⠀⇛ One striking feature of US military involvement in West Africa is the absence of an observable strategic vision for a desired end state. Nominally, US presence in the region’s multilayered conflicts revolves around building “security cooperation” with state partners to improve counterterrorism capabilities, ostensibly providing protection to communities that states cannot. Concurrently, the US military is typically the prime diplomatic entity for high-level bilateral engagements. The result is that the US military is propping up the public authority of weak states, albeit in an ad hoc fashion that lurches from crisis to crisis.Regardless of the reasons for US presence, there is hardly any deep public support for these operations; about 60% of US citizens do not view these kinds of conflicts as a security threat, and more than 90% oppose US invasions, even if weapons of mass destruction were in use. “For the first time in recent memory,” US international relations scholars John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt write, “large numbers of Americans are openly questioning their country’s grand strategy.” Even within the Department of Defense, these doubts continue to periodically arise. As former Defense Secretary Mark Esper testified in February 2020 to the House Armed Services Committee, conventional forces in Niger, Chad, and Mali “[need] to go back to home so they can prepare for great power competition.”Due to war fatigue, the US has resorted to “externalizing the strategic and operational burden of war to human and technological surrogates,” creating what some scholars call a form of “surrogate warfare.” One example of “externalizing the burden of war to the machine” is a tool created by the Defense Innovation Unit and deployed at the Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar in 2017. Throughout its deployment, this tool monitored and rapidly combined social media feeds in Syria before relaying that information to pilots and ground troops, who then used it to identify, track, and strike targets in that area of operations. General Joseph Votel, then-commander of US Central Command, boasted of the model’s success and indicated that it would be replicated “in future operations.” # ⚓ Ukrainian_ultranationalist_lobby_flaunts_influence_over Biden,_blocks_top_Russia_expert’s_appointment⠀⇛ # ⚓ Lawmakers_introduce_legislation_to_create_civilian_reserve program_to_fight_[crackers] [iophk: WIndows TCO]⠀⇛ A group of bipartisan lawmakers in the House and Senate on Wednesday rolled out legislation that would create a National Guard-style program to help defend critical systems against increasing cyberattacks from nation states and criminals. The Civilian Cyber Security Reserve Act would establish a civilian reserve program to provide cybersecurity training for individuals who have previously worked for either the U.S. federal government or armed services. They would then be available as resources for the Departments of Defense and Homeland Security to boost federal cybersecurity protections. o § Environment⠀➾ # ⚓ The_math_isn’t_adding_up_on_forests_and_CO2_reductions⠀⇛ California might have oversold the success of carbon offsets used in its cap-and-trade system, which is often billed as one of the world’s most successful market-based mechanisms to tackle climate change. The system appears to be failing because California is actually overcounting how much carbon dioxide forests keep out of the atmosphere, according to a new study by nonprofit CarbonPlan, that’s still under peer review, and reporting by ProPublica and MIT Technology Review. (One of the authors, James Temple, was previously a senior director at The Verge.) # ⚓ Biden’s_Climate_Plan_–_It’s_Too_Late_for_Gradualism⠀⇛ President Biden’s Earth Day pledge to cut carbon emissions by 50% to 52% by 2030 is a promise he cannot keep. The White House Fact Sheet released with Biden’s pledge added nothing to the climate actions in his American Jobs Plan announced on March 31. The 12,000-word White House Fact Sheet on the American Jobs Plan hardly mentions the climate. The plan is presented as a jobs through infrastructure program with only a fraction of it impacting carbon emissions. The climate emergency demands a radical and rapid decarbonization of the U.S. economy with numerical goals and timetables to transform all productive sectors, not only power production (27% of carbon emissions), but also transportation (28%), manufacturing (22%), buildings (12%), and agriculture (10%). It also requires that the U.S. pay its “climate debt” as the world’s largest historical carbon emitter and destroyer of carbon- storing forests, wetlands, and soils. Paying that climate debt would not only be reparations to the Global South for deforestation and fossil fuel emissions by the rich capitalist countries, but also an investment in the habitability of the planet for everyone. This emergency transformation can only be met by an ecosocialist approach emphasizing democratic public enterprise and planning. [...] It’s too late for gradualism. We must at least aim for the “initial target” of 350 ppm (350 parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere) that was proposed 13 years ago by climate scientists James Hansen and colleagues in a 2008 study. Even in that research report Hansen et al. concluded that 300-325 ppm “may be needed to restore sea ice to its area of 25 years ago.” Other prominent climate scientists at the time, such as John Schellnhuber, director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany, were saying that only a return to pre-industrial level of CO2 of 280 ppm would guarantee a safe climate. The Earth sailed past that 350 ppm at the end of 1988. At the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, carbon dioxide averaged 414 ppm in 2020, averaged 418 ppm in March of this year, and set a record of 421 ppm on April 3. The last time atmospheric carbon was this high was in the Mid-Pliocene Warm Period 3.6 million years ago when the temperature was 4ºC (7ºF) hotter and sea levels were 24 meters (78 feet) higher than today. At last year’s 2.6 ppm annual rate of carbon dioxide rise, the planet will hit 500 ppm around 2050. The last time carbon dioxide levels were at 500 ppm was in the Middle Miocene 16 million years ago when temperatures were as much as 8ºC (14ºF) higher and sea levels were 40 meters (130 feet) higher. These climate changes are locked into the climate system by the contemporary carbon levels unless the world not only stops emissions, but soon gets to negative emissions by drawing carbon out of the atmosphere and into the biosphere by reforestation and by rebuilding carbon-rich living soils with regenerative agriculture. Today’s rapid climate change entails more than the heat waves, extreme weather, and flooded cities in the headlines. Between now and 2050, we face mass extinctions, collapsing land and ocean ecosystems, agricultural crises and food shortages, economic contraction and increasing poverty, hundreds of millions of climate refugees, and escalating social conflicts and resource wars. # ⚓ Hawaii_Poised_to_Become_First_State_to_Declare_Climate Emergency⠀⇛ # ⚓ ‘This_Is_Huge’:_Top_Court_Rules_Germany’s_Climate_Law Inadequate_to_Protect_Future_Generations⠀⇛ “This can change so much, not just for us here in Germany but for activists worldwide.” # ⚓ Opinion_|_As_the_World_Moves_Forward_on_Climate,_Powerful Institutions_Lag_Behind⠀⇛ Roughly a decade after students across college campuses first sounded the alarm about investing in fossil fuels, divestment remains the single most powerful litmus test for climate action. # ⚓ Progressives_Introduce_Huge_Climate_Bill_That_Rivals_Biden Infrastructure_Plan⠀⇛ # § Energy⠀➾ # ⚓ Aerial_View_of_South_Louisiana_Oil_Fields_Offers Glimpse_of_Nationwide_Orphaned_Well_Issue⠀⇛ In his spare time, David Levy, owner of Petrotechnologies, a company that makes specialty parts for the oil and gas industry, monitors the fossil fuel industry across southwest Louisiana from the sky. He transformed his flying hobby into an act of stewardship by surveying oil and gas industry sites to check for environmental hazards, like oil spills and toppled storage tanks. Following back-to-back hurricanes last year, Levy took me up with him so I could photograph the storms’ aftermath. We found oil slicks from oil and gas wells scattered throughout the wetlands. # ⚓ 175_Groups_Urge_Banks_Not_to_Fund_Massive_‘Cancer Alley’_Chemical_Plant_in_Louisiana⠀⇛ By Brett Wilkins at Common Dreams. Calling a planned petrochemical manufacturing complex in Louisiana’s “Cancer Alley” a “textbook case of environmental racism,” 175 organizations from around the world sent a letter to financial institutions Tuesday urging them not to fund, underwrite, or invest in the project, which could cost up to $12 billion.  # ⚓ Cryptocurrency_is_an_abject_disaster⠀⇛ That’s what cryptocurrency is all about: not novel technology, not empowerment, but making money. It has failed as an actual currency outside of some isolated examples of failed national economies. No, cryptocurrency is not a currency at all: it’s an investment vehicle. A tool for making the rich richer. And that’s putting it nicely; in reality it has a lot more in common with a Ponzi scheme than a genuine investment. What “value” does solving fake math problems actually provide to anyone? It’s all bullshit. And those few failed economies whose people are desperately using cryptocurrency to keep the wheel of their fates spinning? Those make for a good headline, but how about the rural communities whose tax dollars subsidized the power plants which the miners have flocked to? People who are suffering blackouts as their power is siphoned into computing SHA- 256 as fast as possible while dumping an entire country worth of CO₂ into the atmosphere?2 No, cryptocurrency does not help failed states. It exploits them. o § Finance⠀➾ # ⚓ Why_Biden_Should_Go_Bigger,_Bolder_and_Faster_in_Spending and_Tax_Plans⠀⇛ # ⚓ Could_DeJoy_Lose_His_Job?_3_Biden_USPS_Board_Nominees_to Get_Full_Senate_Vote⠀⇛ # ⚓ Myspace_Tom_got_it_right⠀⇛ Industry analysts have long regarded the downfall of Myspace to be one of the greatest missed opportunities of the last decade, but frankly, I think it’s becoming increasingly clear that Anderson got off easy. It is true that Twitter and Facebook are more influential, and possess wealthier executives, than anything in Myspace Tom’s estate. If you are an entrepreneur in the psycho Silicon Valley tradition — that is to say, you are capable of perceiving a functional, quality-of-life difference between net worths of $100 million and $100 billion — then perhaps you too envy the lives of Jack Dorsey and Mark Zuckerberg. But just consider how those two weathered the events of January 6th: panicked, agitated, staring down at the chaos that they helped wrought, considering some truly arcane, dystopian-fiction solutions like perma-banning the president from their websites. What was Anderson doing while the great networks crashed and burned? Jumping back online for a quick dig, completely at peace that these questions are firmly Not His Problem Anymore. o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾ # ⚓ GOP_Demands_“Unity”_But_Ignores_That_a_Majority_of_Voters Back_Biden’s_Proposals⠀⇛ # ⚓ As_Biden_Tells_Congress_to_Pass_Pro-Democracy_Bills_‘Right Away,’_Progressives_Say:_The_Filibuster_Must_Go⠀⇛ “Biden called on Congress to pass a lot of great stuff tonight… But there’s no way almost any of it gets to his desk unless we end the filibuster.” # ⚓ ‘We_Need_to_Think_Bigger’:_Jamaal_Bowman_Delivers Progressive_Response_to_Biden⠀⇛ “We need to rebuild our nation with a new foundation. A foundation rooted in love, and care, and equality.” # ⚓ Jamaal_Bowman_Explains_How_Progressives_Will_Make_Biden’s Presidency_Even_Bolder⠀⇛ The most compelling response to President Biden’s first address to a joint session of Congress was not the ably enough delivered yet largely predictable recitation of Republican talking points by South Carolina Senator Tim Scott. # ⚓ Twitter_shuts_down_“Uncle_Tim”_from_trending_after Republican_senator_offers_GOP_response_to_Biden⠀⇛ “100 years ago, kids in classrooms were taught the color of their skin was their most important characteristic, and if they looked a certain way, they were inferior,” Scott said, pointing to himself on camera. “Today, kids are being taught that the color of their skin defines them again and if they look a certain way, they’re an oppressor.” The admission, coupled with Scott’s declaration that “America is not a racist country,” drew heavy criticism from many Black commentators on Twitter, who were quick to point out that the statements appeared contradictory. The “Uncle Tim” trend was eventually blocked by Twitter. A spokesperson for the company told Salon that the play on “Uncle Tom” had been prevented from trending any longer: “I can confirm that we are blocking the phrase you referenced from appearing in Trends.” # ⚓ Tom_Morello_Joins_Forces_With_Pussy_Riot_for_‘Weather Strike’⠀⇛ “Pussy Riot is one of the most radical and important activist musical groups of all time,” Morello said in a statement. “Their fearless blending of art and confrontation is a constant inspiration and it’s an honor to combine forces on this powerful, revolutionary track ‘Weather Strike.’” # ⚓ Florida_passes_voting_law_that_includes_restrictions_on vote-by-mail_and_drop_boxes⠀⇛ The legislation is one of many measures being introduced in Republican-led legislatures across the country in the wake of Trump’s lies about widespread voter fraud. Democrats in the state repeatedly compared the measure to legislation that passed into law this year in Georgia, which prompted significant pushback from outside groups that ultimately led a handful of prominent corporations to condemn the legislation or pull business from the state. But unlike those in Georgia, top Florida businesses have largely remained quiet despite urging from voting rights activists. Voting rights groups panned the bill’s passage in a raft of statements shortly after the House vote. # ⚓ ‘Cock.li’_Admin_Says_He’s_Not_Surprised_Russian Intelligence_Uses_His_Site⠀⇛ On Monday the FBI, DHS, and CISA—the U.S. government agency focused on defensive cybersecurity—published a report laying out the tools, techniques, and capabilities of the SVR, the Russian foreign intelligence service that the U.S. has blamed for the wide-spanning SolarWinds supply chain [attack]. That report said that the SVR makes use of a specific anonymous email service called cock.li. The administrator of cock.li has now told Motherboard that this is the first time he has heard of the SVR using his service, but that “it’s hard to surprise me nowadays.” # ⚓ Pakistan’s_extremist_dilemma⠀⇛ Pakistan is at a crossroads, with a choice either to become hostage to religious groups or to take independent foreign policy decisions. After making an apparent shift away from its policy of tolerating extremist religious organisations, Pakistan’s government last week surrendered to the demands of a religious party – Tehreek-i-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP), a recently banned right-wing political and religious organisation. o § Misinformation/Disinformation⠀➾ # ⚓ Breaking:_Fake_sites_of_50_Indian_News_portals_luring gullible_readers⠀⇛ In perhaps one of the biggest phishing incidents targeting some of the world’s largest news organizations, [attackers] have created fake replica websites of news portals of 900 global news portals, including at least 57 from India including websites of The Hindu, NDTV, Hindustan Times, and News18 among many others and are using them to distribute malware and scam advertisements. # ⚓ Russia-Linked_‘Ghostwriter’_Disinformation_Campaign_Tied_to Cyberspy_Group⠀⇛ Initially detailed in July 2020 but ongoing for years, the campaign aligns with Russian interests and was initially observed targeting audiences in Lithuania, Latvia, and Poland with NATO-related themes. Since FireEye’s initial report on Ghostwriter, the activity has expanded with new narratives, and the attackers started leveraging compromised Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram accounts of Polish officials to disseminate content aimed at creating domestic political disruption in the country. # ⚓ Ghostwriter_Update:_Cyber_Espionage_Group_UNC1151_Likely Conducts_Ghostwriter_Influence_Activity⠀⇛ Recently obtained technical evidence now allows us to assess with high confidence that UNC1151, a suspected state-sponsored cyber espionage actor that engages in credential harvesting and malware campaigns, conducts at least some components of Ghostwriter influence activity; current intelligence gaps, including gaps pertaining to website compromises and the operation of false personas, do not allow us to conclusively attribute all aspects of the Ghostwriter campaign to UNC1151 at this time. We do not associate UNC1151 with any other previously tracked threat groups. Since the start of 2021, UNC1151 has expanded its credential theft activity to target German politicians. This targeting has been publicly reported in the German Tagesschau. o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾ # ⚓ Joe_Biden_Yells_A_Dumb_Anti-Free_Speech_Trope_In_An Uncrowded_Congress⠀⇛ Joe Biden has never been a particularly big free speech supporter. For years, as a Senator, he consistently sided with the entertainment industry in their never-ending quest to have the government help attack free speech on the internet via aggressive and oppressive copyright laws. Throughout his campaign he railed against protected speech online that he disliked. And last night, during his first full address to Congress, he trotted out the very dangerous “fire in a crowded theater” trope: # ⚓ Publix_Gets_Social_Media_Accounts_Advertising_Its Sandwiches_Taken_Down_For_Some_Reason⠀⇛ For sure, the most frustrating examples of dumb trademark disputes are when one party bullies into silence another party for doing something that actually helps the bully. If you need an example of this, you can look to the time Olive Garden tried to take down AllOfGarden.com, a site with a satirical take on the Olive Garden menu. That example is particularly instructive for two reasons. First, AllOfGarden was essentially a tongue-in-cheek love letter to the restaurant chain run by someone who was very much a fan of said chain. Second, Olive Garden eventually apologized and rescinded its threat, due in part to the public backlash and the fact that it must certainly have realized that the site, if anything, helped drive some measure of interest in the restaurant itself. # ⚓ EFF_at_30:_Protecting_Free_Speech,_with_Senator_Ron_Wyden⠀⇛ To celebrate 30 years of defending online freedom, EFF was proud to welcome Senator Ron Wyden as our second special guest in EFF’s yearlong Fireside Chat series. Senator Wyden is a longtime supporter of digital rights, and as co-author of Section 230, one of the key pieces of legislation protecting speech online, he’s a well-recognized champion of free speech. EFF’s Legal Director, Dr. Corynne McSherry, spoke with the senator about the fight to protect free expression and how Section 230, despite recent attacks, is still the “single best law for small businesses and single best law for free speech.” He also answered questions from the audience about some of the hot topics that have swirled around the legislation for the last few years.  You can watch the full conversation here or read the transcript. On May 5, we’ll be holding our third EFF30 Fireside Chat, on surveillance, with special guest Edward Snowden. He will be joined by EFF Executive Director Cindy Cohn, EFF Director of Engineering for Certbot Alexis Hancock, and EFF Policy Analyst Matthew Guariglia as they weigh in on surveillance in modern culture, activism, and the future of privacy.  o § Freedom of Information/Freedom of the Press⠀➾ # ⚓ Stella_Moris,_Julian_Assange’s_Partner,_Speaks_about_the Espionage_Act_and_how_the_case_brought_against_Assange_is catastrophic_for_free_speech⠀⇛ Julian has been in a high security jail in London for two years now, even though he is not convicted of any crime. The US extradition case is progressing through the courts. In January a judge decided Julian should not be extradited. The US government is appealing. # ⚓ Our_Friend_Julian_–_Writers_defend_Julian_Assange⠀⇛ Live-streamed May 3, 3pm BST on Don’t Extradite Assange campaign Twitter, Facebook and YouTube channels. – https://linktr.ee/DEAcampaign o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ Former_‘Team_Navalny’_coordinator_sentenced_to_2.5_years_in prison_over_‘Rammstein’_video⠀⇛ On Thursday, April 29, an Arkhangelsk court sentenced former Team Navalny coordinator Andrey Borovikov to 2.5 years in prison for sharing a clip of a music video by the German band Rammstein on social media. # ⚓ Opinion_|_The_Supreme_Court_Just_Made_It_Easier_to_Sentence Children_to_Life_in_Prison⠀⇛ Progressives must challenge this cruel ruling, but relying on rehabilitative discourse to challenge juvenile life-without-parole sentencing could be a risky strategy. # ⚓ ‘Rebranding_will_not_help’_Navalny_and_his_top_aides_face new_criminal_charges_as_his_political_movement_officially disbands_ahead_of_extremism_ruling⠀⇛ On Thursday, April 29, Team Navalny announced the official dissolution of the jailed opposition politician’s network of regional offices. Almost simultaneously, Navalny’s website published documents revealing a previously unannounced criminal case against him and his top aides. The case was launched back in February on felony charges the likes of which have previously handed down to the leaders of religious cults. And this is on top of the fact that Moscow prosecutors are awaiting a ruling on labeling Navalny’s anti- corruption groups and political network “extremist organizations.” # ⚓ Extremism_lawsuit_against_Navalny’s_network_reveals previously_unannounced_criminal_case_against_him_and_his_top aides⠀⇛ Jailed opposition politician Alexey Navalny, as well as his top aides Ivan Zhdanov and Leonid Volkov, are suspects in a criminal case on the creation of a non-profit organization that infringes on the liberties and rights of Russian citizens. This was revealed in the case materials from the lawsuit on recognizing Navalny’s anti- corruption network and political movement as extremist organizations. # ⚓ Thanks_To_Crappy_Cable_Channel_Bundles,_Non-Watchers_Hugely Subsidize_Tucker_Carlson_And_Fox_News⠀⇛ We’ve talked about the problem with bloated, expensive cable TV channel bundles for a long time. You might recall the push for “a la carte” TV channels (being able to buy cable TV channels individually) was even a pet project of the late John McCain, though his legislative efforts on that front never really went anywhere. And while the rise of streaming competition helped mitigate the problem somewhat, the tactic of forcing US cable TV consumers to buy massive bundles filled with channels they don’t watch remains a very real annoyance. # ⚓ NYU_Emailed_the_Parents_of_Striking_Grad_Students_to_Say Striking_Is_Bad⠀⇛ Word of the letter began spreading on social media on Tuesday, with NYU Associate Professor of History Rebecca Anne Goetz confirming on Twitter that the school sent it to the parents of union members. In an emailed statement, an NYU spokesperson clarified that the mailing list it was sent out on is “almost wholly made up of” the parents of undergraduate students and that any parents of grad students who received it either signed up on their own or remained on the list from the time when their child was an undergraduate student. GSOC’s demands include a livable wage for all graduate workers, beginning at $32 an hour alongside a 3.5 percent annual pay increase. The university limits work weeks to 20 hours, meaning that $20 an hour comes out to $1600 a month, or $19,200 a year, if a student works every week of the year. NYU responded previously with an offer of $21 an hour and 3 percent annual raises. # ⚓ Generation_Wars_Between_Boomers,_Millennials,_and_Gen_Z_Are a_Distraction⠀⇛ A “dimension of harm comes from the erasure of race and class that happens when the fight is framed as a fight between generations,” she adds. Using climate change as the example, Dalal-Whelan explains there are a lot of privileged young people, herself included, who have been shielded from the effects of climate change, whereas there are working-class BIPOC who have already died because of its impact. And the media’s efforts to center “youth voices” can lead to young white organizers speaking over young BIPOC organizers, Dalal-Whelan points out. “A part of respecting youth is also recognizing that we have the same capacity to cause harm as adults, and a part of adults’ roles in mentoring and supporting us should be to mitigate that,” she adds. # ⚓ Boomer_to_Zoomer:_Grim_Generational_Relations_Aren’t_An Accident⠀⇛ For boomers, many of whom went to college or bought homes several decades ago, it’s easy to ignore these worsening conditions or even blame young people for being unable to make ends meet. Younger generations might blame older folks for their apathy. But in order to combat economic injustice, it’s crucial for people of all generations to fight for higher wages, affordable housing, free education, and other rights so that we can all have our basic needs met—and every generation has something to offer in this fight. Boomers and Generation X have more experience surviving under capitalism, so they can offer invaluable institutional knowledge about a social movement. Meanwhile, millennials and Gen Z have more contemporary knowledge on how to use newer technology, such as the internet and social media, to organize and politically educate larger groups of people. While age plays a role in every person’s economic and social standing, the reality is that fewer and fewer people have health insurance, stable housing, and gainful employment across generational lines. Capitalism is an indiscriminate killer, and in order to overthrow the racist, capitalist, heteropatriarchal systems that govern the American people, we need both the vision and energy of young people and the wisdom of our elders; generational warfare is simply a distraction from that. # ⚓ Sight-impaired_people_hit_as_BoM_blocks_some_textmode browsers⠀⇛ Many sight-impaired readers use lynx and other text-based browsers and a speech-to-text engine like festival to read these pages. Russell Coker, a senior developer with the Debian/ GNU Linux distribution and a member of the Linux Users of Victoria mailing list, told iTWire that if lynx was blocked, then it would be difficult for about half the people using braille readers. o § Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾ # ⚓ Why_the_Government’s_Secret_Forthcoming_Bill_C-10_Amendment Confirms_Its_Plans_to_Regulate_User_Generated_Content⠀⇛ While it is difficult to know precisely how the CRTC will use its powers, there is now no doubt that Guilbeault and the Liberal government knew that the removal of the user generated content exception would establish the possibility of regulation. More troublingly, its forthcoming proposed amendment explicitly intends to keep many of those regulatory powers in place. o § Digital Restrictions (DRM)⠀➾ # ⚓ Amazon_Says_“Over_175_Million”_Prime_Members_Streamed Movies_and_Shows_in_Past_Year⠀⇛ Amazon is finally shedding some light on how many of the company’s users watch Amazon Prime Video programming. # ⚓ The_EPIC_Effect:_Microsoft_Changes_Revenue_Split_To_Match EPIC_Store,_Steam_Holds_Firm⠀⇛ Way back when Epic released its Epic Store PC game storefront, the release of this new competitor to Steam focused on two major selling points. The first was timed exclusives that it shelled out tons of money for, allowing it to sell games the public couldn’t get anywhere else for a certain period of time. This pissed off lots of people, as the public generally doesn’t like exclusives. That said, Epic did mention that it would end its exclusivity practices if the rest of the gaming storefront world, especially Steam, mirrored the Epic Store’s second key selling point, which was a far more favorable split offered to game developers than the “industry standard” 70/30 split that sees places like Steam getting nearly a third of game revenue just for hosting the game on its platform. Instead, Epic’s store has a 88/12 split, meaning the platform is willing to take less than half of the revenue Steam extracts from gamemakers. o § Monopolies⠀➾ # ⚓ The_time_is_ripe_for_the_CJEU_to_explicitly_apply_its renewed_doctrine_on_the_meaning_of_“product”_also_to_art._3 (c)_of_the_SPC_Regulation [Ed: Monopolies writing of buying the laws]⠀⇛ The long and winding road, as The Beatles would put it, that led to the judgments of the CJEU in Teva et altri v. Gilead Sciences (Case C-121/17) and Royalty Pharma v. Deutsches Patent und Markenamt (Case C-650/17), which renewed the Court’s case law on the meaning of “product“, started in the Medeva judgment (Case C-322/10), a relatively old decision from which the CJEU itself has struggled to distance itself during the last decade. Even the national Court (Justice Arnold) that had sent the preliminary questions to the CJEU in that case, complained that the answers of the CJEU (the infamous “It follows” of par. 25), in reality, did not “follow” from the legal grounds of the decision. Although the answers of the CJEU in Medeva dealt with articles 3(a) and 3 (b) of the SPC Regulation only, down the road, that decision caused collateral damage to cases dealing with article 3 (c) also. A good example may be found in Actavis v. Sanofi (Case C-443/12) and Actavis v. Boehringer Ingelheim (Case C-577/13). In both cases, the national Courts had referred cases dealing with both article 3(a) and 3(c) although, in the end, in the first case the CJEU answered the question dealing with article 3(c) only. The answer of the CJEU in Actavis v. Sanofi was predetermined by the so-called “core inventive advance” test (see par. 30 of the judgment), which has since been explicitly abandoned by the CJEU in cases dealing with article 3(a). # § Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ ’Much_more_innovation_is_needed_to_meet_CO2_targets by_2050’ [Ed: Obscene greenwashing by Europe's most corrupt institution]⠀⇛ Patents for low-carbon energy technology grew by 3.3% per year between 2017 and 2019, but this is only a quarter of the average annual growth rate of a decade ago. According to a report published today by the European Patent Office (EPO) and the International Energy Agency (IEA), this means that there is an urgent need to invest in clean technology in order to meet the climate targets. The EPO is the world’s leading authority on patent information and patent research. The Netherlands is making a significant contribution to innovation where clean energy technologies are concerned. Based on the number of patent applications in the period from 2000 to 2019 related to low-carbon energy technologies, the Netherlands ranks 5th in Europe and 11th in the world. “But to reach net zero by 2050, almost half of the emission reductions will have to come from technologies that are not yet on the market,” warns Fatih Birol, executive director of the International Energy Agency. “This means huge leaps need to be made in innovation.” # ⚓ EPO-IEA_report:_Accelerate_Clean_Energy_Innovation for_Carbon_Neutrality [Ed: EPO bought_itself_some greenwashing_puff_pieces to help distract from its corruption and abuse of staff]⠀⇛ While the world’s carbon emissions continue to rise, technological innovation in the clean energy sector is failing to counter them with a good momentum, as per a joint report released by the European Patent Office (EPO) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) yesterday. # ⚓ FOSS_Patents:_Fortress_Investment_and_subsidiaries seek_dismissal_of_Apple_and_Intel’s_second_amended antitrust_complaint_over_patent_aggregation⠀⇛ Not every long story is neverending: this summer we’re finally going to know whether Apple and Intel’s antitrust complaint against Fortress Investment in the Norther District of California over abusive patent aggregation will be taken to trial–or whether the plaintiffs have to appeal a dismissal with prejudice. Last night, Fortress and various non-practicing entities (NPEs) it funded brought their motion to dismiss and strike the Second Amended Complaint (a 161-page “book” that is technically already the fourth complaint, as Intel originally brought one, which it withdrew in order to refile with Apple). Just last week, Intel defended itself against Fortress-funded VLSI Technology’s second patent infringement complaint in the Western District of Texas, as a jury held neither of the patents-in-suit to be infringed. VLSI had won a $2.175 billion verdict in the first case in early March. More recently, I found out about a bunch of VoiceAge v. Apple cases pending in Munich, though the trial dates in those have been vacated due to the pandemic. VoiceAge EVS is another Fortress-funded NPE. [...] The next step is to establish market power in a given market. Here, Fortress criticizes that the complaint “does not identify a single price—much less a ‘supracompetitive’ one—that anyone has ever paid to license any of Defendants’ patents” (just damages demands). Fortress furthermore says the complaint doesn’t plead aggregation in the sense of having acquired “all or even most of the ‘substitutes’ in the alleged markets, or that Defendants have aggregated the most important substitutes—i.e., the ‘crown jewels’—in any of the markets.” And Fortress argues that makret power alone wouldn’t suffice: reduced output is allegedly an indispensable additional requirement in the Ninth Circuit. With respect to antitrust injury, Fortress notes that Apple and Intel “still do not allege that they ever paid for a single license” to the patents at issue. A conspiracy across those entities (Sherman Act Section 1) is denied because “every allegedly improper transaction is only between Fortress or Fortress Credit and a single other Defendant” but not among the group of companies as a whole. In the headline of my report on the Second Amended Complaint, I mentioned the alleged Generating Alerts Based on Blood Oxygen Level Market. The motion to dismiss argues that some of the patents Apple and Intel listed in that context “have nothing to do with measuring blood oxygen.” At first sight, a couple of examples Fortress provides may indeed be unrelated, such as U.S. Patent No. 7,690,556 on a “step counter accounting for incline”: in the patent document, I couldn’t find the word “oxygen” once, and the sole occurrence of “blood” relates to other eHealth functionality than the one covered by the patent. While I did get the impression that the Second Amended Complaint defined reasonably narrow markets, it may very well be that a few patents have been miscategorized. # ⚓ “The_UK_IP_judiciary_has_solved_its_capacity_issue. Now_it_must_tackle_diversity”⠀⇛ Two years ago, the UK judiciary faced a crisis. Across 2019 and 2020, promotions, resignations and the untimely death of Henry Carr depleted the numbers of IP and patent- specialist judges at the UK High Court. Just two judges in Colin Birss and Richard Arnold remained to steer the ship. Now, in terms of IP judges, the UK High Court is once again at full capacity. But still the judicial bench does not reflect the diversity of practitioners in IP law. # ⚓ Context_Directions_’791_reexamination_request granted⠀⇛ On April 29, 2021, the USPTO granted Unified’s request for ex parte reexamination, finding substantial new questions of patentability on all challenged claims of U.S. Patent 10,142,791, owned by Context Directions, LLC, which is affiliated with Jeffrey Gross. The patent relates to the use of hierarchical sensor groups in mobile devices. The ‘791 patent and its family have been asserted against Samsung and LG in district court. The grant for reexamination comes exactly one month from filing. # ⚓ New_EPO_guidelines:_Bringing_descriptions_in_line with_amended_claims [Ed: The EPO's guidelines are actually a gross violation of the law, designed to enrich the people who loot the Office by granting fake patents aplenty]⠀⇛ To date, new Guidelines for Examination have been published by the European Patent Office (EPO) almost every November like premier wines. But, with 2020-2021 not a year like any other, the new guidelines were instead published in February, entering into force on 1 March. Sylvain Chaffraix sets out the changes. One of the major amendments in the EPO’s latest Guidelines for Examination lies in the strengthened requirements to align the allowed claims and the description before the grant, based on Article 84 of the European Patent Convention (EPC) relating to clarity. A new section H-V-2.7 appears to underline that the alignment of the description with the amended claims is a ‘must-do’ requirement: # ⚓ Understanding_the_Differences_Between_the_Trilateral Patent_Offices_In_Determining_Inventive_Step [Ed: Patent standards have been rapidly lowered to benefit monopolies, enable tax evasion etc. Patent offices knowingly grant patents they know to be bogus.]⠀⇛ In the U.S., U.S. Patent Law 103 “stipulates the non-easiness of the invention” as the “Unobviousness”. # ⚓ J0009/18:_four_substantial_procedural_violations_and a_legal_inaccuracy [Ed: The simple matter of fact is, those Boards of Appeal have long been besieged by the Office, rendering them incapable of properly applying the rule of the law or the EPC; this doesn't seem to bother patent maximalists, who basically profit from chaos]⠀⇛ Appeals against the Receiving Section at the EPO tend to be few and far between. Nevertheless such appeals tend to relate to procedural matters and can deal with complex matters of law. In this case, the Board of Appeal identified a total of four substantial procedural violations that had occurred making this the ideal case for a refresher on matters relating to further processing, and re-establishment. # ⚓ Navigating_Key_Differences_in_Therapeutic_Antibody Patent_Protection_Strategies_Between_the_United_States and_Europe [Ed: Patents being granted on everything in existence, including life and nature. And right now patents moreover kill people, as we see in COVID-19 with vaccine monopolies]⠀⇛ Many of today’s top-selling drugs worldwide are therapeutic antibodies thus antibody- related inventions can be extremely valuable. Developing antibody therapeutics requires significant resources and time, so it is paramount to develop a robust patent strategy to protect that investment, prevent reverse- engineering, and minimize design-arounds. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) created The Standing Committee on the Law of Patents (SCP) in 1998 to focus on substantive patent law harmonization.1 In November 2000, the SCP began focusing their efforts on a Substantive Patent Law Treaty (SPLT). The ultimate goal of the SPLT is global harmonization of issues relating to the grant of patents in order to improve global patent quality. Although the SPLT negotiations were put on hold in 2006,2 the SCP continues their work on patent law harmonization, holding the SCP’s 32nd session in December 2020 in Geneva, Switzerland.3 Applicants typically file antibody-related patent applications in many jurisdictions including the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the European Patent Office (EPO). The USPTO and EPO examine antibody claims for patent- eligibility, clarity, support and enablement, novelty and inventive step. However, despite the efforts of WIPO’s SCP, the USPTO and EPO significantly differ during examination of antibody patent applications in their determination whether or not an antibody claim meets these requirements. For companies developing antibody products for both the United States (U.S.) and European markets, it is important to avoid Office-specific pitfalls when drafting and prosecuting antibody claims. # § Software Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ New_guidance:_European_Patent_Office_updates Guidelines_on_the_patentability_of_databases [Ed: The corrupt EPO management will continue to shamelessly break the law and grant illegal software patents as long as oversight is lacking and accountability does not exist]⠀⇛ Businesses developing software which includes database management systems and information retrieval should review whether it is capable of being protected by a patent in the EU, following publication of an amended version of the European Patent Office (EPO) Guidelines for Examination. [...] Interestingly, the Guidelines apparently now indicate that merely ‘optimising the execution of … structured queries with respect to the computer resources needed (such as CPU, main memory or hard disk)’ can amount to a technical effect for these purposes. Previously, this was not enough on its own – although the Guidelines also clarify that ‘information retrieval’ which classifies results by subjective criteria such as linguistic rules or cognitive content, do not make a technical contribution. Note that the UK Intellectual Property Office and the EPO do not approach patents for software in the same way. On occasion software that is not patentable under one system may be patentable under the other. # § Copyrights⠀➾ # ⚓ Disney’s_writer_wage-theft_is_far_worse_than reported⠀⇛ Both Foster’s agent and the Science Fiction Writers of America tried to negotiate with Disney quietly on this, but they were stonewalled and insulted (Disney insisted that they wouldn’t even discuss a deal without first getting nondisclosure agreements from Foster, another unheard-of tactic). After failing to make progress with private negotiations, they went loudly public, launching the #DisneyMustPay campaign. The good news is, the campaign was successful, and Foster has been paid. The bad news is that the campaign flushed out many writers who are also having their wages stolen by Disney. The company is stalling them, too – refusing to search its records or volunteer info unless the authors can name the specific instances in which they’ve been robbed. # ⚓ Pirate_Football_Streaming_Sites_Are_Scam_&_Malware Havens_–_But_What_Are_The_Threats?⠀⇛ The results of a study published by cybersecurity firm Webroot suggest that 90% of pirate streaming sites offering live football and shared on social media contain scams, malware or extreme content. While the headline figures are probably accurate, the key threats highlighted by the firm can also be mitigated to an extent. However, that has an interesting effect that contributes to existing anti-piracy measures. # ⚓ Oscar_Winner_Nomadland_Sees_Massive_Surge_in_Online Piracy⠀⇛ Nomadland was the big winner at the Oscars last weekend, securing the best picture, actress, and director awards. This major achievement puts the movie in the spotlight and increases interest through legal and illegal channels. Fresh data collected by TorrentFreak shows that pirate downloads surged right after the awards ceremony. # ⚓ It_Took_Four_Months_And_Thousands_Of_Dollars_To Overturn_One_Manifestly_Stupid_Upload_Block:_Imagine How_Bad_It_Will_Soon_Be_With_EU_Copyright_Directive’s Blanket_Use_Of_Filters⠀⇛ The upload filters required by the EU’s Copyright Directive are not yet in operation — even though France seems keen to bring them in as soon as possible. So we have been spared for the moment the inevitable harm to freedom of speech and loss of online users’ rights that this ill-conceived and dishonest legislation will cause. But a minor case in the Czech Republic provides a foretaste of what is to come. It concerns the Czech file- sharing and hosting site Ulož.to. TorrentFreak has the details: ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 4094 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.30.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ ✐ Links_30/4/2021:_Trinity_Desktop_Environment_(TDE)_R14.0.10_and_GNU_Nano 5.7⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 5:11 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o § Desktop/Laptop⠀➾ # ⚓ Virtual_mouse_app_for_Linux_phones_makes_desktop_apps easier_to_use⠀⇛ Linux phones are basically just small, low-power Linux computers with touchscreens, and modems. While most mobile Linux distributions designed for phones feature touch-friendly user interfaces and apps, you can also run desktop applications on a Linux phone. But you may have trouble actually using software that obviously weren’t designed for small screens, because it can be hard to navigate applications designed for keyboard and mouse input when you’re using a fingertip. So developer CalcProgrammer1 was looking for a way to use the touchscreen on a Linux phone to emulate a mouse or touchpad. And when he didn’t find one, he decided to build one. It’s called TouchPadEmulator and there’s a proof-of-concept version available at GitLab. o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ Going_Linux_#407_·_Listener_Feedback⠀⇛ Our listeners talk about Laptops for Linux: Dell Latitude E557, Pinebook Pro, and Juno Computers, we hear about Strawberry music player, Garuda Linux and a WTF moment. # ⚓ Jim_Jackson_from_CloudLinux_on_Alma_Linux,_Commercial Support,_and_more!⠀⇛ I recently had a chance to sit down with Jim Jackson from CloudLinux, to chat about the launch of Alma Linux, adding commercial support for it, and a few tidbits of info regarding future plans for the company and their products. # ⚓ Bad_Voltage_3×28:_Eat_The_Show⠀⇛ Stuart Langridge, Jono Bacon, and Jeremy Garcia present Bad Voltage, in which the subject of artificial intelligence is discussed. We’ve walked around the outside of this topic a few times on the show, and now it’s time to dig in; is AI actually real, or are the jokes about reclassifying a Python script as “AI” to get funding founded in reality? Is AI useful, or is it mostly for parlour tricks? What’s going on that provides genuine use to normal people? And… what does the future look like? Should there be legislation; are AI and ML two sides of the same coin or two fundamentally different things… there’s lots to get into. o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # § Graphics Stack⠀➾ # ⚓ NVIDIA_465.27_for_Linux_Released_with_RTX_A5000, A4000,_A3000,_A2000_Support⠀⇛ NVIDIA graphics driver for Linux released version 465.27 a day ago with new Laptop GPUs support and a few bug-fixes. [...] Ubuntu now builds the latest NVIDIA drivers and pushes them via its own security & updates repositories. Just wait! It’ll be available in next few days. At that time, launch Additional Drivers utility and you’ll see the driver available to install. o § Benchmarks⠀➾ # ⚓ NVIDIA_RTX_30_Series_vs._AMD_Radeon_Linux_Gaming Performance_For_April_2021⠀⇛ testing, the past few weeks were busy with testing/ re-testing these new graphics cards as well as prior GeForce RTX 20 series hardware and relevant AMD Radeon graphics cards for offering a current look at the 1440p and 4K Linux gaming performance. Earlier this month were a number of NVIDIA RTX 30 series compute benchmarks with the entire line-up of cards now in our possession for testing. Additionally, following the AMD Radeon Software for Linux driver this month finally introducing Vulkan ray-tracing support, there were also the Radeon RX 6800 vs. GeForce RTX 30 RT benchmarks. On that front though the Radeon Software packaged driver Vulkan ray-tracing support remaining a work-in- progress and not yet playing well with VKD3D- Proton. Additionally, the open-source Radeon Vulkan drivers do not yet support ray-tracing. So while a proprietary driver stack, the NVIDIA Vulkan driver support for the Vulkan RT extensions is in much better standing. o § Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ QEMU_6.0.0_released⠀⇛ Version 6.0.0 of the QEMU hardware emulator is out. “This release contains 3300+ commits from 268 authors.” This release includes a lot of new emulations; see the announcement for a short list or the changelog for details. # ⚓ Comparison_of_File_Chooser_Dialogs⠀⇛ Hello, convenience lovers! We are all using GNU/ Linux technologies. Ever dissatisfied when doing open/save in your application? Perhaps you want it to show you thumbnails preview but not, allows modes other than list view but not, provide search but not, display recent files but not, or you expect it puts all storage disks right at the front but not. I will help you choose a technology you can see below between KDE, GNOME, Elementary OS, Deepin, and LXDE so you can decide which distro you will use or even share with family later. # ⚓ QEMU_6.0.0_Released_With_Focus_On_ARM_And_RISC-V⠀⇛ The latest QEMU version brings virtiofs performance improvements with new USE_KILLPRIV_V2 guest feature. Qemu is a machine emulator that can run operating systems and programs for one machine on a different machine. Mostly it is not used as emulator but as virtualizer in collaboration with KVM kernel components. In that case it utilizes the virtualization technology of the hardware to virtualize guests. QEMU can run independently, but due to the emulation being performed entirely in software it is extremely slow. To overcome this, QEMU allows you to use KVM as an accelerator so that the physical CPU virtualization extensions can be used. # ⚓ Intel’s_Cloud-Hypervisor_Jumps_From_v0.14.1_To_v15.0_To Signify_Its_Maturity,_Stabilizing⠀⇛ The Rust-written Cloud-Hypervisor project led by open-source Intel engineers as a VMM designed for cloud workloads has broke well past the “1.0″ milestone. Following a series of 0.x releases, Cloud-Hypervisor 15 was released this week. The engineers involved in this open-source security and cloud minded hypervisor decided to shake up the version numbering. They went from v0.14.1 to v15.0 to “represent that we believe Cloud Hypervisor is maturing and entering a period of stability.” Moving forward they now say they will guarantee API stability by not removing or changing APIs without at least two releases notice and point releases will also be issued for substantial bug fixes or security issues. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ How_to_Setup_Highly_Available_NGINX_with_KeepAlived_on CentOS_8⠀⇛ Nginx is a free, open-source and one of the most popular webserver around the world. It can also be used as a reverse proxy, load balancer and HTTP cache. The high availability allows an application to reroute work to another system in the event of failure. There are different technologies available to set up a highly available system. Keepalived is a system daemon that monitors services or systems continusly and achieve high availability in the event of failure. If one node is down then the second node served the resources. In this tutorial, I will show you how to set up a highly available Nginx web server with KeepAlived on CentOS 8. # ⚓ Bastian_Venthur:_Getting_the_Function_keys_of_a_Keychron working_on_Linux⠀⇛ Having destroyed the third Cherry Stream keyboard in 4 years, I wanted to try a more substantial keyboard for a change. After some research I decided that I want a mechanical, wired, tenkeyless keyboard without any fancy LEDs. At the end I settled for a Keychron C1 with red switches. It meets all requirements, looks very nice and the price is reasonable. # ⚓ How_to_Install_and_Use_Telnet_on_Ubuntu_20.04_LTS⠀⇛ Telnet is a terminal emulation program for TCP/IP networks that allows you to access another computer on the Internet or local area network by logging in to the remote system. Telnet is a client-server protocol used to establish a connection to Transmission Control Protocol port number 23. You can also check open ports on a remote system using Telnet. In this tutorial, we will learn how to install and use Telnet Server and Client on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS server. # ⚓ How_to_install_Notepadqq_on_a_Chromebook⠀⇛ Today we are looking at how to install Notepadqq on a Chromebook. Please follow the video/audio guide as a tutorial where we explain the process step by step and use the commands below. # ⚓ How_to_play_Sony_PSP_games_in_Retro_Arch_on_Linux⠀⇛ If you use Retro Arch on Linux and love the Sony PSP, you’ll be happy to know that it is possible to play PSP games on the Linux platform, thanks to the PSP Retro Arch core. In this guide, we’ll show you how to install Retro Arch, download the Sony PSP core, and use it to play your favorite PSP games. To get started, grab your favorite PSP ROM files and follow along. # ⚓ How_to_set_up_a_CrowdSec_multi-server_installation_|_Linux Journal⠀⇛ CrowdSec is an open-source & collaborative security solution built to secure Internet-exposed Linux services, servers, containers, or virtual machines with a server-side agent. It is a modernized version of Fail2ban which was a great source of inspiration to the project founders. CrowdSec is free (under an MIT License) and its source code available on GitHub. The solution is leveraging a log-based IP behavior analysis engine to detect attacks. When the CrowdSec agent detects any aggression, it offers different types of remediation to deal with the IP behind it (access prohibition, captcha, 2FA authentication etc.). The report is curated by the platform and, if legitimate, shared across the CrowdSec community so users can also protect their assets from this IP address. A few months ago, we added some interesting features to CrowdSec when releasing v1.0.x. One of the most exciting ones is the ability of the CrowdSec agent to act as an HTTP rest API to collect signals from other CrowdSec agents. Thus, it is the responsibility of this special agent to store and share the collected signals. We will call this special agent the LAPI server from now on. # ⚓ How_to_upgrade_to_Ubuntu_21.04⠀⇛ Ubuntu 21.04 is here! With it comes exciting new updates to the Ubuntu desktop, the Ubuntu Linux kernel, as well as many new features that users are sure to love. In this guide, we’ll go over how you can upgrade your system to 21.04. # ⚓ Fork_bomb_(don’t_actually_execute)⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_Change_Process_Priority_in_Linux_With_nice_and renice⠀⇛ Linux lets you run lots of processes on one machine without skipping a beat. Sometimes, an intensive process can slow your system down. Wouldn’t it be great if there was a way you could somehow put it on the back burner when you keep going with other tasks? You can, with a utility called nice. # ⚓ How_to_connect_a_client_to_the_open-source_Pritunl_VPN_– TechRepublic⠀⇛ In a recent how-to (How to install the Pritunl VPN server on Ubuntu Server 20.04), I walked you through the process of installing the Pritunl VPN server on Ubuntu 20.04. This time around, we’re going to install the Pritunl client on Ubuntu Desktop 21.04 and connect it to the server. Of course, you can also install the client on macOS and Windows, and the connection process is the same on all platforms. But since Linux is my go-to operating system, I’ll be demonstrating the steps on that OS. # ⚓ How_To_Install_PgAdmin_4_on_Debian_10_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install PgAdmin 4 on Debian 10. For those of you who didn’t know, PgAdmin is one of the most popular tools for managing the PostgreSQL database. You can have a graphical interface to manage everything related to PostgreSQL. PgAdmin allows you to manage PostgreSQL 9.2 and above from a web interface. Multiplatform that can run on Linux, Mac, and Windows. Also, it provides multiple deployment models, you can deploy as a single Desktop application, or deploy as a web-based application. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you through the step-by- step installation of the PgAdmin on a Debian 10 (Buster). # ⚓ How_to_Install_and_Configure_Slack_on_Linux_Distributions⠀⇛ If you own a business or BPO company, you already know the havoc of communicating with the clients and project managers. For instance, email sorts mail date-wise, where you might need the discussion on a topic-wise. This is where Slack comes; Slack is communicating and collaborating applications for every type of business organization. Slack build communication with people, application, and data. You can assign a task, check task status, and send messages via channels on Slack. In a conventional method of handling a CRM for business, you need to assign individual tasks for a specific person. Slack brings all the communications into one place. Installing Slack on a Linux machine is easy and straightforward. # ⚓ How_To_Install_Multimedia_Codecs_In_Fedora_Linux_– OSTechNix⠀⇛ In this brief tutorial, we will see how to install multimedia codecs in Fedora 34 from RPM Fusion software repository. Since many multimedia codecs are either closed source or nonfree, they are not included in the default repositories of Fedora Linux due to legal reasons. Fortunately, some third party repositories provides the restricted and nonfree multimedia codecs, packages and libraries. One of the popular community-driven, third party repository is RPM Fusion. If you want to play most audio or video formats in your Fedora desktop, you should install the necessary multimedia codecs from RPM Fusion as outlined below. # ⚓ Ultimate_guide_to_backup_Ubuntu_systems_using_Timeshift_– LinuxTechLab⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will learn how to perform Ubuntu backups using Timeshift. Timeshift is a fabulous tool that is used for the backup & restoration of the Linux operating system, it takes incremental backup after the first initial complete backup. TImeshit creates filesystem snapshots using Rsync or BTRFS. It has a nice GUI as well as support for CLI. Timeshifts also have support for scheduled snapshots, multiple backup levels & also exclude filters. Snapshots can be easily restored even if the system is running from a Live CD or USB. # ⚓ [Now_without_paywall]_A_command-line_task_manager⠀⇛ The dstask personal tracker lets you manage your to-do list from the command line. Dstask uses Git version control to store tasks, letting you synchronize your to-do list across multiple devices. After finding a much-needed network cable under a pile of junk in the basement, I decided it was time to add cleaning up the basement to my to-do list. To manage personal tasks (even unpleasant ones like this), the dstask personal tracker can help you prioritize tasks and track completion. Unlike many other task managers, dstask exclusively runs on the command line. With a short and succinct command, you can add a new task or mark off a completed one. On request, dstask provides a list of all pending tasks, sorted by urgency. Filters help you stay on track in the task jungle. As an added benefit, you can use your task list to show customers or your boss your completed work. Under the hood, dstask stores the pending tasks in the Git version management system, letting you sync tasks across all your devices. However, unlike dstask’s other features, synchronization requires some Git know-how. # ⚓ How_to_install_Pycharm_on_Ubuntu_/_Fedora_/_Arch_– LinuxH2O⠀⇛ A quick guide on how to install the Pycharm a Python IDE on Linux distribution like Ubuntu, Manjaro, Arch, Fedora, Mint. It just doesn’t matter which one you may be using, just follow along. Python is the most popular and versatile programming language. A language of this magnitude deserves an IDE that can satisfy this diverse need of different users. JetBrains, a company that dedicates all its products to programmers and developers. It makes the state of the art IDEs and tools for us. Pycharm is no exception. Pycharm comes with two varients, Professional (Paid) and Community (Free). Professional edition comes with additional web development support. # ⚓ How_to_install_Fedora_34⠀⇛ In this video, I am going to show how to install Fedora 34. # ⚓ How_To_Install_Gnome_on_AlmaLinux_8_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install Gnome on AlmaLinux 8. For those of you who didn’t know, Most AlmaLinux servers are run on CLI (Command-Line Interface) mode. If you’ve chosen a minimal install but don’t want to be limited to just the command line, you can install the GNOME desktop environment in a few simple commands. In this case, we will use Gnome, the most popular user-friendly desktop for any UNIX-based system. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you through the step-by- step installation of the Gnome GUI on an AlmaLinux 8. # ⚓ How_to_connect_a_client_to_the_open-source_Pritunl_VPN_– TechRepublic⠀⇛ In a recent how-to (How to install the Pritunl VPN server on Ubuntu Server 20.04), I walked you through the process of installing the Pritunl VPN server on Ubuntu 20.04. This time around, we’re going to install the Pritunl client on Ubuntu Desktop 21.04 and connect it to the server. Of course, you can also install the client on macOS and Windows, and the connection process is the same on all platforms. But since Linux is my go-to operating system, I’ll be demonstrating the steps on that OS. # ⚓ Absolute_vs_Relative_Path_in_Linux:_What’s_the Difference?⠀⇛ Path is one of the most essential concepts in Linux and this is something every Linux user must know. A path is how you refer to files and directories. It gives the location of a file or directory in the Linux directory structure. It is composed of a name and slash syntax. # ⚓ How_to_Migrate_to_Fedora_Linux_from_Ubuntu_[Beginner's Guide]⠀⇛ Here in this guide, we try to give you a quick model on how to migrate to Fedora from the Ubuntu desktop. o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ Grab_a_FREE_copy_of_Tonight_We_Riot,_a_crowd-based_retro brawler_from_GOG⠀⇛ A new game for the weekend? How about one that’s free! GOG are currently giving away crowd-based retro brawler Tonight We Riot. An unapologetic political game, one where you’re involved in a violent revolution as workers rise up to face off against their dystopia where wealthy capitalists control elections, media, and the lives of working people. # ⚓ Humble_Store_have_a_big_Spring_Sale_going_with_plenty_of discounts_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Need some new games for May? Humble Store has a big Spring Sale going on and of course there’s some great games that have big savings right now. There’s a number of publishers that have big sales of their library including 2K, Deep Silver, Codemasters, Square Enix, Humble Games and more. # ⚓ The_final_version_of_the_free_FPS,_Wolfenstein:_Blade_of Agony,_is_out_now_with_Chapter_3_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Get ready for some of the best retro-FPS action you’ve played in some time, as Wolfenstein: Blade of Agony the high-quality shooter in the spirit of the classics is out now. Today’s release bring on the third and final chapter of the story, along with various enhancements to the first two parts. o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾ # ⚓ TDE_R14.0.10_release_is_ready!⠀⇛ The Trinity Desktop Environment (TDE) development team is pleased to announce the immediate availability of TDE R14.0.10. TDE is a complete software desktop environment designed for Unix-like operating systems, intended for computer users preferring a traditional desktop model, and is free/libre software. Born as a fork of KDE 3.5 back in 2010, TDE is now a fully independent project with its own personality and development team, available for various Linux distros, BSD and DilOS. # ⚓ The_Plasma_desktop_is_miles_ahead_of_everything else⠀⇛ The Linux desktop is a tricky space. It’s no arena for amateurs, newbs or those who expect peace and quite all the time. Most of the time, the desktop isn’t a passive background for your actual work, you need to actively fight it and wrestle it, and that gets boring after a while. Plasma stands out in this domain as a beacon of consistency, great looks, and excellent functionality. You can use it without having to have nerd epaulettes on your shoulders. In a way, it’s approaching the idea of product, the way markets and consumers perceive the concept. When you consider the fact that Plasma is mostly volunteer work – with some paid contributions, of course, the results look pretty neat. Of course, that’s never an excuse for a lack of professionalism, but when you consider the many products out there, with significant backing, and then look at the poor state of their UI, usability and user focus, Plasma starts to look like a real bargain. Recently, I’ve been warming up more and more to its many sweet features. And by recently, I mean the last 2-3 years. However, let’s not forget the soul-wrenching regressions and random bugs. Those are never too far off in the Linux world. But as things stand, Plasma is a really phenomenal desktop, and I hope the KDE team will be able to take it to the next level – make it something that even the normies can enjoy. One can hope. P.S. I hope you will forgive me the use of Imperial units in the title; replacing miles for kilometers just doesn’t make it into a useful phrase. # ⚓ Our_stuff_is_really_pretty_good⠀⇛ But today I got a nice present anyway: a glowing review of Plasma from Igor Ljubuncic of Dedoimedo. Go check it out! Igor is a tough reviewer, and always manages to find things to complain about whenever he reviews software, including ours. I’m very happy that he thinks our offerings are so far ahead of everyone else’s. # ⚓ KDE_Plasma_Wayland_on_FreeBSD⠀⇛ When I wrote about Wayland on FreeBSD I did not expect it to trigger “remove Wayland” kinds of comments in FreeBSD ports. Rather than spend time patching ports to remove functionality that we actuallyt want to work in future, I sat down for most of a day to wrestle with KDE Plasma Wayland on an Intel- based laptop (a Slimbook Base 14, still a lovely machine even if I have not gotten full FreeBSD support on it yet). [...] Remember the system-call mknod()? And in the ’90s where you had device major and minor numbers assigned to specific bits of hardware? If you don’t, that’s fine, it wasn’t good. But the macro’s major() and minor() still exist to handle device numbers which are encoded in a single int, but conceptually are separate numbers. Spot the difference in the manpages for makedev(3): FreeBSD and Linux. Passing raw return values from the macro’s to DBus yields type mismatches: integer versus unsigned. Once we fixed that KWin (being the Wayland compositor for KDE Plasma) would at least start. FreeBSD i386 has a 32-bit time_t and in spite of it being very unlikely someone would use that as a FreeBSD desktop system with Wayland, the code needed a small get-it-to- compile patch there. Finally I added a “things are not going to work out” timer that stops KWin in such a case. This helps guard against various kinds of broken systems or incomplete installations: you’ll get your screen and keyboard back after 20 seconds. These code-level changes are all in KDE Invent although I’m not sure they’ll land in this form – or in that branch. More likely they will be massaged and landed in the development branch, to be integrated with some future release. There are still things to iron out, and for now, doing that in packaging is the easiest. # ⚓ Maui_Weekly_11⠀⇛ Today, we bring you a new report on the Maui Project’s progress. A few weeks away from the next stable release of MauiKit and the Maui apps, we want to share some of the new features, bug fixes, and changes coming to the next stable release. To follow the Maui Project’s development or to say hi, you can join us on Telegram: https://t.me/mauiproject. # § GNOME Desktop/GTK⠀➾ # ⚓ First_Look_at_Solus_GNOME_with_the_GNOME_40_Desktop⠀⇛ Despite the fact that it was released more than a month ago, GNOME 40 is, currently, like a unicorn; we’ve heard about it and everyone talks about it, but we haven’t actually been able to see it much in action, as only a few distributions are offering it in their repositories or pre-installed. For now, as far as I know, if you want to use GNOME 40 as your daily driver, you have to either install Arch Linux, which isn’t something newcomers will be able to drop into, openSUSE Tumbleweed, which is a lot easier to install, or the recently released Fedora Linux 34. o § Distributions⠀➾ # § SUSE/OpenSUSE⠀➾ # ⚓ LLVM,_KDE_Gear,_GNOME_Update_in_Tumbleweed⠀⇛ Six openSUSE Tumbleweed were released this week. The snapshots delivered updated versions of curl, KDE Gear, LLVM, GNOME 40, Mozilla’s Firefox and Thunderbird and much more. The 20210428 snapshot updated the Linux Kernel to version 5.12 and text editor vim to version 8.2.2800. The virtualbox update to 6.1.20 took care of a hang for guest operating systems under circumstances where Hyper-V is used and the VM packaged added support for kernel versions 5.11 and 5.12. Domaine name cacher dnsmasq 2.85 added –dynamic-host options and debugger strace 5.12.0 made improvements and implemented an option to display SELinux contexts. Daniel Stenberg detailed the patch release of curl 7.76.1 in a video on April 14, which made it into snapshot 20210427. No new features were made with the curl release, but Stenberg acknowledged contributions in the video and highlighted the selection of HTTP/ 2 over HTTPS. Open-source file pager less updated to version 581, which fixed some crashes and added several new options in the release. Utility probing package os-prober updated to version 1.78 and firmware package shim-leap updated to version 15.4. # ⚓ openSUSE_Tumbleweed_–_Review_of_the_week_2021/17⠀⇛ Dear Tumbleweed users and hackers, This week seemed rather calm except for a minor glitch with the Linux kernel 5.11.16, which, due to a build failure, was out of sync between the various kernel sub-packages for one snapshot. The pace of the snapshots was averaged at 5 snapshots (0423, 0425, 0426, 0427, and 0428). # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾ # ⚓ Call_for_Code:_The_Weather_Company_and_you⠀⇛ Exhaustive scientific research has confirmed changing weather and temperature patterns, rapidly rising sea levels, and an intensifying proliferation of extreme weather events around the world. The frequency of these weather events continue to increase year after year. And the impact they have on people and the amount of damage they cause are escalating. Severe and devastating weather is not going away. It is only going to get worse, according to the National Climate Assessment. By the year 2100, global temperatures are projected to increase 3 to 5 degrees Celsius (5.4 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit). # § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾ # ⚓ Monthly_News_–_April_2021⠀⇛ With Warpinator you can quickly and easily transfer files from computer to computer across the local network. Warpinator was already available natively for Linux Mint 20, 20.1 and LMDE 4, and as a Flatpak for any other release and for other Linux distributions. Today we’re delighted to announce that Warpinator is now also available for Android. [...] Aside from a few minor issues (the project is very young) the app already works very well. I was personally amazed to see Warpinator in the play store first, and then to see my phone and my computer see each others and be able to transfer files almost instantly. I’m also really happy to see 3rd party developers build and improve on top of what we created. When we made Warpinator we solved a need we had within Linux Mint and made the software available for all Linux distributions, but although we wouldn’t spend the resources to make it work on other OSes (Android, iOS, Windows and Mac for instance) we wanted to use simple and open technologies to make it possible for this software to be developed by others. Today, seeing someone put the effort and come up with an Android build is a really cool feeling. I’m really happy to see this happen. Within the Linux Mint development team Lars Mueller (known as Cobinja on github) has also been working on a mobile version of Warpinator. This is something he did on his own and it isn’t ready so we haven’t had the opportunity to try it yet. The interesting thing about this project is that it is based on the Flutter SDK so in addition to an Android app, it could also lead to making Warpinator available on iOS. # ⚓ Linux_Mint_18.x_reaches_end_of_life,_upgrade_now⠀⇛ Clem Lefebvre, head of the Linux Mint project, has announced the end of life (EOL) of Linux Mint 18 and its subsequent point releases. Linux Mint 18 was released five years ago and was based on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS which is also reaching the end of its life too. If you are running Linux Mint 18, 18.1, 18.2, or 18.3, your operating system will continue to work but you’ll no longer receive important security updates from the repositories. Lefebvre is advising users to back up their data before performing a fresh install of the latest Linux Mint 20.1 which will be kept up-to-date until 2025. While not preferable, you can upgrade to Linux Mint 18.3 then to Linux Mint 19, then to Linux Mint 19.3. The upgrades between point releases are described as being simple, easy, and fast to complete, however, the jump between 18.3 and 19 is a major upgrade, will take longer, and is more complicated; for this reason, you should take your time. # ⚓ Ubuntu_Blog:_Taming_unruly_logo_sections⠀⇛ Making logo sections can be tricky. Logos come in all shapes and sizes, and without proper care, it is easy to end up with a poorly balanced layout. [...] With the baseline in place, we’d ideally want to scale the wordmarks to roughly the same height. To do this, we need to select a goal height to resize to – in the example above this is illustrated by the “Ag” letter pair. But this leads to a problem – depending on how tall our goal height is, some logos won’t fit, or others will become too small. At this point it’s an iterative process of adjusting the goal height until most logos fit comfortably within the bounding box. It’s worth noting that the longest wordmark isn’t always the best choice for goal height, as that would make other logos tiny. In my experience, it is best to find a size that works for the majority of the cases, and not worry about outliers too much. [...] As a final step, if the order of the logos is up to the designer (sometimes it might be dictated by the nature of the relationships with the companies behind these logos), we can further increase balance by introducing different rhythms – alternations of colors, narrow vs wide, rounded vs angular, etc. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # ⚓ Router_board_showcases_up_to_octa-stream_802.11ax_enabled Qualcomm_SoC⠀⇛ Wallys’ “DR8072A” router board features a 2.2GHz, quad -A53 Qualcomm IPQ8072A SoC equipped with dual- band, 4×4 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) for 8x streams at up to 2475 Mbps plus 4x GbE, 2x 2.5GbE, 2x USB 3.0, and mini-PCIe. Wallys (or Wally’s) Communications manufactures router boards for Qualcomm’s growing roster of quad -A53 networking SoCs featuring 802.11b/g/n/ax (Wi- Fi 6). It latest DR8072A (HK09) board taps the Qualcomm IPQ8072A to deliver higher-bandwidth 802.11b/g/n/ax than is available on the earlier Qualcomm IPQ6000 (Networking Pro 400 Platform) family. Farther below, we also look at some other boards based on the IPQ8072A, including the Compex WPQ872 and WPQ873 and a UniElec WiFi 6 Router board # ⚓ ANAVI_Macro_Pad_2_open_source_programmable_dual_key keypad⠀⇛ A new project soon to be available from the Crowd Supply website is the open source, programmable two-key mechanical keypad with backlighting, taking the form of the ANAVI Macro Pad 2. The tiny open source 2% mechanical keyboard/keypad is equipped with two reprogrammable keys that can be used with macros or setup is dedicated shortcut keys. [...] “Getting started with ANAVI Macro Pad 2 is easy… and GNU/Linux distributions.” # ⚓ Why_you_should_learn_to_code_with_Raspberry_Pi⠀⇛ While coding may seem alien to many people, it’s actually very accessible if you decide you want to get started. There are plenty of online resources to help you get started and the possibilities of what you can achieve are endless. Raspberry Pi offers the perfect platform for you to take your first steps in this new world. Read on to find out why. [...] Despite its incredible processing power, Raspberry Pi uses far less power than other computers. It has no fan so is more energy efficient and runs far quieter. For people who are extremely energy conscious, you could programme your Raspberry Pi so that it becomes an energy monitoring system. If you want it to actively play a role in making your home eco- friendlier, you can even use it to help control your smart lighting and heating systems. # ⚓ The_New_Era_of_Machine_Control⠀⇛ With a multicore processor, one core can be dedicated just to machine control, while another core supports leading-edge apps like machine learning or database maintenance. The use of Linux as the foundation for the operating system makes sense because it is a proven, open-source platform that has millions of developers updating and enhancing its capabilities. There are versions of Linux that have been developed to support real-time, high-speed processing in other applications and have demonstrated reliable, robust performance, making it eminently suitable for use in the most demanding automation applications in combination with the multicore processor architecture. # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ Linux-driven_RISC-V_module_can_plug_into_Raspberry_Pi CM4_cluster_carrier⠀⇛ Antmicro unveiled an open source, RPi CM4- compatible “ARVSOM” module that runs Linux on the RISC-V based StarFive 71×0 SoC. The ARVSOM can plug into Antmicro’s new Scalenode carrier in place of the CM4 for clustering projects. RISC-V software developer Antmicro has launched its first embedded Linux driven RISC-V product. Its ARVSOM compute module uses the same RISC-V architecture StarFive JH7100 SoC as the BeagleBoard.org’s Seeed manufactured BeagleV SBC, which is now called the BeagleV – StarLight. # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ The_10_Best_Sleep_Apps_For_Android_To_Build_A_Proper Sleeping_Habit⠀⇛ # ⚓ Top_10_Best_Icon_Pack_Android_Apps_–_2021⠀⇛ # ⚓ 3_Ways_To_Install_and_Use_Clone_Picture_Mode_on_Any Android_Phone_–_Gadgets_To_Use⠀⇛ # ⚓ Five_Augmented_Reality_(AR)_games_to_try_on_Android_| Technology_News,The_Indian_Express⠀⇛ # ⚓ Best_Android_phones_for_gaming_|_Dot_Esports⠀⇛ # ⚓ Old_Sony_TVs_are_about_to_get_a_new_Android_TV interface_|_What_Hi-Fi?⠀⇛ # ⚓ SFR_launches_low-cost_Android-and-app-based_TV offering_–_Digital_TV_Europe⠀⇛ # ⚓ Memfault’s_Device_Observability_Platform_Now Available_for⠀⇛ # ⚓ Android_Studio_Canary_adds_initial_support_for Apple’s_new_M1_Macs⠀⇛ # ⚓ So_Close,_Yet_So_Far:_An_Android_Contender_To_Replace My_iPhone⠀⇛ # ⚓ EE_now_offering_Xbox_Game_Pass_Ultimate_as_add-on_for Android_customers_–_SEENIT⠀⇛ # ⚓ New_Google_Discover_Design_Is_Rolling_Out_To_Android 12⠀⇛ # ⚓ OnePlus_6_and_6T_will_get_Android_11_beta_builds starting_in_August_–_GSMArena.com_news⠀⇛ # ⚓ realme_C15_Qualcomm_Edition_Android_11-based_realme UI_2.0_Early_Access_program_goes_live⠀⇛ o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # § Productivity Software/LibreOffice/Calligra⠀➾ # ⚓ Math_Selection_Rendering⠀⇛ Towards 7.2 the Math edit window text selection is now drawn the same as the selection in the main applications. This affects the selection of similar uses of this EditView in LibreOffice such as the writer comments in sidebar. # § FSF⠀➾ # ⚓ Free_Software_Wireless-N_Mini_Router_v3_from ThinkPenguin,_Inc._now_FSF-certified_to_Respect_Your Freedom⠀⇛ This is ThinkPenguin’s first device to receive RYF certification in 2021, adding to their vast catalogue of certified devices. As with previous routers from ThinkPenguin, the Free Software Wireless-N Mini Router v3 ships with an FSF-endorsed fully free embedded GNU/Linux distribution called libreCMC. It also comes with a custom flavor of the U-Boot boot loader, assembled by Robert Call, who is the maintainer of libreCMC and a former FSF intern. The router enables users to run multiple devices on a network through a VPN service, helping to simplify the process of keeping their communications secure and private. While ThinkPenguin offers a VPN service, users are not required to purchase a subscription to their service in order to use the router, and the device comes with detailed instructions on how to use the router with a wide variety of VPN providers. # ⚓ It’s_2021_&_The_FSF_Is_Still_Endorsing_802.11n_WiFi Hardware⠀⇛ As the first announcement of a newly- certified product by the Free Software Foundation since early 2020 as “Respect Your Freedom” compliant, the FSF is backing another 802.11n WiFi adapter. The FSF announced today their newest product meeting “Respect Your Freedom” certification around openness is the ThinkPenguin Wireless- N Mini Router v3. ThinkPenguin has been a long-time Linux component supplier and pursuer of FSF RYF certification while is their first product certified of the year and seemingly the first new FSF RYF certified product in general since last January. # § GNU Projects⠀➾ # ⚓ GNU_Nano_5.7_Is_Released⠀⇛ The latest version of the GNU Nano text editor has more stable output when it is started with the –constantshow option, the indicator (-q or –indicator) now follows actual lines instead of virtual lines in softwrap mode, there’s 10 bug-fixes and there is lots and lots of small tweaks implemented by GNU Nano maintainer Benno Schulenberg. [...] GNU Nano is a perfectly good console text editor for anyone who doesn’t like or want to use Vi or Emacs for some incomprehensible reason. The latest 5.7 release contains 63 commits by Benno Schulenberg, one by Mike Frysinger and one by Hussam al-Homsi that makes #include <..> highlighting when editing C files more compliant. GNU Nano has a lot of capabilities that are not enabled if you just start it with nano or nano file.txt. The –constantshow option is one of them. It makes GNU Nano constantly show what line you are on, how far into the file you are (in %), what line you are on and what column you are on. This mode is now “less jittery” in GNU Nano 5.7. # § Openness/Sharing/Collaboration⠀➾ # § Open Data⠀➾ # ⚓ Recently_launched_MagicHub.io_offers_free datasets_for_machine_learning⠀⇛ Massive, diversiform datasets are released on MagicHub.io. The datasets are subdivided into multiple dimensions, offering AI engineers a more efficient way to find datasets for their various AI models, thereby reserves more energy on algorithm optimization. # § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ Sébastien_Wilmet_–_Blog_post_–_Thoughts_about WebAssembly_outside-the-browser,_inside-the-desktop⠀⇛ Some reflections about WebAssembly, the Bytecode Alliance and desktop application development. To know more about the Bytecode Alliance (WebAssembly outside-the-browser), you can read this nice article by Mozilla. Note that I don’t plan to work on this, it’s just some thoughts about what could the future bring us. If someone is interested, this would be a really, really nice project that would totally change the landscape of native desktop application development. I’m convinced that the solution isn’t Rust or C++, or C# or Java, or whichever new language will appear in 20 years that will make Rust obsolete; the solution is some piece of infrastructure such as nanoprocesses. # ⚓ Sébastien_Wilmet_–_Blog_post_–_C_dialects_versus_C++ dialects⠀⇛ Some developers say that since the C++ programming language is so large, containing lots of features, each C++ programmer ends up writing code in a different subset of C++, a different dialect. This essay looks at whether the C language – which contains a much smaller set of core features than C++ – is any better with regards to the “dialects problem”. # ⚓ Compute_Like_It_Is_1975:_6th_Edition_Unix_Reborn_| Hackaday⠀⇛ If you crave experiencing or reliving what computing was like “back then” you have a lot of options. One option, of course, is to load an emulator and pretend like you have the hardware and software you are interested in. Another often expensive option is to actually buy the hardware on the used market. However, [mit-pdos] has a different approach: port the 6th edition of Unix to RISC-V and use a modern CPU to run an old favorite operating system. It isn’t an exact copy, of course, but Xv6 was developed back in 2006 as a teaching operating system at MIT. You can find resources including links to the original Unix source code, commentary on the source code, and information about the original PDP 11/40 host computer on the project’s main page. # § Rust⠀➾ # ⚓ SD_Times_news_digest:_Facebook_joins_the_Rust Foundation,_Updated_Google_Play_guidance,_and mabl_announces_native_Jira_integration⠀⇛ Facebook announced its support for the Rust Foundation and stated that it is committed to sustaining and growing the Rust open-source ecosystem and community. According to Facebook, it currently has multiple teams throughout the company writing Rust code and even has a dedicated Rust team that is primarily responsible for the growth of Rust development inside the company as well as contributing to open source. [...] This GCC 11.1 release switches the default debugging format to DWARF 5 [1] on most targets and switches the default C++ language version to - std=gnu++17. The release also improves C++20 language support, both on the compiler and library sides], adds experimental C++23 support, some C2X enhancements and various optimization enhancements. * § Leftovers⠀➾ o ⚓ Opinion_|_About_Damn_Time⠀⇛ o ⚓ Nobel_Laureates_Urge_Humanity_to_Stop_‘Taking_Colossal_Risks_With Our_Common_Future’⠀⇛ “We need to reinvent our relationship with planet Earth. The future of all life on this planet—humans and our societies included—requires us to become effective stewards of the global commons.” o ⚓ The_Caustic_Grace_of_French_Exit⠀⇛ Early in Azazel Jacobs’s film French Exit, a “tragedy of manners”—per its screenwriter Patrick DeWitt, who also wrote the novel it’s based on—a character wistfully remarks, “They broke the mold with that one.” They’re referring to Frances Price, an elegant, aloof sixtysomething widow who sells off the last vestiges of her dead husband’s large estate and retires to Paris with her adult son, Malcolm. Yet they just as easily could be talking about Michelle Pfeiffer, the actress who plays Frances in the film and one of the great movie stars of the back half of the 20th century. From the early 1980s through the mid-’90s, Pfeiffer worked with some of America’s most celebrated auteurs (Scorsese, De Palma, Nichols, Demme) and more than held her own against some of the best working male actors of their era: Pacino (twice), Nicholson (twice), Bridges (Jeff and Beau), Malkovich, Gibson, Connery, not to mention her role as the definitive Catwoman to Keaton’s Batman. She can sell a line as well or better than anyone in the industry and can command a frame’s focus like the Golden Age stars of yore. Her compulsive watchability rendered her one of the most compelling actresses of her generation. o § Health/Nutrition⠀➾ # ⚓ ‘Huge_Victory’:_Federal_Appeals_Court_Orders_EPA_to_Ban_All Food_Uses_of_Toxic_Pesticide_Chlorpyrifos⠀⇛ “EPA’s time is now up,” said the environmental law firm Earthjustice, which sued the agency on behalf of labor and public health groups. # ⚓ Berlin_Bulletin:_Greens,_Vaccines_and_Maneuvers⠀⇛ The thickest was Covid fog. Blanketing some 2/3 of the news, the details changed daily, even hourly. How many new cases, how many deaths, who could go out when in what size groups and till what hour, where and when we could buy what or eat out, which state wanted tougher restrictions, which wanted easier ones, whether decisions should be by the federal cabinet, the Bundestag legislature or every state for itself, which vaccine was 100% safe, which might not be and why, when house doctors could vaccinate and how soon they’d get enough vaccine for which age and patient group? A new law has now been approved, uniform for the whole country; at what level of infection no-one can leave their home after 10 PM – except dog-owners, single joggers or strollers (also the homeless, I guess), at what level schools must again close down (except for 12th grade diploma exam students). All the rules have holes, most states disapprove of some clause, or maybe another. For me, the best reaction is: turn the damned radio off – ban all electronic penetration. Then read a book (now I’m back to Shakespeare).  Or go to bed! Weekend demonstrators keep popping up like whack-a- mole, with (illegally) no masks or distancing, hit by police attacks here or tolerated there. They insist that covid is a fraud, a plan to permanently limit freedom of speech, writing, or assembly, outdoors or even inside one’s home. A few warners, far-leftists of long standing, complain that officialdom and outfits like Facebook are censuring them – certainly a worrisome menace. Some protesters and deniers claim it’s all a plot by pharma-bigbiz (steered most likely by Bill and Melinda) to gain more wealth and power. The AfD and other far rightists hook onto such demonstrations, along with kooky QAnoners, anti-Semites and anti- vaccinaters (even against measles and polio shots). So what is true? Who’s crazy – or lying? Again I’m tempted to crawl back to bed with blankets over my head! (And after all, I’m doubly vaccinated!) # ⚓ There_May_Be_an_Oral_Anti-Viral_COVID_Pill_by_the_End_of the_Year⠀⇛ # ⚓ Texas_Enabled_the_Worst_Carbon_Monoxide_Poisoning Catastrophe_in_Recent_U.S._History⠀⇛ When Shalemu Bekele awoke on the morning of Feb. 15, the town house he shared with his wife and two children was so cold, his fingers felt numb. After bundling up in extra layers, Bekele looked out a frosted window: A winter storm had swept across Texas, knocking out power to millions of homes, including his own, and blanketing Houston in a thin layer of icy snow. # ⚓ How_to_Prevent_Carbon_Monoxide_Poisoning_in_Your_Home⠀⇛ Carbon monoxide poisoning is almost entirely preventable. And yet, every year, more than 400 people in the U.S. die and tens of thousands more are sickened. Often, the culprit is a common household appliance that malfunctions or is used improperly. But carbon monoxide poisoning can be especially dangerous during power outages, when people use alternative sources of fuel or electricity such as generators. # ⚓ The_Story_Behind_Your_Salad:_Farmworkers,_Covid-19,_and_a Dangerous_Commute⠀⇛ It’s one in the morning and the stars are out as hundreds of people shuffle slowly along the wall that marks the US border in the small Mexican city of San Luis Río Colorado. In heavy boots and wide- brimmed straw hats, most everyone here is headed to work in the vegetable fields of Yuma County, Ariz. Bundled against the frigid November air in puffy coats and fleece blankets, they carry thermoses of hot coffee and mini coolers packed with breakfast and lunch, often small, tightly rolled meat burritos. The wait to get through the small port of entry averages two hours and on some days can take as long as four.1This article was produced in collaboration with the Food & Environment Reporting Network. # ⚓ New_COVID-19_Variant,_Linked_to_India’s_Record_Wave_of Infections_&_Deaths,_Now_Seen_in_19_Countries⠀⇛ As India faces 1 million new COVID-19 infections every three days, we look at how more infectious variants have been linked to a spread in cases. The so-called India variant has now been detected in at least 19 countries. “This virus behaves differently now, in that it’s much more infectious,” says Dr. Priya Sampathkumar, an infectious disease physician at the Mayo Clinic. # ⚓ The_Modi_Surge:_COVID-19_Cases_Overwhelm_India’s_Healthcare System_as_Gov’t_Censors_Critics⠀⇛ India has topped 18.3 million COVID-19 cases, after adding 1 million cases in just the past three days amid shortages in vital supplies and overwhelmed hospitals across the country. Makeshift mass cremation facilities have been set up in parks and parking lots, with rows of bodies being burned on funeral pyres. With hospitals overflowing, some patients have been turned away and left to deal with their infections on their own. “This is where Modi has led India,” says Indian journalist Rana Ayyub, who says the prime minister “clearly has no plan” for dealing with the crisis ravaging the country’s healthcare systems, particularly outside the major cities. “There has always been a crisis of healthcare in rural India, but never has it been so acutely defined as it is now,” says Ayyub. o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # ⚓ Vivaldi_3.8_Released,_Offers_Relief_From_Cookie Dialogs_And_FLoC⠀⇛ Vivaldi 3.8 focused on an improved web browsing experience from all points of view. The new Cookie Crumbler blocks the most annoying cookie-related dialogs. The web browser maker, Vivaldi, has announced the release of Vivaldi 3.8 on desktop and on mobile. # § Pseudo-Open Source⠀➾ # § Privatisation/Privateering⠀➾ # § Linux Foundation⠀➾ # ⚓ S3_Ep30:_AirDrop_worries,_Linux pests_and_ransomware_truths_[Podcast] [Ed: UMN used for anti-Linux FUD already]⠀⇛ We investigate whether AirDrop is really as dangerous as researchers claimed. We discuss the pestiferous problem of fake Linux bugs submitted as an academic exercise. We review the latest Sophos Ransomware Report and uncover uncomfortable truths about paying up. # ⚓ How_a_university_got_itself_banned from_the_Linux_kernel_–_The_Verge⠀⇛ On the evening of April 6th, a student emailed a patch to a list of developers. Fifteen days later, the University of Minnesota was banned from contributing to the Linux kernel. “I suggest you find a different community to do experiments on,” wrote Linux Foundation fellow Greg Kroah-Hartman in a livid email. “You are not welcome here.” How did one email lead to a university-wide ban? I’ve spent the past week digging into this world — the players, the jargon, the university’s turbulent history with open-source software, the devoted and principled Linux kernel community. None of the University of Minnesota researchers would talk to me for this story. But among the other major characters — the Linux developers — there was no such hesitancy. This was a community eager to speak; it was a community betrayed. # ⚓ The_(GNU)_Linux_Foundation_How_Fast it_is_Going,_Who_is_Doing_It,_What They_are_Doing,_and_Who_is_Sponsoring It_December_2010⠀⇛ Every (GNU) Linux kernel is being developed by nearly 1,000 developers working for more than 100 different corporations. This is the foundation for the largest distributed software development project in the world. (src) # ⚓ Korean_vaccine_passport_developer Blockchain_Labs_receives_proposal from_Linux [Ed: The Linux_Foundation is_undermining_human_rights; what does_Linux_stand_for_now?]⠀⇛ # § Security⠀➾ # ⚓ Security_updates_for_Friday⠀⇛ Security updates have been issued by Arch Linux (bind, chromium, firefox, gitlab, libupnp, nimble, opera, thunderbird, virtualbox, and vivaldi), Debian (composer, edk2, and libhibernate3-java), Fedora (java- 1.8.0-openjdk, jetty, and samba), openSUSE (nim), Oracle (bind and runc), Red Hat (bind), SUSE (cifs-utils, cups, ldb, samba, permissions, samba, and tomcat), and Ubuntu (samba). # ⚓ Stored_XSS_vulnerability_patched_in_open_source firewall_pfSense_|_The_Daily_Swig⠀⇛ A severe cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability impacting pfSense software has been patched by the vendor. Netgate solutions’ pfSense software is an open source offering based on FreeBSD for firewalling and routing, made available under an Apache 2.0 license. Products include pfSense Community Edition (CE) and the more advanced pfSense Plus, formerly known as pfSense Factory Edition (FE). # ⚓ Shedding_light_on_the_threat_posed_by_shadow admins⠀⇛ Few organizations would purposefully hand a huge responsibility to a junior staff member before letting them fly solo on their own personal projects, but that’s effectively what happens inside too many corporate networks: organizations delegate specific administrative access to user accounts so they can do a particular privileged task, and they promptly forget about it. These “shadow admin” accounts often get ignored by everyone except attackers and threat actors, for whom they are valuable targets. [...] Leaving shadow admin accounts on an organization’s AD is a considerable risk that’s best compared to handing over the keys to one’s kingdom to do a particular task and then forgetting to track who has the keys and when to ask for it back. It pays to know who exactly has privileged access, which is where AD admin groups help. Conversely, the presence of shadow admin accounts could be a sign that an attack is underway. If a threat actor can grant themselves permissions to create these accounts and then assign them with higher privileges, they can extend their attack in many directions. # ⚓ Freexian’s_report_about_Debian_Long_Term Support,_March_2021⠀⇛ Like each month, have a look at the work funded by Freexian’s Debian LTS offering. # ⚓ Cyber_Security_Today,_April_30,_2021_–_A_Linux alert,_negligent_executives_and_another_warning to_QNAP_users⠀⇛ # § Fear, Uncertainty, Doubt/Fear-mongering/ Dramatisation⠀➾ # ⚓ New_stealthy_Linux_malware_used_to backdoor_systems_for_years [Ed: Microsoft- connected sites focus on "LINUX" security issues]⠀⇛ A recently discovered Linux malware with backdoor capabilities has flown under the radar for years, allowing attackers to harvest and exfiltrate sensitive information from compromised devices.  # ⚓ Linux_kernel_bug_could_allow cyberattackers_to_access_sensitive_data [Ed: Another Microsoft-connected site]⠀⇛ # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ Android_to_Expand_Earthquake_Alerts_and Detection [Ed: More excuses (they've never run out) for more mass surveillance, either "medical" or "safety" as in here; will the next "Smart" device also put sensors inside our mouths to check the saliva in real time?]⠀⇛ Medical alerts are what Apple is concentrating on with wearables and the iPhone. But Google has another emergency service planned. It’s expanding Android earthquake alerts and detection to more locations domestically and internationally. o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ Anti-War_Group_Releases_Activist_Guide_to_End_Militarized Policing_in_US⠀⇛ “We must end state violence and knee-jerk militarism, wherever it occurs. Ending the 1033 program is a small but necessary step toward that.” # ⚓ The_January_6_Capitol_Riot:_A_Local_Perspective⠀⇛ That’s what Phyllis Kriegel, editor of New Directions for Women, told me back in the 1990s, and it remains true today. Cierra Hinton, publisher and editor of Scalawag, a publication covering the South, cited a recent example. Not long ago, Scalawag ran an investigation into local murdered and missing indigenous women. “The story was deprioritized and ultimately killed by a mainstream outlet,” she explained, but once published by Scalawag, it was picked up by others and went national, and earlier this month, Interior Secretary Deb Haaland established a new unit specifically to investigate. “I’m not saying our reporting made it happen,” said Hinton, “but it helped.” # ⚓ Nuclear_Impasse⠀⇛ # ⚓ Kyrgyzstan_and_Tajikistan_announce_truce_following_deadly clashes_in_disputed_border_region⠀⇛ On the evening of Thursday, April 29, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan announced a truce, putting an end to a recent flareup along a disputed section of their common border. Tensions began rising last Saturday after Tajik border guards detained two Kyrgyz nationals, prompting the two countries to exchange diplomatic notes. The clashes on Thursday left at least one person dead and dozens of others injured. Both sides blame each other for the escalation.  o § Environment⠀➾ # ⚓ Campaigners_Call_for_Removal_of_Tory_Councillor_for Spreading_Climate_Science_Denial⠀⇛ Campaigners are urging residents in Warwickshire not to re-elect the County Council’s deputy leader Peter Butlin due to his promotion of climate science denial.   Groups including the Warwickshire Climate Alliance have expressed concerns over councillor Butlin’s regular sharing of content from climate science denying groups on social media and remarks expressing doubt about climate change.  # ⚓ Co-Founder_of_Oxford_University_Petrochemical_Research Centre_Joins_UK’s_Leading_Climate_Science_Denial_Group⠀⇛ The UK’s principal climate science denial group the Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF) has appointed an Oxford University professor with ties to the fossil fuel industry to its board of trustees.  Professor Peter Edwards is Professor of Inorganic Chemistry and former Head of Inorganic Chemistry at the university, as well as a Fellow of St Catherine’s College, Oxford. One of Edwards’ primary areas of research is on developing “technology for fossil fuel decarbonisation to mitigate climate change”, according to his Oxford University profile.  # ⚓ Human_activity_alters_Earth’s_spin_on_its_axis⠀⇛ The planet may not catch fire, but climate change really has altered the Earth’s spin on its axis as it rounds the sun. # ⚓ The_Climate_Solution_Actually_Adding_Millions_of_Tons_of CO2_Into_the_Atmosphere⠀⇛ Along the coast of Northern California near the Oregon border, the cool, moist air off the Pacific sustains a strip of temperate rainforests. Soaring redwoods and Douglas firs dominate these thick, wet woodlands, creating a canopy hundreds of feet high. But if you travel inland the mix of trees gradually shifts. # § Energy⠀➾ # ⚓ ‘Revolving-Door_Cronyism’:_Groups_Line_Up_Against Fossil_Fuel_Lawyer_for_Interior⠀⇛ One environmental advocate said that industry-friendly attorney Tommy Beaudreau “has failed to stand up to the fossil fuel industry when it mattered most, and he’ll likely fail again if confirmed to this critical position.” # § Wildlife/Nature⠀➾ # ⚓ The_Cows_That_Ate_Point_Reyes⠀⇛ Fences are symbolic of the controversy surrounding this park area. There are over 300 miles of barriers in the park. The controversy surrounding private ranching in a national park illustrates the problems created when personal profit and “cultural” preservation trumps the other values national parks are supposed to preserve. Livestock grazing in the park significantly degrades natural values, which the NPS is supposed to protect. This includes damage to streams, pollution of waterways, and harm to native fauna and flora. o § Finance⠀➾ # ⚓ Biden’s_Labor_Secretary_Says_He_Supports_Classifying_Gig Workers_as_Employees⠀⇛ # ⚓ CEO_Pay_Doesn’t_Necessarily_Align_With_Shareholder Interests,_Even_if_it_is_in_Stock_Options⠀⇛ This would only be true if shareholders are able to determine the number of options and the structure of the package. The package could, for example, cap the amount of money that CEOs and other top executives get from options, or it could have the returns from options linked to the performance of other companies in the same industry. Tying pay to options in a context where CEOs and other top management largely control the boards that set their pay does not mean there is an alignment between CEO pay and shareholders’ interest. If this is difficult to understand, imagine that cashiers at McDonald’s got paid in stock options, and the cashiers got to determine how many options they were awarded. By the theory described in the NYT piece, cashier’s pay would then be allied with shareholders’ interest. The piece actually provides evidence of this misalignment when noting that Starbuck’s shareholders voted down their CEO’s pay package, but since the vote was non-binding on the board of directors, the CEO’s pay was not affected. There is no shortage of examples of CEOs getting high pay that is in no obvious way related to returns to shareholders. # ⚓ “Rejection_of_the_Neoliberal_Framework”:_Biden_Proposes Trillions_in_New_Spending,_Taxes_on_the_Rich⠀⇛ On the eve of his 100th day in office, President Joe Biden gave his first speech to a joint session of Congress and proposed trillions of dollars in new economic measures. He unveiled his $1.8 trillion American Families Plan, which includes $1 trillion in new spending and $800 billion in tax credits aimed at expanding access to education and child care. He also called on lawmakers to support his plan to invest heavily in the country’s infrastructure and to expand the social safety net in part by funding it with $4 trillion in taxes on the rich and corporations. Economist Jayati Ghosh says Biden’s spending plans are “unexpected” but much needed. “It’s very important to turn the direction of the nature of public intervention away from protecting the interests of the rich and of large capital to protecting the interests of people,” Ghosh says. “This has not been the aim of government policy across the world, and especially in the U.S., for the last three decades.” We also speak with Democratic Congressmember Ro Khanna, who said Biden’s speech “was an explicit rejection of the neoliberal framework.” # ⚓ Phone_Bank_Will_Push_Lawmakers_to_Pass_Green_New_Deal_and Invest_$10_Trillion_in_Jobs_and_Infrastructure⠀⇛ “If enough of us stand up and speak out, we will finally win what we need to thrive.” # ⚓ Dingell_and_Markey_Introduce_$10_Trillion_THRIVE_Act_to Tackle_‘Our_Biggest_Emergencies’⠀⇛ The bill aims to ensure “an intersectional response” to the climate crisis, coronavirus pandemic, economic inequity, and racial injustice “that is proportionate to the scope of the problems we face.” # ⚓ Save_the_Planet_or_End_Poverty?_How_to_Escape_the Extractivist_Dilemma.⠀⇛ To slow the pace of climate change, scientists say we will have to leave as much as 80 percent of global fossil fuel reserves in the ground. But a left-wing candidate’s surprising loss in Ecuador’s recent election shows how the demand to end oil and mineral production in the Global South can put progressive forces in an excruciating dilemma: How can leftist governments in poor countries shut down oil wells and close mines but still bring in sufficient revenue to fight poverty? o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾ # ⚓ GOP_Rebuttal_to_Biden’s_Speech_Flopped_Because_Progressive Policies_Are_Popular⠀⇛ # ⚓ Biden’s_Speech_Pointed_to_a_Possible_End_to_Reagan’s_Rancid Legacy⠀⇛ # ⚓ Last_Night_Was_Joe_Biden’s_Moment._May_There_Be_Many More.⠀⇛ I thought President Joe Biden had been upstaged on Wednesday by the FBI raids on grifter fascist Rudy Giuliani’s home and office. And it seemed fitting: Giuliani tried three times—with Ukraine in 2019, with state election officials in 2020, and with the violent January 6 insurrectionists in 2021—to block Biden’s presidency. Maybe it was OK if Biden was overshadowed on his first address to a joint session of Congress by Giuliani’s overwhelming legal troubles. # ⚓ Opinion_|_Nancy_Pelosi_and_These_Centrists_Want_Biden_to_Go Left_on_Drug_Costs_and_Medicare⠀⇛ Are more Democrats finally recognizing that fighting for drug price reductions and Medicare expansion is something they must do to win elections? o § Freedom of Information/Freedom of the Press⠀➾ # ⚓ Reporting_from_Around_the_World,_Reese_Erlich_Was_a_Beacon of_Independent_Journalism⠀⇛ The first memorable conversation I had with Reese was somewhere over the Atlantic Ocean on the way to Iraq in September 2002 — as it turned out, six months before the U.S. invasion. He was one of the few journalists covering a small delegation, including Congressman Nick Rahall and former Senator James Abourezk, which the Institute for Public Accuracy sponsored in an attempt to establish U.S.-Iraqi dialogue and avert the looming invasion. As the organizer of the trip, I was on edge, and I asked Reese for his assessment. Drawing on his extensive knowledge of the Middle East, he provided cogent insights and talked about what was at stake. o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ Russian_protesters_file_class-action_lawsuit_over conditions_in_special_detention_center⠀⇛ On Thursday, April 29, Moscow’s Zamoskvoretsky Court will receive a class-action lawsuit against the Russian Interior Ministry demanding compensation for the inhumane conditions in the Sakhorovo special detention center, reports Kommersant.  # ⚓ ‘I_wonder_how_quickly_they’ll_paint_it_over’_St._Petersburg police_launch_criminal_vandalism_case_over_Navalny_graffiti⠀⇛ Police officials in St. Petersburg have opened a criminal case over a graffiti mural of jailed opposition politician Alexey Navalny that was painted on a transformer vault in the city’s Pushkarsky Garden. The investigation is being conducted under the criminal code article for political vandalism, which is punishable by up to three years in prison. Though the Navalny mural was painted over within a few hours, since then, other graffiti has appeared in its place. Meduza breaks down the chain of events surrounding this work of street art. # ⚓ New_Report_Looks_at_Strategies_to_Cut_Incarceration_of Illinois_Women_by_Half⠀⇛ # ⚓ “They’re_Dirty!”_Standing_Up_at_Kelly_Butte⠀⇛ As you look further to the west, such details aren’t visible, and it’s just a beautiful postcard of a city that, from a distance, is an especially nice place, with the many hills, parks, factories, warehouses, and slow-moving freight trains that populate what is known as “inner southeast” Portland, before it all ends with the expansive Willamette River, beyond which rises the mess of glass, steel, and plywood that is known as “downtown,” where hardly anyone ventures unless they must. Increasingly, there are many worlds within this city of Portland, Oregon. # ⚓ La_Quadrature_joins_EDRi_as_a_member⠀⇛ After many years of participating in the EDRi network as an observer, working with the collective of European member organisations and the EDRi team in Brussels to protect rights and freedoms in the digital space and beyond, La Quadrature du Net has now joined EDRi as a full-fledged member. # ⚓ Before_We_Bid_Farewell_to_Arab_American_Heritage_Month⠀⇛ April is Arab American Heritage Month, and it has been gratifying to see the supportive proclamations issued by dozens of states, local governments, and the even the State Department and the Democratic Party. # ⚓ Hundreds_Say_Menstrual_Cycles_Impacted_After_Exposure_to Police_Tear_Gas_at_Oregon_Protests⠀⇛ “This isn’t a coincidence. Something’s going on,” said one person who was exposed. o § Monopolies⠀➾ # ⚓ Lifting_IP_Restrictions_Could_Help_the_World_Vaccinate_60% of_Population_by_2022⠀⇛ # ⚓ As_Coronavirus_Ravages_India,_Senate_Dems_Urge_US_Pharma Firms_to_Share_Vaccine_Tech⠀⇛ “Addressing the spread of Covid-19 in India is critical,” the senators wrote in a letter imploring drugmaker CEOs to take steps to “drastically expand vaccine development and access.”  # ⚓ How_Lifting_Intellectual_Property_Restrictions_Could_Help World_Vaccinate_60%_of_Population_by_2022⠀⇛ As new coronavirus cases surge across India, overwhelming hospitals and crematories, calls are growing louder for wealthy countries to stop hoarding excess supply of COVID-19 vaccines and to loosen intellectual property restrictions preventing more countries from making their own vaccines. We speak with economist Jayati Ghosh and Congressmember Ro Khanna of California. # ⚓ Opinion_|_The_Intellectual_Property_on_Covid-19_Should_Be Shared_as_Rapidly_and_Widely_as_Possible⠀⇛ Intellectual Property must serve the global good, rather than humanity serving the interests of a few private companies. And in the case of Covid-19, the global good is not in doubt: rapid worldwide immunization, in order to save lives, prevent the emergence of new variants, and end the pandemic. # § Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ EDTex_vs_WDTex [Ed: One upside of Texas being so infested with patent trolls and actively trying to attract the trolls is that it delegitimises the patent status quo, which benefits nobody but lawyers, predators, and monopolists]⠀⇛ Here is a simple chart counting law review articles discussing both patent law and either the “Eastern District of Texas” or “Western District of Texas” (or both). Because of some law review delays and dating- games, Westlaw can really only provide data through 2019. # ⚓ An_IDEA_Whose_Time_Has_Come [Ed: Tilting the nature of patents not on the basis of class but of identity politics so as to pretend justice will be done not when the system no longer makes the rich richer but something else, shallower...]⠀⇛ Today, the Senate Judiciary Committee will mark up the IDEA Act. IDEA, sponsored by Senator Mazie Hirono (D-HI), stands for “Inventor Diversity for Economic Advancement.” One of the problems with researching diversity and patents, much less diversity and innovation, is that there isn’t good data on who invents—there are all kinds of proxy metrics that people use, especially correlation of naming patterns to gender or race, but those proxies are necessarily imperfect. For example, while names like Lauren or Ashley are typically given to women, there are any number of men with those names as well, and the proportion often changes over time. And a few names, like Jessie, Marion, and Jackie, are given almost equally between genders, meaning there is no proxy value to those names at all. # § Software Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ Spotlight_on_Upcoming_Oral_Arguments_–_May_2021 ⠀⇛ In 2017, Mobility Workx sued T-Mobile and Verizon Wireless in the Eastern District of Texas asserting U.S. Patent No. 8,213,417 (the “’417 patent”). In June 2018, Unified Patents petitioned for IPR challenging claims 1-7 of the ’417 patent. The PTAB instituted review. The PTAB issued a Final Written Decision holding claims 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 unpatentable. On appeal, Mobility argues that the PTAB’s implementation of the America Invents Act (“AIA”) violates the Due Process Clause of the Constitution and the Administrative Procedures Act (“APA”). According to Mobility, the Due Process Clause entitles a party to an impartial and disinterested tribunal, but several aspects of the PTAB’s organization—including its leadership structure, decision-making process, fee structure, and administrative patent judge (“APJ”) compensation scheme—create a structural bias in the PTAB. Moreover, Mobility argues, the remedy from Arthrex making the APJs terminable at will only heightens the structural bias. Mobility also argues that the Director’s delegation of his authority to unconstitutionally appointed APJs to make final, unreviewable institution decisions violates the APA. Finally, Mobility argues that subjecting a pre-AIA patent, like the ’417 patent, to an AIA IPR proceeding constitutes an unlawful taking of property. According to Mobility, the retrospective application of the IPR proceeding undermines the reasonable investment-backed expectations of a patent owner. Unified responds that Mobility’s arguments were not raised before the PTAB and therefore have been waived. If the Court does consider these arguments, Unified argues, the Court has previously considered and rejected these same contentions. # § Copyrights⠀➾ # ⚓ Authors_Guild_CEO:_‘The_artist_is_a_visionary;_AI_is not’ [Ed: Copyright "HEY HI" (AI) nonsense promoted by site that lobbies for litigation firms. They don't even know what HEY HI is, they just call every computer or computer program HEY HI]⠀⇛ Mary Rasenberger talks about her work protecting authors’ rights, the CASE Act, and why we shouldn’t expect the next Great American Novel to come from AI ╘══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╛ ¶ Lines in total: 6632 ➮ Generation completed at 02:43, i.e. 188 seconds to (re)generate ⟲