𝕿𝖊𝖈𝖍𝖗𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙𝖘 Bulletin for Monday, October 25, 2021 ┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅ Generated Tue 26 Oct 02:40:15 BST 2021 Created by Dr. Roy Schestowitz (𝚛𝚘𝚢 (at) 𝚜𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚣 (dot) 𝚌𝚘𝚖) Full hyperlinks for navigation omitted but are fully available in the originals The corresponding HTML versions are at 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈 Latest in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕 and older bulletins can be found at 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕-𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 Full IPFS index in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔 and as plain text in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔/𝒕𝒙𝒕 Gemini index for the day: gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/10/25/ ╒═══════════════════ 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐒 ════════════════════════════════════╕ Previous bulletins in IPFS (past 21 days, in chronological order): QmeLhW4oLVWzxpCUCDkA1dFjjenb5EnMwdtSi35sDbQZgd QmajCNJF85CQYXyosFsER5Yo2XiPM6BUZkHYzeqXkCfiv3 QmScBUgZwyXW8e6VTQ7hn4TPr2dPrqRq4mBq4A6SJD33QU QmNq798z2Jmsd7aRXgNnfjRvXzECKPp7piDVUnWvgsGMmw QmRVquEDfjUxjZohz6NpGuYae1hJY5sYhcGTzygC15t1qe QmS8QHtXh2RotXbWpZsvGPyWGq3WgJPQrsFc5JaTmqKcxD QmYzF6VmHg31fxPQwnB9o6yJM36EqoqsYXvNMqVE941LM6 QmXCdRHxnSMKmGrnRzrnSPCDWQmdjzEejArfYqZsaBy35Z Qmf9EcBFemckbJcR5iWC3PVGJxQ5xe3ZqCGKzz681rKMmD QmdjD3F5X1T9xbTPMY2Wrk5YUS8tfKUD5inGbqQ8rnJrpo QmSJxiMQEysAS6b1cT6LbxyB2gmL92RHnKe2bugqURX7jK QmZ9XrCCvCG4m4kD1sxmesDGxEpk9EjEVk5vNUFHZ87Ryw QmZQbFL87wWvs9kFDSndgbof4kDmQTqYdyokNAjNg8H7Ca QmSfTwYRE2mM7875hHQK9fmXEAAZS4i3r9frAmfJcCFGks QmWq5A18omXMGWTTDzH6NZwrkQWd1pUiLRptBpgDHHhvXq QmVR1Se3jKzW513QvSLv9utzGvBbi5C3cdSBwWspCid4vi Qme5Me7St6kgikNpzT1KeDRhhmCJJtsLSFQyP8TDyvd8MW QmagsjCozdhV3doZKjmRs6GYXQb7U425VW5GsX4YUfg2Fu QmXdXQ45MDdfyLhvFXMoFQarrFy2cSYrkTKdKtneXpHrYF QmNooKJgn2ZLXZJyZNJCACY5R84RsQy1y85ycxgS8JMkdA QmcbJ2ejJ9JqECW5WmJC4LeEqkjC7w6kcJ6wjwLthVmoEU ╒═══════════════════ 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐗 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⦿ The EPO’s Overseer/Overseen Collusion — Part XXIII: The Balkan League - Bulgaria | Techrights ⦿ Bulgarian Like Bavarian Serfdom | Techrights ⦿ Microsoft GitHub Exposé — Part III — A Story of Plagiarism and Likely Securities Fraud | Techrights ⦿ IRC Proceedings: Sunday, October 24, 2021 | Techrights ⦿ [Meme] [Teaser] Oligarchs-Controlled Patent Offices With Media Connections That Cover Up Corruption | Techrights ⦿ [Meme] [Teaser] Meet the President | Techrights ⦿ Gemini Protocol’s Originator: “I Continue to Care About This Project and I Care About the Community That Has Formed Around It.” | Techrights ䷼ Bulletin articles (as HTML) to comment on (requires login): http://techrights.org/2021/10/25/bulgaria-epo/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/10/25/bulgaria-like-bavaria/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/10/25/github-series-outline/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/10/25/irc-log-241021/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/10/25/oligarchs-and-epo/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/10/25/romania-meet-the-president/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/10/25/solderpunk-is-back/#comments ䷞ Followed by Daily Links (assorted news picks curated and categorised): http://techrights.org/2021/10/25/linux-5-15-rc7/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/10/25/patent-catchup/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/10/25/slackware64-current/#comments ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 67 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/10/25/bulgaria-epo/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/10/25/bulgaria-epo/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 10.25.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_XXIII:_The_Balkan_League_– Bulgaria⠀✐ Posted in Europe, Patents at 4:11 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Series parts: 1. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_I:_Let_the_Sunshine_In! 2. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_II:_A_“Unanimous” Endorsement? 3. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_III:_Three_Missing_Votes 4. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_IV:_The_Founding_States 5. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_V:_Germany_Says_“Ja” 6. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_VI:_A_Distinct_Lack_of_Dutch Courage 7. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_VII:_Luxembourgish_Laxity 8. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_VIII:_Perfidious_Albion_and Pusillanimous_Hibernia 9. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_IX:_More_Holes_Than_Swiss Cheese 10. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_X:_Introducing_the Controversial_Christian_Bock 11. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_XI:_“General_Bock”_– Battistelli’s_Swiss_Apprentice? 12. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_XII:_The_French_Connection 13. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_XIII:_Battistelli’s_Iberian Facilitators_–_Spain 14. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_XIV:_Battistelli’s_Iberian Facilitators_–_Portugal 15. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_XV:_Et_Tu_Felix_Austria… 16. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_XVI:_The_Demise_of_the Austrian_Double-Dipper 17. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_XVII:_The_Non-Monolithic Nordic_Bloc 18. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_XVIII:_Helsinki’s_Accord 19. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_IXX:_The_Baltic_States 20. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_XX:_The_Visegrád_Group 21. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_XXI:_The_Balkan_League_–_The Doyen_and_His_“Protégée” 22. The_EPO’s_Overseer/Overseen_Collusion_—_Part_XXII:_The_Balkan_League_– North_Macedonia_and_Albania 23. YOU ARE HERE ☞ The Balkan League – Bulgaria 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Kamen_Veselinov⦈_ Head of the Bulgarian delegation in June 2013: Kamen Veselinov Summary: Today we examine the role of Bulgaria in Benoît_Battistelli‘s liberticidal regime at the EPO (as well as under António_Campinos, from 2018 to present) with particular focus on political machinations In this part the focus is on the Bulgarian delegation, which in June 2013 was headed by Kamen Veselinov, Director-General of the Bulgarian Patent Office (BPO). Some time after he had played his part in rubber-stamping Battistelli’s “Strike Regulations”, Veselinov was relieved of his position as head of the BPO in March 2014. “Some time after he had played his part in rubber-stamping Battistelli’s “Strike Regulations”, Veselinov was relieved of his position as head of the BPO in March 2014.”According to a_bulletin [PDF] published by ipbulgaria.bg, Veselinov held the position without the required professional experience and under his leadership “the office was brought to a severe crisis” and “as a result of his mismanagement, Bulgaria is on the US Special 301 blacklist”. Veselinov was replaced by Tanya_Naydenova, a graduate in law from the Mikhail Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University who headed the BPO between March and December 2014. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Tanya_Naydenova⦈_ Tanya Naydenova headed the BPO for a brief period between March and December 2014. But it turned out that Veselinov had only been temporarily ousted. He was reinstated when Boyko_Borisov took over as Prime Minister in November 2014. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Boyko_Borisov⦈_ Veselinov and his political patron, Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov. This meant that Veselinov was able to revisit his old buddies on the EPO’s Administrative Council in Munich at the March 2015 meeting and he could rejoin them in rubber-stamping further dubious proposals tabled by Battistelli. He continued to serve as director of the BPO until the summer of 2016 when he retired at the ripe old age of 70. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Veselinov_and_Petko_Nikolov⦈_ Temporarily ousted, Veselinov (left) was reinstated after Boyko Borisov came to power towards the end of 2014. He continued to serve as head of the BPO until the summer of 2016 when he was replaced by Petko Nikolov (right), chairman of the national anti-trust authority. Veselinov’s successor [PDF] as head of the BPO was Petko_Nikolov who was born in 1958 in Botevgrad in western Bulgaria. According to the Bulgarian_media, Nikolov graduated in law from Sofia University, has a master’s degree in finance from the University of Veliko Tarnovo, as well as a specialization in criminal law from the University of Sofia. He also has a doctorate in economics. “But it turned out that Veselinov had only been temporarily ousted.”Nikolov initially worked as an attorney until 2001 when he entered politics as a member of the National Movement for Stability and Progress (NDSV), originally known as the “National Movement Simeon II”. The NDSV is a liberal, populist political party created as the personal political vehicle of Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the deposed heir to the throne of the Kingdom of Bulgaria who succeeded in making a post-communist political comeback as Prime Minister between 2001 and 2005. Nikolov’s first important public sector appointment was as chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Privatization Agency in 2001, under the “Sakskoburggotski_government” – or so-called “Tsar’s cabinet” – presided over by Simeon von Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. According to media_reports, Nikolov obtained his position on the Supervisory Board “as part of the quota of the Simeon II National Movement”. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Simeon_von_Saxe_Coburg_Gotha⦈_ Petko Nikolov’s original political patron, Simeon von Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. In 2003, Nikolov’s career took another leap forward when he was appointed chairman of the Commission for Protection of Competition (CPC), a position which he held_for_nearly_13_years [PDF], somehow managing to survive six different governments. In the turbulent and unstable world of Bulgarian politics that is no small achievement. “In 2003, Nikolov’s career took another leap forward when he was appointed chairman of the Commission for Protection of Competition (CPC), a position which he held for nearly 13 years, somehow managing to survive six different governments.”Nikolov’s second term as head of the CPC had officially expired in October 2015 and a legislative amendment earlier that year prevented him from serving a further consecutive term. Nevertheless, due to political wrangling over his successor, he remained in charge of the antitrust authority on a caretaker basis until the summer of 2016. Before he was replaced at the CPC, rumours began circulating that “out of gratitude for the work done, GERB [the political party of Prime Minister Boyko Borisov] would provide him with a new appetizing position”. “His previous track record as chairman of the anti-trust authority CPC also came in for criticism.”His subsequent appointment as head of the BPO attracted a lot of critical comment in Bulgaria where it was reported that he had been parachuted_into_the_position_directly by Prime Minister Boyko Borisov without an_open_competition. [PDF] His previous track record as chairman of the anti-trust authority CPC also came in for criticism. This criticism centred around claims that Nikolov had been more than favourable to the Bulgarian politician, media_mogul [PDF], and oligarch Delyan_Peevski in resolving cases which affected Peevski’s interests. Peevski – nicknamed “Shishi”_or_“Potbelly” in Bulgaria – is a highly controversial figure who was recently sanctioned by the US Department of the Treasury which described_him in the following terms: “Delyan Slavchev Peevski (Peevski) is an oligarch who previously served as a Bulgarian MP and media mogul and has regularly engaged in corruption, using influence peddling and bribes to protect himself from public scrutiny and exert control over key institutions and sectors in Bulgarian society.” 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Petko_Nikolov,_Boyko_Borisov,_and_Delyan_Peevski⦈_ Nikolov’s appointment as head of the BPO in 2016 attracted critical comment in Bulgaria. From left to right: Petko Nikolov, Bulgarian PM Boyko Borisov and oligarch Delyan Peevski. “Given his political allegiance to the monarchistically flavoured NDSV and his reputed subservience to homegrown oligarchs like Peevski, it’s hardly surprising that when it came to EPO affairs, Nikolov followed in the footsteps of his predecessor Veselinov and turned out to be another uncritical “facilitator” of the tyrant Battistelli and his vicious assault on the rights of EPO staff.”Given his political allegiance to the monarchistically flavoured NDSV and his reputed subservience to homegrown oligarchs like Peevski, it’s hardly surprising that when it came to EPO affairs, Nikolov followed in the footsteps of his predecessor Veselinov and turned out to be another uncritical “facilitator” of the tyrant Battistelli and his vicious assault on the rights of EPO staff. In return, Battistelli did his best to cultivate the goodwill of his Bulgarian vassals. In November_2017 (warning: epo.org link), he dispatched his faithful lieutenant Raimund_Lutz to deputise for him at the 27th Patent Information Conference which took place in Sofia. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Lutz_and_BPO⦈_ From l. to r.: David Sukalinski (BPO), EPO Vice-President Lutz, Ofelia Kirkoryan-Tsonkova (BPO), Petko Nikolov (BPO), and Deputy Minister for Economic Affairs, Lachezar Borosov (November 2017). In March 2018, as his EPO presidency was drawing to a close, Battistelli paid his respects to his Bulgarian allies by turning up in person as a guest speaker at a conference on “IP” hosted_in_Sofia (warning: epo.org link) where he met with Nikolov and various government ministers, including the Deputy Minister for Economic Affairs, Lachezar Borisov. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Battistelli,_Lachezar_Borisov,_and_Petko_Nikolov⦈_ From l. to r.: Battistelli with Lachezar Borisov and Petko Nikolov (March 2018). More recently, in June 2021, sources in Bulgaria reported that Nikolov had been replaced [PDF] by Vladya_Borisova [PDF] following a decision issued by the caretaker_government of Stefan_Yanev. “More recently, in June 2021, sources in Bulgaria reported that Nikolov had been replaced by Vladya Borisova following a decision issued by the caretaker government of Stefan Yanev.”No reasons were given for Nikolov’s departure, but it seems that he was “purged” due to his close connections to previous government led by Boyko Borisov. That government had fallen into disfavour and triggered widespread_public_protests which lasted from July 2020 until April 2021, when Borisov and his cabinet finally resigned at the end of their four- year term. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Vladya_Borisova⦈_ The new head of the Bulgarian Patent Office, Vladya Borisova. Prior to her current appointment, the new head of the Bulgarian Patent Office, Vladya Borisova, was a professor at the Institute of Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer (IIPTT) in Sofia. On its website the IIPTT describes itself as “a unit of the University of National and World Economy for research in the field of intellectual property”. “Prior to her current appointment, the new head of the Bulgarian Patent Office, Vladya Borisova, was a professor at the Institute of Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer (IIPTT) in Sofia.”The University of National and World Economy (UNWE), which was originally established in 1920 as the Free University of Political and Economic Sciences, claims to be the largest and oldest institute for higher economic studies in Bulgaria and Southeastern Europe. During the communist era it was known as the Karl Marx Higher Institute of Economics and it was given its present post-communist name in 1990. 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Karl_Marx,_Sofia⦈_ Bust of former “patron” Karl Marx on the UNWE grounds in Sofia. It remains to be seen what contribution, if any, Borisova will manage to make to EPO affairs. Maybe she will surprise us all and make a stand for the rights of EPO staff. But don’t hold your breath on that. “Maybe she will surprise us all and make a stand for the rights of EPO staff. But don’t hold your breath on that.”In the present era of unfettered globalised capitalism, the subject of workers’ rights seems to be an unfashionable topic of discussion, whether at the UNWE in Sofia or at the EPO in Munich. One wonders what the UNWE’s former “patron” Karl Marx would have made of it all… In the next part we will turn our attention to the delegation representing Bulgaria’s northern neighbour, Romania. █ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Bulgarian_EPO⦈_ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⠁⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠿⣿⣿⠀⠀⡄⣿⣿⣿⣇⢸⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣁⣾⢏ ⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢸⣟⠀⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⠀⢰⣐⣒⠶⢗⣠⣤⣄⡀⢸⣿⣶⣻⣿⠀⠀⡁⡿⠿⢿⣿⣸⡛⠓⢠⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⠃⣼⡟⣬ ⠻⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢾⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠾⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠉⢸⡿⠿⠿⠿⠀⠀⠇⠁⠒⠚⠿⣙⣁⣀⣠⣋⣧⠀⢀⣼⣿⣓⣘⣨⣱⣽ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⠀⠑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣯⣛⠀⢸⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠇⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣾⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣧⠀⢿⡟⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣖⣀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣟⣫⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡄⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠥⠀⠀⠀⡄⢸⣿⣿⠬⠀⠪⡯⡟ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⣿⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⠁⠀⠘⠆⠐ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⢀⡅⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡏⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠳⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⢀⠀⠀⠛⠿⠿⠿⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡏⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣼⣷⡶⠀⠀⡇⠀⢠⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⢀⣶⣾⣍⠛⠻⠿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠸⡟⠃⠀⠈⡇⠀⡄⠘⢿⠧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠇⠀⠅⠀⠀⠀⢿⠀⠘⣡⡌⠳⠻⣂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣠⣷⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠁⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠈⠻⣮⡢⠘⠧⣧⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡟⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⡂⠀⠀⠀⣜⡇⠀⠀⠈⢾⣟⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠈⠹⠟⢉⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢫⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⡇⠀⡆⠀⠀⠀⠸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⢯⡶⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣾⣿⣁⢿⣿⣿⣿⢫⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⡶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⡿⢸⣯⣿⣿⢇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡃⠀⡧⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠟⠃⣸⣿⣿⢏⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⠇⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡿⠛⠀⠀⣿⣿⠉⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣽⠀⠀⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⣽⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠧⠁⠂⠂⣾⣿⣿⡈⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⠀⠀⠩⠀⠀⢠⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠨⢓⣯⣿⠁⢸⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣼⠿⣻⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣤⣄⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⣀⣀⣀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠼⢻⣿⠷⣄⣿⣿⡟⢸⣿⣿⣿⣟⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠠⠞⣛⣻⣿⣿⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣽⣶⣶⣦⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⢠⣿⡇⠀⣀⠀⡀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠀⡔⣿⣿⣟⣿⣽⣿⣿⡇⠁⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣥⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠰⣦⣄⡀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠁⠀⣀⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣄⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⡾⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡟⣾⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣦ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣻⣿⡿⠟⢛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣀⠒⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣤⣬⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣼⣿⣛⠁⠀⠀⣀⣐⣦⣤⡈⢿⣯ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⡿⡻⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠈⠉⠸⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠾⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣶⣷⡆⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢹⣿⣿⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠠⣾⣿⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢿⣿⡏⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠚⠛⠓⠒⠺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⠃⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠣⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣤⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣏⣩ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⣦⣀⣴⣶⣤⣤⣶⣦⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⢀⡄⠀⣉⣻ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡆⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣧⣿⣿⡿⠋⢙⣿⣿⣶⣶⣤⣤⣠⠄⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣦⣴⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢁⡀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠔⠈⠉⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠙⣾⣿⣿⠏⣁⢈⠉⠉⣟⢛⠛⢻⡿⢻⣿⠀⣿⡿⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⣻⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⣸⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣖⣫⠽⠛⠂⢰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣰⣿⣟⠁⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠙⢒⠛⠙⣦⣼⣿⡆⣿⡧⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢼⣿⠛⠛ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢠⣿⠀⠀⠠⠄⠚⠹⠿⠧⣠⠒⠲⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠉⢋⣁⡀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠐⡾⢩⣧⣴⡯⣽⣿⣧⣿⡇⠒⠒⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢹⣿⢸⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⣾⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣦⣀⡞⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⢻⣿⣽⡷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣾⣿⣿⡅⣞⡿⣿⣿⡇⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⣿⣾⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠉⠁⢀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢀⣭⢉⢻⣯⣿⣿⡇⠀⡈⡅⠐⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⡎⢯⣾⣶⠇⢰⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠋⠙⣿⠟⣿⣧⡼⠶⠶⠶⢴⠶⠶⠶⠀⢀⣿⣼⣤ ⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠐⠂⠁⠀⡦⢰⢤⡀⠐⠚⠀⢿⣿⡿⠻⠀⠉⠛⠁⣸⡏⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⣿⣌⣹⣻⠀⡌⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣶⢄⣭⣼⣿⣿⡆⠈⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⢿⣿ ⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⢳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠿⣦⡀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⠣⠀⡀⢸⠟⣁⣼⡇⢠⡌⠋⢩⠙⠃⠤⠀⠀⣻⣦⡝⣿⢀⡇⠀⠆⠠⣰⣏⡻⠏⠉⣸⠿⢿⠿⣻⣷⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣄⠀⠉ ⠀⠀⠾⣿⣿⠋⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠁⠀⠀⢰⠀⢳⣄⠀⣴⣇⣤⡤⠀⠀⠀⢿⠃⢾⠀⢧⠈⣷⢿⠛⡃⣀⢘⠡⠀⢀⡁⠀⠀⠀⢁⣻⣿⡇⢸⠁⠀⠀⠀⠹⠇⠙⠀⠀⣱⠀⢀⣼⠿⢛⣿⣧⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢁⣀⣀ ⠀⠀⣀⣤⣼⣦⣤⣤⣽⣶⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⣷⣄⡉⠻⢿⣿⣮⠉⠀⠀⠐⠛⢀⡎⠀⠸⡀⢠⠴⣿⡇⡤⠙⠁⠤⢨⡄⠃⠀⠀⠸⡿⢾⠃⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⡃⠀⠀⠀⠑⠚⢉⣁⣴⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿ ⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⠳⣆⣿⣿⣛⣷⢼⡠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠃⠀⠀⣧⠸⣷⣿⡆⡦⠈⠀⠺⢠⠄⠁⠐⠀⢼⣿⡿⢠⡇⠀⢀⡀⠀⢰⡦⠀⠀⠀⢏⠉⣩⡁⡶⠟⢿⠛⢿⣿⠿⡍⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠈ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⠴⠖⠁⠀⠀⠚⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⡀⣿⣿⡣⠆⠃⣡⠘⠤⠀⠀⠀⠐⢨⣭⡇⢸⠃⣀⡼⠃⠀⠈⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠀⠼⠀⠀⠈⠁⢻⣿⣦⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠒⢈⣀⣰⣛⣿⠟⢋⣴⢿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠑⠀⠐⠓⠤⠀⠸⡇⢻⣻⡥⠀⠃⢠⡜⠰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠬⣹⠀⣿⠀⣤⣴⣿⠂⠈⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠢⠀⢀⡀⠃⢿⣿⠿⢧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠼⠭⠿⣟⠿⠦⣿⣅⣈⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠘⣿⡇⠘⠀⠇⠀⠂⠠⠈⠀⠀⠘⡟⢠⡇⢤⠙⢿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣶⣷⣷⣦⣎⣽⡤⣼⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠴⠯⡴⢖⣮⣿⡗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⠀⡧⠆⠁⠐⠐⠠⠄⠠⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⢸⢉⣀⠘⠟⠀⠀⢀⡠⠤⣀⣄⣠⢚⣺⢷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⡬⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠱⠂⢈⣉⣀⡀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⢰⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⢠⣶⣶⣶⡒⠯⣿⠧⣨⣥⣿⣍⡲⢻⡝⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⣿⣿⣦⣁⣛⡲⢤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⢀⣠⣼⣧⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣧⡐⢻⣉⠉⣛⣿⣾⣅⣿⣿⡻⣿⣿⠏⡻⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣭⣻⣿⣿⣿⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠢⡄⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠻⠘⢯⣭⠛⣿⣇⣿⠷⠜⢓⣠⣴⣶⣶⣦⣤⡉ ⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⠟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠀⠀⠰⠏⠁⣨⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢲⣶⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠿⠟⠡⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣾⡀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠸⠿⣿⡛⢻⣇⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢉⣠⣤⣤⣄⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣯⣩⣿⣷⣠⣶⡄⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡅⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠉⠉⠂⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡎⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢗⠄⡸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣀⡉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣷⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣁⢠⢀⣤⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⠘⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣸⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣻⣟⡟⠋⠈⠹⡟⢻⣿⣿⡟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠻⢻⣿⣿⣿⡇⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢻⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠇⠻⣿⣿⡇⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡜⡸⢿⣿⣿⣇⣻⣿⣽⣿⣿⠇⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⢻⡧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠁⢸⣿⡟⣺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣗⢠⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡿⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠐⣿⣋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⡇⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡏⣩⣯⣅⣻⣿⣏⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠐⠃⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣦⣄⠀⠁⠿⣿⣿⠷⢻⡿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠸⢣⡃⠸⣟⣿⣽⣿⡿⣿⣿⡇⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡌⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢾⣿⣿⣽⣧⡚⡀⢿⣿⡿⠁⣠⣶⣿⣶⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢠⣀⠀⠻⣶⣥⣸⡇⣿⣿⡇⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡋⠈⠡⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢾⡻⣿⣿⢧⣤⡄⠻⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣮⣎⣹⣿⣷⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠛⠛⠻⠶⠕⣦⣌⡇⠸⢨⡛⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠭⢭⣵⣿⣿⠏⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣺⣿⣿⠿⠿⠟⣼⣾⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠊⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⡜⠶⠹⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⢽⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⢸⣿⣟⣕⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠉⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠼⠿⠿⠋⠥⠀⡀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡈⠀⠀⠀⢠⡄⣤⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⡄⠈⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣄⠀⢹⣿⡁⢮⣿⣿⣟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⠑⠠⡀⠀⠀⠸⠃⠃⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠠⠴⠖⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⣿⢨⢿⣿⣿⠈⡁⠀⠀⡰⠁⢐⣿⣏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡅⠀⢸⠿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⡿⢽⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠁⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠇⢱⠸⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⡰⠁⠀⠉⢁⣠⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣧⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢡⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⠀⣰⡅⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⣘⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣄⣀⣰⣀⣸⣧⣢⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠌⠀⡵⡧⠐⠀⠀⡁⠀⠀⢀⣀⠽⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣚⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣴⣦⠄⠀⠀⠀⠊⠃⠁⠀⠀⠀⠁⢄⡀⠀⠶⠶⠂⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠄⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⠥⠶⠾⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⡻⣯⡑⢦⢑⢥⡻⣾⣞⣜⣿⡄⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢦⠂⠀⠀ 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⢸⣿⣾⣄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣣⣌⠻⣿⡉⢻⣏⣦⢀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣽⣿⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠛⠻⡉⠀⢻⣿⡀⠀⠛⣿⣢⣀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣠⣾⡟⠉⠀⢸⣿⠌⢭⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣷⣿⡎⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠙⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠀⠀⢠⣿⡟⢀⣄⡜⠁⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⠩⢁⣈⢿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⠃⠿⣿⣟⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⣿⡿⠜⢻⣧⡀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⢇⣾⣶⡇⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠘⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⣃⣴⣮⠫⣿⣇⡀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⢀⣿⣿⢁⣌⣹⠻⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡿⠋⠉⠛⠉⠉⠁⠀⣈⠋⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠿⠟⠁⡈⠻⣷⣶⡘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣶⣿⠟⠁⢶⣛⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢴⣾⢿⡆⠉⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠉⣰⣿⣼⡉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⠙⣤⣦⡄⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⢠⣾⣼⠛⠟⡁⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠿⡿⢏⢁⣼⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⢟⣋⡹⢿⡿⠋⢀⣫⣿⢧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣿⣟⣯⢻⣿⣿⣑⣿⣷⠷⠈⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣯⡇⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⣿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣦⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠽⠛⠀⢸⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣄⣰⣆⣀⠀⠀⣰⣼⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣀⣼⣿⡟⣧⡀⢀⣿⣹⣿⡋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣹⢟⡶⣏⠀⢸⣧⣿⣿⡷⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣿⡟⣿⣿⡟⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⣠⣖⡇⢼⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⡿⡿⡿⡟⣟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⢩⡿⣏⡟⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⣿⣿⣽⣿⢞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣾⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⡍⡿⢕⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡛⢽⣽⢭⡳⢩⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣶⡦⢤⣀⠀⠀⢤⣄⣀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⡤⣿⣿⠿⢃⡀⠀⢸⡟⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢴⣮⣿⣿⣿⠿⠃⠀⠀⠈⠛⠻⢿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⡿⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣻⢗⣷⣞⣼⣼⡙⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣏⣉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣭⣭⣓⢦⡀⠀⡴⠭⢝⢛⡛⢛⣚⢚⣫⣉⣍⢋⣀⢁⡈⡉⡉⠛ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣷⣽⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣷⡽⣤⣶⣿⡿⠯⠯⠼⠉⠀⠈⠲⠈⠈⠉⢉⢉⣁⠓⠂ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢐⢛⣘⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣨⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢝⠍⠂⠈⠉⠀⠉⠀⠉⠁⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢂⡑⣸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⣮⣽⣿⣿⣿⠏⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢠⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠉⠉⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢽⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⠋⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⢿⡋⢕⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⢼⣿⡿⠏⠀⠀⠰⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢸⣻⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣼⣟⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣆⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⢾⠟⠿⣿⡏⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣻⡆⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠘⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⠿⣿⠽⢳⡇ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⢹⢿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡇⣁⠊⢀⢁ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠈⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡃⣀⠑⠡⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡆⢻⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⡧⠁⢀⢐⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⢟⣭⢿⣫⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⣮⣿⣟⣿⡹⢿⣿⣽⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣚⣓⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣓⡿⣟⠭⣑⣿⡿⡿⠽⢟⠛⠈⣀⡩⠀⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠻⠆⠀⢷⣩⡓⠊⢡⣬⢶⠘⣽⣷⣷⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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⣿⣸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⣫⡵⠖⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠒⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠾⣿⣇⠀⣠⠞⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡭⠵⠚⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠤⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠀⣿⣯⡿⢇⠀⢸⣿⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢠⠤⢖⣮⠤⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠜⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡀⣿⣿⠀⠀⢙⣽⣿⢒⡻⠋⠉⠱⠖⠒⣂⡤⢤⢿⣿⣃⡀⠀⠀⢀⣠⠔⢒⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠘⢋⠉⣀⠤⠖⠂⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠢⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢿⣿⢿⣿⠣⡀⢸⣼⣿⣰⣷⣾⣶⣦⣤⣵⣤⣂⣅⣈⡫⡰⠀⢏⠋⠪⣼⣬⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⡭⠵⠒⣃⣀⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⢀⢿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢸⣿⣼⣿⠀⡑⡞⠚⣿⣾⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⢤⢹⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠑⢼⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢸⣿⢹⣿⡞⠁⠈⠂⠛⠛⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣙⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⡠⢺⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠘⣿⡞⣿⡇⠀⣤⣤⣤⣦⣤⡘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠹⡸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠑⢼⢸⣿⠻⣉⣀⣀⡈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⣿⡷⣿⡇⢴⣋⠉⢹⡏⠉⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⣿⠧⡀⢺⡿⡇⣾⣿⣿⠿⣅⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⣿⡇⣿⣷⢟⠻⠿⠋⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⢿⠿⠿⠟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠈⠺⠇⠳⣁⣸⣦⣤⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⢽⠃⢹⣿⣾⡄⠀⠠⠴⠊⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣲⡷⡾⣶⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⣛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⡶⡾⡶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡅⡄⠀⣶⡿⠟⣃⢈⣥⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠸⠜⠘⠁⠈⢻⣷⡦⠤⢾⡎⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⠳⠦⠼⢟⠛⡛⡼⠃⠀⣀⠌⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡰⠦⠴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠶⠳⠚⣎⡉⣁⣼⣿⠏⢿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢻⠃ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡆⠸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⡏⢁⣺⠿⠋⠘⢷⣤⡀⣼⠊⠁⠀⠐⠶⠷⠖⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⠉⠀⠀⣿⡂⣺⡇⠈⠙⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠘⠁⢸⡏⢩⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⡇⠀⢃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⢹⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⡆⢾⡆⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⢹⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⠃⢸⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠈⢿⡄⠀⠀⠀⣠⣄⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠘⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠁⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⠀⢸⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣷⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣆⠀⢻⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠃⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠐⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠂⠀⠃⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⠉⢹⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣟⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⠸⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠀⣈⡁⣶⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠿⠿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠿⢟⣿⣿⣷⠁⠀⠐⠑⠤⠬⠙⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡿⠟⠋⠁⢻⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⡏⠉⡉⠋⡍⣿⡿⢟⣻⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣍⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣫⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣿⣿ ⣇⣧⣀⢖⠟⠃⠰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡟⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⢈⣛⣛⡻⠟⠿⠿⠯⠿⠛⠂⠈⠻⠿⠻⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣤⡈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠤⢤⡤⣤⣠⡀⠁⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣧⠀⢀⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⡀⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣷⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠓⠚⠻⠿⠿⠿⠟⠻⠿⠿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⣽⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⣀⣴⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡞⠀⠀⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡁⠀⠉⠉⠉⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⣀⣠ ⡇⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡈⢹⣿⠛⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠈⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣆⢻⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠽⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣟⣃⠄⠀⠀⠀⣀⢉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⣾⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⠮⠭⠽⢿⣯⣇⠑⠺⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡿⠇⠀⣰⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡄⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠛⣏⠁⠈⠻⢠⣴⣶⣖⠒⠦⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠦⠄⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠈⢈⠢⠀⠀⠘⢏⣉⣉⠙⠓⠢⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡷⠀⠙⢧⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣎⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⢭⣙⠲⠶⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢨⡿⠂⠀⢠⡞⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿ 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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢚⣿⣿⣴⣦⡄⣲⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣈⣉⣿⣿⣻⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⢸⠓⢁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡂⠀⠀⠀⣤⣆⣰⢐⣶⣶⣆⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠲⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣷⣆⠈⡉⣉⣩⣋⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣵⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠱⠀⡄⡠⠅⣯⣿⣸⣿⣿⡷⣷⠷⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡉⢈⣔⢄⠀⠨⢉⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡬⠿⠅⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣷⡞⡁⣿⣿⣿⠧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠏⠀⠀⢸⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⢻⣿⣿⣿⣏⣘⣉⣉⣹⣉⣙⣙⣉⣉⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣛⣟⣛⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠈⠛⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⣻⣧⣤⣧⣬⣿⣤⣸⣥⣍⣉⣉⣍⣩⣭⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⢺⣿⣷⣶⣷⣶⣶⣿⣿⣶⣾⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⡗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣵⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣖⣠⣂⡀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣴⣴⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠻⠋⠛⠅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⠱⠿⠏⠍⠁⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠅⠀⠈⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠆⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⢀⢤⠄⢀⡴⢂⡀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣰⣶⣴⣶⣦⣄⣄⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠊⣙⣷⣆⠦⡍⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠁⠀⠈⠉⠉⠛⠉⠉⠉⠈⠀⠈⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡿⠿⠟⠓⠂⠀⠀⠐⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⡀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⠿⣿⡿⠙⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣤⣄⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿ ⡿⣿⣟⡟⠟⢋⢭⣽⣸⡿⠷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣡⠍⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠴⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧ ⠛⠓⠿⠙⠒⠉⠟⠙⠳⠶⠦⠄⠀⣀⠀⣀⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣬⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠒⠀⠀⢐⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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█▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 10.25.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Bulgarian_Like_Bavarian_Serfdom⠀✐ Posted in Europe, Patents at 4:26 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Video_download_link | md5sum 7e555d7cec749b7500ed9b4dca8103dd http://techrights.org/videos/bulgaria-as-epo-regime-enabler.webm Summary: Bulgarian politics seem to have played a big role in selecting chiefs and delegates who backed Benoît_Battistelli‘s unlawful proposals, which treat workers almost_like_slaves and ordinary citizens as disposable ‘collaterals’ TODAY we published_Part_23 of a very long series which will last over a month in total (we publish parts on a daily basis). Part 23 is about Bulgaria, which is better known than most nations in the Balkan region, partly because of its relative size. The above video places emphasis on 6 PDF files, which are preserved here permanently for reference (to accompany the text). These include English translations. “Research into these matters generally contributes to the perception, back by reasonably good evidence and plausible explanations, that the Bulgarian patent system is very political/politicised and not necessarily focused on technicalities, laws etc.”Bulgarian politics do not receive much media coverage in “the West” (Western Europe, north America) or maybe it’s just neglected by English-speaking media. So it’s important to make such information more widely accessible, also in the language sense. Research into these matters generally contributes to the perception, back by reasonably good evidence and plausible explanations, that the Bulgarian patent system is very political/politicised and not necessarily focused on technicalities, laws etc. In other words, it’s a lot like today’s EPO, so we can expect Bulgarian delegates to back autocrats and two-faced politicians, including António_Campinos the imposter (pretending to be an expert in science without having had any experience). █ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 746 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/10/25/github-series-outline/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/10/25/github-series-outline/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 10.25.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_III_—_A_Story_of_Plagiarism_and_Likely Securities_Fraud⠀✐ Posted in Deception, Fraud, Free/Libre_Software, Microsoft, Mono at 6:52 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Series parts: 1. Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_I_—_Inside_a_Den_of_Corruption_and Misogynists 2. Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_II_—_The_Campaign_Against_GPL_Compliance and_War_on_Copyleft_Enforcement 3. YOU ARE HERE ☞ A Story of Plagiarism and Likely Securities Fraud 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GitHub: Where everything comes to die⦈ It’s a real text message from a manager Summary: Today we tread slowly and take another step ahead, revealing the nature of only some among many problems that GitHub and Microsoft are hiding from the general public (to the point of spiking media reports) THE first two parts of this series were mostly introductory and did not yet delve into the ‘meat’ of the series. We’ve already dropped some hints in the form of teasers, but we’ll try to keep issues partitioned and compartmentalised for the different aspects to be easily digestible, easier to follow and comprehend. “GitHub is in effect a censorship platform that selectively removes people and projects.”The motivation of the series and the take-home message is, people should escape GitHub. The sooner, the better. It’s never “too late”. As this new_comment_shows, Microsoft seem to be silently killing projects and nobody is talking about it. They’re being killed either for Microsoft or for Microsoft’s partners. GitHub is in effect a censorship platform that selectively removes people and projects. It’s all_about_Microsoft's_interests_(financial, political,_even_personal). It’s about domination, both_over_particular_races and over women — a subject we’ll get to much later in this series. Before we proceed to internal stories and communications, here’s an overview of things to be covered in the next few parts. GitHub’s CEO, Nat Friedman, is a friend of Alex Graveley (Team Mono), who has been put in a position of control inside a GPL violations machine, Copilot. “What’s alarming about this is Nat Friedman is well-aware of Alex’s character,” someone has told us, “yet [Friedman] put him in charge of the architecture and product engineering for Github Copilot and Codespaces.” Friedman was warned in advance, but he chose to ignore the warnings. “Alex’s reputation precedes him,” we’ve learned, “but I reached out to Nat a few months before this hire to make him aware of how Alex had treated me in hopes he would be a voice of reason for Alex. “Alex has changed” is not an excuse.” Yet worse, as we shall explain later, there may be securities_fraud. “From what Alex told me,” a source had told us, “the original plan was for Alex to develop Copilot independently with Nat’s product guidance and Github would acquire the company.” That’s misuse of Microsoft shareholders’ money, in effect passing a lot of money to a friend. This part of the transaction merits its own lengthy discussion. Another part will deal with plagiarism; maybe we should not be surprised that someone who encourages GPL violations (‘perfumed’ as “AI” or “ML”) was in fact plagiarising and making money at the backs of other people’s work. This also helps explain what brings such people to Microsoft, a company so notorious for this kind of behaviour. There are many more issues to be covered, so we expect at least 20 parts in total. █ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣠⣤⣄⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣤⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠛⠓⠐⠿⠿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣤⣤⠀⠀⣤⣄⠤⢄⣀⡄⠈⢻⣿⣿⠋⢁⣀⣀⣽⡏⢙⣿⠛⢻⣿⠉⢹⣯⡄⠀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⡄⠀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠈⣿⡇⠀⣾⡟⠛⢻⡏⠉⣏⠀⢈⣹⡀⠘⠛⠃⠀⡏⠉⣿⡏⠉⡇⠀⣉⡉⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⢰⣿⣧⠀⢿⣷⡆⢸⡇⠀⣿⠀⢸⣿⠂⢸⣿⡇⠀⡗⠀⣿⡇⠀⡇⠀⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡙⠦⢼⣿⣿⠀⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣤⣤⣼⣧⣤⣿⣦⣤⣼⣤⣼⣿⣧⣤⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣧⣤⣤⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡟⢿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⡿⠿⡿ ⠷⣿⣷⣷⣯⣄⣍⠻⣿⣿⣿⣯⣽⡽⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⢿⣿⣟⠛⠻⢿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣿⣟⣿⣿⣷⣶⢶⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⣬⣵⣶⣷⣴⣲⣆⣌ ⠞⢅⣵⣒⣾⣬⠺⡟⣿⣾⣿⡯⣷⣽⣗⣿⣗⣝⣿⣯⣮⣿⡞⣿⢭⣓⣿⣏⡿⡈⣿⢿⢷⣿⠏⣿⢿⣿⣻⡿⣽⣿⣿⢯⣿⣿⣫⣿⣟⣯⣿⣿⢻⡿⢷⣿⣿⣿⣟⢹⣟⢻⢿⡯⣿⣿⢻⣯⣻⣿⣿⢿⠿⠙⠯⠿⠿⠛ ⠋⠃⠀⠈⠚⡁⠓⠱⠿⠆⠘⠛⠑⠮⠿⠡⠿⠹⣿⡧⣪⠿⠡⠿⣭⣏⣿⣭⣿⣤⣿⣤⣆⣼⣠⠿⣬⣆⠫⠿⠷⠸⢿⣶⣶⣿⣌⠷⣯⠿⢿⠖⠼⢧⠶⣿⡄⣼⣧⣼⣧⡼⣴⡿⢇⡝⢧⠼⠫⠏⠍⠛⢻⡂⠄⡀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⢀⡀⣀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠒⣲⢨⡖⠺⣍⢻⣿⠩⣵⡟⢻⡟⡻⣻⣷⡺⡙⠲⠖⢺⣞⢏⡷⠒⣮⢳⣄⣲⡞⢲⡌⣲⣖⢲⡖⣲⣄⠉⠌⠉⠁⠁⠒⣁⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢃⠀⠀⠈⠀⠐⠀⠀⠈⢿⣩⡢⡸⣇⣢⡟⣸⡘⠟⣸⣇⣸⣏⣅⣠⣉⣻⠆⠈⠐⣸⡟⢘⣯⣖⡿⠀⠋⣹⣏⣹⠇⣸⡏⣸⣏⣫⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠉⠁⠐⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠴⠤⠴⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⢀⣾⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 867 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at 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Europe, Patents at 3:26 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Oligarchs_EPO:_Delyan_Slavchev_Peevski_(Peevski)_controlled the_media;_EPO_can_relate⦈_ Media writes many puff pieces about plastics (almost a dozen this past week) and not a word about EPO abuses 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Treasury_Sanctions_Influential_Bulgarian_Individuals_and Their_Expansive_Networks_for_Engaging_in_Corruption⦈_ Source: U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury Summary: As we shall see later today, the ‘underworld’ in Bulgaria played a role or pulled the strings of politically-appointed administrators who guarded Benoît_Battistelli‘s liberticidal regime at the EPO ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⣛⡻⠿⠟⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢸⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠀⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⢸⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠐⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠻⡟⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⡝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠈⠓⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⣴⣶⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡆⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⡇⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⣯⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠛⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠛⠉⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠈⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠸⣿⣷⡄⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⣀⣤⣴⣶⡒⠒⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠫⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⣠⣀⣠⣶⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⣾⣷⣆⠀⣠⡄⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣇⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⠀⣰⣾⣯⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠹⣿⣿⣯⣅⣀⣰⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣻⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣴⣿⡿⠁⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢹⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠾⠛⢉⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⢑⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⢸⡂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢿⡿⠟⣛⠛⠿⠛⠻⠿⠛⠛⠛⠛⠋⠋⠛⠛⠛⢉⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠚⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⢻⣿⡆⣿⡿⠛⢸⣿⠀⢻⣧⣿⡏⢸⣿⣿⡀⣿⣷⢸⣿⢸⢰⣿⡿⣿⡆⣿⡇⠀⣼⣿⣿⠘⣿⡇⣿⡟⣾⡟⣿⣷⢸⣿⢸⣿⡇⣿⡿⠋⣿⣿⣸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⢸⣿⢸⣿⡇⣿⡿⠆⢸⣿⢰⡜⣿⡿⠀⣿⡏⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⠌⠻⢿⣶⡀⣿⡇⠀⣿⡏⣿⡆⣿⣷⣿⡇⣿⡇⣉⣉⢸⣿⢿⣿⡇⣿⡿⠆⢹⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣼⣿⠇⣿⣧⣤⢸⣿⣬⠁⣿⡇⠀⣿⡟⣿⣧⣿⡏⣿⣿⢸⠘⣿⣧⣿⠇⣿⣧⣤⣿⡟⣿⣇⢹⣿⣿⠃⢿⣧⣿⡿⢸⣿⢸⣿⡇⣿⣧⣤⠸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠄⢸⠨⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠾⠤⢤⣶⠶⠷⢤⠶⠾⠶⠾⠶⡷⠷⣿⠷⠷⢦⡤⠤⠵⠦⠤⠾⠷⣬⡍⠁⠀⠀⠀⠠⠤⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠴⠥⠤⠴⠶⠧⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡈⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⡿⣷⣼⣿⡿⠇⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⢸⣿⢳⣿⢻⣷⢸⣿⣧⣿⠇⣿⡇⢸⢰⣿⠓⣿⣿⢿⣆⣿⣿⠿⢸⣿⠿⢿⣿⡆⣿⡇⣾⡟⣿⡆⣿⣿⣾⡟⢸⣿⠘⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣷⣿⢿⣿⣷⡆⣿⣿⣶⢸⣿⣼⣿⠘⢿⣷⣤⢸⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⡇⢸⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿⣾⡟⣿⣿⣶⢸⣿⣶⠈⣿⣷⣿⡇⠻⣷⣦⡀⣿⣿⣿⡁⢸⣿⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣿⡇⣶⢸⣿⣧⡄⣿⣿⣤⠘⣿⣿⡟⢸⣿⣸⣿⢸⣿⡿⣿⡆⣿⡇⣾⢸⣿⡀⣿⣿⢠⡆⣿⣿⣤⢸⣿⣤⡄⣿⣿⣿⠁⣿⣏⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣧⢸⣿⢀⣿⡇⣠⣤⣤⣼⣧⣧⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣭⣵⣿⣯⣭⣭⣥⣭⣭⣭⣶⣭⣭⣵⣶⣭⣭⣭⣮⣭⣥⣭⣥⣭⣵⣿⣷⣭⣭⣭⣭⣾⣷⣯⣭⣭⣬⣭⣭⣷⣮⣭⣭⣾⣮⣭⣭⣶⣭⣽⣮⣭⣬⣭⣬⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡏⠻⠛⡻⡟⢟⢿⠹⠙⠛⠛⡋⠛⠛⢻⢙⠛⠛⡻⡛⠙⣿⣿⢙⠛⠛⠛⠛⠙⠉⡏⡛⡟⠟⢻⠛⠉⠛⠛⠻⣻⣻⠛⠋⠛⢻⠛⣟⢻⢟⣟⢿⠛⣟⢿⡛⢛⢛⠟⠻⣻⠟⡟⡟⢻⠙⠻⠙⠛⠛⣻⢻⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣇⣽⣤⣏⣉⣉⣸⠂⠀⠀⠄⠢⢺⣍⣉⣉⢈⣻⣟⣉⣾⣺⣿⣁⣇⣏⣇⡗⣛⣁⣉⣡⣍⣏⣉⣉⢘⣘⢨⣨⣺⣿⣏⣟⣗⣽⣹⣻⣻⣊⣉⣉⣻⣙⣙⣏⣉⢸⣈⣱⣿⣫⣨⣍⣙⣩⣟⣍⣉⣨⣻⣿⣏⢉⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡿⠿⠿⢿⡿⡿⠛⠿⠿⣿⠻⢿⠿⢿⡿⡿⠿⡿⡿⢿⠿⠿⡿⠟⢻⠻⣿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠟⠟⠿⣿⢿⢿⠿⠟⠻⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⢻⠿⢿⢿⠟⡿⡿⠿⠿⡿⠿⢻⠿⠿⠿⢿⠻⠿⠿⣿⠿⢿⠟⠻⡿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣷⣿⣶⣶⣿⣾⣶⣾⣴⣾⣷⣶⣷⣷⣿⣾⣶⣶⣶⣷⣾⣶⣿⣾⣷⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣾⣷⣶⣶⣿⣼⣶⣿⣷⣾⣾⣾⣿⣷⣷⣷⣶⣾⣿⣶⣾⣶⣾⣾⣿⣶⣾⣵⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣏⣉⣉⣹⣍⣩⣩⣉⣉⣏⣇⣉⣇⣌⣿⢏⣫⣯⣈⣉⣹⣍⣉⣹⣋⣍⢩⣿⣿⣽⣧⣫⣯⣉⣩⣉⣽⣽⣹⣽⣪⣉⣿⣍⢿⣠⣉⣉⣝⣍⣏⣿⣯⣯⣽⣟⣯⣿⢻⣉⣉⣉⣟⣯⣯⣸⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⠿⣿⣿⢿⢿⡿⡿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⣿⢿⢿⢿⢿⢿⣿⡿⢿⠿⡿⣿⢿⢿⣿⢿⢿⣿⡿⡿⡿⡿⡿⡿⠿⡿⡿⡿⣿⢿⡿⢿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⠿⡿⣿⢿⡿⣿⢿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣴⣤⣤⣴⣿⣴⣼⣧⣧⣼⣿⣯⣦⣾⣤⣥⣾⣥⣤⣼⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣿⣴⣦⣧⣴⣵⣶⣽⣽⣼⣿⣽⣧⣤⣥⣦⣧⣧⣴⣷⣿⣦⣷⣵⣬⣤⣤⣵⣼⣿⣼⣼⣽⣼⣵⣽⣴⣿⣤⣤⣼⣷⣥⣯⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡟⡋⢛⠻⠉⠛⠛⡻⢿⡏⡙⠛⠛⠛⠋⠋⡟⡛⢻⠛⢟⣿⢻⠛⡛⢹⢛⡋⠉⣻⠛⠻⣻⡿⡟⣿⢻⡛⢻⡿⠟⡿⡟⠛⡛⠙⢙⢻⢻⣿⢻⣟⢻⠟⣿⠋⢻⠛⠛⠉⢹⡿⠟⣿⠻⠟⠛⠛⡻⣿⢹⠟⢛⠻⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣾⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣇⣤⣴⣤⣤⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣵⣴⣤⣤⣴⣾⣼⣼⣿⣾⣷⣤⣤⣥⣶⣼⣤⣤⣿⣦⣦⣧⣿⣵⣷⣅⣺⣠⣬⣦⣦⣷⣶⣷⣤⣼⣤⣶⣵⣦⣷⣷⣤⣴⣿⣾⣬⣿⣷⣭⣦⣧⣶⣧⣢⣷⣤⣤⣴⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣇⣌⣉⣩⣉⣁⣁⣟⣁⣙⣉⣏⣍⡉⢙⡉⢉⣩⣻⣿⣿⣟⣝⣹⣉⣋⣻⣻⣋⣍⣇⣨⣹⣫⣋⢙⣈⣧⣹⣹⣾⣏⣉⣱⣏⣿⣏⣿⣹⣀⣈⣉⣇⣢⣈⣉⣀⣫⣉⣏⣗⣀⣏⣩⡈⣍⣉⣋⣋⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡟⡛⠻⠿⡿⡿⢿⠿⢿⠿⠿⢻⡿⠻⠿⡟⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⣿⡻⠿⠿⢿⠿⣿⢟⡿⣿⢿⢻⠿⢻⠟⠿⢿⠛⢿⣿⢿⢿⠟⠿⠿⡿⠻⡿⢿⢿⡟⡿⡿⡿⡿⣿⡿⡿⡿⣟⡻⠿⡿⡿⠟⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣧⣶⣶⣶⣷⣼⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣦⣷⣾⣾⣷⣾⣿⣶⣶⣷⣿⣷⣾⣴⣶⣿⣼⣾⣿⣾⣾⣿⣶⣾⣶⣶⣿⣾⣾⣯⣾⣿⣷⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣾⣤⣾⣿⣷⣧⣿⣿⣾⣿⣷⣷⣿⣾⣶⣾⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣏⢿⢝⢙⣙⣉⣟⢝⣽⢹⣋⣯⡯⣿⣈⣉⣯⣝⢙⣽⠩⣹⡿⢹⢹⣍⢉⣉⣯⢋⣋⣝⢹⣋⠏⡋⣯⡯⡟⣏⡯⣯⣏⣛⣩⣿⢝⣝⢙⢹⢝⣙⣩⢋⣙⣭⢻⣻⢏⣉⣙⡿⣟⡯⣣⣌⣩⢙⣹⣉⣉⣉⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⡿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⢿⡿⢿⡿⢿⣿⡿⢿⠿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢿⠿⣿⣿⢿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⡿⡿⡿⣿⢿⣿⢿⢿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⣿⠿⣿⢿⣿⢿⢿⢿⡿⢿⡿⠿⡿⡿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣧⣼⣼⣼⣥⣬⣯⣮⣤⣤⣶⣴⣽⣯⣵⣯⣦⣤⣷⣬⣼⣽⣽⣧⣤⣼⣤⣤⣼⣼⣼⣽⣿⣵⣾⣮⣮⣾⣯⣶⣵⣷⣥⣿⣧⣯⣦⣮⣿⣼⣽⣿⣧⣤⣤⣤⣰⣤⣿⣵⣼⣯⣤⣴⣽⣦⣿⣤⣤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡏⠝⣛⠏⠻⢛⠻⣿⣏⡛⡛⡛⡛⡏⠋⡿⢛⠟⡿⣿⠩⠙⠛⢙⠛⠛⠋⠛⢛⢿⣻⢿⢻⠛⢛⣿⡿⠛⡟⡟⢿⠟⡋⡿⡟⣟⡛⣟⠿⢻⣟⣿⡛⢛⣿⡛⢛⠛⠙⡋⠛⠛⡏⠙⠏⠛⠟⣿⡝⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⠿⢿⣶⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣧⣥⣦⣤⣬⣤⣾⣲⣹⣤⣕⣕⣼⣷⣾⣼⣦⣴⣼⣦⣤⣧⣕⣵⣤⣄⣠⣾⣰⣅⣷⣬⣺⣮⣼⣯⣼⣼⣥⣦⣤⣼⣨⣸⣶⣺⣗⣷⣤⣾⣸⣁⣵⣮⣥⣴⣦⣤⣬⣼⣾⣾⣮⣤⣤⣦⣤⣤⣵⣶⣴⣴⣼⣁⣷⣿⣿ ⣿⡿⠿⡿⠻⡿⡿⣿⠿⠿⢿⠿⢿⢿⠿⢿⠿⢿⢿⠻⢿⠿⠿⠿⡟⢿⢿⣿⠻⠿⠿⡟⢿⣿⡿⠿⢿⡿⣿⣿⠿⢿⠿⠿⢿⣿⢿⡿⡿⠛⣿⣿⡟⢻⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⢿⣿⢿⢿⠿⢻⡛⢛⡟⡛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣷⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣾⣷⣾⣶⣤⣶⣷⣶⣾⣷⣶⣾⣶⣷⣾⣿⣾⣷⣾⣷⣷⣷⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣿⣷⣷⣶⣾⣶⣾⣷⣷⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣾⣾⣾⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣷⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣇⣂⣉⣁⢍⣋⣋⣈⣉⣏⣽⣙⣋⣙⣇⣋⣉⣩⣍⣉⣧⣝⣿⣏⣁⣈⣉⣿⣿⠩⣇⣉⣿⣫⣩⣹⣙⣻⣙⣉⣉⣯⣻⣿⣀⣉⡈⢙⣉⣿⣹⣍⡏⢍⣙⣍⣭⣩⣿⣏⣩⣍⣸⣉⣠⣿⣻⣋⣿⣻⣉⣥⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠿⢿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⢿⢿⢿⠿⢿⡿⡿⠿⠿⠻⢿⢿⠿⢿⠻⠿⠿⢿⢿⠟⠿⠿⡿⠿⣟⠛⢿⢿⢿⠿⡿⠿⡿⠿⢿⠻⠿⡿⠿⢿⣿⡿⡿⠟⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⡿⠿⣿⠿⢿⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠻⢻⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣾⣾⣷⣾⣶⣶⣴⣶⣾⣶⣷⣿⣿⣷⣿⣶⣾⣷⣶⣾⣿⣶⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣷⣾⣷⣷⣶⣾⣦⣷⣶⣶⣷⣶⣾⣷⣶⣷⣷⣿⣶⣷⣿⣶⣧⣶⣾⣾⣾⣷⣵⣿⣿⣾⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡟⡛⡽⢿⡟⠻⡯⠉⣙⢙⠙⡏⠏⣟⠏⡛⣹⠛⡯⡻⠋⠏⡏⡏⡏⣿⢏⠋⠋⡟⠛⠋⣿⢻⡫⡿⠋⡻⢹⣛⠋⣙⢿⠛⠻⠻⢛⠛⠙⠛⢽⢩⣻⢻⠛⠉⡛⢻⡟⢛⢹⡝⣻⠛⠙⠛⠟⠛⢹⠙⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣇⣤⣤⣥⣤⣤⣴⣯⣧⣤⣧⣤⣤⣿⣿⣷⣤⣢⣧⣤⣤⣽⣥⣿⣤⣼⣠⣿⣤⣵⣧⣤⣦⣼⣤⣧⣴⣤⣴⣧⣤⣄⣾⣤⣤⣬⣧⣿⣧⣶⣴⣴⣴⣼⣬⣼⣬⣦⣤⣯⣤⣤⣼⣌⣦⣥⣧⣥⣤⣼⣤⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡏⠛⠛⢹⠛⠛⡟⣛⣩⣟⣿⣻⣿⣻⣟⣟⣟⣟⢹⣟⢻⠛⣿⢛⠻⠋⢛⢻⠋⡋⣟⣿⣻⡛⡻⣛⣟⢛⢻⠛⢻⢛⠛⣻⣻⣻⠻⡋⢛⡏⠛⠛⢟⣟⡟⢛⣟⣟⢟⣟⠛⣿⠛⡯⡋⢻⣟⢻⣿⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣇⣁⣨⣢⣷⣅⣷⣇⣭⣇⣥⣉⣀⣬⣸⣯⣸⣸⣪⣸⣉⣈⣸⣏⣗⣠⣸⣠⣸⣧⣷⣅⣇⣅⣧⣬⣩⣺⣁⣕⣬⣅⣹⣮⣈⣨⣈⣾⣺⣪⣦⣀⣯⣈⣀⣿⣆⣵⣹⣈⣇⣕⣴⣅⣷⣮⣨⣗⣪⣇⣅⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡟⠻⠟⠿⡿⢿⡿⠿⢿⠿⢿⡟⠟⠿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠟⢿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⢿⠿⠿⠿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⠿⠿⢿⢿⠿⢿⣿⠿⠟⠻⠿⠿⣿⡿⡿⠿⣿⡿⡟⠿⢿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⡟⡿⠿⢿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣶⣶⣤⣶⣾⣷⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣷⣧⣷⣾⣾⣾⣾⣿⣶⣷⣶⣶⣷⣾⣷⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣦⣾⣾⣿⣼⣿⣾⣴⣾⣾⣶⣾⣿⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣾⣾⣶⣦⣾⣾⣷⣶⣶⣿⣼⣴⣷⣿⣶⣷⣶⣿⣾⣾⣾⣿⣿ ⣿⣏⣉⣇⣈⣃⠉⣋⣹⣈⣉⣹⣉⣀⣈⣅⣋⣨⣹⣉⣹⣩⣉⣝⣉⣉⣽⣹⣽⣽⣯⣏⣟⣏⣍⣉⣍⣏⣩⣩⣩⣈⣉⣍⣸⣩⣈⣘⣍⣍⣩⣁⣁⢉⣏⣈⣝⣍⣻⣭⣏⣯⣉⣝⣿⣍⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣉⣅⢩⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡿⡿⠿⢿⢿⢿⠟⠿⠿⢿⠿⢿⢿⣿⡿⡿⢿⠟⢿⢿⢿⢿⠿⠿⡿⡿⣿⣿⡿⡿⡿⡿⠿⣿⢿⢿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⡿⣿⠿⡿⣿⠻⡿⢿⣿⡿⡿⡿⢿⡟⢿⢿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⣿⠿⡿⡿⢿⡿⡿⡿⣿⡿⡿⢿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣶⣾⣷⣼⣿⣴⣶⣶⣿⣾⣿⣼⣾⣿⣦⣼⣴⣷⣼⣷⣷⣶⣮⣷⣵⣵⣽⣮⣧⣯⣶⣦⣾⣼⣵⣾⣶⣦⣶⣾⣿⣧⣽⣽⣦⣾⣷⣶⣴⣧⣧⣧⣿⣴⣿⣵⣾⣴⣧⣶⣤⣶⣿⣿⣧⣮⣶⣷⣦⣮⣯⣧⣧⣾⣿⣿ ⣿⡏⠛⡏⠛⢻⠛⢻⠟⢻⢻⠛⠟⠛⠹⣿⠹⠛⢻⠿⢿⡯⠉⣛⢛⠙⡛⠛⠏⠟⠛⢻⠟⠙⠿⢻⢟⠙⠛⠟⠟⠛⠟⠉⠛⠻⡿⢻⡿⡿⡻⢛⠛⠙⡟⣿⠉⡿⣿⢿⢻⡋⠟⢻⣟⢛⢟⠛⠛⡟⠛⢛⡛⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣾⢿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠾⢿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣧⣤⣤⣼⣧⣤⣦⣾⣭⣿⣦⣼⣾⣦⣤⣤⣴⣷⣿⣷⣴⣵⣷⣐⣴⣾⣾⣦⣤⣴⣧⣮⣿⣧⣳⣷⣤⣼⣮⣿⣶⣤⣦⣴⣴⣥⣤⣤⣧⣯⣴⣤⣴⣴⣾⣿⣼⣤⣤⣬⣦⣾⣤⣧⣴⣵⣿⣶⣿⣦⣴⣴⣼⣾⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡟⠉⠛⡟⣻⣻⣻⡻⠻⣛⠟⢛⠟⡟⣻⣟⡻⣏⠟⠛⣛⠟⣟⡟⠛⠟⢻⠛⠛⠛⣟⠛⡟⠛⡻⡻⣻⡟⣟⠟⠛⡛⢛⣟⡛⠛⠛⣛⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡟⠻⠿⠿⠿⠟⠟⣿⠿⢿⣿⡟⡛⠿⠟⠿⠿⠿⠻⠿⠿⣿⠿⡿⢿⣿⠿⢿⣿⡿⠿⠟⠿⠿⡿⣿⡿⠿⣿⠿⠿⠟⡟⢿⡟⢻⢟⢿⣟⡟⠟⢛⡟⢻⠻⠿⣿⡿⠿⠻⠿⢿⠻⢿⡿⡟⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⡿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣿⣾⣷⣶⣶⣶⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣷⣶⣷⣿⣾⣾⣶⣧⣽⣶⣶⣶⣶⣧⣾⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣷⣷⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣿⣶⣾⣶⣦⣼⣶⣾⣷⣷⣬⣶⣧⣶⣶⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣟⣩⣍⣍⣏⣯⣉⣏⣍⣉⣯⣉⣉⣹⣫⣩⣧⣍⣉⣭⣏⣯⡏⢍⣙⣍⣏⣭⣯⣝⣉⣉⣹⣫⣥⣼⣽⣏⣿⡹⣏⣉⣽⣝⣹⣭⣉⣉⣩⣹⣹⣽⣍⣉⠉⣇⣩⣩⡫⣫⣏⣉⣹⣈⣋⣩⣋⣯⣼⣝⣼⣉⣟⢅⣽⣿⣿ ⣿⡿⡿⢿⡿⠿⣿⠿⡿⣿⡿⢿⠿⡿⡿⠿⡿⣿⠿⡿⡿⡿⡿⠿⣿⠿⢿⢿⢿⢿⢿⢿⢿⢿⢿⢿⡿⢿⣿⠿⢿⣿⢿⣿⢿⢿⣿⡿⡿⣿⢿⢿⣿⢿⡿⣿⢿⢿⠿⠿⣿⡿⢿⣿⢿⠿⠿⡿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣧⣤⣼⣤⣴⣷⣥⣦⣿⣷⣶⣴⣮⣧⣤⣧⣿⣧⣦⣯⣮⣦⣤⣶⣴⣴⣼⣴⣵⣿⣵⣿⣼⣵⣷⣤⣼⣷⣥⣾⣿⣿⣷⣵⣿⣤⣿⣬⣾⣷⣼⣼⣼⣯⣿⣷⣴⣥⣾⣼⣤⣼⣾⣿⣵⣤⣦⣮⣾⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡟⡛⠛⠻⠛⠛⠛⢿⣿⣿⢿⠟⢟⡟⠻⡿⡿⠛⠛⠻⡏⠛⠻⠙⠟⢿⣿⠛⣻⠉⠛⢻⠛⠋⠻⠛⠛⠻⣿⠛⠛⢻⡟⠋⠙⠛⢻⠛⢹⠻⠹⠋⠛⡿⠛⠟⡟⡿⠻⡏⢿⡟⣟⠻⠛⢿⡟⠛⠛⣿⠛⠉⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡿⣷⣾⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣾⣿⣿⡾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣧⣤⣇⣤⣾⣵⣾⣦⣿⣾⣴⣤⣦⣦⣷⣤⣼⣰⣵⣷⣮⣮⣮⣤⣼⣐⣤⣤⣜⣧⣦⣤⣴⣤⣠⣤⣵⣵⣿⣦⣦⣤⣤⣤⣾⣶⣮⣣⣵⣮⣵⣷⣦⣤⣮⣾⣾⣼⣾⣮⣮⣤⣵⣷⣶⣼⣤⣼⣶⣮⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡿⠿⣟⢿⠻⡛⠿⡻⣻⣟⢟⣿⠿⠟⢿⢿⢻⣿⡻⠿⣟⢿⠿⢟⠿⢿⣿⡻⣿⠻⢿⣿⠿⠿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣿⣶⣶⣾⣶⣾⣾⣿⣷⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⣾⣾⣷⣶⣷⣷⣾⣷⣶⣾⣿⣾⣿⣶⣾⣷⣷⣶⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡟⣻⢻⠻⣻⡿⢿⠿⠻⡿⢿⢿⠿⢿⣿⡿⡿⠿⠻⠿⢿⢿⠻⣿⢿⠿⠛⢿⡿⡿⡿⡿⡿⣿⠿⠿⣿⠿⠟⡟⠿⡟⠻⣿⡿⡿⡿⠻⢿⠛⢿⠿⣿⢿⡿⣿⠿⣿⡿⡿⠿⢻⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠟⠻⠿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣾⣷⣷⣿⣿⣾⣶⣾⣾⣾⣿⣾⣿⣧⣽⣷⣶⣶⣦⣼⣷⣶⣿⣾⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣷⣿⣧⣿⣶⣾⣿⣾⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣾⣥⣶⣿⣶⣾⣶⣷⣶⣷⣾⣷⣿⣷⣶⣿⣶⣷⣾⣶⣾⣾⣶⣾⣿⣷⣶⣶⣷⣾⣿⣧⣿⣿ ⣿⡏⣉⢉⢉⣉⡁⣉⣟⢍⣝⢝⣝⣙⡯⣃⣏⣉⢹⡫⡫⣫⣽⢝⢙⣉⣙⢩⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⢛⣿⠙⠋⡟⠟⠛⢹⠉⠫⠋⢹⠝⡟⡟⠛⢹⠙⡛⠙⡛⠛⠋⡏⡙⠟⢽⠋⡏⠋⢹⠟⢻⢻⣟⠻⢿⣻⢛⠋⡟⠛⡟⡛⠛⣛⣟⠛⠉⢛⠛⣿⣻⢿⢉⠛⡟⡻⡛⡟⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣩⣿⣈⣘⣸⣁⠍⣍⣉⣹⣍⣉⣻⣸⣉⣈⣿⣹⣉⣹⣉⣝⣩⣉⣉⣹⣰⣑⣉⣸⣊⢿⣈⣉⣍⣩⣩⣀⣈⣏⣸⣈⣱⣁⣹⣏⣉⣽⣅⣇⣉⣉⣁⣇⣨⣉⣉⣍⣉⣙⣏⣉⣹⣙⣩⣁⣇⣎⣊⣁⣑⣹⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⢿⢿⢿⡿⡿⡿⡿⡿⡿⢿⢿⣿⢿⠿⡿⢿⢿⡿⡿⠿⣿⠿⡿⡿⢿⢿⡿⡿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣷⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣴⣿⣮⣾⣯⣮⣿⣯⣶⣵⣿⣼⣵⣿⣦⣿⣿⣶⣾⣵⣴⣷⣾⣼⣼⣧⣷⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡟⠻⠛⠛⢛⡛⣿⢛⡟⠛⢻⢻⠛⡟⠛⡟⢛⡟⡛⡛⢛⠟⢛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣶⣶⣷⣶⣷⣿⣶⣿⣶⣾⣾⣷⣷⣷⣶⣶⣾⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1173 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/10/25/romania-meet-the-president/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/10/25/romania-meet-the-president/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 10.25.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ [Meme]_[Teaser]_Meet_the_President⠀✐ Posted in Europe, Patents at 8:39 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz EPO President 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Battistelli_a_demagogue?_Klaus_Iohannis_approves⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Klaus_Iohannis_criticism⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Battistelli_and_Romania⦈_ Summary: Later today we shall see what Romania did for Battistelli ⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣤⡀⢠⣤⣤⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⢠⣤⣤⢠⣤⣤⡄⣤⣤⢠⣤⠀⣤⡄⢠⣤⠀⢠⣤⣤⠀⠀⣤⣤⣄⢠⣤⡄⣤⣤⢠⣤⡄⣤⣤⡀⣠⣤⣄⠀⣤⣤⡄⢠⣤⣤⠀⣤⢠⣤⢠⣤⡄⣠⣤⣄⠘⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣼⡟⢸⡟⣿⠀⣿⡇⠀⣿⡇⢸⣿⠸⣷⣍⠁⢸⡏⠀⣿⣤⢸⣿⠀⣿⡇⢸⣿⠀⢸⡟⣿⠀⠀⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⡄⣿⣿⣼⣿⡇⣿⢻⡇⣿⣇⣛⢸⣿⢸⣿⣿⣇⣛⡃⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⡄⣛⣃⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣸⣿⣼⡷⣿⡆⣿⡇⠀⣿⡇⢸⣿⢰⣎⣿⡇⢸⡇⢠⣿⣤⢸⣿⡄⣿⣧⢸⣿⠀⣼⡷⣿⡆⠀⣿⣸⣿⢸⣿⣤⣿⡿⣿⣿⣷⣿⢾⣧⢿⣏⣿⠸⣿⣸⡿⢿⣇⣿⡇⣿⣼⣿⢸⣿⡄⣿⡏⢋⣴⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠀⢭⣵⣯⣷⣿⣷⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣶⣭⣵⣶⣮⣵⣶⣭⣭⣌⠉⠁⠉⠉⠈⠁⠀⢉⣁⣉⣁⣀⡉⠉⠀⠈⠉⠁⠈⠁⠁⠉⠈⠉⠈⠉⠀⠉⠈⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠉⠈⠁⠈⢉⣠⣬⣭⣥⣬⣥⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣯⣭⣭⣭⣝⣛⡋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣉⣽⣿⣿⣿⣶⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⣛⡛⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⠇⠀⠾⠃⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⡉⠙⠻⢿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣈⣉⢻⢹⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣙⣛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⠀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣬⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣍⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⠿⣤⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⢿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢃⢸⣿⣿⣿⣶⣷⣶⣾⣾⣿⣷⣾⣦⣦⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣦⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣬⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣽⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠻⡿⢴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣩⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣶⡆⢿⡿⢠⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠛⠛⠛⠛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣦⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⢀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣈⡉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⡄⠀⠙⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣬⣭⣍⣉⣙⣛⣛⣛⣛⣻⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠘⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣦⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⢩⣷⣾⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠛⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣠⣄⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⠶⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣭⣭⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⣴⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣦⣄⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠾⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⢠⡄⣤⡄⠀⣤⣤⠀⣤⢠⣤⣠⣤⣤⠀⠀⣤⢄⣤⣤⡄⣤⡄⣤⡝⣬⣭⡀⣤⡍⣭⢩⣭⢩⡍⣭⡍⣭⣯⡝⠀⢠⣤⣤⢠⣤⣤⡄⣤⣤⣄⣤⣤⣤⢀⣤⣤⡄⣤⡄⣤⣤⣤⣤⣠⣤⣤⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠁⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⡄⣿⢸⣿⠻⣷⣍⠀⠀⣿⢸⣿⢸⣿⣿⣷⣿⡇⣿⢻⡇⣿⣷⣿⢸⣿⣾⡇⣿⡏⢿⣮⡉⠀⢸⡟⣿⢸⣿⣼⡇⣿⣿⡿⣿⣧⣿⢸⣿⢸⣇⢿⣷⣿⢸⣿⡤⠻⣷⣍⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⢻⣇⣿⣧⣼⡿⣿⡇⣿⣼⡿⢺⣧⣿⠇⠀⣿⡸⣿⣼⡟⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⢻⣧⣿⢹⣿⢸⡏⣿⡇⣿⡇⣿⣼⡿⠀⣼⡟⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⣿⡇⣿⠸⣿⣼⡇⢸⣿⣿⢸⣿⣤⢿⣯⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠶⠶⠒⠀⠀⠀⠐⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠭⠽⢿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⢫⣭⡹⠿⠭⠛⠯⡿⠿⠯⡿⠻⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⢛⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⢿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣧⣘⣛⣁⣻⣀⣀⣃⣃⣛⣃⣓⣈⣀⣁⣃⣿⣿⣿⠸⣧⣀⣀⣂⣈⣐⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣯⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣽⣿⣿ ⡿⢿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⡿⢿⠿⣿⠿⣿⣿⠿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⢿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣇⡀⣆⣿⣀⣌⠠⣅⢆⣰⡂⣃⡠⣀⣶⠈⣼⡟⠱⡐⢠⡇⣇⠀⡝⣿⡐⣂⣆⡀⢸⣧⣀⢘⢀⣁⣆⣁⢈⢰⢘⢀⡁⣿⣁⣈⠐⢨⠠⣄⣆⡁⢶⠀⣾⡆⡀⢂⢰⣿⢠⡅⡠⣀⠲⡠⣸⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡟⠀⠋⠅⡏⡍⠉⠈⠩⠁⣏⠉⢨⢩⢉⢩⢨⠈⡍⠉⠉⣿⢰⠃⠸⢀⢠⠃⠸⢀⣲⢹⣏⠩⢉⠉⠉⡅⣽⡏⠉⣿⢩⠉⠍⠁⡅⠫⣝⢉⢹⡏⠍⠠⣿⢉⢉⠋⠍⠙⢩⡍⡏⠏⠉⢨⢘⠩⠉⡍⣿⠋⢉⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡏⢙⢙⠛⠛⣿⠉⠛⠛⠛⠛⠟⠋⢛⠛⢻⠛⠛⡟⡋⡛⠛⡟⡛⢻⡿⣛⠋⣹⡋⡛⠛⠛⡛⢿⡍⢩⠹⢩⡟⠛⠉⡛⠛⢙⠹⢛⠛⡛⡟⢻⡟⡛⠟⠛⠛⠛⠟⠛⢛⢹⡏⢙⠛⠟⣿⢩⡍⠛⢻⢛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣷⣾⣾⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣠⣶⣶⣶⣷⣷⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣶⣿⣷⣷⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣾⣷⣾⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣾⣶⣶⣷⣷⣾⣷⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣶⣆⣼⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡟⢿⠻⠿⠻⠿⠿⡿⠛⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⣿⣿⠟⠿⠿⡿⠿⠻⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢻⡟⡿⠿⣿⠟⢿⢿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠟⢿⣟⡛⠟⡛⡛⣿⠟⢿⡟⠿⠿⣿⡛⢻⢛⢻⡿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣤⣦⣥⣤⣬⣥⣥⣤⣤⣤⣤⣬⣥⣡⣏⣿⣄⣤⣤⣤⣧⣬⣤⣼⣼⣤⣬⣤⣤⣬⣼⣧⣧⣧⣯⣴⣬⣬⣤⢁⣦⣥⣤⣤⣽⣯⣤⣦⣥⣥⣽⣦⣼⣧⣥⣥⣿⣧⣼⣬⣼⡗⣰⣤⣤⣤⣤⣬⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⡿⣿⣿⡿⢿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣇⣀⣆⣆⠀⣀⣰⣐⣀⣀⣂⣰⣸⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣐⣿⣀⣠⣹⣇⣀⣿⡐⣂⣂⣀⣀⣆⣃⠀⣢⣐⣨⣐⣀⣆⣿⣐⣂⣀⣀⣈⣀⣸⣇⣀⣀⣀⣂⣆⣿⣄⣈⣘⣸⣇⣆⣆⣀⣀⣀⣀⣂⣰⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡟⡿⠛⣛⢟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡏⠉⡉⠏⠉⠉⠉⠁⢽⡍⠙⡉⠌⠉⡄⠅⡍⣿⠩⢉⢨⡏⠡⠉⡍⠈⠁⠹⠉⠁⠀⡋⢜⠁⠹⢇⣧⣵⣤⣥⣝⣸⡇⠉⠈⣇⠨⢠⠁⠉⠸⣟⠡⡋⠍⢡⠁⠈⠁⠩⠩⠀⠿⣿⢀⠾⠈⠈⡍⠍⠁⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡏⠙⡙⠏⡙⠋⠛⠋⠛⡙⠛⠋⢻⡋⠉⢙⠋⠋⡛⠛⠛⡁⣿⢉⢉⠻⠋⠋⣹⡟⠉⠇⡉⠹⠉⠇⣈⣿⠋⠛⡙⠟⡙⠛⠋⠛⠋⠛⣙⢙⠙⣿⠙⡙⣿⠏⠹⢛⢻⢙⠋⠛⡛⠛⠙⣿⡄⣬⠛⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣷⣶⣶⣷⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣾⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣿⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣿⣿⣶⣦⣶⣧⣶⣶⣷⣾⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣿⣶⣷⣿⣾⣷⣾⣾⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣿⣷⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⢋⣹⠟⠟⠿⠿⠿⠻⣿⠟⠿⠻⠟⠻⠟⢿⡏⠟⢿⡏⠹⠛⠿⠻⠟⠛⠻⠿⡟⢹⣿⡏⠙⠿⠻⡟⢿⠟⠿⠟⠿⠻⠻⠿⠻⠛⠹⠟⠟⠻⠻⠏⢹⡿⠻⠿⠻⠟⢹⡟⠛⠙⠿⠻⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣷⣬⣼⣼⣬⣤⣤⣇⣥⣿⣬⣥⣤⣥⣤⣤⣼⣧⣤⣼⣿⣧⣼⣤⣤⣥⣤⣜⣠⣿⣏⣽⣿⣧⣤⣧⣤⣤⣨⣄⣨⣦⣧⣥⣀⣥⣼⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣾⣿⣧⣤⣤⣧⣬⣼⣧⣬⣼⣤⣤⣤⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⠿⢛⠿⡿⣿⠿⣿⠟⣿⢿⡿⡿⣿⣿⢿⠟⣻⡿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⡿⢿⡿⡿⢿⢻⢿⣿⢿⣿⢻⡿⣿⣿⢿⢿⡿⣿⠿⠛⡿⢿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⢿⠿⣿⠟⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣸⣰⣀⣠⣀⣀⣂⣄⣠⣰⣰⣸⣇⣂⣀⣿⣀⣈⣀⡃⣂⣰⣄⣀⣀⣀⣸⣀⣂⣀⣆⣿⣀⣀⣸⣇⣆⣆⣀⣠⣀⣀⣇⣀⣿⣐⣃⣀⣀⣀⣿⣰⣀⣂⣄⣻⣀⣀⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⠿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⢻⠛⢟⢛⠛⡛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡯⠀⠹⢹⠠⠉⠁⡉⡎⠈⠅⠪⠘⠁⢉⠡⢸⡇⡎⠎⠉⣾⠠⠉⡄⡌⢩⠘⠈⡇⣿⠃⠉⠄⠈⡎⡎⠍⢰⠁⠋⠚⠰⢠⠃⢹⠸⢨⠉⡍⠈⣿⢰⠁⠙⠈⠉⠚⠱⠁⡅⠅⢺⣶⠿⣸⣤⣮⣬⣤⣡⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡏⢘⢸⠘⠹⣿⢩⠛⡉⠋⢽⠈⡕⠚⡝⠉⠹⣟⠋⠏⠏⢛⠩⣿⢋⢉⠹⠉⠃⣽⡏⠛⠙⠀⡅⠉⢿⠏⠙⣿⠋⠋⠏⠙⠛⡙⠝⣿⢫⢫⢰⡟⢩⠋⡅⢩⢸⢫⡇⡋⠝⠉⠋⢻⡅⠊⠉⡙⢩⢩⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣷⣾⣾⣶⣶⣿⣴⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣿⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣿⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣾⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣿⣶⣾⣾⣷⣶⣶⣷⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣶⣷⣶⣾⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⢛⢿⢿⢛⠛⠛⡟⡻⠛⡛⡛⠻⠛⠛⣻⣿⠛⡟⠻⢟⢹⡿⠛⠟⡟⠉⠻⠩⠹⣛⣿⢉⠹⠛⠟⡟⠛⠛⠻⢛⣿⡧⠆⠇⢆⡁⡃⠀⠆⠇⢆⠄⡃⣿⢋⡝⠟⡻⣿⢙⠙⢻⠛⢿⡟⣻⡛⠟⡛⠛⡟⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣯⣤⣬⣼⣨⣄⣠⣦⣥⣤⣧⣥⣤⣼⣥⣼⣧⣤⣧⣤⣬⣼⣇⣤⣦⣥⣤⣴⣤⣤⣭⣿⣼⣴⣁⣤⣥⣧⣦⣤⣤⣬⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣦⣥⣧⣧⣿⣬⣼⣴⣤⣼⣧⣴⣤⣤⣧⣧⣦⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠿⡿⠿⠿⡿⢿⣿⣿⢻⠿⡟⢿⠿⢿⠿⡿⠿⡟⠿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⢿⠿⡿⠟⣿⠿⠻⢿⠿⡿⢿⡿⡿⡿⢿⢻⠿⡿⠿⣿⢿⢿⠟⠿⡟⢿⣿⠻⠟⡿⢿⢻⠿⢻⠿⣿⡿⠿⣿⡟⡿⢿⡟⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣇⣰⣀⣃⣄⣀⣀⢻⣿⣀⣃⣇⣁⣁⣀⣰⣀⣇⣇⣈⣹⣇⣩⣘⣀⣀⣣⣀⣀⣃⣿⣘⣀⣈⣀⣀⣻⣇⣃⣇⣇⣸⣘⣄⣇⣿⣆⣄⣆⣇⣃⣇⣿⣠⣄⣄⣣⣠⣘⣀⣃⣇⣰⣁⣸⣇⣂⣹⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⠿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡏⠀⠀⠅⠢⠐⣿⠐⡃⠀⢠⡆⠰⢀⠈⠠⠒⣟⠀⠁⠆⡃⠎⢠⡰⢈⠀⠁⠶⢠⢸⣶⣿⢸⢰⢹⡇⠆⡆⡃⠨⣿⠰⠆⠎⢰⢸⠰⠀⠠⡁⡀⢾⡁⢈⢰⣇⠰⢰⢈⠀⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣷⠀⢨⢍⠹⢩⢉⠩⢩⢹⢈⠩⢨⢉⡅⢍⢹⡟⣭⠫⢹⢩⠉⡄⡇⠋⡍⢩⣿⡏⡍⠁⣼⢩⢸⠈⠀⡌⠉⡏⠉⣙⢩⠙⢩⠋⡙⡉⢽⡇⡍⠋⣩⢨⠉⠉⠋⣙⠉⠉⠉⢻⡅⠈⢫⢹⠉⠉⠫⡉⠉⠙⠸⠉⢻⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣶⣾⣶⣾⣾⣶⣶⣾⣾⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣶⣾⣿⣶⣷⣾⣾⣶⣷⣷⣷⣾⣶⣾⣷⣶⣷⣿⣶⣾⣶⣶⣿⣶⣷⣷⣶⣾⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣶⣷⣾⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣷⣶⣾⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿ ⣟⠛⠟⡛⠟⠉⣿⠙⠉⠟⠻⠹⡋⠙⡛⠻⢛⠛⢿⡟⡛⠛⠟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠋⠉⡟⠛⢛⢻⡿⠛⠟⣛⢛⠛⠛⡟⡛⠛⠛⢻⠙⣛⣿⠛⡋⣛⠛⠉⡻⢹⠉⡋⡛⠟⣿⠛⠛⠛⠟⡋⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣧⣥⣦⣧⣦⣤⣿⣴⣦⣦⣴⣴⣥⣤⣥⣧⣴⣤⣼⣧⣧⣭⣆⣠⣬⣤⣶⣤⣦⣧⣦⣊⣸⣷⣬⣧⣭⣬⣦⣧⣧⣵⣼⣴⣼⣤⣭⣿⣥⣦⣥⣥⣤⣴⣼⣤⣧⣅⣼⣿⣤⣤⣧⣦⣥⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⠛⠻⠿⠛⢿⠻⢻⠿⠿⠿⣿⡿⢿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠟⠿⢿⠿⢿⣿⡿⢿⠿⢿⠿⢻⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⡟⠿⡿⢿⣿⠟⠛⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠟⣿⢿⢿⠟⠿⡿⢿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣧⣠⡄⠃⣀⣄⣘⣸⣸⡠⠁⣽⣆⣣⣀⣄⣇⣧⣀⡀⣃⣇⣃⣌⣨⣸⣈⣿⣇⣀⣸⣠⣀⣸⣇⣛⣐⣀⣀⣸⣇⣣⣔⣲⣧⣀⣁⣒⣡⣘⣄⣀⣂⣕⣨⣐⣂⣃⣿⣆⣄⣆⣇⣄⣒⣸⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⢿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡛⡟⡛⠛⠛⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣇⠰⢰⠀⡇⡆⡐⠈⠄⣻⡢⢈⢰⠠⢸⡧⠐⡰⠠⢸⠰⡀⡅⠤⣿⢀⢰⢹⡇⢆⡐⢸⠰⢰⢸⣇⠲⡰⢀⠐⠀⡆⡂⠆⡆⡁⠄⠀⡚⣧⣷⣷⣵⣮⣦⣿⡇⣸⢰⢈⠠⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⠿⠿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡏⡉⠈⠍⠩⢨⢉⡉⢩⠉⠉⡉⠉⠉⢨⣿⡉⠍⡍⢉⢹⢩⠘⠍⡉⠋⠀⣿⠈⡍⠋⠅⠀⠩⠉⠩⠋⠉⢨⡅⢩⠉⠉⢻⠏⠙⢩⢩⠙⠉⠋⡍⠫⠉⣿⢹⠉⡉⡇⠫⠙⢩⠁⢈⠩⢨⡉⢅⣧⣾⣦⣃⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣶⣷⣷⣾⣷⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣶⣿⣶⣧⣾⣷⣾⣿⣾⣾⣶⣷⣾⣿⣶⣿⣷⣶⣾⣤⣶⣿⣷⣶⣷⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣾⣾⣶⣷⣷⣧⣴⣿⣶⣾⣿⣷⣷⣾⣾⣶⣷⣾⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡟⠟⠟⢙⠻⣛⢿⡟⠛⢛⡛⣛⢻⢻⠛⠟⠛⢛⢹⡏⠙⠏⠛⠛⢻⡿⢛⠋⣹⠟⡋⠛⠻⢛⢛⠛⠛⢟⠛⢛⠻⡛⠛⠟⣿⣿⢛⡛⡛⢛⠻⠛⠋⢛⠹⠛⠛⡋⠛⡛⠟⠛⣟⢙⢙⢻⠛⡏⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣴⣼⣼⣴⣤⣾⣧⣴⣮⣴⣬⣦⣾⣥⣦⣵⣮⣼⣷⣶⣧⣶⣷⣾⣷⣤⣦⣿⣧⣴⣦⣵⣼⣾⣦⣥⣆⣠⣮⣶⣀⣔⣼⣤⣿⣬⣷⣵⣾⣶⣥⣶⣮⣼⣬⣴⣷⣦⣷⣆⣰⣿⣮⣼⣶⣤⣶⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⠿⠻⡿⠿⠟⠿⢿⠿⢿⡟⠟⠿⡿⠿⣿⠿⠟⠻⠿⡿⠟⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⡟⣿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⢿⠿⢿⠿⡟⡿⠿⠿⢿⡿⠿⠟⢻⣛⢻⢛⢛⠛⡿⠛⣿⠻⢿⠿⢿⡿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣧⣡⣤⣣⣧⣧⣤⣤⠈⣸⣧⣧⣧⣤⣢⣿⣴⣤⣤⣢⣬⣧⣼⣬⣤⣧⣢⣧⣿⣜⣥⣦⣧⣤⣤⢘⣬⣢⣤⡌⢠⣼⣼⣧⣧⣦⣿⣥⣾⣼⣼⣤⣧⣤⣿⣼⣴⣔⣼⣧⣢⣥⣼⢈⣤⣧⣴⣖⣤⣢⣤⣲⣜⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⠙⢏⢻⢉⡍⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⠿⡿⠿⡿⢿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣇⣀⣹⣆⣂⣈⣈⣄⣂⣅⣆⣀⣀⣈⣀⣠⣽⡆⢂⣐⣀⢄⣀⣰⣨⣐⣀⣆⣿⣐⣨⣰⣸⣇⣂⣀⣁⢄⣿⣠⢄⡠⣀⣃⣇⢄⣛⣼⣶⣷⣾⣾⣥⣿⣀⣆⣹⣇⣠⣘⣀⣁⣆⢒⣰⣸⣟⣁⣇⢃⣇⣸⡀⡸⢻⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡏⠉⠁⢽⡅⠅⡍⠋⠉⣿⠆⠇⠆⡁⠆⣛⡙⠩⠉⠋⠉⠉⣽⠉⢹⢩⠉⠉⠃⡉⢉⠉⠉⡍⠉⠉⢙⢩⠙⣹⡏⠍⡁⣽⠨⢨⠙⠉⢹⡇⠿⠈⡍⡇⠩⢹⢩⢹⡏⠍⠅⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣾⣿⣥⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡏⠉⠙⠛⠟⢻⠛⡟⠻⢛⠛⢻⢙⠋⡟⠛⣿⠛⠛⠙⢙⢙⢻⡏⠉⡙⡛⢛⢛⢻⠛⠛⡛⡏⠛⢻⣿⡏⡙⡟⠛⣿⠛⠛⡛⢻⠛⣿⠟⠻⢙⠛⠛⠛⠛⢛⠋⢹⡏⠙⡛⡛⠟⡛⡛⣿⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣷⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣾⣷⣾⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣷⣷⣶⣾⣼⣷⣷⣷⣶⣿⣶⣶⣦⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣾⣷⣶⣷⣶⣷⣷⣷⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⡿⠿⠟⡿⠿⠿⢿⠿⡿⠻⡿⣿⢿⠿⠿⠟⠿⠻⣿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠿⠿⡿⠻⠟⡟⠿⠿⠿⢿⠟⠟⠿⡿⠿⣿⠻⠻⠟⠿⡿⡿⠿⣿⢸⠸⠱⠉⠊⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣇⣨⣤⣦⣤⣼⣤⣤⣧⡗⣰⣿⣦⣴⣤⣤⣥⣤⣿⣼⣤⣤⡈⣠⣤⣧⣧⣥⣥⣼⣴⢀⣸⣧⣥⣧⣦⣤⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣥⣦⣤⣽⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣄⣀⣀⣀⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡟⣹⣿⢹⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⢻⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣧⣿⣷⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⠛⠛⠿⢿⠿⠛⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠟⠛⠛⠉⠉⠁⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣠⣠⡤⠀⠃⠀⠠⡀⢨⣿⣿⡿⡟⣳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⢷⣾⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠟⣟⠻⣿⣻⣿⣧⡄⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣯⣮⡻⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢤⡀⠝⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡟⠛⠛⠙⠘⠃⠀⠀⠉⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣶⣾⣿⣾⡟⠃⠀⡀⣢⡅⣈⠛⠋⠁⠘⠀⠀⠀⠈⢻⣿⠀⠬⠿⠆⠂⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⠂⠐⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣯⣧⣠⣴⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣜⢯⡿⠂⠐⡖⠀⠀⠀⠘⣴⣿⣹⠢⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⣾⣿⡋⠊⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⢿⢿⢿⢿⣶⣒⣖⡄⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣛⣻⣭⣭⣭⡛⢿⣿⣧⡛⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡹⠛⠉⣀⢄⠴⠂⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠁⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡉⠉⡁⠀⠀⢩⣽⣶⡾⠿⠻⠛⠛⠛⠻⢿⣷⡈⠻⣿⣿⣌⠻⣇⠀⢀⣤⠀⠠⣔⣯⣭⠟⣡⡾⠀⠰⣻⣽⣿⡇⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣧⡀⢀⡌⢉⠀⢀⣀⣤⡴⣢⣶⠲⢰⣼⣷⡀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⡆⣿⣧⡀⠹⡿⣫⣾⡟⠁⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⠇⡄⠀⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣮⣶⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣽⣿⠋⠀⡄⣿⣿⣧⠀⠚⢿⡿⣛⣽⢀⠜⣿⣷⡀⠘⣽⠋⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠁⢀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡏⠉⠉⠛⣛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡿⣫⣾⡿⠁⢠⣶⡱⣨⣿⣿⣆⠀⠈⢽⣿⣿⣸⣞⡜⢿⣿⠟⠁⠀⣐⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⡈⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⡄⠘⠀⠀⠘⠿⣿⣿⢛⣴⡿⠋⡀⣰⣿⣿⣷⡡⠻⣿⣿⣧⠀⠘⣿⣿⣧⣿⣾⣮⣅⠀⠠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠠⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠃⠻⠛⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣭⣷⡀⠹⣿⣿⣦⠀⠜⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣾⣯⣿⣿⡿⠡⣁⠀⠀⡘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⣠⡀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣈⠻⠿⣧⡀⠀⠹⡻⣿⣿⡏⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠡⢻⣿⣿⣄⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣶⣶⣶⣲⣮⣟⡻⠷⠄⣱⣯⣭⣭⣽⣿⣷⣴⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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Gemini_Protocol’s_Originator:_“I_Continue_to_Care_About_This_Project_and_I Care_About_the_Community_That_Has_Formed_Around_It.”⠀✐ Posted in Site_News at 4:57 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Solderpunk⦈ Summary: ‘Solderpunk’ is back from a long hiatus; this bodes well for Geminispace, which grew fast in spite of the conspicuous absence AS we noted_4_days_ago, Gemini space had become very important to us. It’s growing very rapidly (it’s hard to correctly estimate the overall size, but crawlers/spiders_see_almost_4_times_as_many_capsules_this_year_compared_to_last year). Recently, some people expressed_concerns about alleged stagnation or rather a lack of changes to the original specification (not that everything must change or expand over time). Then, some people asked for patience [1, 2], knowing that ‘Solderpunk’ was likely to return some time soon and finalise the specification. As of minutes ago, there is already a_proposal_to_freeze_the Gemini_specification. Well, ‘Solderpunk’ probably wants to keep it simple. And he’s_back_now, having just posted an update with plan for the specification: Geminauts! Lo, I have returned. And I have come not to bring peace, but the sword. Well, not really. Sorry, couldn't resist a little drama. But I *have* come with a strong resolve to move things forward quickly, decisively, and if necessary unilaterally. I will be putting the "dictator" in BDFL (but not ignoring the "benevolent"). My thoughts are something like this: The never ending discussion (and at times heated argument) that has characterised the efforts to collectively and openly finalise the spec using this mailing list, and the associated risk of leader burnout, now feel to me like they are a larger risk/liability to the project than the prospect of making slightly suboptimal and/or unpopular decisions when wrapping things up relatively quickly and without agonising over every little detail. The sooner the spec is finalised the sooner we can spend more of our time and energy reading and writing Geminispace content. People who aren't interested in spending time and energy doing those things have no place playing a strong role in deciding how to finalise things, anyway. It's clear that any hope of unanimity in the community on exactly what Gemini should look like is long gone. There are too many people coming from too many technical backgrounds for us all to agree on what is necessary and what is extraneous. Anything resembling "design by committee" will likely result in bad compromises leaving everybody unhappy. Better to have decisive leadership with a clear vision. This will leave some unhappy. It's unfortunate, but it's inevitable. Gemini can't be everything to everybody. Despite my total lack of involvement for several months and the lack of any progress on the spec, Geminispace *itself*, which is our real goal, has neither stagnated nor shrunk. It has only gotten better. Awesome things like smol.pub have turned up. All the time there are more and more people setting up little digital homes in Geminispace, who accept and embrace Gemini as it is right now, and many of them are very happy with the status quo. They are writing truly wonderful content, and I have not come across a single thing written there yet which made me think "right now this is merely good, but it could be excellent if only Gemini supported X, Y or Z". And all of this is hosted on diverse servers and compatible with diverse clients, including clients which have not been updated in months. All of this says we have gotten the most important things right or close enough to right already, and there is no risk of catastrophically messing anything up if we simply resolve outstanding technical issues with the minimum possible change. Additional capacities in the gemtext format are not necessary. That's not just, like, my opinion, man, that's an empirical fact. Geminispace is there. It's *exactly* the kind of space I originally envisaged. I will start wrapping stuff up, via changes to what have always been the canonical versions of all relevant documents, hosted at gemini.circumlunar.space, as quickly as I can. I am not going to take the time to justify every single decision against all real or imagined objects in long posts to the mailing list or my gemlog. Maybe I will do this retrospectively some day, but for now I just want to get it done. I will act largely alone in this regard, but I'm not going to completely disregard all external input. A lot of people have put a lot of of time and care into thinking and writing about these issues both on this list and in the git trackers that sprung up once I delegated spec finalisation to Sean. I'm going to read that stuff and I'm going to be be guided by it, and I will reach out to individual people for clarification when I feel it necessary. I am genuinely thankful to all of those people for their efforts and I do not intend to be dismissive of them. If I sound angry and frustrated, I apologise. I mean, to some extent I am, but not at particular people or at the community, I'm angry and frustrated at vague abstract things like human group dynamics and viral internet hype cycles. I continue to care about this project and I care about the community that has formed around it. I acknowledge that I am far from blameless in how this year in Gemini has turned out. I hope the community still has some faith in me, and I hope everyone understands that I'm doing this because I honestly think it's for the best, and not because I want all teh [sic] power. I don't want *any* power! But nobody I know and trust enough to give the power to wants it either, and big formal multi-person decision making is not going to yield good or fast results, so, here we are. I'm not going to have time to do this *and* follow the list closely and reply to any and all questions. But I will make a genuine effort to keep the list informed as I work. Cheers, Solderpunk As a reminder, Gemini is a_new_project (it only ‘feels’ old or nybrutalist) and the specification is still work in progress. Regardless, we’re an early adopter and we’re pleased to see how fast Gemini grew this past year. Having the founder back in the game (to do technical work on the specification) is icing on the cake. █ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣵⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠈⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣠⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠉⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣿⣿⠋⢹⣿⠉⢹⣿⡟⠛⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⣿⠃⣾⡏⠀⣿⡿⠀⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⢿⡇⢹⣿⠉⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⡿⢴⡏⢀⣿⠁⢠⣿⣇⣀⣿⣿⣀⣼⣿⣇⡀⢸⣧⠘⣿⠀⢹⡄⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠈⢸⡇⢸⣿⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⡄⠘⣷⡀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠈⠀⣿⡿⠀⣿⣿⠙⠛⣿⣿⠛⢻⣿⡟⠋⢽⣿⠀⢹⡇⠀⠛⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⢰⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠈⠛⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠸⠿⠟⠀⠘⠛⠃⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣶⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠉⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢹⣿⡆⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠈⠙⠿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣻⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⡈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣭⣉⣽⣭⣍⡁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣴⣤⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣧⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢨⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1500 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 10.25.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Links_26/10/2021:_Latte_Dock_0.10.3_and_Linux_5.15_RC7⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 8:18 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ Ubuntu_Kylin_21.10_Quick_overview_#Shorts_–_Invidious⠀⇛ A Quick overview of Ubuntu Kylin 21.10. # ⚓ Reset_Password_On_Any_Linux_Distro_(No_Root_Needed)_– Invidious⠀⇛ Losing your access to your user account on Linux can be really frustrating but luckily resetting that lost password is actually incredibly easy but the process slightly changes depending on the bootloader you’re using at least for the easy approach o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # ⚓ Linux_5.15-rc7⠀⇛ So the normal Sunday release was spoiled by me spending more time in airplanes without wifi, and I didn't feel like doing an evening release while tired, so here we are, midday Monday, and with tc7 a day later than usual. But the delay isn't because of any kernel trouble. In fact, the worry I had last week about a big rc6 turned out to be just a false alarm due to timing of pulls, and rc7 looks nice and small, right in the range of normal. Both the number of commits and the diffstat looks fine. It's all pretty small and flat (meaning mostly small trivial changes) with just a couple of peaks for some x86 kvm code, and some ksmbd changes. Nothing particularly interesting or scary stands out, and it's a fairly eclectic mix with networking, kvm, selftests, and some core mm stuff. With all the usual random small fixes. The appended shortlog isn't too long to scan to get a feel for the details, but I think the take-way here is that it all looks pretty normal, and if nothing special happens this week, this is likely the last rc before final 5.15. But please do give it a good testing to make sure we've shaken out any issues. I have yet more travel coming up next week, so it would be very convenient for me to delay the merge window if I get the excuse to do so, but right now that looks unlikely. Linus # ⚓ Linux_5.15-rc7_Released_A_Day_Late_Due_To_Travels⠀⇛ # ⚓ Kernel_prepatch_5.15-rc7⠀⇛ The 5.15-rc7 kernel prepatch is out, rather later than would have normally been expected due to Linus’s travel schedule. # ⚓ Newest_Linux_Optimizations_Can_Achieve_10M_IOPS_Per-Core With_IO_uring_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ Just one week ago Linux block subsystem maintainer Jens Axboe was optimizing the kernel to get 8 million IOPS on a single CPU core. He progressed the week hitting around ~8.9M IOPS per-core and began to think he was hitting the hardware limits and running out of possible optimizations. However, this week he is kicking things off by managing to hit 10 million IOPS! o § Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Mark_Text_is_a_Minimal_Open_Source_Markdown_Editor⠀⇛ Markdown is developers’ favorite text writing language. It is so clean, simple and minimal and allows developers to focus only on the writing process itself, rather than the writing syntax or other trivial issues. That’s why, it is essential that you use a minimal, distraction-free and clean markdown editor to write or edit your markdown files, so that you can find comfort in your long writing sessions (E.g for documentation or similar). Luckily, many open source markdown editors exist for all types of users and their use cases. Today we’ll be seeing Mark Text; a minimal open source application for writing markdown documents. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ How_To_Install_Cinnamon_on_Debian_11_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install Cinnamon on Debian 11. For those of you who didn’t know, Cinnamon is the default desktop environment of the Linux Mint distribution which offers advanced features and a traditional user experience. Cinnamon is also available as an optional desktop for other Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, Arch Linux, OpenSUSE, etc. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you through the step-by- step installation of the Cinnamon desktop environment on a Debian 11 (Bullseye). # ⚓ Run_Nexus_Repository_Behind_Nginx_Reverse_Proxy_– kifarunix.com⠀⇛ In this tutorial, you will learn how to run Nexus repository behind Nginx reverse proxy. Nginx can be configure to proxy HTTP requests. In this setup, Nginx receives requests and passes it onto specified proxied server, fetches the response, and sends it back to the client. # ⚓ Linux_Foundation_to_introduce_new_DevOps_Bootcamp⠀⇛ # ⚓ SUSE_documentation_survey_2021_–_some_results⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_install_Friday_Night_Funkin:_Neo_on_a_Chromebook⠀⇛ Today we are looking at how to install Friday Night Funkin: Neo on a Chromebook. Please follow the video/audio guide as a tutorial where we explain the process step by step and use the commands below. # ⚓ How_to_use_the_Buttercup_password_manager_on_Linux⠀⇛ Buttercup is an advanced, open-source password vault. It encrypts your passwords with AES 256bit cryptography to keep them safe. If you’re tired of proprietary password solutions on Linux and want something open-source, you’ll love this guide. In this tutorial, we’ll go over how to install Buttercup on Linux. We’ll also show you how to set up your password vault and generate a secure password. Note: Buttercup is also available for iOS and Android in their respective app stores. # ⚓ How_to_use_YouTube_Music_on_the_Linux_desktop⠀⇛ YouTube Music is an excellent service. But, sadly, there is no official client for Linux users to enjoy the service. Thankfully, the community has taken it upon itself to create an unofficial YouTube Music app. Here’s how to use it on your system. # ⚓ How_to_use_the_AuthPass_password_manager_on_Linux⠀⇛ AuthPass is an open-source password manager for Android, iOS, Linux, Mac OS, and Windows. It is secure and a great way to save your passwords and sensitive information. In this guide, we’ll show you how to set up AuthPass on Linux and how to use it too. # ⚓ How_to_install_Zoom_on_Elementary_OS_6.0_–_Invidious⠀⇛ In this video, we are looking at how to install Zoom on Elementary OS 6.0. # ⚓ How_to_Install_and_Configure_RabbitMQ_on_Debian_11⠀⇛ RabbitMQ is a free, open-source and one of the most popular message broker software. It supports multiple messaging protocols and uses plugins to communicate with popular messaging solutions like MQTT. A message broker is an application that stores messages for an application. Whenever an application wants to send data to another application, the app publishes the message onto the message broker. RabbitMQ can be deployed in distributed configurations to meet high-scale, high-availability requirements. In this post, we will show you how to install and configure RabbitMQ message broker software on Debian 11. # ⚓ How_to_Create_an_Amazon_Machine_Image_(AMI)_and_use_it_on AWS⠀⇛ An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) provides the information required to launch an instance. An EC2 instance can not be launched without an AMI. We can create as many instances as we want from a single AMI when we need multiple instances with the same configuration. To create an instance we can use readily available AMI or we can create our own AMI. To create a custom AMI we need to first launch an instance using one of the available AMIs, make the required configuration on the instance and then use that instance to create an AMI. Instances launched from this new custom AMI include the customizations that we made when we created the AMI. We can create AMIs from either running or stopped instances. Once we create an AMI, we can either keep it private so that only we can use it, or we can share it with a specified list of AWS accounts. We can also make our custom AMI public so that the community can use it. o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ For_One_Game_Dev,_Linux_Users_Submit_More_Bug_Reports_Than Any_Other⠀⇛ When you take a look at the state of Linux gaming as it was just a decade ago, and then look at it again today, the differences are almost staggering. More developers have jumped on board with native builds, while many others have ensured (or maybe not) that their titles run fine through Proton. We’re at a point now where even if a newly-launched game requires Windows, it may very well work for Linux on day one. Whenever we think about the current state of Linux gaming, we can’t help but be reminded of our fifteen-year-old article taking a look at the top ten free Linux games. Admittedly, we had to try hard to come up with a worthwhile ten titles to promote, because developer support back then just wasn’t what it is today. Things have certainly changed, and because of that, just how seriously Linux users take gaming has become all the more evident. # ⚓ Linux_users_provide_more_detailed_bug_reports_according_to one_indie_dev⠀⇛ Reddit user koderski, with the tag @KoderaSoftware, has provided a detailed post on bug reports. They found that even though only 5.8 per cent of sales of their game, DeltaV: Rings of Saturn, were Linux users, over 38 per cent of bug reports came from them. They did the maths and determined that they received an average of one bug report for every 11.5 users. However, they got one report per 1.75 Linux users. They also state that only three of the bug reports were for Linux specific issues and that the rest of the bugs were affecting every player. They said, “the thing is, the Linux community is exceptionally well trained in reporting bugs. That is just the open-source way. This 5.8 per cent of players found 38 per cent of all the bugs that affected everyone. Just like having your own 700- person strong QA team. That was not 3 per cent extra work for me, that was just free QA.” o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾ # ⚓ Latte_Dock_v0.10.3_|_Bug_Fix_Release⠀⇛ Let’s welcome Latte Dock v0.10.3 the 3rd Official Bug Fix Release of v0.10.x branch! With Latte 0.10.3 indicators gained the ability to specify the background corner margin. This is totally on indicator responsibility to expose or adjust properly and that is the case for Latte and Plasma Indicators that expose it from their settings. With this setting the user is now able to move tasks and applets inside the corner of backgrounds with very big roundness. o § Distributions⠀➾ # § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾ # ⚓ Ubuntu_Impish_Indri_lands_from_Canonical⠀⇛ Ubuntu 21.10 brings the all-new PHP 8 and GCC 11 including full support for static analysis, greatly improving everyday developer security awareness in low-level programming. With Gnome 40 desktop users gain dynamic workspaces and touchpad gestures. The new Firefox snap, published by Mozilla, improves security and guarantees access to both the latest and the extended support release versions of the browser. The exact same versions of the browser are available on multiple different versions of Ubuntu, simplifying enterprise developer platform management. Over the last year, the number of snaps published in the store has grown by 25%, and the snap store now serves over 10 million systems daily. Windows developers will be delighted with out-of-the-box support for graphical applications on Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL), which enables users to enjoy Ubuntu desktop applications without modification. # ⚓ Ubuntu_Weekly_Newsletter_Issue_706⠀⇛ Welcome to the Ubuntu Weekly Newsletter, Issue 706 for the week of October 17 – 23, 2021. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ Neuromorphic_edge_AI_chip_debuts_on_Raspberry_Pi_and Comet_Lake_dev_kits⠀⇛ BrainChip has launched two “Akida Development Kits” for its self-learning, low-power “Akida NSoC” neural networking chip for edge AI. One uses the Raspberry Pi CM4 and the other a Comet Lake-S based Shuttle PC system. BrainChip Holdings has opened pre-orders for two development kits that showcase its Akida neural networking processor (Akida NSoC). The Linux-driven, $4,995 Akida Development Kit — Raspberry Pi and Linux and Win 10 compatible $9,995 Akida Development Kit — Shuttle PC implement the Akida NSoC via a mini-PCIe module equipped with BrainChip’s AKD1000 silicon. # ⚓ Fast_Indoor_Robot_Watches_Ceiling_Lights,_Instead_of the_Road⠀⇛ To pull this off, [Andy] uses a camera with a fisheye lens aimed up towards the ceiling, and the video is processed on a Raspberry Pi 3. # ⚓ Tackle_The_Monkey:_Raspberry_Pi_Gets_Round_Screen_| Hackaday⠀⇛ You could argue that the project to add a round screen to a Raspberry Pi from [YamS1] isn’t strictly necessary. After all, you could use a square display with a mask around it, giving up some screen real estate for aesthetics. However, you’d still have a square shape around the screen and there’s something eye-catching about a small round screen for a watch, an indicator, or — as in this project — a talking head. The inspiration for the project was a quote from a Google quote about teaching a monkey to recite Shakespeare. A 3D printed monkey with a video head would be hard to do well with a rectangular screen, you have to admit. Possible with a little artistry, we are sure, but the round head effect is hard to beat. Honestly, it looks more like an ape to us, but we aren’t primate experts and we think most people would get the idea. # ⚓ Move!_makes_burning_calories_a_bit_more_fun_|_Arduino Blog⠀⇛ Gamifying exercise allows people to become more motivated and participate more often in physical activities while also being distracted by doing something fun at the same time. This inspired a team of students from the Handong Global University in Pohang, South Korea to come up with a system, dubbed “Move!,” that uses a microcontroller to detect various gestures and perform certain actions in mobile games accordingly. They started by collecting many different gesture samples from a Nano 33 BLE Sense, which is worn by a person on their wrist. This data was then used to train a TensorFlow Lite model that classifies the gesture and sends it via Bluetooth to the host phone running the app. Currently, the team’s mobile app contains three games that a player can choose from. # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Here’s_when_the_stable_Android_12_update_will_come_to your_Asus_phone⠀⇛ # ⚓ Vivo’s_Android_12_Funtouch_OS_beta_is_coming_first_to the_X70_Pro+_–_TalkAndroid.com⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_Pixel_6_Pro_review:_The_best_Android_phone money_can_buy_–_CNET⠀⇛ # ⚓ Galaxy_S21_Series_Becomes_the_First_Android_Phones_to Get_November_Security_Update⠀⇛ # ⚓ Best_Android_app_deals_of_the_day:_Hardboiled,_Zenge, more_–_9to5Toys⠀⇛ o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ Team_Profile_by_KDE’s_Cornelius_Schumacher⠀⇛ What makes a great team? One important factor is that you have a balanced set of skills and personalities in the team. A team which only consists of leaders won’t get much work done. A team which only consists of workers will not work into the right direction. So how can you identify the right balance and combination of people? One answer is the Team Member Profile Test. It’s a set of questions which team members answer. They are evaluated to give a result indicating which type of team member the person is and where it lies in the spectrum of possible types. # § Perl/Raku⠀➾ # ⚓ Rakudo_Weekly_News:_2021.43_Thank_You⠀⇛ Oleksandr Kyriukhin has released the 2021.10 version of the Rakudo Compiler, which includes all of the work of the new MoarVM dispatch mechanism. This is the culmination of more than 1.5 year work by many people, but mostly by Jonathan Worthington. A historic step forward that lays the groundwork on more efficient executing of Raku programs, and actually delivers on a number of improvements. # § Shell/Bash/Zsh/Ksh⠀➾ # ⚓ Bash_Wildcard⠀⇛ When we need to search for anything using shell commands then we need to define a pattern for searching. Wildcard characters are used to define the pattern for searching or matching text on string data in the bash shell. Another common use of wildcard characters is to create regular expressions. How you can use different types of wildcard characters for searching files is shown in this tutorial. # ⚓ How_to_use_bash_aliases⠀⇛ Most of the users like to use shortcuts for running commands. There are many commands in Ubuntu that we need to execute regularly. It will be very helpful for us if we can run those common commands by typing shortcut commands. Using bash aliases, Ubuntu users can easily create shortcut commands of the large commands those are used frequently. Bash aliases not only make the task easier but also save the time of the users. The user can declare alias temporary or permanently. The temporary aliases can be used as long as the session of the user exists. If the user wants to use shortcut commands every time the session starts, then he or she has to create permanent alias by using ~/.bashrc and ~/.bash_profile files. This tutorial shows how you can create and use bash aliases in Ubuntu by using some examples. # ⚓ Bash_Arithmetic_Operation⠀⇛ Using bash aliases, Ubuntu users can easily create shortcut commands of the large commands those are used frequently. Bash aliases not only make the task easier but also save the time of the users. The user can declare alias temporary or permanently. How to use bash aliases is explained in this article. # ⚓ How_to_use_arrays_in_Bash⠀⇛ When you want to use multiple data using a single variable in any programming language, you have to use array variables. The list of data can be assigned and used using an array variable. Bash is a weakly typed language that does not require defining any data type for declaring the variable. Array declaration in bash is a little bit different from other standard programming languages. Two types of the array can be declared in bash. Numeric array and associative array. If the index of an array is numeric, then it is called a numeric array, and if the index of an array is a string, it is called an associative array. How you can declare a numeric array, associative array, and iterate elements of the array using for loop are described with examples in this tutorial. # ⚓ Bash_Head_and_Tail_Command⠀⇛ Many types of commands are available in bash to show the content of a file. Most commonly used commands are ‘cat’, ‘more’, ‘less’, ‘head’ and ‘tail‘ commands. To read the entire file, ‘cat’, ‘more’, and ‘less‘ commands are used. But when the specific part of the file is required to read then ‘head‘ and ‘tail‘ commands are used to do that task. ‘head‘ command is used to read the file from the beginning and the ‘tail‘ command is used to read the file from the ending. How you can use ‘head‘ and ‘tail‘ commands with different options to read the particular portion of a file is shown in this tutorial. You can use any existing file or create any new file to test the functions of ‘head‘ and ‘tail‘ commands. Create two text files named products.txt and employee.txt with the following content to show the use of ‘head‘ and ‘tail‘ commands. # ⚓ Bash_Range⠀⇛ You can iterate the sequence of numbers in bash in two ways. One is by using the seq command, and another is by specifying the range in for loop. In the seq command, the sequence starts from one, the number increments by one in each step, and print each number in each line up to the upper limit by default. If the number starts from the upper limit, then it decrements by one in each step. Normally, all numbers are interpreted as a floating-point, but if the sequence starts from an integer, the decimal integers will print. If the seq command can execute successfully, then it returns 0; otherwise, it returns any non-zero number. You can also iterate the sequence of numbers using for loop with range. Both seq command and for loop with range are shown in this tutorial by using examples. # ⚓ Bash_Script_User_Input⠀⇛ In the seq command, the sequence starts from one, the number increments by one in each step, and print each number in each line up to the upper limit by default. If the seq command can execute successfully, then it returns 0; otherwise, it returns any non-zero number. Two ways to generate the sequence of numbers are shown with examples in this article. # ⚓ BASH_while_loop_examples⠀⇛ Three types of loops are used in bash programming. While loop is one of them. Like other loops, a while loop is used to do repetitive tasks. This article shows how you can use a while loop in a bash script by using different examples. * § Leftovers⠀➾ o § Hardware⠀➾ # ⚓ stay_away_from:_Intenso_8tb_aka_Seagate_ST8000DM004_– shingled_peace_of_…_no_good_for_anything_especially_no_good for_backups⠀⇛ just hope that this piece of mistake can at least be properly recycled. it is time to write Seagate and Intenso angry mails and never buy from them again this external harddisk (the USB-SATA-Adapter AND the harddisk itself) of the intenso 8tb are of catastrophic quality. o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # ⚓ Some_users_on_Reddit_report_that_Windows_11_loses Internet_connectivity_when_trying_to_connect_to NordVPN.⠀⇛ # § Pseudo-Open Source⠀➾ # § Openwashing⠀➾ # ⚓ Microsoft’s_U-Turn_After_Open_Source Outcry_Over_‘Hot_Reload’_Decision⠀⇛ Microsoft discovers that no matter how much control it wants over .NET, an open source foundation is ultimately controlled by its community. # ⚓ Microsoft_repents_of_its_open-source_.NET blunder⠀⇛ A decade ago, Microsoft declared that it loved open-source. In 2014, the Redmond giant went even further. Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella said, “Microsoft loves Linux.” Few in Linux and open- source circles believed them. Years went by and as Microsoft embraced open-source projects, opened up their patents to Linux developers, and released Windows Subsystem for Linux, some finally bought that Microsoft was no longer open-source’s enemy. As Linux founder Linus Torvalds said, “I completely dismissed all the anti-Microsoft stuff.” Many open-source developers, however, never bought this. They still think of Microsoft as the Evil Empire. And, boy did they get this reinforced when Microsoft removed the forthcoming .NET 6′s Hot Reload feature from its open- source releases. # ⚓ Pat_Gelsinger’s_Open-Source_Bias,_Intel’s Pledge_To_Openness [Ed: Intel is openwashing again, but leaks_from_Intel show_that_Intel_is_a_foe,_not_a_a_friend. It’s also rather ironic that Intel puts an “open” letter in a proprietary site of Microsoft, which is viciously attacking Free software. Intel is a Microsoft booster.]⠀⇛ Ahead of Intel’s inaugural Intel Innovation event taking place virtually later this week, Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger published an open letter to an open ecosystem. In this open ecosystem letter, Gelsinger talks up opennness and choice, adding, “This is why I fundamentally believe in an open source bias, which powers the software-defined infrastructure that transformed the modern data center and ushered in the data- centric era.” # § Security⠀➾ # ⚓ New_York_Times_Journalist_Hacked_with_NSO Spyware⠀⇛ Citizen Lab is reporting that a New York Times journalist was hacked with the NSO Group’s spyware Pegasus, probably by the Saudis. The world needs to do something about these cyberweapons arms manufacturers. This kind of thing isn’t enough; NSO Group is an Israeli company. # ⚓ NOBELIUM_Attacks_on_Cloud_Services_and_other Technologies [Ed: When_it_comes_to_security, Microsoft_is_worse_than_a_joke; the joke is you]⠀⇛ Microsoft has released a blog on NOBELIUM attacks on cloud services and other technologies. CISA urges users and administrators to review [NOBELIUM targeting delegated administrative privileges to facilitate broader attacks] and apply the necessary mitigations. # ⚓ Securing_the_proxy_API_for_Firefox_add-ons⠀⇛ Add-ons are a powerful way to extend and customize Firefox. At Mozilla, we are committed not only to supporting WebExtensions APIs, but also ensuring the safety and reliability of the ecosystem for the long term. In early June, we discovered add-ons that were misusing the proxy API, which is used by add-ons to control how Firefox connects to the internet. These add-ons interfered with Firefox in a way that prevented users who had installed them from downloading updates, accessing updated blocklists, and updating remotely configured content. # ⚓ More_insecurity_in_hardware_–_SmashEx_–_Intel Software_Guard_Extensions_(SGX1_and_SGX2)⠀⇛ o § Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾ # ⚓ Debian’s_Antoine_Beaupré:_The_Neo-Colonial_Internet⠀⇛ Sergey Brin and Larry Page are the Lewis and Clark of our generation. Just like the latter were sent by Jefferson (the same) to declare sovereignty over the entire US west coast, Google declared sovereignty over all human knowledge, with its mission statement “to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful”. (It should be noted that Page somewhat questioned that mission but only because it was not ambitious enough, Google having “outgrown” it.) The Lewis and Clark expedition, just like Google, had a scientific pretext, because that is what you do to colonize a world, presumably. Yet both men were military and had to receive scientific training before they left. The Corps of Discovery was made up of a few dozen enlisted men and a dozen civilians, including York an African American slave owned by Clark and sold after the expedition, with his final fate lost in history. And just like Lewis and Clark, Google has a strong military component. For example, Google Earth was not originally built at Google but is the acquisition of a company called Keyhole which had ties with the CIA. Those ties were brought inside Google during the acquisition. Google’s increasing investment inside the military-industrial complex eventually led Google to workers organizing a revolt although it is currently unclear to me how much Google is involved in the military apparatus. Other companies, obviously, do not have such reserve, with Microsoft, Amazon, and plenty of others happily bidding on military contracts all the time. [...] The Internet is, if not neo-colonial, plain colonial. The US colonies had cotton fields and slaves, we have disposable cell phones and Foxconn workers. Canada has its cultural genocide, Facebook has his own genocides in Ethiopia, Myanmar, and mob violence in India. Apple is at least implicitly accepting the Uyghur genocide. And just like the slaves of the colony, those atrocities are what makes the empire run. o § Monopolies⠀➾ # ⚓ Facebook_knew_it_was_being_used_to_incite_violence_in Ethiopia._It_did_little_to_stop_the_spread,_documents_show_– CNN⠀⇛ Facebook employees repeatedly sounded the alarm on the company’s failure to curb the spread of posts inciting violence in “at risk” countries like Ethiopia, where a civil war has raged for the past year, internal documents seen by CNN show. The social media giant ranks Ethiopia in its highest priority tier for countries at risk of conflict, but the documents reveal that Facebook’s moderation efforts were no match for the flood of inflammatory content on its platform. The documents are among dozens of disclosures made to the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and provided to Congress in redacted form by Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen’s legal counsel. A consortium of 17 US news organizations, including CNN, has reviewed the redacted versions received by Congress. # § Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ Artificial_Intelligence_Shall_Not_Be_Patent_Inventors (Taiwan) [Ed: Failure to troll the Taiwanese patent system with this delusion that algorithms are somehow "inventors" deserving and worthy of monopolies]⠀⇛ The Intellectual Property and Commercial Court (hereinafter, the “Court”) rendered the judgment 110-Xing-Zhuan-Su-3 on August 19, 2021, holding that the artificial intelligence DABUS shall not be a patent inventor and upholding the decision rendered by the Intellectual Property Office (hereinafter, the “IPO”) which concluded that the invention patent application no. 108140133 entitled “Devices and Methods for Attracting Enhanced Attention” should not be accepted. The arguments rendered in the judgment reasons are provided as follows: (1) An inventor shall be a natural person: An inventor must be a person who has made a “substantial contribution” to the technical features specified in the patent claims, and the so-called “substantial contribution” refers to the mental creation for the completion of the invention. Therefore, the inventor must be a natural person. (2) AI is legally not a person: The artificial intelligence DABUS is not a “person” (that is, neither a legal nor a natural person) under the Taiwan law and is unable to externally convey its internal intent (for example, to designate an agent). Therefore, AI should be regarded as an “object” under the Taiwan law. # ⚓ Aker_BioMarine_:_key_patent_for_krill_oil_in_Europe is_validated⠀⇛ # ⚓ Arthrex,_Mobility_Workx,_and_Director_Review_at Institution [Ed: Patent_extremists_still_hellbent_on destroying_or_scuttling_PTAB, just because it has been eliminating loads of fake patents; Patently-O markets itself as scholarly, but it is actually funded by the patent litigation Mafia for propaganda purposes.]⠀⇛ There’s been a fair amount of discussion regarding Judge Newman’s dissent in last week’s Mobility Workx case. In Mobility Workx, a divided panel of the Federal Circuit rejected a variety of constitutional challenges to the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB). Judges Dyk and Schall, in the majority, found no merit in the due process arguments relating to PTAB fees raised by Mobility Workx (a topic I hope to discuss in more detail at a later date). But they also rejected Mobility Workx’s structural arguments regarding the Appointments Clause and the Administrative Procedure Act with respect to the institution decision. Judge Newman, in dissent, gave credence to those arguments. In particular, she argues that the Director’s delegation of the institution decision to APJs raises a similar Appointments Clause issue to that addressed in Arthrex. But she does so based on flawed assumptions—in particular, the assumption that, post-Arthrex, the Director cannot review institution decisions by themself. # ⚓ European_Patent_Grant_Strengthens_Small_Pharma’s Ketamine-Based_Patent_Portfolio_for_the_Treatment_of Depressive_Disorders [Ed: One wonders if they know that nowadays many_European_Patents_are_Invalid_Patents_ (IPs)]⠀⇛ # ⚓ Ascension_provides_a_positive_update_on_its intellectual_property_portfolio [Ed: They mean list of patents, not "intellectual property portfolio"]⠀⇛ # ⚓ Towards_a_common_understanding_of_quality [Ed: The criminals who took over the EPO and crushed_patent quality_by_breaking_all_the_rules are trying to redefine quality now. Panels “led by two European patent attorneys nominated as “assessors” by the EPO, epi and BusinessEurope” (i.e. litigation fanatics and front groups of monopolies, not scientists)]⠀⇛ The seventh meeting of the SACEPO Working Party on Quality (19-21 October), attended virtually by 75 members from across the world, has again shown the EPO’s commitment to both quality and user engagement. The 3- day event involved an external assessment exercise with 24 Stakeholder Quality Assurance Panels (SQAPs). The initiative is part of the goal set out in the Strategic Plan (SP2023) to foster a better shared understanding of quality by comparing the perceptions of users and EPO quality management. The SQAP concept was first tested at the EPO back in October 2019, and the user feedback gathered during the inaugural 2019 panels have directly shaped the Quality Programme of the SP2023. It is the objective of the panels to build a collaborative and shared understanding of, and responsibility for, quality at the EPO. # ⚓ China_may_decide_global_FRAND_terms_reasonably,_say sources_|_Managing_Intellectual_Property [Ed: It_should not_be_called_FRAND_at_all]⠀⇛ Counsel discuss Chinese courts’ pause in granting anti-suit injunctions, and what to expect from upcoming global FRAND rate determinations # ⚓ Who_controls_your_opt-out? [Ed: Totally insane post, insinuating that UPC (which_is_dead;_the_UK_cannot ratify) is already a reality and then uses loaded question based on this false assumption]⠀⇛ As the commencement of the Unified Patents Court looms larger, we are turning our thoughts to some of the really practical issues which need to be addressed with a degree of urgency now. We will be looking at the question of “opting out” of the UPC jurisdiction in a sequence of blog posts to follow, but we thought we would start by looking at some of the non-contentious issues which can arise as a result of the coming of the UPC and the Unitary Patent. # ⚓ [Older]_UK:_Part_2:_AIn’t_An_Inventor:_UK_Court_Of Appeal_Refuses_Thaler_Appeal_For_DABUS_Patent [Ed: Marks & Clerk, a convicted corrupt 'law' firm that lobbies for software patents in Europe, reacting to the sane decision that bots or algorithms aren't "inventors"]⠀⇛ In this Court of Appeal decision, the court held: (i) that AI is not a person and cannot be an inventor under the 1977 Patents Act and; (ii) (Birss LJ dissenting) that Dr Thaler failed to comply with the obligations of s13(2)(a) (identifying a person as the inventor) and s13(2)(b) (indicating how the applicant derived the right to be granted a patent) in his patent application by listing DABUS (an artificial intelligence (AI) machine) as the inventor and claiming entitlement to a patent on the basis of ownership of that AI. As a result, the patent application was correctly deemed withdrawn. # § Software Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ Bank_of_America_Sets_Company_Record_for_Patents Granted_During_First_Half_of_2021 [Ed: Many of these are software patents for sure, but they like to use buzzwords like "fintech"]⠀⇛ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 2730 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 10.25.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Links_25/10/2021:_pg_statement_rollback_1.3_and_Lots_of_Patent_Catchup⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 8:00 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o ⚓ Linux_Release_Roundup_#21.43:_MX_Linux_21,_FreeOffice_2021,_Twake 2.0_and_More_Releases⠀⇛ In the Linux Release Roundup series, we summarize the new distribution and application version releases in the past week. This keeps you informed of the latest developments in the Linux world. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ Create_and_Manage_KVM_Virtual_Machines_via_Command_Line⠀⇛ KVM (Kernel based Virtual Machine) is an opensource virtualization technology built for Linux machines. It comprises a kernel module – kvm.ko which provides the core virtualization platform and a processor-specific module ( kvm-intel.ko for Intel processors or kvm-amd.ko for AMD processors ). There are two ways of creating virtual machines using KVM. You can leverage the virt-manager tool which is an X11 server that provides a GUI interface for creating virtual machines. Additionally, you can use the command line to create a virtual machine by defining various parameters associated with the virtual machine you want to deploy. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Gitea_using_Docker_on_Ubuntu_20.04⠀⇛ Gitea is a free and open-source software package for self-hosting a Git server. It also offers collaborative features like bug tracking, wikis, and code review. Gitea is a community-driven and lightweight code solution written in Go. Developers need to regularly merge their code changes into a central repository when working. It can happen that you need to have a private central repository for your team that you will host and manage by yourself. You can use Gitea for this purpose. It is similar to GitHub, Bitbucket, and so on. In this tutorial, we learn how to install Gitea using docker on Ubuntu 20.04. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Mono_Framework_on_Linux_Mint_20_– LinuxCapable [Ed: Better avoided. Microsoft trap.]⠀⇛ Mono is a free, open-source development platform based on the .NET Framework. Mono’s .NET implementation is based on the ECMA/ISO standards for C# and the Common Language Infrastructure. The Mono project has been in development for over a decade and continues to feature in many applications. In the following tutorial, you will know how to install and configure Mono on your Linux Mint 20 system. # ⚓ [Fixed]_Permission_Denied:_Are_You_Root?_Error_in_Ubuntu⠀⇛ You follow some tutorial on the internet that tells you to install a certain program or run some command. Probably it is something to do with a server. But when you run the command, you encounter this error: E: Could not open lock file /var/lib/dpkg/lock- frontend – open (13: Permission denied) E: Unable to acquire the dpkg frontend lock (/var/ lib/dpkg/lock-frontend), are you root? # ⚓ How_to_Install_Python_3.10_on_Linux_Mint_20_– LinuxCapable⠀⇛ Python is one of the most popular high-level languages, focusing on high-level and object- oriented applications from simple scrips to complex machine learning algorithms. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Rust_Programming_Language_on_Linux_Mint_20_– LinuxCapable⠀⇛ Rust is an open-source systems programming language that focuses on speed, memory safety, and parallelism. Developers use Rust to create a wide range of new software applications, such as game engines, operating systems, file systems, browser components, and simulation engines for virtual reality. Rust is syntactically similar to C++ but can guarantee memory safety by using a borrow checker for validating references. For users, especially developers wanting to try out Rust Programming language, you will know how to install Rust Programming Language on Linux Mint 20. # ⚓ How_to_Install_SVN_on_RHEL-Based_Linux_Distributions⠀⇛ Written in C programming language, Apache Subversion, colloquially abbreviated as SVN, is a free and open-source versioning control system that keeps track of historical versions of files and directories. Simply put, SVN is simply a version tracker that allows users to send changes made to files to a repository that tracks who made the changes in each file. The repository is similar to a file server. The difference is that it tracks changes and allows you to recover older versions of code or probe the history of the file changes. # ⚓ How_to_Sync_Files_in_Two-Way_Using_Osync_Script_in_Linux⠀⇛ You might ask yourself, why do I need a two-way/ bidirectional file synchronization solution? [...] This stateful synchronizer acts as a rsync wrapper. Osync is attributed as stateful because it is not obligated to monitor the targeted files for changes. This attribute also makes it agentless. Between two runs, osync will compare replica file lists. These runs can be local-to-local or local- to-remote. The local-to-local replication run takes approximately 2 seconds whereas the local-to-remote replication run takes approximately 7 seconds. # ⚓ How_to_change_the_default_Editor_from_Nano_in_Ubuntu/ Debian⠀⇛ In this guide we are going to explore how to change the default editor in Ubuntu/Debian from nano to any other editor of your choice Linux configuration are mostly text based. Most Linux utilities use a text editor to allow you to edit configuration options and files. An example of this is utilities like crontab and visudo which will use the default editor defined to allow you to change the configurations. # ⚓ How_to_delete_Git_tags_–_TecAdmin⠀⇛ Tags work as an additional identifier for a particular incident. And in the case of Git, Tags are used as the reference points in your development workflow and it denotes special events like a new version release or new commit. You can create a new tag to give a reference for your newly launched version. We use tags for future reference of our previous releases and commits. And we can create and delete as per our convenience. # ⚓ How_to_install_Java_17_On_Rocky_Linux_8/Centos_8_– Citizix⠀⇛ In this guide we are going to explore how to install Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and the Java Developer Kit (JDK) in Rocky Linux 8. This guide also works for Centos 8/Rhel 8/Alma Linux 8 Java and the JVM (Java’s virtual machine) are required for many kinds of software, including Tomcat, Jetty, Glassfish, Cassandra and Jenkins. Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. Java was developed by Sun Microsystems (which is now the subsidiary of Oracle) in the year 1995. James Gosling is known as the father of Java. # ⚓ don’t_do_clever_things_in_configure_scripts_–_Ariadne’s Space⠀⇛ Recently, a new version of ncurses was released and pushed to Alpine. The maintainer of ncurses in Alpine successfully built it on his machine, so he pushed it to the builders, expecting it to build fine on them. Of course, it promptly failed to build from source on the builders, because make install did not install the pkg-config .pc files to the right location. You might think, what a weird regression, and you’d be right. After all, pkg-config files are usually just installed to $libdir/pkgconfig in any sort of autotools-based build system. Indeed, in the past, this is what ncurses did as well. # ⚓ Build_Kubernetes_pods_with_Podman_play_kube_|_Enable Sysadmin⠀⇛ Enhancements include building images and tearing down pods with play kube and support for Kubernetes-style init containers. # ⚓ iproute2_vs_net-tools⠀⇛ iproute2 package contains utilities for controlling and monitoring networking, IP address, and routing. It is a modern replacement for net-tools. Iproute2 is an open-source project mainly focussed on network components of the Linux kernel. The commonly used utilities inside iproute2 are ip, ss, and bridge. The below table shows the iproute2 and deprecated net-tools Linux commands. # ⚓ How_to_Install_&_Configure_Git_on_Linux_Mint_20_– LinuxCapable⠀⇛ Git is a mature, actively maintained open source project initially developed in 2005 by Linus Torvalds, the famous Linux operating system kernel creator. Git is designed for developers that need a pretty straightforward version control system. Most software is collaborative efforts and sometimes can have hundreds of people with commits working on software development projects. It is essential to track these commits customarily done in branches in most projects before being merged into the master for release. It is easy to review and track down any incorrect commits and revert, leading to a much easier development if anything goes wrong. # ⚓ My_experience_installing_Libero_SoC_in_Ubuntu_and_Windows 10_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛ A few weeks ago, I received Microchip PolarFire SoC FPGA Icicle Kit with FPGA fabric and hard RISC- V cores capable of handling Linux. I wrote “Getting Started with Yocto Linux BSP” tutorial for the board, and I had initially titled the current post “Getting Started with FPGA development using Libero SoC and Polarfire FPGA SoC”. I assumed I would write one or two paragraphs about the installation process, and then show how to work with Libero SoC Design Suite to create an FPGA bitstream. But instead, I spent countless hours trying to install the development tools. So I’ll report my experience to let readers avoid some of the pitfalls, and hopefully save time. # ⚓ How_To_Install_LAMP_(Apache,_MySQL,_PHP)_on_Debian_11⠀⇛ LAMP is one of the most widely used software stacks on servers because it allows us to get a working web server up and running quickly. So, in this post, you will learn how to use LAMP on Debian as well as a description of its main components. o § Wine or Emulation⠀➾ # ⚓ Wine_6.20_rolls_out_continuing_the_PE_module_conversion⠀⇛ Just before the weekend landed the Wine team released Wine 6.20 as the latest development version with all the latest code. This is the compatibility layer that allows you to run games and applications developed for Windows – on Linux. Part of what makes up Steam Play Proton. Once a year or so, a new stable release is made. o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ Iron_Gate_tease_the_upcoming_Mistlands_update_for_Valheim, plus_updates_for_Mountains_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ With the Hearth & Home update now behind them, Iron Gate are focusing on the next major biome update for Valheim with the Mistlands and some smaller updates too. Hearth & Home took quite some time to be released since they’re still quite a small team, although it was received positively once it was out as it added plenty to build and the combat was nicely overhauled to be a lot more dynamic. # ⚓ 5.8%_sales_and_over_38%_of_bug_reports_from_Linux_said_one dev_but_it’s_been_helpful⠀⇛ According to Kodera Software, developer of the space sim ΔV: Rings of Saturn, quite a lot of bug reports come from Linux users considering the smaller share but that’s not actually a bad thing. If you’re interested be sure to check out our previous interview with the developer. Speaking in a Reddit post, creator Mariusz Chwalba mentions how a “disproportionally” large amount of bug reports for their game were being made by Linux users. After actually investigating it, the outcome was a bit of a surprise and not what might be expected. Instead of it being a case of low sales and high support needs, it’s somewhat the opposite. For a game that’s now sold over 12,000 units only 700 were from Linux so that’s about 5.8% of sales. Out of 1,040 bug reports it seems that about 400 of those were made by Linux users. So on face value, that it’s pretty high as Chwalba says “That’s one report per 11.5 users on average, and one report per 1.75 Linux players. That’s right, an average Linux player will get you 650% more bug reports”. # ⚓ This_Game_Developer_Loves_the_Linux_Community_for_an Unusual_Reason⠀⇛ The Linux community, in general, is one of the most active and helpful communities out there. And, a significant chunk of that can also be toxic or aggressive to newbies or someone who tries to break traditions. However, a game developer seems to be appreciating the Linux community for complaining too much… o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾ # ⚓ Spellchecking_with_QML⠀⇛ QML is a nice technology but it sometimes feels that some parts of KDE Frameworks aren’t neatly integrated with it. For example, until recently KNotification didn’t have QML bindings, which was the same for KSyntaxHighlighting. Thankfully Volker Krause took care of both. Another part of the often-used KDE Frameworks but had missing QML bindings was Sonnet. Sonnet is a very nice KDE framework powering KDE text areas with spell checking. The good news, Sonnet will, in the next KF5 release, supports QML apps too! o § Distributions⠀➾ # ⚓ File_Searching_on_deepin_OS⠀⇛ This tutorial explains how user can search for files and folders on a deepin OS computer. deepin OS, formerly Hiweed, is a Chinese computer operating system first launched in 2004 and comes with its own user interface that is beautifully unique called DDE. This involves File Manager, the file manager of deepin OS, and in this article we use the OS version 20 and the program version 5.2. Let’s start. On deepin OS, your file manager’s name is File Manager. # ⚓ Getting_to_know_Fuchsia,_Google’s_open-source_operating system⠀⇛ Fuchsia is not a Linux-based OS. This means Fuchsia doesn’t use Linux as its . Instead, it uses a new kernel (specifically, a ) called . Generally, microkernels tend to follow the principle of minimality, but although Zircon applies many of the concepts popularized by microkernels, it does not strive to be minimal. Fuchsia’s microkernel architecture helps to reduce the amount of trusted code running in the system. Here’s a simple comparison between general OS kernel services and Zircon kernel services: [...] # § Reviews⠀➾ # ⚓ Review:_Ubuntu_21.10⠀⇛ Ubuntu 21.10 (code name Impish Indri) and its many variant flavors were released on October 14. This release is a non-Long Term Support release, meaning it will be supported for nine months. Like all new releases of Ubuntu, Ubuntu 21.10 comes with numerous updates and enhancements. The most notable of these changes are the customized GNOME 40 desktop and Firefox being a Snap instead of a Deb package. Both of these changes are explored in depth in this review. Installing Ubuntu 21.10 I began by downloading the 2.9GB ISO and copying it to a flash drive. Booting the computer from the flash drive resulted in an extremely familiar experience. Unfortunately, the new installer currently being worked on did not make it into this release, so Ubuntu 21.10 still provides the same installation experience as all the recent releases of Ubuntu. # ⚓ elementary_OS_6_–_A_Beautiful_OS_for_Open_Source Lovers⠀⇛ elementary OS is an open-source Ubuntu-based distro and one of the most awesome GNU/Linux distros ever that has gained a lot of traction over the years elementary OS is usually mentioned only in light of macOS and sometimes Windows, given that it features a beautiful and consistent UI which makes it an ideal replacement; it deserves to stand out more because its active community of developers has not only successfully delivered a unique distro, all of its apps are custom built and they are lovely! It’s excellent for both Linux beginners and pros which is evident in how artistically comprehensive their online documentation is. The team succeeded in keeping to the 3 core rules of their design philosophy which are: “concision”, “avoid configuration” and “minimal documentation”. I recently gave elementary OS 6 “Odin” a test drive and here are my thoughts. # ⚓ Distrowatch_Top_5_Distributions_review:_MX_Linux⠀⇛ I didn’t like the layout of the main panel being on the side, and I’m not a big fan of Xfce typically…but once I organized things a little more to my liking, I found MX Linux was a pleasure to use, responsive, fast, and had more tools than you can shake a stick at…So new users will likely not need to use the terminal for anything really, it’s all right there in nice custom-made GUI tools, however, power users may also find the simplicity of some of these tools quite handy too. Being based on Debian will also help to ensure that MX Linux stays rock solid stable, and there should rarely be crashes or broken packages. I would recommend MX Linux to anyone who cares more about stability than bleeding edge package updates, as well as people looking for a strong distribution that does not use Systemd. # § SUSE/OpenSUSE⠀➾ # ⚓ Innovating_Freely_with_Kubernetes⠀⇛ The opportunity and impetus to innovate have never been greater. Around the world, enterprises understand their future success will hinge on their ability to differentiate through digital innovation. As a result, technology leaders are now in a race to put differentiated applications into production, and deploy them in hybrid and multi-cloud environments. In this recent article, I discussed the factors organisations need to consider in building a robust hybrid and multi-cloud strategy. In another article, we looked at how Kubernetes fosters innovation across hybrid, multi-cloud and edge environments and the capabilities a Kubernetes platform needs to have to address the requirements of both development and operations teams. Now let’s talk about how organisations can innovate freely with Kubernetes. Kubernetes has quickly become a foundational technology because it is able to abstract the complexity surrounding hybrid and multi-cloud environments and enables digital innovation. # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾ # ⚓ Looking_ahead_to_Fedora_Linux_35⠀⇛ As Fedora gears up for the new release of Fedora Linux 35, let’s take a moment to learn about how Fedora assembles each new distribution and what to expect in the upcoming Fedora Linux 35 release. Thanks to Ben for responding to this interview. We previously interviewed Ben as part of “How do you Fedora?” in 2020. Fedora Linux releases every six months — at the end of April and October. Development begins when the previous release branches from Rawhide, which is our rolling development branch. Fedora Linux 35 branched on 10 August, so at that point anything that lands in Rawhide will be for Fedora Linux 36. # ⚓ Celebrating_our_brand,_people_and_culture_during_We Are_Red_Hat_Week [Ed: Between the lines one can read that yet another executive quit Red Hat; I've lost count of them and no doubt IBM is quickly destroying Red Hat, driving away if not laying off key workers; those who can, already leave or job-hunt because IBM is a dying company. DeLisa Alexander left the firm this year, not long after the IBM takeover and 20 years after joining. I think it’s a big deal when your “Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer” leaves way before retirement age and months before Jim AllowHurst leaves too. What do they know?]⠀⇛ When I joined as chief people officer in April of this year, I had a feeling that Red Hat was going to be the right place for me because of the culture and our values. The last seven months have proven that intuition correct. Red Hatters not only welcomed me, but they embraced me and my ideas, despite coming from outside the company, and I’ve had incredible opportunities to see our open culture in action. We talk about culture a lot. It’s become a bit of a buzz word around the industry, but too often it refers to casual dress codes, free candy and ping pong tables. But culture is so much more than that. At Red Hat, it’s about how we work, how we treat each other, how we develop ideas, and having a shared passion and purpose. That’s what makes Red Hat unique. (We do have plenty of fun too!) o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ 11_Best_New_Android_TV_12_Features_You_Should_Know About_|_Beebom⠀⇛ # ⚓ 7_essential_Android_12_features_to_tap_on_day_one_| Popular_Science⠀⇛ # ⚓ Android_12_Custom_ROM_List:_Unofficially_update_your Android_smartphone!⠀⇛ # ⚓ Android_12:_Five_notable_features_coming_to_your smartphone_|_Technology_News,The_Indian_Express⠀⇛ # ⚓ ASUS_ZenFone,_ROG_Phone_series_set_to_get_Android_12 OS_update_–_Android_Community⠀⇛ # ⚓ Android_12_smartphones_face_system_crashes,_battery drain_&_other_bugs_after_update_–_Gizchina.com⠀⇛ # ⚓ iQoo_reveals_Android_12_Beta_roll_out_timeline_for its_smartphones_in_India_–_Times_of_India⠀⇛ # ⚓ Redmi_Note_8/8T/8_Pro_Android_11_update:_Here’s_what we_know_so_far⠀⇛ # ⚓ Samsung_Galaxy_M52_review:_Bare_essentials_–_Android Authority⠀⇛ # ⚓ LG_Stylo_6_review:_The_stylus_phone_your_wallet_will love_–_Android_Authority⠀⇛ # ⚓ Review:_Asus_Chromebook_Detachable_CM3_—_a_fully functional_Android_tablet_and_Chromebook_in_one_» EFTM⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_turn_off_autocorrect_on_your_Android smartphone_or_tablet_|_Technology_News,The_Indian Express⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_Remove_Screen_Lock/FRP_Lock_On_Android_Phone⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_To_Install_Minecraft_Shaders_For_Android⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_Launches_Bug_Bounty_Program_for_Android Enterprise_–_Bestgamingpro⠀⇛ # ⚓ JioPhone_Next_to_have_Android-powered_Pragati_OS, long_battery_life⠀⇛ # ⚓ JioPhone_Next_to_feature_custom_Android_skin_called PragatiOS_|_Technology_News,The_Indian_Express⠀⇛ o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # § Web Browsers⠀➾ # § Mozilla⠀➾ # ⚓ Firefox_93.0_SFS_created⠀⇛ I have created Firefox version 93.0 SFS for EasyOS 3.x. If you are running EasyOS 3.x, click on “sfsget” icon on the desktop, and you can download and install the Firefox SFS. # § SaaS/Back End/Databases⠀➾ # ⚓ pg_statement_rollback_v1.3_released⠀⇛ pg_statement_rollback is a PostgreSQL extension to add server side transaction with rollback at statement level like in Oracle or DB2. Release v1.3 of pg_statement_rollback was released. This is a maintenance release to add support to PostgreSQL 14. See ChangeLog for a complete list of changes. # ⚓ PostgreSQL_Weekly_News_–_October_24,_2021⠀⇛ * § Leftovers⠀➾ o § Science⠀➾ # ⚓ Twitter_suspends_GOP_Rep._Banks_for_misgendering_trans health_official⠀⇛ Banks stood by his decision to issue the tweet. In a statement issued through Twitter on Saturday from his personal account, he said, “My tweet was a statement of fact. Big Tech doesn’t have to agree with me, but they shouldn’t be able to cancel me. If they silence me, they will silence you.” o § Education⠀➾ # ⚓ Opinion_|_Don’t_Mistake_School_Board_Protests_for_a Grassroots_Campaign⠀⇛ School board meetings have been in the news lately, with parents and community members taking aim at board members and the policies they’re trying to implement. # ⚓ “The_Liberty_Way”:_How_Liberty_University_Discourages_and Dismisses_Students’_Reports_of_Sexual_Assaults⠀⇛ When Elizabeth Axley first told Liberty University officials she had been raped, she was confident they’d do the right thing. After all, the evangelical Christian school invoked scripture to encourage students to report abuse. “Speak up for those who can’t speak for themselves, for the rights of all who need an advocate. —Proverbs 31:8.” It was quoted in large type across an information sheet from the school’s office tasked with handling discrimination and abuse. # ⚓ Using_ICT_to_improve_learning_outcomes_in_India’s_schools⠀⇛ A computer-aided instruction programme in Gujarat replaced some time spent on the normal lessons taught at school. A 2008 study showed that this lead to lower scores, showing that simply using computers can be harmful to learning. In contrast, progammes allowing students to read grade-level content at their own pace have a moderate positive impact. Similarly, in Peru, the “One Laptop per Child” programme increased the ratio of computers to students in schools, but was shown to have no impact of test scores in maths and language subjects. On the other hand, applications that deliver personalised content depending on the student’s learning level might provide much higher outcomes. Technology, if used effectively, has the potential to greatly improve the quality of education for millions of students in the country. # ⚓ Scholars_criticise_one-sided_favourable_portrayal_of_Islam in_Austrian_schoolbooks⠀⇛ Specifically, the experts criticise the portrayal of historical events. For example, the Crusades are portrayed very negatively in the books, and the reconquest of Mecca by the Prophet Mohammed as a purely peaceful act. “In addition, the teachings of Islam are sometimes misrepresented,” the expert emphasises. She is also critical of the portrayal of the headscarf. For example, one textbook says that many Muslim girls and women wear a headscarf for religious reasons, which is why they are “mobbed by some people”. This is not wrong in principle, but it is one-sided: “The reality is that girls without headscarves are also bullied in Austrian schools. o § Hardware⠀➾ # ⚓ Is_A_Diode_A_Switch?_|_Hackaday⠀⇛ Many hardware people around these parts will be familiar with devices used as switches, using at least three-terminals to effect this, an input, an output and a gate. Typical devices that spring to mind are bipolar transistors, triacs and and ye olde triode valve. Can you use a diode to switch a signal even if it has only two terminals? Of course you can, and it’s a tried and trusted technique very common in test equipment and circuits that handle RF signals. (Video, embedded below.) o § Health/Nutrition⠀➾ # ⚓ Is_internet_addiction_a_growing_problem?⠀⇛ Mr Adair, a 32-year-old Canadian, has gone on to become the founder of Game Quitters, an online support group for people struggling with gaming addiction. It now has more than 75,000 members around the globe. # ⚓ ‘It’s_Not_Coming_Out’:_Bernie_Sanders_Stands_Firm_on Medicare_Expansion⠀⇛ “It is inconceivable and unconscionable to me that there is any risk for a paid leave being on the chopping block… The fact that something this administration has run on and Congress has championed would not be a priority to me is unbelievable.” # ⚓ FDA_Approves_Another_Interchangeable_Biosimilar_Drug⠀⇛ On October 15th, the Food and Drug Administration approved its second interchangeable biosimilar drug. That drug is Cyltezo (adalimumab-adbm), produced by Boehringer Ingelheim, which obtained biosimilar approval on August 25, 2017. In this recent approval, the FDA determined that Cyltezo is interchangeable with AbbVie’s Humira (adalimumab), its reference product. Cyltezo is the first monoclonal antibody biosimilar to be deemed an interchangeable biosimilar drug product. o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # § Security⠀➾ # ⚓ Josh_Bressers:_Episode_294_–_Chris_Wysopal_on the_state_of_security_education⠀⇛ Josh and Kurt talk to Chris Wysopal, AKA Weld Pond, about security education. We talk about the current state of how we are learning about security as students and developers. What the best way to get developers interested in learning more about security? We end the show with fantastic advice from Chris for anyone new to the field of technology or security. # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ Facebook_whistleblower:_shareholders would_oust_Zuckerberg_if_they_could⠀⇛ Haugen’s comments come as Facebook continues to find itself roiled in a myriad of issues after an initial series launched by the Wall Street Journal, which included leaked documents from the former Facebook product manager, indicated that the social media platform knew Instagram was harmful to some of its younger uses, did not take steps to address COVID-19 misinformation and was not doing enough to address cartels and traffickers using the platform. o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ On_U.S._Intelligence’s_Wiki,_Anxiety_About_Legal_Challenges To_Drone_Strikes⠀⇛ Pervading the document is an alarm at “growing international opposition” to the lethal operations, “in particular by civil rights activists, the United Nations Human Rights Council, and several international law professors.” Considering the power disparity between such entities and the CIA, NSA and Director of National Intelligence, it is a curious focus. The anonymous analyst or analysts who compiled the entry predict: “Those opposing targeted killing are increasing their organization and activities. If timing is more than coincidental, activists may coordinate their opposition efforts.” The Office of The Director of National Intelligence did not respond to two requests for comment. FOREVER WARS is publishing the document in full, minus some excisions for caution that do not affect the document’s narrative. # ⚓ The_baleful_consequences_of_failing_to_deal_with_Islamist extremism⠀⇛ Although the police are treating this as an Islamist terror attack, virtually all the anguished public debate since the murder has been instead about the culture of incivility on social media and the resulting threats to MPs from violent people of every stripe. Islamic extremism has been all but ignored. This surreal reaction reflects a perverse development in British political culture. This is an exaggeration of the risk from far-right terrorism while the much greater threat from Islamist terrorism, which accounts for more than 90 percent of the 43,000 suspects on MI5’s watch list and the overwhelming majority of recent terror convictions, has been underplayed. # ⚓ 75_years_of_Noakhali_Hindu_genocide;_thousands_killed_and raped,_lakhs_forcibly_converted⠀⇛ The ultimate goal of the Noakhali genocide was to transform Bengal into Dar-ul-Islam, an ‘Abode of Islam’. The police did nothing to end the blood bath, instead the Muslim Police Superintendent allegedly joined forces with the rioters. Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru remained indifferent to this mass slaughter; Gandhi’s sermons of non-violence remained ineffective against Islamic barbarism. Contrary to the popular narrative, his intervention did not bring an end to the violence. By April 1947, he was helplessly asking the remaining Hindus to leave or die. # ⚓ Why_Hindus_must_remember_Noakhali_genocide_after_75_years and_learn_lessons_from_it⠀⇛ In Bangladesh (former East Pakistan), in which Noakhali exists like a charred dot, Hindu population has dwindled from 28 percent in the 1940s to about 8 percent now. Hindus have faced waves of Islamist genocidal purge — another massive one during 1971 Liberation, for instance — and even today are subjected to murders, rape, conversion, temple destruction and wanton land grab in Bangladesh and Pakistan. When the Taliban was taking over Afghanistan earlier this year, there were just 50 Hindus and 650 Sikhs left. Almost all of them have left since, foregoing a land once entirely inhabited by Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists. In Kashmir, Hindus and Sikhs are again facing ethnic cleansing by Islamist terrorists, with a spate of community-targeted killings lately. # ⚓ The_Cries_Of_Hindus_Of_Bangladesh⠀⇛ “This isn’t the first time that minorities in Bangladesh have come under attack,” Amnesty International’s South Asia campaigner, Saad Hammadi. “Targeting religious sensitivities to stoke communal tension is one of the worst forms of human rights violation.” Hindus of Bengal had witnessed the infamous 1946 Noakhali Riot and Kolkata Killings as a prelude to the bloody partition. In 1964 a sectarian violence erupted in Bangladesh on the alleged theft of hair of Muslim’s most revered prophet Muhammad in Kashmir, India. Of course, the genocidal campaign in 1971 by Pakistan military forces, the second such genocide after the Second World War after that of the Nazis in Germany, also had targeted the Hindus to exterminate them from East Bengal. o § Environment⠀➾ # ⚓ Corporations_Claiming_to_Be_Pro-Climate_Have_Donated_to Sinema_and_Manchin⠀⇛ # ⚓ Opinion_|_How_Manchin_Just_Positioned_China_to_Dominate Green_Energy_in_the_21st_Century⠀⇛ Coal baron Sen. Joe Manchin of West Virginia has succeeded in blocking the part of President Biden’s Build Back Better bill that would have moved the U.S. electricity grid quickly to green energy. # ⚓ Life_and_Death_on_the_Fire_Planet⠀⇛ Humans have a long and intimate relationship with fire; so intimate, it’s there in our genetic code, or rather cookery is. Because of this deep relationship spanning hundreds of thousands of years, one professor of biology and society, who has devoted years to the study of human fire, Stephen Pyne, believes we should rename the entire Holocene the Anthropocene, and its most recent, industrial phase, the Pyrocene. # ⚓ To_Build_a_Beautiful_World,_You_First_Have_to_Imagine_It⠀⇛ # § Energy⠀➾ # ⚓ Opinion_|_Water_Protectors_Show_That_‘Another_World Is_Possible’—Through_Resistance_and_Care⠀⇛ A medic walked around the circle of 50 people occupying the lobby of the Department of the Interior, squirting water into our eager mouths before the police hauled us away. At the time, I had no idea that I wouldn’t be released until midnight, 12.5 hours after the action began. I just knew it was smart to stay hydrated, so I accepted every squirt of water offered, grateful for the care our Indigenous-led group was showing each other in circumstances designed to dehumanize us. # § Overpopulation⠀➾ # ⚓ The_horror_story_of_urban_water_wars⠀⇛ South Asia, on the whole, is perceived as water rich with great civilisations thriving besides its river basins. Yet, the case of present-day Chennai stands as a glaring example of how a high-growth urban centre’s economy can be stranded in the face of resource crisis. The case of Chennai should not be taken as an aberration. Things are generally getting bad for the developing world that is encountering high rates of urbanisation. o § Finance⠀➾ # ⚓ New_York_Taxi_Workers_Stage_Hunger_Strike_to_Demand Medallion_Debt_Relief⠀⇛ “To see drivers get past the suicides and the bankruptcies and all the heart attacks and the strokes and the utter level of despair and depression, to now being on the streets, refusing to leave until justice is won… It’s workers taking back control over their lives.” # ⚓ Opinion_|_Public_Transit,_Built_Back_Better⠀⇛ If you follow the news about President Biden’s Build Back Better agenda, you might have heard a lot about its 10-year price tag. But you probably haven’t heard much about what it would actually do. # ⚓ Opinion_|_Welcome_to_the_Emergency_Room._A_Wall_Street Honcho_Will_Decide_Your_Treatment.⠀⇛ The emergency room. You go there for help when you’re really in trouble or have no place else to turn. But who decides what happens to you there? If you think the answer is “doctors,” think again. Large corporations are increasingly taking over these centers of life and death, and they are focused far less on your health than squeezing as much profit from your situation as possible. # ⚓ Buffalo_Health_Care_Workers_Are_on_Strike_for_Better_Wages and_Patient_Safety⠀⇛ # ⚓ China’s_Winding_Road_Toward_Capitalism⠀⇛ What can be agreed upon is that China has experienced decades of extraordinary economic growth. But the nature of that growth, and the base upon which it has been created, are also subject to intense debate, arguments that necessarily rest on how a debater classifies the Chinese economy. An additional debate is whether China’s growth is replicable or is the product of particular conditions that can’t be duplicated elsewhere. And what should be at the forefront of any debate is how China’s working people, in the cities and in the countryside, fare under a tightly controlled system that promises to bring about a “moderately prosperous society.” To read this article, log in here or Subscribe here. In order to read CP+ articles, your web browser must be set to accept cookies. o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾ # ⚓ Journalists_Misread_Delayed_Poll_as_Sticker_Shock_on_Biden Bill⠀⇛ Last week, a Gallup poll reported that Americans had reverted to a long-time pattern of preferring fewer, rather than more, government efforts to deal with the nation’s problems. Many in the media misinterpreted the poll to mean the public has soured on President Joe Biden’s Build Back Better bill—in part because of the timing of the poll, and in part because they didn’t recognize a peculiar characteristic of public opinion. # ⚓ Opponents_of_Voting_Rights_Compete_in_GOP_Primary_for Arizona_Secretary_of_State⠀⇛ o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾ # ⚓ [Old] What_Is_Really_Happening_to_Turkish_Media?⠀⇛ The crackdown on Turkey’s media freedom has become notorious across the globe. Yet the exact mechanisms behind this problem, and the political purposes they serve, are not always apparent. This essay offers a snapshot of what is happening to the Turkish media and what it means for the future of Turkish democracy. Here are the basics: Over the past 10 years, dozens of Turkish journalists have been jailed for months or sometimes years. Meanwhile, hundreds of others have been pushed out of their jobs for reasons other than the normal dynamics of journalism. And despite their diverse ideological backgrounds, all of these unlucky journalists had one simple common trait: They were critical of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his political movement led by the incumbent Justice and Development Party, or AKP. The mechanisms behind this crackdown operate on both the legal level and the political-economic level. o § Freedom of Information/Freedom of the Press⠀➾ # ⚓ UK_High_Court_Should_Deny_Extradition_Because_CIA_Planned to_Assassinate_Assange⠀⇛ # ⚓ Press_freedom_bodies_call_for_Assange_charges_to_be dropped⠀⇛ A group of more than 25 press freedom, civil liberties and international human rights advocacy organisations issued a statement in mid-October, calling for the charges against Assange to be dropped. # ⚓ US_to_begin_UK_appeal_against_Assange_extradition_block⠀⇛ The United States government will on Wednesday begin an appeal to extradite WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange to face trial for publishing military secrets, after a British judge blocked a request earlier this year. o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ On_the_Fascist_Stench_That_Hangs_Over_this_Still-Trumped Land⠀⇛ # ⚓ Looking_to_Get_Cops_Off_Your_Campus?_Start_Here.⠀⇛ # ⚓ The_Right_to_Vote_Should_Be_Available_to_Everyone_— Including_Prisoners_Like_Me⠀⇛ # ⚓ Tibetan_language_learning_eroded_under_China’s_‘bilingual education’:_rights_group⠀⇛ In practice, this policy means Chinese is the main medium of instruction, with only one class dedicated to Tibetan, the rights group said, adding that the next generations’ fluency in Tibetan was at risk. # ⚓ China_Steps_Up_Assimilation_of_Ethnic_Minorities_by_Banning Languages_in_Schools⠀⇛ The Diplomat reported in April 2020 that Beijing was using the social monitoring developed to contain the pandemic to increase surveillance in Tibet. Just over a year later, the Wall Street Journal reported in July that Beijing was increasing surveillance and restrictions for the 6.3 million Tibetans in China. The traditional artworks in school were all replaced by portraits of Xi Jinping. German anthropologist Adrian Zenz is the author of “Tibetanness” Under Threat?, a study of the modern Tibetan education system. According to his research, as of 2015, all Tibetan schools had stopped recruiting teachers who teach in the Tibetan language. After collecting job advertisements by the local government for more than 10 years, Zenz concluded that Mandarin Chinese, not Tibetan, is the primary instructional language in Tibet. Official Chinese media has disputed his work and called Zenz “a swindler in academic disguise.” # ⚓ Muezzin_call_in_Cologne,_Germany_–_theatre_director_demands permission_also_for_anti-Islamic_confessional_call⠀⇛ On October 15, 2021, the well-known Cologne artist, moderator and blogger Gerd Burrmann then posed the following question to the municipality of Cologne regarding religious freedom: “Herewith I ask for clarification of the question, during which time of the week I may let the following call resound loudly via electronic amplification across the streets and over the roofs of Cologne: [...] # ⚓ EU_Parliament_tries_to_force_commission_to_act_on_Poland⠀⇛ The European Parliament said Wednesday it’s preparing legal action against the EU’s executive arm for failing to use its big guns following a Polish court decision that challenged the 27-nation bloc’s legal order. A Parliament statement said its president, David Sassoli, has asked legal services to prepare a lawsuit against the European Commission for its failure to apply a mechanism designed to protect the rule of law through cutting funds to member states. The statement did not mention a specific country that could be targeted by the mechanism, known as the conditionality regulation. But it was published a day after EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen clashed with Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki over the rule of law in a debate with MEPs. Poland joined the EU in 2004. o § Digital Restrictions (DRM)⠀➾ # ⚓ A_Submission_to_the_Productivity_Commission_Inquiry_on_the Right_to_Repair⠀⇛ Executive Summary: The Productivity Commission is to be congratulated for producing a comprehensive discussion paper on the complex and tangled topic of the right to repair. Taking an interdisciplinary, holistic approach to the issue, the Productivity Commission shows a strong understanding that the topic of the right to repair is a multifaceted policy issue. Its draft report covers the fields of consumer law, competition policy, intellectual property, product stewardship, and environmental law. The Productivity Commission displays a great comparative awareness of developments in other jurisdictions in respect of the right to repair. The policy body is also sensitive to the international dimensions of the right to repair – particularly in light of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The Productivity Commission puts forward a compelling package of recommendations, which will be useful in achieving law reform in respect of the right to repair in Australia. o § Monopolies⠀➾ # ⚓ Philips_Loses_First_Round_in_Battle_Over_Anti-Piracy_Tech [Ed: 'Mike' Bloomberg has hired enough litigation maximalists to mislead the public; Decker, a big patent booster, needs to look up in a dictionary the definition of "piracy"; it might even shock her what utter nonsense she typed to protect the oligarchs who pay her salary]⠀⇛ Philips lost a key ruling in its push for licenses to its anti-piracy technology after a U.S. trade judge said the company hadn’t met its burden to prove a violation of trade law by companies including Lenovo, Dell and Hisense. # ⚓ Beijing_IP_Court_issues_fines_over_fake_evidence⠀⇛ On 10 September, the Beijing IP Court released six typical cases where it punished the relevant litigant participants and cancelled six trade marks for fake evidence in lawsuits against non-use cancellation appeal decisions. Haiyu Li and Tingxi Huo of the MARQUES China Team summarise and review the cases. Case 1: Fabricating test reports and advertisement registration certificates, etc (Jingzhixingchu 2015-1165) In the non-use cancellation case relating to the trade mark JIAJIA and its Chinese characters and Device, No 1486278, the third parties with surnames Li and Bai submitted test reports and business licences, but the trade marks in the copy and the original were inconsistent. The third parties also submitted advertisement registration certificates in notarized form to prove that the copy was consistent with the original. However, the dates on the certificate were inconsistent and 29 February 2013 was not a date at all. The goods descriptions on the copy and original invoices were inconsistent, too. # ⚓ Peru_on_Collective_Marks:_aiming_to_create_a_link_among communities⠀⇛ Searching on the Peruvian Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Propiedad Intellectual (Indecopi) webpage, I noticed that one of the most popular events and campaigns have been on ‘collective marks’. I was curious indeed, and perhaps to learn more on the trend I clicked on the news – to my surprise I became overwhelm by the great job that the IP office is doing. As a starting point, they have friendly videos covering what a collective mark is, and how they can be an instrument of economic value but crucial to my later discussion, associations. Then, it is good to see that since December 2020, Indecopi eliminated the fees for the registration of collective marks. A report published by Indecopi shows how the registration of this type of marks has blossomed. For instance in the 90s and until 2017 there were 236 marks, while during 2017 and 2019 there were 4,442 registrations. The report also notes how women are leading on this type of projects especially in the artisanal sector. [here and here] A remark that I could not miss was to see collective marks for traditional handicrafts and thus, promoting cultural identity and the diversity of national flora and fauna. # ⚓ Collective_Marks_–_a_follow_up⠀⇛ In Argentina, since 2008, the Collective Trademark Act (Law 26.355) provides that the registration of collective trademarks is free of charge before the Argentinian Instituto Nacional de la Propiedad Intellectual INPI (art. 14). In addition, it provides that oppositions against these trademarks pay double the tariff provided for common commercial trademarks (art. 10). Aside, the Act contains an advanced provision for its time: it provides for the possibility of filling a collective mark through the multi-class system. This is because it was not until the 29th March 2019, that the Argentinian Government issued Decree No. 242/19 regulating provisions of the amended Trademark Law opened the possibly to file “multi-class” trademark applications in Argentina. In accordance to the Act, collective marks are defined as those signs that distinguish products and/or services made or provided by associative forms aimed at the development of the social economy. (art. 1) In addition, the Law’s Regulatory Decree (Decree 1384/2008), provides that collective marks are applied to indications of cultural, ethnic, historical, anthropological origin and any other that serves for the better differentiation of products and services. (art. 1) # § Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ Recent_Papers_on_FRAND_Issues_and_Dispute Resolution⠀⇛ Kung-Chung Liu has published a short paper titled Arbitration by SSOs as a Preferred Solution for Solving the FRAND Licensing of SEPs?, 52 IIC 673-76 (2021). The author argues that the competition agencies of the U.S., E.U., Taiwan, South Korea, and the People’s Republic of China should “form a consortium to oversee the self-regulation of SSOs, including [an] arbitration service, in a way that best addresses the three drawbacks” the author perceives to be “associated with traditional arbitration.” For Lord Justice Richard Arnold’s proposal for mandatory arbitration of SSO disputes, see here. # ⚓ Sony_Patent_Lets_Viewers_Vote_And_Pay_To_Boot_Players From_Games [Ed: Very utterly dumb headline; the patent doesn't allow anything; au contraire -- it restricts people doing so]⠀⇛ # ⚓ Apple_files_patent_request_for_drone_(networking) tech⠀⇛ The diversity and depth of Apple products at times suggests there’s no limit to what kind of tech the company can produce, or what new activities it might decide to get involved with. Now, a new patent filing raises the question of whether Apple is contemplating a launch into the drone sector – albeit a defined and contained part of it. # ⚓ Fintel_Announces_Issuance_of_Second_U.S._Patent, Strengthening_the_Company’s_Intellectual_Property Position_in_USA_PATRIOT_Act_Section_314(b)_Information Sharing_Technologies⠀⇛ Fintel Technologies, Inc., announced today that the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) had issued it a second patent related to its innovative technology enabling financial institutions to engage in cross- institutional communication and collaboration regarding terrorist financing, money laundering, cyber-crime, and financial fraud. The USPTO has issued U.S. Patent No. 11,025,630 entitled, “System, method and computer-readable medium for utilizing a shared computer system.” The patent is directed to systems and methods for financial institutions to securely engage in information sharing under the provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act Section 314(b). # ⚓ The_IPKat_team:_arrivals,_farewells,_and_news [Ed: Another exodus announced today]]⠀⇛ The IPKat says goodbye to GuestKats Alex Woolgar, Thomas Key, Léon Dijkman and Peter Ling, as well as InternKat Magdaleen Jooste, who continued to contribute to the blog for the past several months. # ⚓ Amicus_Brief_of_Public_Interest_Patent_Law_Institute in_Silbersher_v._Allergan⠀⇛ When companies make false statements to obtain patents that unduly inflate drug prices, it is critical that members of the public be able to recover the excessive charges the government and taxpayers bear. Shielding unlawfully gained monopoly profits from the False Claims Act will exacerbate a pernicious incentive structure, tempting patent applicants to disregard their duty of candor and good faith. Even if patents obtained through false statements are later invalidated, their owners earn billions of dollars by foreclosing competition while multi-year invalidity battles take place. Meanwhile, the public bears the costs of monopoly prices, restricted access to medicine, and diminished patent quality. # ⚓ Patent_Law’s_Externality_Asymmetry⠀⇛ Technologies such as social media, autonomous vehicles, and “big data” analytics generate enormous benefits for society, but they also create substantial harms. Social media networks spread misinformation, autonomous vehicles threaten driving jobs, and predictive policing based on big data can lead to unreasonable searches and seizures. One of the most significant ways that technology impacts society is by producing externalities—external benefits and costs that a decisionmaker (such as an inventor) imposes on third parties without charge or compensation. Externalities can cause inefficient resource allocation, and the classic remedy is to “internalize” such externalities by holding decisionmakers more accountable for the benefits and costs of their actions. Patents, which confer exclusive rights on new inventions, enable inventors to internalize a share of positive externalities from technology, thus maintaining incentives to invent. However, inventions also produce harms, and how patents treat negative externalities from new technologies has been largely overlooked. This Article is the first to extensively examine this issue. It argues that while patents internalize positive externalities associated with innovation, they do surprisingly little to internalize negative externalities. This Article refers to this underappreciated dynamic as patent law’s externality asymmetry. Patent law’s externality asymmetry is particularly striking when comparing patents to physical property rights. Foundational economic theory holds that property rights (including patents) emerge to internalize externalities. However, physical property rights internalize negative externalities in several ways that are inapplicable to patents. Patents do not internalize negative externalities associated with the tragedy of the commons, and they encourage rapid exploitation of technologies rather than their judicious use. Due to high transaction costs, patents do not facilitate efficiency- maximizing negotiations between patentees and people harmed by their inventions. Finally, patents create no duties for inventors to mitigate harms from their patented technologies. Turning to normative considerations, this Article argues that patent law’s externality asymmetry is highly problematic because it undermines efficiency, distributive equity, and fairness. It proposes modest reforms to patent law and a more expansive approach to innovation law and policy to help correct these deficiencies. # ⚓ European_Patent_Office:_Cosmetics_and_detergents ‘innovating_most_intensely’_in_bioplastics [Ed: While EPO managers engage in unprecedented corruption, including multi-billion (euros) plunder, the media is being paid to relay this whitewashing and greenwashing distraction]⠀⇛ The cosmetic and detergent categories are innovating most intensely in bioplastic technologies worldwide, with Europe and the US leading the charge, finds a study from the European Patent Office (EPO). # ⚓ Court_of_Appeal_rejects_AI_inventor_argument [Ed: Trolling the courts is harder outside 'niche' countries; patents for bots are a laughable idea, but patent profiteers see it differently (profit opportunity)]⠀⇛ On 21 September 2021, the Court of Appeal handed down its much anticipated judgment in Thaler v Comptroller General of Patents Trade Marks and Designs [2021] EWCA Civ 1374 on whether an AI machine can qualify as an “inventor” for the purposes of the Patents Act 1977 (the Patents Act). Dr Thaler has pursued his case across a number of jurisdictions; that his AI machine, “DABUS”, can create patentable technology. He has been seeking to patent two inventions generated by the machine: a plastic food container based on fractal geometry and a flashing light (or “neural flame”) device to attract attention. The Court of Appeal found that only a person can qualify as an inventor. Consequently, as Dr Thaler accepts that the DABUS machine made the inventions in question, the Court of Appeal found that he is not entitled to apply for patents. # ⚓ Delhi_IP_division_rules_yet_to_allay_IPAB_abolition concerns_|_Managing_Intellectual_Property [Ed: The patent maximalists keep moaning about assessment of claims and due process; they're like the people who want to fire nukes before knowing the facts. And guess what; they're the ones manufacturing the nukes!]⠀⇛ Sources say the draft IP division rules introduce some major positives but the backlog of cases before the high court may impede dispute resolution # ⚓ Due_Process_Argument_Against_PTAB_Funding_Structure Fails [Ed: Those 'poor' rich patent litigation lawyers, moaning about patents which should never have been granted in the first place perishing in PTAB; and they attack the tribunal, i.e. the messenger]⠀⇛ Federal Circuit Gives Short Shrift to Bias Arguments A number of due process theories have been floated over the past few months as the “next big thing” in potential constitutional challenges to the PTAB. Some have been arguing that PTAB judges are financially incentivized to institute Others have pointed out that judges that institute AIA trials are biased in favor of cancelling claims given it is the very same judges on the back-end. Yesterday, the Federal Circuit shot down both theories. In Mobility WorkX, LLC v. Unified Patents, LLC (here), the Court reviewed whether PTAB judges have an interest in instituting AIA proceedings to generate fees to fund the agency and ensure future job stability, or to earn better individual performance reviews and bonuses. The Court also revisited the use of the same judges at institution and final decision — a question it previously adjudicated. # ⚓ Eyes_on_the_spies:_why_IP_raids_in_China_are_not_all they_seem [Ed: There's no such thing as "IP raids", but junior writers are trained to repeat utter lies like "IP" (they're paid by firms that use such terms to mislead and lie to clients)]⠀⇛ Counsel explain how investigators report fake seizure numbers and doctor reports, and why brand owners must see enforcement actions to conclusion # ⚓ FCBA_Remote_Program_on_Global_Developments_Related_to AI_and_UPC [Ed: Telling a_bunch_of_self-serving_lies about_UPC and clouding real debates and real issues with buzzwords like “Hey Hi”]⠀⇛ The panel will address breaking global developments related to Artificial Intelligence (Al), recent German patent law reforms, and the Unified Patent Court (UPC). # ⚓ Fujifilm_Faces_Renewed_Suit_for_Infringing_Mammogram Patent [Ed: These patents and lawsuits mean richer lawyers and more_women_with_fatal_cancer]⠀⇛ The intellectual property arm of the University of South Florida may proceed with its suit that a Fujifilm subsidiary infringed its patent on an interface for digital mammography, the Federal Circuit ruled. # ⚓ New_trend_in_restoring_lapsed_patent_rights_in_Italy [Ed: Well, patents are not rights]⠀⇛ On 8th April 2021, the Italian Patent and Trademark Office (IPTO) issued a decision on the reinstatement of patent rights… # ⚓ Plastics_and_patents:_EPO_stats_reveal_innovation impact [Ed: Managing IP is trying to remind us that it’s just a megaphone of criminals who took over the EPO; no critical coverage, just rewritten greenwashing press releases; does the EPO pay_them_to_do_this?]⠀⇛ Strong performance from EU and US highlights importance of strong patent protections in driving innovation, industry sources argue # ⚓ Black_lawyers:_say_yes_to_challenges_and_‘be_the first’ [Ed: Obscuring much-needed debates about the ethics of patent monopolies and morality of litigation etc. by shifting to race issues]⠀⇛ By Max Walters October 23 2021 As a young boy, Jason Raeburn enjoyed disassembling, coding and reconfiguring scrap computers and servers. It’s not the most traditional pastime for children, but Raeburn, a partner at international firm Baker McKenzie and a part- time judge at the England and Wales High Court, believes this is what kick-started his interest intellectual property. “That love of technology stuck with me and I eventually discovered that I could combine my various interests by practising in the field of IP,” he tells Managing IP. # ⚓ Broad_Files_Reply_to_ToolGen_Opposition_to_Broad’s Contingent_Preliminary_Motion_No._2 [Ed: Meanwhile, on issues of class warfare, Kevin E. Noonan carries on lobbying for patents on life and nature, motivated by his own greed rather than common sense or actual innovation]⠀⇛ On May 28th, Junior Party the Broad Institute, Harvard University and MIT (collectively, “Broad”) filed its Preliminary Motion No. 2 in CRISPR Interference No. 106,126 (where ToolGen is the Senior Party), contingent on the Board’s grant of Broad’s Substantive Preliminary Motion No. 1 to substitute (in part) a new Count No. 2 in place of Count 1 in the ’126 Interference as instituted (see “Broad Files Substantive Preliminary Motion No. 1 in CRISPR Interference”). In its Motion No. 2, Broad asked the Board to add their U.S. Application Nos. 15/160,710 (having allowable claims 1, 40, and 41) and 15/430,260 (allowable claims 74, 94, and 95) to the Interference and designate the allowable claims as corresponding to Proposed Count 2. In the alternative (i.e., should the Board deny Broad’s Substantive Preliminary Motion No. 1), Broad in its Motion No. 2 asked the Board to designate claim 1 of the ’710 application and claim 95 of the ’260 application as corresponding to current Count 1. On August 6th, ToolGen filed its Opposition to Broad’s Contingent Preliminary Motion No. 2, and on September 24th Broad filed its Reply. # ⚓ CVC_Files_Reply_to_ToolGen’s_Opposition_to_CVC’s Substantive_Preliminary_Motion_No._2⠀⇛ On May 20th, Junior Party the University of California, Berkeley; the University of Vienna; and Emmanuelle Charpentier (collectively, “CVC”) filed their Substantive Preliminary Motion No. 2 in Interference No. 106,127 (which names ToolGen as Senior Party), asking the Patent Trial and Appeal Board to deny ToolGen benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 16/717,324, filed October 23, 2012 (“P1″), pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §§ 41.121(a)(1)(ii) and 41.208(a)(3) and Standing Order ¶ 208.4.1. The significance of the Board granting this motion would be that CVC would be Senior Party, with all the presumptions benefiting from Senior Party status. On July 5th, ToolGen filed is Opposition to this Motion. On August 27th, CVC filed its Reply. In its Motion No. 2, CVC argued that the Board should deny ToolGen priority benefit to the ’324 application because this application does not disclose an operative embodiment falling within the scope of the interference Count, based on party admissions. Specifically, CVC argued that in the prosecution of the ’324 patent application leading to allowance (and declaration of this interference), ToolGen had argued to the Patent Examiner (and PTAB) that “a codon- optimized Cas9 nucleic acid is required for CRISPR-Cas9 to function in eukaryotic cells” and that “a skilled artisan would have no idea what the outcome may be if one were to codon optimize a Cas9 nucleic acid.” This position was consistent with the prokaryotic source of Cas9, and the Board and Examiner relied upon these arguments to find allowable claims in the ’324 application (now claims designated as corresponding to the Count in this interference) according to CVC. All such claims require use of a Cas9-encoding nucleic acid that is codon-optimized for expression in eukaryotic cells, and CVC asserted that ToolGen added this limitation to the claims to overcome anticipation and obviousness rejections based on the prior art. # ⚓ PharmAbcine_Announces_Patent_Grant_in_Australia_for Its_Anti-VISTA_Antibody⠀⇛ # ⚓ Mouse_Gene_Patent_Case_Flubs_Earn_Florida_Attorneys Reprimand [Ed: Who 'owns' the genes of mice? The mice? Nature? 'God'? Don't ask lawyers, they think they're gods]⠀⇛ Attorneys representing the University of South Florida in a patent suit over genetically modified mice were sanctioned after making what a Federal Claims court judge had called “egregious misstatements” in a court filing. # ⚓ Modified_Opinion_for_Hyatt_on_Purposeful_Submarining [Ed: Dennis Crouch, funded by patent litigation firms to perpetuate patent maximalists, cheering for charlatans who troll the Office]⠀⇛ Hyatt v. Hirshfeld, 9 F.4th 1372, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2021), opinion modified and superseded on reh’g, 2020-2321, 2021 WL 4737737 (Fed. Cir. Oct. 12, 2021) [New Opinion] Earlier this month, the Federal Circuit released a revised opinion in the most recent edition of Hyatt v. Hirshfeld. The opinion originally released in August 2021 denied the USPTO’s petition to recoup expert witness fees under the “all the expenses” provision of 35 U.S.C. 145. The original opinion called out Hyatt for “efforts to submarine his patent applications and receive lengthy patent terms.” Following that decision, Hyatt petitioned for rehearing, asking for removal of that language from the opinion. The PTO did not file a brief in opposition and the court released a modified opinion with the language removed. The redline below shows the change: # ⚓ Globus_Sues_a_Rival_for_Patent_Royalties_on_Spinal Implant_Tech [Ed: The lawyers will win, the general public already loses (higher costs)]⠀⇛ Globus Medical said closely held Life Spine’s ProLift line of expandable implants for spinal fusion surgeries infringes seven patents for the technology, used to help patients with spinal disorders live “pain free, active lives.” # ⚓ FOSS_Patents:_Nokia’s_patent_assertions_against_OPPO in_India,_Russia,_and_Indonesia_—_and_OPPO_countersuing in_China_(in_addition_to_Germany)⠀⇛ 5G standard-essential patent (SEP) litigation has already arrived in emerging markets, on top of the traditional venues for wireless SEP disputes. In fact, Nokia and OPPO are now embroiled in 5G patent litigation in three of the four BRIC countries (all but Brazil, and who knows when that might happen as well). I’ve discovered four OPPO v. Nokia counteractions in three German courts, and I’ve now learned from a major Chinese website that OPPO is also countersuing Nokia in China. That article notes that Nokia generates about 8% of its worldwide revenues in China, and attributes the outbreak of litigation to a disagreement on reasonable royalties, especially since OPPO executives have publicly stated their willingness to take license on FRAND terms. It also points out that most of the companies targeted by Nokia with patent assertions don’t countersue, but OPPO does have a very significant 5G patent portfolio of its own. # ⚓ UK_patent_attorneys_hopeful_over_proposed qualification_overhaul [Ed: Very appalling whitewash of the CIPA PEB scam; if you ask actual people victimised by this scam, it won’t be anything like this whitewash]⠀⇛ Sources say a long-awaited review into how patent attorneys qualify could streamline entry to the profession and align the exam with its European counterpart # ⚓ Qorvo_Sues_Rival_Akoustis_Over_Radio-Frequency Filters_Patents [Ed: And the loser? The general public. The winner? Lawyers.]⠀⇛ Qorvo said rival startup Akoustis built its portfolio of bulk-acoustic wave filters through infringing patents and “improperly” leveraging proprietary information “obtained by its systematic poaching of Qorvo’s employees.” # ⚓ Patent_injunctions_remain_the_norm_in_Germany,_judges from_Federal_Court_of_Justice_and_Karlsruhe_Higher Regional_Court_clarify [Ed: They ought not call it "Intellectual Property Law" as it is a misleading misnomer; in this case, it is only about patents, which are not property]⠀⇛ Today and tomorrow, the Munich-based Center for Intellectual Property Law, Information and Technology (CIPLITEC) is holding an online conference on the impact of this year’s German patent “reform” bill. [...] Judge Andreas Voss (“Voß” in German), the Presiding Judge of the Patent (and Antitrust) Senate of the Karlsruhe Higher Regional Court (which hears all patent infringement appeals from Mannheim), gave a presentation that I already interpreted as dashing hopes for major change. Shortly thereafter, University of Luxembourg law professor Martin Stierle asked him the key question of whether he believed that much was going to change. For example, to him the most logical interpretation of the term “under the special circumstances of a singular case” is that an injunction can be denied only under the most egregious of circumstances (which has been my perspective all along). Judge Voss really does not expect a departure from Germany’s near-automatic injunction regime. He is, however, concerned that defendants may seek to delay the resolution of infringement cases by attempting to “force” courts to take proportionality-related evidence. Just like I said on other occasions, Judge Voss noted that the statutory language does not suggest a wholesale denial of injunctions but normally the discussion is going to center on use-up/workaround periods. Judge Voss rightly noted that even though the statute says the claim for injunctive relief is “excluded,” the very next word (“soweit”) means “to the extent that…”. # ⚓ Another_Step_Closer_To_The_Unitary_Patent [Ed: This is nonsense because without_the_UK_the_UPC_is_going nowhere]⠀⇛ The EU “unitary patent” took a step closer to being established on 15 October when a further EU state ratified the preparatory protocol. The EU unitary patent is intended to be a single patent right having effect in the territory of the participating EU members, overseen by a new Unified Patent Court (UPC). # ⚓ Apple_Pay_Patent_Trial_Pushed_to_2022_After_Waco_Move Nixed [Ed: Texas has become notorious for its truly trashy patent 'courts' which don't operate like they care about the law, only money]⠀⇛ Trial in a West Texas patent suit between Apple Inc. and Fintiv Inc. has been pushed to 2022. Fintiv alleges the Apple Pay feature in iPhones and other devices infringes a patent related to contactless cards. A jury trial was previously scheduled to start Oct. 12 in the Waco division of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas. # ⚓ How_IP_prosecutors_can_win_medical_device_clients [Ed: Rani Mehta does not know what patents are so she calls them "IP" and issues a puff piece for her paymasters]⠀⇛ In-house counsel at five companies say patent prosecutors can impress them with creativity and good communication, even if they’re new to medical devices # § Software Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ Koss_Soars_After_Apple_Rebuffed_in_Patent Challenges⠀⇛ Koss Corp. jumped the most since June after the Patent Trial and Appeal Board declined to institute reviews of two of its patents challenged by Apple Inc. [...] NOTE: PTAB has instituted reviews of other Koss patents # ⚓ Grand_Theft_Auto,_NBA_2K15_Gaming_Patents_Win Upheld_on_Appeal⠀⇛ Take-Two Interactive Software Inc.’s Grand Theft Auto Online, NBA 2K15, and NBA 2K16 video games don’t infringe two patents on gaming networks, the Federal Circuit affirmed. # ⚓ SxanPro_secures_medical_device_patent [Ed: Typical case of software patents disguised as "medical"]⠀⇛ A Grand Rapids company is on the cutting edge of medical device technology that will allow users access to product information immediately. SxanPro, a small, woman-owned medtech business headquartered here, on Sept. 15 secured a patent for its mobile scanning technology of Unique Device Identification (UDI) barcodes on more than 3 million medical devices. # ⚓ Dynamic_IP_Deals_entity,_mCom_IP,_patent challenged⠀⇛ On October 15, 2021, Unified filed a petition for inter partes review (IPR) against U.S. Patent 8,862,508, owned and asserted by mCom IP, LLC, a Dynamic IP Deals entity. The ’508 patent is directed to using e-banking touchpoints to provide personalized financial services and has been asserted 24 times against various banks and financial services companies, including Wells Fargo, US Bank, PNC, IBM, and NCR Corp. # § Trademarks⠀➾ # ⚓ Not_a_Trademark_Case:_Edible_vs_Google_at_the_Georgia Supreme_Court [Ed: Why was it filed under "patents" when it's clearly a trademark case? Either way, the patent lobby lost a lot of ground in recent years, lost hope]⠀⇛ The trial and appellate courts both sided with Google, holding that keyword advertising is akin to permissible sponsored product placement in grocery stores. The Supreme Court is set to hear oral arguments in the case on November 10, 2021. Google argues that any decision in Edible’s favor would be contrary to federal trademark law and be in violation of the free speech provision of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Google may have cleaned-up its advertising in the lead-up to the Supreme Court arguments. My search on Oct 18, 2021 revealed no ads showing up for “Edible Arrangements” but one of the top hits is a rhetorical question from Google “Is Edible Arrangements overpriced?” # ⚓ How_to_understand_the_power_of_the_personal_name [Ed: How you think of names when you're a lawyer that thinks everything is "ownership"]⠀⇛ I asked Mrs. Kat earlier this week—”So, what is our schedule for this morning?” She replied, “First, Ilan, then Benny followed by Lior and after that, Momi.” For Kat readers who may not have understood, it being totally clear to this Kat, I will translate: “First the greengrocer, then the baker, after that the butcher, followed by the home supply store.” This exchange between Mrs. Kat and me has its roots deep in the way that homo sapiens have developed as a social, communicative animal. These dynamics still obtain, despite the telegraph, railroad, telephone, radio, automobile, airplane, and internet. Trademark law and practice may pay less attention, but it remains a potent means of commercial communication. “It”, being the power of the personal name. First, some wisdom from Yuval Noah Harari and his internationally acclaimed book, “Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind”. In Part I [Merpel says: "Read Part I; you will never look at the world in quite the same way."], Harari describes how gossip (exchanges of information) in small groups enabled the forging of interpersonal bonds millennia ago. Gossip was the communications glue that held people together without any formal structures, the key being exchanges based on intimate acquaintance. Small scale meant everything. # ⚓ Rise_of_the_self-filers?_EUTM_trends_show_lawyers still_relevant [Ed: The lawyers' propaganda mill worries about people applying directly for trademarks, without paying ridiculous fees to unhelpful suits]⠀⇛ There is a theory that EUTM self-filing is on the rise, but does the data reflect this and what does it mean for lawyers? # ⚓ ‘Mystique_remains’:_counsel_debate_China’s_IP friendliness [Ed: Yet another example where law firms' propaganda mills call trademarks "IP" to mislead and brainwash; trade marks are not property and there's nothing at all "intellectual" about them]⠀⇛ ‘Strange’ IP office decisions have left sources reassessing whether China’s commitment to brand owners is growing after all # ⚓ Why_European_Court_ruling_on_Super_Basmati_trademark is_unlikely_to_affect_India_–_The_Hindu_BusinessLine⠀⇛ Court of Justice upholds non-registered trademark given in 2017 A judgement by the Court of Justice of the European Union upholding the European Union (EU) registration of “Abresham Super Basmati Selaa Grade One World’s Best Rice” under the Union’s provisions for non-registered trademark in 2017 has led to claims by Pakistan trade that its geographical indication (GI) rights have been upheld. However, the claims are seen as a mere “pipe dream” by an expert in Basmati cultivation and its GI rights, since the trademark was obtained before the Indian Patent Office awarded the GI tag for Basmati rice growing in specific regions of the country. [...] The Court of Justice’s ruling came on an appeal filed against the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) judgement by UK-based Indo European Food Ltd, a wholly-owned subsidiary of India’s Kohinoor Foods Ltd that markets Basmati rice under three brands. # ⚓ Worldwide:_Unfair_Competition_In_The_Use_Of Intellectual_Property_Objects:_Problems_And_Ways_To Protect_A_Trademark [Ed: Trademarks are neither intellectual (usually mere words) nor property; these misleading and nonsensical pieces contribute to confusion and constitute terrible legal advice]⠀⇛ Intellectual property (IP) is one of the most valuable assets of any firm. However, in a world of widespread piracy and strong trends in the illegal use of intellectual property, the registration and protection of intellectual property is of strategic importance to reduce unfair competition. # ⚓ H&M_Prevails_in_Almost_25-Year-Long_Fight_With_Adidas Over_its_Striped_Workout_Wear⠀⇛ Following a nearly 25-year-long fight, H&M has landed the final win in the trademark lawsuit that adidas filed against it in the Netherlands back in 1997 in connection with its sale of blue, marigold, and rust-hued athletic wares emblazoned with two parallel vertical stripes on the sleeves of t-shirts and the sides of shorts and pants legs. On the heels of a win in January when the Hague Court of Appeal pointed to the differences between the two parties’ usages of stripes, and held that H&M did not infringe Adidas’ three-stripe logo by way of its two-stripe apparel, the Dutch Supreme Court dismissed adidas’s appeal and ordered it to pay the H&M’s costs in connection with the cassation proceedings. In its October 8 opinion, the Dutch Supreme Court shot down adidas’s bid to appeal the findings of the Hague Court of Appeal without elaborating on the reason for its decision, and thereby, finalizing the January 28 outcome. This brings an end to the long- running case between the two parties, which has been making its way through European courts since the late 1990s. # ⚓ The_Viewpoint_–_The_Sanganeri_GI_dispute:_Cultural misappropriation_and_the_need_for_benefit_sharing [Ed: Through EUIPO, Europe has become a battleground for India and Pakistan]⠀⇛ The Indian ethnic wear fashion industry has seen a huge revival in the last 10 years or so, with the Indian youth embracing the stylistic and cultural aspects of indigenous clothing. The advent of digital advertising and social media has played a very important role in making Indian ethnic wear a fashion must-have for a large strata of the urban Indian population. Many famous designers, including Sabyasachi Mukherjee, have been at the forefront of this renaissance. However, the famed designer has found himself in the media spotlight of late, not quite for the right reasons, with accusations of cultural appropriation, or rather misappropriation being levelled against his new collection named Wanderlust, launched in collaboration with the Swedish brand H&M. The collection, which includes saris, purportedly infringes on the Geographical Indications (GIs) of certain artisan communities. # § Copyrights⠀➾ # ⚓ Compulsory_Licensing_in_India_and_changes_brought_to it_by_the_TRIPS_Agreement⠀⇛ Compulsory license is an authorization granted by the Government to someone else i.e., a third party to produce a patented product without the consent of the patent owner who has been taking undue advantage of exclusive rights granted by patent. Hence, compulsory licencing tries to eliminate misuse of patent rights by a patent holder in view of public health or anti-competitive practices which would result in restricting trade or hindering technology transfer[1]. # ⚓ Around_the_IP_Blogs⠀⇛ The IP Helpdesk blog informed on compulsory licensing of patents in India. The author reviewed several cases where compulsory licenses were granted by Indian authorities, including those in the field of pharmaceuticals [see also an earlier post on this topic on The IPKat]. # ⚓ Chaos_over_copyright [Ed: Those laws themselves are manifesting the chaos; also, stop using that term "intellectual property"]⠀⇛ Due to conflicts between two ministries, the plan to establish a unified and independent intellectual property (IP) office to provide copyrights, patents, design, and trademark certificates has been stuck in limbo. Currently, the cultural ministry’s copyright office provides copyright certificates, while the Department of Patents, Designs and Trademarks (DPDT) — under the industries ministry — provides the other services. The copyright office, located at Agargaon, was established in 1967. Since then, it was under different ministries and in 2000, a copyright law was formed. On the other hand, DPDT, which is at Motijheel, was formed in 2003 by unifying the British era’s “Patent” and “Trademarks Registry” offices. # ⚓ Nirvana_Headed_to_United_Kingdom_for_‘Upper_Hell’ Copyright_Suit⠀⇛ Courts in the United Kingdom are in a better position to hear a suit against Nirvana LLC for selling merchandise that allegedly infringes the copyright in the illustration “Upper Hell” from the 1949 translation of Dante’s Inferno, a federal court in California said. # ⚓ Bizarre_DMCA_Takedown_Notices_Come_with_Prison Threat⠀⇛ A series of takedown notices, sent under the guise of the FBI and other mysterious anti- piracy forces, aims to wipe APK sites from Google’s search results. Most bizarrely, perhaps, are threats warning of hundreds of thousands of dollars in fines and even prison time for the accused site operators. Add in an unverified extortion threat, and things start to look quite grim. ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 5377 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 10.25.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Links_25/10/2021:_New_Slackware64-current_and_a_Look_at_Ubuntu_Budgie⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 1:38 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o § Desktop/Laptop⠀➾ # ⚓ Star_Labs’_StarLite_Mk_IV_Linux_Laptop_Is_Now_Available_to Order⠀⇛ The fourth generation of Star Labs’ StarLite Linux laptop series is here, bringing an 11-inch true matte ARC display with an anti-reflective coating and Full HD (1920×1080) resolution, Type II anodized aluminum chassis with a fanless design, a redesigned glass trackpad, a contoured heat plate, and a 2MP webcam. Under the hood, the StarLite Mk IV laptop features an Intel Pentium Silver N5030 processor with Intel HD graphics and up to 3.1GHz clock speeds, 8GB 2400MHz RAM, as well as up to 1TB SSD storage with up to 560MB/s sequential read speed and 540MB/ s sequential write speed. o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ SMLR_328_–_Home_Automation_projects⠀⇛ o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # ⚓ Linux_5.16_Will_Be_A_Great_Christmas_Gift_For_Open-Source Fans_With_Many_New_Features_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ While Linux 5.15 isn’t even making its debut for another week or two, there is already a lot to look forward to when it comes to Linux 5.16. Here is a look at some of the new features expected for the 5.16 cycle. Thanks to closely monitoring the many “-next” branches and mailing lists, here is a look at material currently queued and on-deck for Linux 5.16 barring any last minute issues or objections from Linus Torvalds once the 5.16 merge window opens in early November. Of course, stay tuned to Phoronix during the Linux 5.16 merge window for details on other interesting merges and other drama that may ensue followed by benchmarks of the new kernel. # ⚓ Bootlin_at_the_SIDO_event_in_Paris,_November_10_–_Bootlin’s blog⠀⇛ The SIDO is a large event dedicated to IoT, AI, robotics in Paris, and it takes place next to the Open Source Experience event, which as the name suggest is dedicated to all things related to open- source. For Bootlin whose activity is precisely at the junction between embedded systems/IoT and open- source, being present at this combined event made complete sense.The SIDO is a large event dedicated to IoT, AI, robotics in Paris, and it takes place next to the Open Source Experience event, which as the name suggest is dedicated to all things related to open-source. For Bootlin whose activity is precisely at the junction between embedded systems/ IoT and open-source, being present at this combined event made complete sense. o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ How_to_Install_Shutter_on_Linux_to_Take_Screenshots⠀⇛ A screenshot app is a basic yet important utility that everyone turns out to every once in a while. Although most Linux distros are capable of capturing screenshots by default, having a powerful screenshot app can extend those functionalities even further. In this article, we will take a look at Shutter, a free and open-source screenshot program for Linux. We will discuss how you can install Shutter on your system, along with a brief guide on using the tool. # ⚓ Download_Unity_Editor_to_install_on_Ubuntu_20.04_LTS Linux⠀⇛ Free Unity Hub Editor can easily be downloaded & installed on Ubuntu 20.04 Linux using its APP Image, here we let you know how? Although Unity Engine supports the Linux system for a very long time now, however the same was not true for the Unity editor, a GUI interface for it. Using Unity Editor developers can create various cross- platform games 2D or 3D content or games with the help of tools it offers for a wide range of devices. Apart from Windows & macOS, Linux users can also download the Unity editor from the official website in a normal way, performing a similar process to Win or macOS users. Yet, here we are to make sure you won’t get stuck somewhere while starting with Unity Editor on Ubuntu or any other Linux system. # ⚓ The_Ultimate_Guide_to_Apt_and_Apt-Get_Commands_–_Make_Tech Easier⠀⇛ For many people coming for the first time into Debian-based Linux distros, package management may seem convoluted. Some tutorials tell you to use “apt,” others “apt-get,” and some really old or specific ones use “aptitude.” It’s high time to get down to the absolute minutiae and explain the “why, where, what, and how” of the strange and somewhat divided world in this little corner of the Linux universe. # ⚓ How_to_Dual-Boot_Windows_11_&_Ubuntu_–_Invidious⠀⇛ With Windows 11 having been recently released, I decided to refresh my dual-boot video for Ubuntu. In this video, I’ll go over the process of setting up a dual-boot between Windows 11 and Ubuntu, so that way by the end of the video you’ll have both platforms set up and ready to go. # ⚓ powerstat:_Power_Consumption_Calculator_for_Ubuntu_Linux⠀⇛ Most users won’t be needing tools like these, but if you’re a bit of a power user, then having the ability to measure the real power consumption rate of your mobile computer (laptop, notebook etc) under Ubuntu Linux can be quite useful. For instance, let’s say that you recently upgraded your Kernel (a part of your operating system that communicates directly with the hardware), and the developers claimed that it will enhance the power consumption, then after the upgrade, how can you know if it has really decreased the power usage or not? So if you had some sort of a tool that can measure the power consumption of your laptop, then you can use it before and after the upgrade, and then compare the results later and it should do the trick, right? # ⚓ How_to_Install_Nvidia_495.xx_Beta_Drivers_on_Linux_Mint_20 –_LinuxCapable⠀⇛ Most modern Linux Desktop systems such as Linux Mint come with an Nvidia driver pre-installed in the Nouveau open-source graphics device driver for Nvidia video cards. For the most part, this is acceptable; however, if you are using your Linux system for graphical design or gaming, you may get better drivers. Historically, the Nouveau proprietary drivers are slower than Nvidia’s proprietary drivers, along with lacking the newest features, software technology, and support for the latest graphics card hardware. In most situations, upgrading your Nvidia Drivers using the following guide is more beneficial than not doing it. In some cases, you may see some substantial improvements overall. The following tutorial will teach you how to install the latest bleeding-edge Nvidia Beta Graphic drivers for Linux Mint 20. # ⚓ How_To_Setup_NTP_Server_and_Client_on_Ubuntu_20.04_LTS_– idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install a setup NTP server and client on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. For those of you who didn’t know, NTP (stands for network time protocol) is used to synchronize the system clock of the client system with the clock of the server. The NTP server has features that allow synchronization between two systems with an accuracy of one nanosecond so that the two systems can communicate easily. System time applies not only to the user but also to the computer itself. In fact, time stamps make it easy to communicate between two or more computers and provide network services properly, as well as optimizing the network card. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you the step-by-step installation of the configure NTP server and client on Ubuntu 20.04 (Focal Fossa). You can follow the same instructions for Ubuntu 18.04, 16.04, and any other Debian-based distribution like Linux Mint. # ⚓ How_to_Create_a_Basic_HTML5_Project_in_Ubuntu_Using Netbeans⠀⇛ In this 4-article mobile web development series, we will walk you through setting up Netbeans as an IDE (also known as Integrated Development Environment) in Ubuntu to start developing mobile-friendly and responsive HTML5 web applications. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Keras_With_TensorFlow_Backend_on_Ubuntu_– Unixcop⠀⇛ Keras is an open-source software library that provides a Python interface for artificial neural networks. Keras acts as an interface for the TensorFlow library. It is a neural network library based on the Python programming language designed to simplify machine- learning applications. Keras runs on top of frameworks such as TensorFlow. So In this guide, we will show you how to install Keras on Ubuntu systems. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Postman_REST_Client_in_Debian_11_–_Citizix⠀⇛ In this guide, we are going to explore how to install Postman Client on Debian 11. Postman is an application used for API testing. Postman is the Complete API Development Environment with Integrated Tools for Every Stage of the API Lifecycle. It is an HTTP client that provides a graphical user interface through which you can tests HTTP requests while obtain different types of responses. Postman allows us to build, test and modify the API. Postman can run PUT, PATCH, DELETE, and various other request methods as well, and also has utilities to help with developing APIs. Free and paid versions are available for Mac, Windows, Linux, and also as a Chrome app. # ⚓ How_to_install_Etcher_on_CentOS_8_–_Unixcop⠀⇛ balenaEtcher (commonly referred to and formerly known as Etcher) is a free and open-source utility used for writing image files such as .iso and .img files, as well as zipped folders onto storage media to create live SD cards and USB flash drives. Etcher is primarily used through a graphical user interface. Additionally, there is a command line interface available which is under active development. Etcher is a good choice even for those who are not particularly tech-savvy. # ⚓ How_to_install_Etcher_on_Ubuntu_–_Unixcop⠀⇛ balenaEtcher is a free and open-source utility used for writing image files such as .iso and .img files, as well as zipped folders onto storage media to create live SD cards and USB flash drives. Etcher is primarily used through a graphical user interface. Additionally, there is a command line interface available which is under active development. In this tutorial, you will learn how to install Etcher on Ubuntu with two methods. # ⚓ vcgencmd_command_not_found_–_blackMORE_Ops⠀⇛ I have Debian and Ubuntu running on two separate Raspberry Pi 4 8GB. As these are not your usual Raspbian OS, they didn’t come with vcgencmd binaries. Understandably, I received the following error when I tried to measure temperature on my Raspberry Pi 4. # ⚓ Bash_tr_Command⠀⇛ `tr` is a very useful UNIX command. It is used to transform strings or delete characters from the string. Various types of transformation can be done by using this command, such as searching and replacing text, transforming string from uppercase to lowercase or vice versa, removing repeated characters from the string, etc. The command can be used for some complicated transformations also. The different uses of the `tr` command have shown in this tutorial. o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ Check_out_the_demo_for_Big_Boy_Boxing,_a_playful_boss-rush fighter_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Get ready for the punchline! Soupmaster Games announced recently their intent to support Linux with Big Boy Boxing and there’s now a demo available on Steam for you to try out. “Experience the singleplayer action-boss-rush game with pixel-perfect retro aesthetics and inspiration from classic titles like ‘Punch-Out!!’, and recent indie hits like ‘Cuphead’. # ⚓ Alisa_is_a_horror_game_throwback_to_’90s_3D_games_like Resident_Evil_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Successfully funded on Kickstarter the horror game throwback Alisa is out after suffering a few minor release delays and so far it’s looking pretty good. “Alisa is a classic late-90s style horror-themed action adventure game set in a fantasy universe inspired on the 1920s. You play as an Elite Royal Agent called Alisa. While she is chasing a wanted criminal, she ends up in an old Victorian mansion. She tries to find a way out while being haunted by materialized/mechanized doll-like humanoids. Can you survive the Dollhouse?” # ⚓ Here_are_five_ways_the_Steam_Deck_will_FAIL_if_it_does._– Invidious⠀⇛ I’m not saying the Steam Deck is destined to fail, I’m saying “if it DOES fail, this is how.” # ⚓ Corpse_Party_gets_a_new_version_for_2021_that’s_out_now_| GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ Yes, there’s another Corpse Party that’s now been released. It can be a little confusing, as there’s been a few but this is the latest from XSEED Games titled Corpse Party (2021). Something of a cult classic that was originally released in 1996, that spawned a few remakes for different platforms and some extra games that mixed in elements of a prequel and sequel. The Windows version landed in 2016, with it then coming to Linux in late 2017. # ⚓ Battle_for_Wesnoth_1.16.0_Finally_Available_to_Download_| UbuntuHandbook⠀⇛ After more than 2 years of development, the new major Battle for Wesnoth 1.16.0 was finally available to download. With Wesnoth 1.15.x development releases, it introduced new campaign: Wings of Victory, an Intermediate level Drake campaign with 11 scenarios. A new new single player or coop survival scenario, Isle of Mists is added. The add-on World Conquest II (now called World Conquest) has translations support. And users now has ability to add translated titles and descriptions to add-ons. It has overhauled the Dunefolk to improve balance against the six Default factions. Most of the Dunefolk faction’s units have new and-or updated animations. There is also a new unit called falconer, which is a branch in the skirmisher line. # ⚓ Linux_gamers_are_way_better_at_finding_game_bugs_than Windows_users,_says_game_dev⠀⇛ Here’s some news that Linux users and supporters would probably really like. Kodera Software, a game developer for an indie title called ΔV: Rings of Saturn, has posted some interesting findings about bug reporting in the game. The title has been in early access for a couple of years and the developer has noted that about 38% of all the bugs found in its title came from the Linux Community. This is despite just 700 copies out of the total 12,000 units sold being based on Linux, which is just 5.8% of the entire userbase for ΔV: Rings of Saturn. As such, Kodera praises the typical Linux gamer by saying they report back 650% more bugs. o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾ # ⚓ KDE_Plasma_5.24_Introduces_Fingerprint_Reader Support⠀⇛ KDE Developer, Nate Graham, announced last week that KDE Plasma would be receiving fingerprint reader support in the upcoming 5.24 release. The added support has been a work in progress for some time, but Devin Lin (the primary developer on the feature) finally merged it into 5.24. As of now, the fingerprint reader support will allow you to enroll and unenroll fingerprints. Any enrolled fingerprint can then be used to unlock the screen, provide authentication for an app, and authenticate for sudo usage. The developers have created a user-friendly GUI for onboarding fingerprints, which can be found in System Settings, but will (obviously) require either a built-in or external fingerprint reader to use. The one caveat is finding an external fingerprint reader that is fully supporte # ⚓ KDE_Plasma_gets_fingerprint_reader_support,_plus preliminary_support_for_NVIDIA_GBM_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛ The team at KDE are producing upgrades for Plasma very quickly, with another weekly update out from developer Nate Graham with some major new bits being hooked up. In preparation for the next Plasma release, a fingerprint manager has been added so that Plasma will support fingerprint authentication in the next version. This expanded support allows you to use your fingers for passworded operations like using sudo, unlocking the screen and more. Perhaps the bigger one though is initial support for NVIDIA’s new GBM (Generic Buffer Manager) backend, which arrived in the recent NVIDIA Beta 495.29.05 driver. This means that eventually when it’s stable in NVIDIA drivers, along with a new Plasma release, that KDE should default to it for NVIDIA giving a much improved Wayland session experience. They still have some quirks to work out but it’s getting there now. # § GNOME Desktop/GTK⠀➾ # ⚓ Jan_Schmidt:_2.5_years_of_Oculus_Rift⠀⇛ Once again time has passed, and another update on Oculus Rift support feels due! As always, it feels like I’ve been busy with work and not found enough time for Rift CV1 hacking. Nevertheless, looking back over the history since I last wrote, there’s quite a lot to tell! o § Distributions⠀➾ # § New Releases⠀➾ # ⚓ Absolute64-20211024_released⠀⇛ Based on Slackware64-current. Keeping up with the Slackware 15.0 prep 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇:-)⦈ Large code update arox (the Rox-Filer fork Absolute uses as a file manager/image viewer) # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾ # ⚓ Finding_and_using_disabled_recommendations_in_Red_Hat Insights_Advisor⠀⇛ Red Hat Insights is a managed service that continuously analyzes platforms and applications to help enterprises manage hybrid cloud environments. Included with Red Hat subscriptions, Insights uses predictive analytics and deep domain expertise to reduce complex operational tasks from hours to minutes, including identifying security and performance risks, tracking licenses, and managing costs. The Red Hat Insights team has been developing Advisor recommendations for many years and the focus has been on proactive recommendations to help customers achieve optimal operational experience. At the same time, we’ve also seen a “gap” between the Advisor recommendations that we’ve provided and other recommendations that could really help our customers but in a different manner. To close this gap, Red Hat Insights now provides a new category of recommendations which are called “Red Hat disabled recommendations.” # ⚓ AlmaLinux’s_ELevate_Project_Makes_the_Migration_from CentOS_7_Easy⠀⇛ AlmaLinux’s community manager Jack Aboutboul announced the ELevate project, which is their initiative to allow users to upgrade or migrate between any RHEL-based distro. The project includes software and methods for migrating CentOS 7 deployments to AlmaLinux 8 without needing to do a lot of heavy lifting and shifting. But there’s an even better part. Actually, ELevate capabilities aren’t confined only to CentOS to AlmaLinux moves, but can be used with all migrations between different RHEL- based distributions, such as CentOS 7 to AlmaLinux 8, Rocky Linux 8, or Oracle Linux 8. This will allow maintainers and users alike make migrations smooth and easy. # ⚓ Automation_vs._IT_jobs:_3_ways_leaders_can_address layoff_fears⠀⇛ Automation was already on the strategic roadmap of many organizations, but the last couple of years sped up the journey. “The reality is that the pandemic required organizations to accelerate digital pivots and rapidly automate their businesses,” says Thomas Phelps, CIO of Laserfiche. “Even people-centric processes that were touted as customer-experience differentiators have now been displaced by chatbots, unattended airline check-in kiosks, and self-service checkout lines.” IT is both piloting company-wide journeys and undergoing its own internal automation transformation: From help desks to infrastructure operations to software testing and security, multiple tasks and processes that once required manual effort are now or will soon be automated. # ⚓ Various_Power_Systems_Updates_And_Tweaks_–_IT_Jungle [Ed: Timothy Prickett Morgan is being paid by IBM to write all those puff pieces (for over a decade already)]⠀⇛ While many IBM i shops have a lot of their core applications on that platform, there are lots of shops that deploy Windows Server for adjacent databases and applications and in other cases some shops have AIX or Linux as well. Windows Server doesn’t run on Power iron, of course, which we have always thought was a shame and still is almost two decades since Windows had a brief showing on Power before Microsoft and IBM pulled the plug. But the important thing, here in 2021, is that customers have alternatives if they need certain applications and they want to run them on Power, which is why AIX and Linux support are important for the health and wealth of the Power Systems platform. With IBM owning Red Hat now, we talk quite a bit more about Red Hat Enterprise Linux and the OpenShift container platform that lays on top of it then we do other non-IBM i operating systems. But SUSE Linux Enterprise Server is still important, and obviously so is continued enhancements to IBM’s AIX platform. # § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾ # ⚓ Ubuntu_Budgie_–_Ubuntu_With_Traditional_Desktop Experience⠀⇛ Ubuntu Budgie is an official Ubuntu flavour. Budgie gets its name from the desktop environment it uses, the Budgie Desktop environment. Ubuntu Budgie, which was published as an unofficial Ubuntu flavour in 2016, was swiftly adopted by Ubuntu, which released Ubuntu Budgie 17.04 as the first official Ubuntu flavour in 2017. In this article, I will discuss the key features of Ubuntu Budgie as well as who/why it should be used. If you’ve ever wondered why there are so many Ubuntu flavors, and why each one claims to be distinct despite using the same basic operating system, keep reading to discover out. In this article, I will discuss why Ubuntu has gained popularity that makes other communities follow it or base their ideas on top of it. # ⚓ OpenStack_Xena_and_OpenStack_Charms_21.10_|_Ubuntu⠀⇛ The release of OpenStack Charms 21.10 brings native support for OpenStack Xena in Charmed OpenStack. This latest version of OpenStack comes with initial support for SmartNICs in Nova and further improvements around Neutron Open Virtual Network (OVN) driver integration. In order to further simplify the job of the cloud operations teams, the OpenStack Charms 21.10 release offers improved day- 2 automation, including additional charm actions and better upgrade experience, and new operations documentation. Charmed OpenStack users will also benefit from a wider choice of Cinder storage backends. # ⚓ Canonical_&_Ubuntu_at_Nvidia_GTC_2021_|_Ubuntu⠀⇛ Canonical is once again proud to be a sponsor of the Nvidia GTC event! Happening virtually on November 8-11, the conference will feature a wide variety of sessions on AI, computer graphics, data science, and more. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # ⚓ Raspberry_Pi_CM3+_based_SBC_ships_with_CODESYS⠀⇛ Kontron’s “Pi-Tron CM3+” controller SBC is based on the Raspberry Pi CM3+ and offers 2x LAN, 2x USB, 2x COM, 2x DIO, CAN, micro-HDMI, MIPI DSI/CSI, 40-pin GPIO, and CODESYS support. Since Kontron acquired PiXtend’s line of Raspberry Pi based controllers a year ago, we have been waiting for some new Pi-based products from the German embedded computing firm. Kontron has now delivered with the Baseboard BL Pi-Tron CM3+, a sandwich-style SBC built around the Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ (CM3+). # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ IAR_Systems_extends_functional_safety_offering_for RISC-V_with_leading_build_tools_for_Linux⠀⇛ IAR Systems®, the future-proof supplier of software tools and services for embedded development, today announced that its build tools for RISC-V supporting deployment in Linux-based frameworks have been certified by TÜV SÜD for functional safety development. The certification has been performed according to the requirements of IEC 61508, the international umbrella standard for functional safety, as well as ISO 26262, which is used for automotive safety-related systems. In addition, the certification covers the international standards IEC 62304 for medical software, IEC 60730 for Household Appliances, ISO 13849 and IEC 62061 for Machinery Control Systems, IEC 61511 for Process Industry, ISO 25119 for Agriculture and Forestry, and the European railway standards EN 50128 and EN 50657. # ⚓ Allwinner_D1s/F133_RISC-V_processor_integrates_64MB DDR2_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛ Allwinner D1s (aka F133) is a cost-down version of Allwinner D1 RISC-V processor introduced earlier this year together with a Linux capable development board, with the main difference being the integrated 64MB DDR2. Besides the built-in RAM, Allwinner D1s comes with many of the same features as D1 RISC- V SoC, but loses HDMI output and the HiFi 4 audio DSP, and Allwinner made some tweaks to the IOs with one less I2S audio interface, and general-purpose ADC. # ⚓ Smart_Power_3_–_A_$45_smart_power_analysis_tool_for embedded_systems_developers_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛ Hardkernel has launched a number of popular Arm SBC’s with the ODROID family over the years, but the Smart Power 3 is a different type of product, as the ESP32-based smart power meter can help embedded systems engineers optimize their hardware and software power consumption and/or check for spurious power peaks during boot up or shutdowns. In the past, we’ve reviewed relatively expansive tools like Qoitech Otii Arc or gone the DIY route, but at $45, Hardkernel offers a power monitoring solution that’s both inexpensive and easy to use, albeit with fewer features than Qoitech’s device. # ⚓ Omni-Wheeled_Cane_Steers_The_Visually-Impaired_Away From_Obstacles_|_Hackaday⠀⇛ The cane uses a Raspi 4 with camera to detect objects, and a 2-D LIDAR to measure the distance to those objects. There’s a GPS and a 9-DOF IMU to find the position and orientation of the user. Their paper is open, too, and it comes with a BOM and build instructions. Be sure to check it out in action after the break. # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ OxygenOS_12_beta_hands-on:_ColorOS_in_all_but_name⠀⇛ # ⚓ Android_12:_Five_notable_features_coming_to_your smartphone_|_Technology_News,The_Indian_Express⠀⇛ # ⚓ The_Biggest_and_Best_New_Features_in_Android_12_(and How_to_Use_Them)⠀⇛ # ⚓ Lawnchair_12_arrives_in_Alpha_with_Android_12_support –_9to5Google⠀⇛ # ⚓ Here’s_When_Android_12_HeadsTo_ASUS_ROG_Gaming_Phones And_Zenfone_8,_8_Flip_And_7_|_HotHardware⠀⇛ # ⚓ Magisk_adds_Android_12_support,_drops_MagiskHide_– Liliputing⠀⇛ # ⚓ Top_10_Android_File_Transfer_Alternatives_for_Mac Users⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_Install_Android_TV_12_Beta_Right_Away_[Guide] |_Beebom⠀⇛ # ⚓ App_Cloning_Might_Become_Possible_in_Future_Android Iterations_/_Digital_Information_World⠀⇛ # ⚓ PUBG_Mobile_1.7_beta_APK_download_link_for_Android devices⠀⇛ # ⚓ Jio_is_working_with_Google_to_create_Pragati_OS_–_a custom_Android_for_the_JioPhone_Next_–_GSMArena.com news⠀⇛ # ⚓ Xiaomi_will_bring_120W_charging_to_the_budget_Android segment_–_PhoneArena⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_Pixel_6_Pro_review:_The_best_Android_phone money_can_buy_–_CNET⠀⇛ # ⚓ Reintroducing:_Fairphone’s_Reuse_&_Recycle_Program⠀⇛ We have relaunched our Reuse and Recycle Program. There are a lot of resources in your old smartphones and we want to make sure we make the most out of them, all the while keeping the environmental impact low and your benefits high. While the old program allowed people to send in their old phones to be reused or recycled, the new program will offer incentives to our community, such as a true market value for their products based on make, model and condition. There’s more to it, of course, but we can’t give away everything in the first paragraph. So read on to learn more about our new and improved Reuse and Recycle Program. The issues We have talked about electronic waste being one of the fastest-growing waste streams on the planet – in 2019 a striking 53.6 Mt of e- waste was created with European citizens contributing around 16kg per person. Globally only 17% of electronic waste (or e-waste) is documented to be collected for recycling, leaving roughly 83% of e-waste undocumented and ending up in shoe boxes or landfills – materials worth around USD 56 billion get lost every year. Additionally, it is estimated that 7-20% of e-waste is set up to be illegally exported, ending up in countries with limited resources and recycling infrastructure – often developing countries – causing enormous health and environmental problems. o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # ⚓ Apache_Foundation_Moves_From_Mirrors_to_a_CDN_to_Distribute Software⠀⇛ About a week ago the Apache Software Foundation, home of the Apache Web Server, Hadoop, OpenOffice, and over 350 other open source software projects, announced the end of the line for its system of mirror sites for delivering its software to users, From now on, the foundation will be using a content delivery network instead. Most users of open source software, especially those who have downloaded Linux distributions, will be familiar with download mirroring sites, usually just called “mirrors,” which rose to prominence in the 1990s as the internet became the preferred way to distribute software. # ⚓ The_Apache_News_Round-up:_week_ending_22_October_2021⠀⇛ We’re wrapping up another great week with the following activities from the Apache community… # ⚓ Best_Free_and_Open_Source_Alternatives_to_Adobe Illustrator⠀⇛ Adobe is a large multinational computer software company with over 22,000 employees. Its flagship products include Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign, Premiere Pro, XD, Acrobat DC, and the Portable Document Format (PDF). The products are wrapped up and marketed as the Creative Cloud, a subscription- only way of accessing more than 20 desktop and mobile apps and services for photography, design, video, web, UX, and more We are long-standing admirers of Adobe’s products. They develop many high quality proprietary programs. It’s true there are security and privacy concerns in relation to some of their products. And there’s considerable criticism attached to their pricing practices. But the real issue is Adobe Creative Cloud does not support Linux. And there’s no prospect of support forthcoming. What if you are looking to move away from Adobe and embark on a new world of online freedom, where you are not tracked, monetised and attached to Adobe’s ecosystem. We only recommend free and open source alternatives. Our recommended software don’t necessarily replicate every feature of their Adobe counterparts but they offer sufficient functionality for many tasks. # ⚓ Mr_Beam:_A_startup’s_journey_with_SUSE_and_open_source⠀⇛ “Some scripts I’d written in 2012 are still working on SUSE. I’ve written scripts like automatically switching the DNS servers, because if I need to connect to Wi-Fi on a German train, for example, these things still work, even though the network stack has changed again. There is a consistency in the SUSE architecture, which is something I highly appreciate.” Teja Philipp, Founder, Mr Beam. [...] By embracing SUSE Linux, Mr Beam has enjoyed much faster time to market than others in the laser cutter industry. # ⚓ DiamanteDesk:_Free,_Open-source_Ticketing_system_for enterprise⠀⇛ DiamanteDesk is an enterprise ticketing support system and help desk solution. It aims to meet all the features that the business needs. The aim from it is to help businesses and companies to improve customer service. With it, you can send e-mails, private messages via Facebook. It has the ability to customize software according to your own business logic and add features that get your needs. It has the ability to resolve all queries [...] The community edition is released under the Open Software License (OSL 3.0). # ⚓ Time_Cop:_Flutter-based_Privacy-first_Open-source_Time Tracking_app_for_iOS_and_Android⠀⇛ The project code is released as an open-source under Apache 2.0 License. Although you can purchase a compiled packed version from Apple and Google Android App Store, you can download the code, compile it and run it on your machine for free. # § Events⠀➾ # ⚓ Oliver_Propst:_Registrations_for_GNOME.Asia_Summit 2021_are_open!⠀⇛ GNOME.Asia Summit will take place virtually from November 20th – 21st, 2021. It is the featured annual GNOME conference in Asia, focusing primarily on the GNOME desktop, but also covering applications and platform development tools. The Summit brings together the GNOME community in Asia to provide a forum for users, developers, foundation leaders, governments, and businesses to discuss the present technology and future developments. # § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ Josef_Strzibny:_Preloading_Rails_applications_in production⠀⇛ When it’s time to take your application online, there are several decisions to make. Today I would like to talk about application preloading and explain why I prefer preloading applications in production. But first things first. What’s is preloading anyway? Preloading the application is a process of loading up all application files and dependencies to virtual memory. If it would be a game, this might be a difference between loading just first two levels of the game versus loading the game as a whole. What’s not loaded at first will be loaded later from the disk when required. The opposite of preloading is lazy loading. Lazy loading saves us some memory at first and as a side product makes the boot process faster which might be a decent optimization for large applications. # ⚓ GCC_12_Merges_Initial_Support_For_RISC-V’s_Bitmanip Extensions_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ Following the recent RISC-V Bitmanip work in Binutils, the GCC 12 compiler has now landed preliminary support for the RISC-V ISA’s bit manipulation extension. RISC-V’s Bitmanip is a collection of several component extensions intended to help cater the open-source processor ISA for better efficiency that can result in code size reduction, better performance, and reduced energy consumption. # ⚓ Nibble_Stew:_A_call_for_more_downstream_testing_of Meson⠀⇛ As Meson gets more and more popular, the number of regressions also grows. This is an unvoidable fact of life. To minimize this effort we publish release candidates before the actual releases. Unfortunately not many people use these so many issues are not found until after the release (as happened with 0.60.0). For this reason we’d like to ask more people to test these rcs on their systems. It’s fairly straightforward. [...] If you have some different setup that has a full CI run (hopefully something smaller than a full Debian archive rebuild) then doing that with the rc version would be the best test. # § Rust⠀➾ # ⚓ Use_Rust_for_embedded_development⠀⇛ Over the past several years, Rust has gained a passionate following among programmers. Tech trends come and go, so it can be difficult to separate excitement just because something is new versus excitement over the merits of a technology, but I think Rust is a truly well-designed language. It aims to help developers build reliable and efficient software, and it was designed for that purpose from the ground up. There are key features you’ll hear about Rust, and in this article, I demonstrate that many of these features are exactly why Rust also happens to be great for embedded systems. [...] Using Rust for your embedded development gives you all the features of Rust without the need to sacrifice flexibility or stability. * § Leftovers⠀➾ o § Science⠀➾ # ⚓ The_Longest_Ever_Flight_Was_Over_64_Days_In_A_Cessna_172_| Hackaday⠀⇛ Refuelling was handled by lowering a hook via a winch down to a fuel truck that would trail the plane on a straight stretch of road, usually twice a day. The winch would then pull up a fuel hose from the truck, which would be used to fill the belly tank in around three minutes. The same system was used to regularly pull up food, oil and other supplies like towels and water for shaving and bathing. Initial attempts faced issues. The plane had been fitted with a brand-new engine from Continental Motors Corp., fitted with an alcohol injection system at Timm’s insistence, despite the protests of lead mechanic Irv Kuenzi. The aim was to reduce carbon build-up over the long duration flight, but the engine suffered burnt exhaust valves which curtailed the third attempt. After the first three flights, the plane had never stayed aloft longer than 17 days. Other hurdles came up, too. Timm wasn’t getting along with his co-pilot, and pilots Jim Heth and Bill Burkhart had just set a record of their own. The duo had managed to fly their own Cessna 172 for a full 50 days, landing on September 21 1958. It was clear changes were needed. o § Hardware⠀➾ # ⚓ The_Humble_NE-2_Neon_Lamp_Has_A_New_Trick⠀⇛ Ah, the humble neon lamp. The familiar warm orange glow has graced the decks of many a DIY timepiece, sometimes in a purely indicating duty, and sometimes forming a memory element in place of a more conventional semiconductor device. Capable of many other tricks such as the ability to protect RF circuits from HV transients, its negative resistance operating region after it illuminates gives us usable hysteresis which can used to form a switching element and the way the pair of electrodes are arranged give it the ability to indicate whether a voltage source is AC or DC. Now, due to some recent research by [Johan Carlsson] and the team at Princeton University, the humble NE- 2 tube has a new trick up its sleeve: acoustic transduction. # ⚓ VCF_East_2021:_Novasaur_TTL_Computer_Sets_The_Bar_| Hackaday⠀⇛ There was certainly no shortage of unique computers on display at the 2021 Vintage Computer Festival East; that’s sort of the point. But even with the InfoAge Science and History Museum packed to the rafters with weird and wonderful computing devices stretching back to the very beginning of the digital age, Alastair Hewitt’s Novasaur was still something of an oddity. In fact, unless you knew what it was ahead of time, you might not even recognize it as a computer. Certainly not a contemporary one, anyway. There’s nothing inside its Polycase ZN-40 enclosure that looks like a modern CPU, a bank of RAM, or a storage device. Those experienced with vintage machines would likely recognize the tight rows of Advanced Schottky TTL chips as the makings of some sort of computer that predates the 8-bit microprocessor, but its single 200 mm x 125 mm (8 in x 5 in) board seems far too small when compared to the 1970s machines that would have utilized such technology. So what is it? Inspired by projects such as the Gigatron, Alastair describes the Novasaur as a “full-featured personal computer” built using pre-1980 components. In his design, 22 individual ICs stand in for the computer’s CPU, and another 12 are responsible for a graphics subsystem that can push text and bitmapped images out over VGA at up to 416 x 240. It has 512 K RAM, 256 K ROM, and is able to emulate the Intel 8080 fast enough to run CP/M and even play some early 80s PC games. o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # § Security⠀➾ # ⚓ Security_updates_for_Monday⠀⇛ Security updates have been issued by Debian (faad2 and mailman), Fedora (java-11-openjdk, libzapojit, nodejs, python-reportlab, vim, and watchdog), Mageia (ansible, docker-containerd, flatpak, tomcat, and virtualbox), openSUSE (containerd, docker, runc), Oracle (firefox and thunderbird), Red Hat (xstream), Scientific Linux (xstream), SUSE (cairo and containerd, docker, runc), and Ubuntu (apport and mysql-5.7, mysql-8.0). # ⚓ Features:_How_Secure_Is_Linux?⠀⇛ The security of the OS you deploy is a key determinant of your security online, but is by no means a sure safeguard against malware, rootkits and other attacks. Effective security is dependent upon defense in depth, and other factors including the implementation of security best practices and smart online behavior play a central role in your digital security posture. That being said, choosing a secure OS is of utmost importance, as the OS is the most critical piece of software running on your computer, and Linux is an excellent choice as it has the potential to be highly secure – arguably more so than its proprietary counterparts – due to its open-source code, strict user privilege model, diversity and relatively small user base. # ⚓ Features:_Best_File_&_Disk_Encryption_Tools_for Linux⠀⇛ As we rapidly transition to an increasingly digital society, data protection is a greater concern than ever before. Encryption is one of the most effective and widely used methods of securing senstive information from unauthorized parties. In this article, we’ll introduce you to eight open- source file and disk encrytion tools we love to help you safeguard critical data and protect your privacy online. # ⚓ LightBasin_Hacking_Group_Switches_Focus_From Windows_To_Linux_To_Target_Telecom_Sector [Ed: this is not a Linux issue]⠀⇛ The researchers noted the LightBasin managed to spread the infection via compromised eDNS servers from one telecom company to another via SSH o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ Haitian_President’s_Assassins_Named_in_Alleged_Plot_to_Kill Luis_Arce⠀⇛ Citing a previous Intercept investigation, the Bolivian government said it has evidence of a plan to kill Luis Arce, a protégé of Evo Morales. o § Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾ # ⚓ Authorities_in_Sudan_must_stop_imposing_telecommunication blackouts_to_control_information_flow_during_military_coup_– Access_Now⠀⇛ Access Now denounces the imposition of internet shutdowns in Sudan today, October 25, 2021, as military forces seize control of the government in a military coup. In a televised news conference, Lt. Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan declared a state of emergency in the country, seized control of the government, and dissolved the Sovereign Council , Sudan’s transitional government which included both civilian and military members. Earlier this morning, the Ministry of Culture and Information stated on Facebook that the military has arrested Sudan’s Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok, and multiple other government officials and is now detaining them in an unknown location. Shortly after reports of the military coup hit the media waves, the Sudanese authorities began shutting down access to the internet and telecommunication services. Data from Google Transparency reports and Internet Outage Detection and Analysis (IODA) shows a significant dip in traffic of internet connectivity at about 3:00 am UTC. The shutdown is affecting both fixed and mobile internet connectivity across the country on all major internet service providers. o § Monopolies⠀➾ # ⚓ Social_media_giants_have_released_their_Compliance_Reports for_the_month_of_August._We’ve_analysed_them.⠀⇛ Google (including YouTube), Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and Twitter have released their reports in compliance with Rule 4(1)(d) of the Information Technology (Guidelines for Intermediaries and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 for the month of August. The reports highlight some interesting facts and figures, and, again, a massive number of automated takedowns. You can read our analysis of the previous reports here and here, where we discussed the issue of non-publication of data on governmental removal orders. [...] The reports lack true transparency as the significant social media intermediaries (SSMIs) have been opaque about the process/algorithms followed by them for proactive takedown of content. Facebook and Instagram state that they use “machine learning technology that automatically identifies content” that might violate their standards, Google uses “automated detection process”, and Twitter claims to use “a combination of technology and other purpose-built internal propriety tools”. WhatsApp has released a white paper discussing its abuse detection process in detail and disclosing how they use machine learning. While WhatsApp has made an attempt to explain how it proactively takes down content, the lack of human intervention in terms of monitoring the kind of content that is taken down is problematic. # § Patents⠀➾ # ⚓ Nippon_Steel’s_patent_portfolio_gives_it_the litigation_edge_|_IAM⠀⇛ Patent clashes between major Japanese corporates are almost unheard of, so that makes Nippon Steel’s recently launched action against Toyota in Tokyo one to watch # ⚓ Broad_Files_Reply_to_ToolGen’s_Opposition_to_Broad’s Preliminary_Motion_No._3 [Ed: Pretty unbelievable that courts still entertain the lunacy of patents on life and nature; but lobbying has subverted the patent system]⠀⇛ Notably, however, nowhere in its Reply does Broad does say that it is the case that they had reduced to practice dual-molecule guide RNA CRISPR embodiments in eukaryotic cells prior to the priority dates asserted by ToolGen and granted by the Board in the Interference Declaration herein. While conception and a description of such embodiments in some instances might be sufficient (i.e., it is not the case that a party in an interference must show actual reduction to practice), Broad itself has argued, extensively, that the complicated nature of performing CRISPR successfully in eukaryotic cells makes this a case for a “simultaneous conception and reduction to practice” standard (at least as applied to CVC or ToolGen; see “Broad Files Priority Motion in CRISPR Interference” and “Broad Files Opposition to ToolGen Substantive Preliminary Motion No. 1″). The Cong et al. reference discloses such successes, and as Broad has previously argued the submission date of this paper antedates ToolGen’s earliest priority date in this interference. That may be enough for the Board to conclude that Broad had an earlier invention date for the dual-molecule guide RNA CRISPR species in eukaryotic cells; the question then would be whether the Board will excise claims to eukaryotic CRISPR generic for guide RNA configuration but that would effectively leave Broad in a position to preclude ToolGen (or CVC) from practicing sgRNA-comprising eukaryotic CRISPR embodiments. This outcome would be analogous to the outcome of Interference No. 105,048, where CVC was deemed entitled to claims generic as to cell type while Broad was entitled to eukaryotic CRISPR embodiments (see “Regents of the University of California v. Broad Institute, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2018)”). Briefing on the parties’ Preliminary Motions being completed, the Board will hold a final hearing sometime within the next several months. # ⚓ German_court_calls_for_better_enforcement_of preliminary_injunctions_in_patent_infringement_case [Ed: Another new example of Managing 'IP' being composed directly by litigation firms for lobbying purposes, not just indirectly by writers whom they sponsor to issue propaganda]⠀⇛ The Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf specified the requirements for a bank guarantee as a security for enforcement of a preliminary injunction (decision of June 25 2020, docket no. I-2 U 51/19). In the underlying case, the injunction plaintiff first obtained a temporary injunction for patent infringement against the injunction opponent before the Düsseldorf Regional Court, the enforcement of which, as usual in such cases, is dependent on the provision of a security. # ⚓ T_116/18_–_Referral_to_the_Enlarged_Board_on_post- published_evidence_and_plausibility_of_an_effect_relied on_for_inventive_step_(G_2/12) [Ed: Read the comments here, the ones they have not deleted yet. As it stands, the EPO has only the illusion of courts and tribunals, where the expectation of due process and diligence is no better than in China.]⠀⇛ # ⚓ Enlarged_Board_of_Appeal_to_tackle_the_“Humpty Dumpty-ish”_plausibility_question_(G2/21) [Ed: After the_fraudulent_‘case’_G1/21, the Enlarged Board of Appeal wants another case, G2/21, having not tackled the fraud that its composition is. This morning IP Kat announced that about half a dozen of its writers are leaving. And I’m_hardly_surprised. It’s now run by voices of patent trolls and AstraZeneca.]⠀⇛ As expected, the Board of Appeal in T 116/18 has now referred to the Enlarged Board of Appeal (EBA) questions on the use of post- filed evidence to establish plausibility for an invention. The referral (G2/12) is confirmed in the Board of Appeal’s decision in T 116/18 and is also summarised in an EPO press release (here). The Board of Appeal decision makes for an interesting read, as it explores the legal basis (or lack of) for plausibility in the case law and the EPC itself. The Board of Appeal goes so far as to quote the view of Sir Robin Jacob that deriving the plausibility requirement from the EPC strains the meaning of words to breaking point. G2/21 will be closely watched by many, given the potential ramifications of the EBA’s answer on the required evidence threshold for patent validity. [...] The Board of Appeal noted that in all the decisions requiring the higher bar of ab initio plausibility (including Warner Lambert), plausibility was denied. By contrast, in all of the cited decisions in the ab initio implausibility line, plausibility was acknowledged. This difference highlights the implications that a EBA decision in this referral may have on the requirements for patentability and how broadly an invention may be claimed based on the data provided in the application as filed. The Board of Appeal in the referring decision appeared to disagree with the “no plausibility” line of case law, noting that it would permit armchair inventors to claim whatever they thought that it might be possible to prove later (r. 13.7.1). On the other hand, the Board of Appeal also appeared uncomfortable with denying patentees the option of reformulating the objective technical problem to be solved in view of the closest prior art, in view of “decades of case law” permitting this (r. 13.7.2). However, if it is acknowledged that the objective technical problem to be solved may be reformulated, the Board of Appeal in the referring decision agreed that an undue burden would be placed on the patentee to plausibly demonstrate, at the filing date, the technical effect of the invention in view of all possible closest prior art. # ⚓ Upcoming_CIPA_webinar_on_the_Mercer_Review,_29_Oct 2021 [Ed: CIPA UK runs a scam (PEB) and now tries to wash its hands; this mentions (e)EQE — a second scandal,_but_one_of_the_EPO]⠀⇛ CIPA is holding a webinar to discuss the Mercer Review at 12:30, on 29 October 2021 (Friday). Sign-up for the webinar here. The Mercer Review was recently published in here. The Review included a list of recommendations to improve training and examination (IPKat). Many of these recommendations were welcome, particularly the recommendations to improve access to the profession, continue the use of online examinations, and potentially align with the eEQE system, and to change to a limited open- book format. [..] The panel for the webinar consists of contributors to the review, including Chris Mercer himself, as well as Vicki Salmon, Parminder Lally (CIPA Council), Lindsay Pike (Honorary Secretary of the CIPA Informals) and Lee Davies (CIPA CEO). Despite what might be assumed from this panel, the Review was conducted independently of CIPA governance. It will be interesting to hear how the panel envisages implementation of the Mercer Reviews recommendations. ╘══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╛ ¶ Lines in total: 7126 ➮ Generation completed at 02:41, i.e. 83 seconds to (re)generate ⟲