𝕿𝖊𝖈𝖍𝖗𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙𝖘 Bulletin for Monday, November 29, 2021 ┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅ Generated Tue 30 Nov 02:40:02 GMT 2021 Created by Dr. Roy Schestowitz (𝚛𝚘𝚢 (at) 𝚜𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚣 (dot) 𝚌𝚘𝚖) Full hyperlinks for navigation omitted but are fully available in the originals The corresponding HTML versions are at 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈 Latest in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕 and older bulletins can be found at 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒕𝒙𝒕-𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 Full IPFS index in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔 and as plain text in 𝒉𝒕𝒕𝒑://𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔.𝒐𝒓𝒈/𝒊𝒑𝒇𝒔/𝒕𝒙𝒕 Gemini index for the day: gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/11/29/ ╒═══════════════════ 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐒 ════════════════════════════════════╕ Previous bulletins in IPFS (past 21 days, in chronological order): QmYKBd728JBm11x2JbtET9sF2KJXtKjGPDD1jVnpt7fLqz QmQba8m7JeAYTn4JDwkhe5nDZfnw9TnSASsQqLF7LBYEg2 QmT9Hh5LgzS2eg26pkvFLpdGLNAEURRLod8DffDCczhxy1 QmdEutfCAc7HzKtnLt7k7b2dajGSqfBSGnEPAuD2bontJM QmSuWrcnwPk5e1gVWiJbTq7uxUkNn8DzRVm659JmGTFR5W QmRDvU3Bb1mJHK7qGvaLg5kKvJ9tXx4qDntaaZU2EPXgnr QmXnPPSuiAbypBs2W4Hu14xEgjjptzNmzCptadFdRv7xt5 Qmed7VnZALGrUYrCRnPW72Zg4XmWFjZQUFe7BHLQ4EWp12 Qmak6N1wRPKAPf9DxMtCC9P4rZVS2rKi58Zcinr7iLRtd5 QmYZPeUTA2uaPPdjbKd4Mhnwn8aLtQKzy7Ft175ssdW8PT QmcNLdXKwxdD6cLvdgRCUDzCTD4PfjtBzdq6btKA1VdHeD QmXkgs6nUp2YxKaphy2EXnEaHqcAAagQyA5Z44RUfN2uvD QmdGDdRX8ZuGj76UZ5fvhjBZ81N9v4RyisduQDvtX5i4bQ QmXUd8Sk2pSNG2yA8y1Ddfd7zDgDgQCfztF4s5mGnkZKin QmeDHFuwxMuWGXnXY8ELJ4X5fk6wWvRiyFNXRQ9noLwTQw Qma6fG1kUmKGPn5zAHpVWkUoTsUNdRgGNmFYPmFKcxGEHK QmcehsKRe5D9pD1MUq2cbSWmBriwyeQoqZP3fXiJWEjy4z QmSWwJ7eRdx1kz73nTFtXRp2vF9nhTnV7sYYZVwuM6t9c5 QmWM7VYrVdqPgZh8JgwKyiXxRcVGNjoM8cBVEUyQXKcR5T QmWSgWCNaXdj4bqpVXJtFwGUpuJtUjJhMJNpvzpyfvb343 QmcVbvyKViSMyKpSnvawYzxL7fTBuhBFrU1Qs3vw1Dka8p ╒═══════════════════ 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐗 ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⦿ [Meme] Trying to Appease Provocateurs and Borderline Trolls | Techrights ⦿ Microsoft GitHub Exposé — Part VIII — Mr. Graveley’s Long Career Serving Microsoft’s Agenda (Before Hiring by Microsoft to Work on GitHub’s GPL Violations Machine) | Techrights ⦿ IRC Proceedings: Sunday, November 28, 2021 | Techrights ⦿ This Apt Has Super Dumbass Powers. Linus Sebastian and Pop_OS! | Techrights ⦿ President Biden Wants to Put Microsofter in Charge of the Patent Office, Soon to Penalise Patent Applicants Who Don’t Use Microsoft’s Proprietary Formats | Techrights ⦿ Centralised Git Hosting Has a Business Model Which is Hostile Towards Developers’ Interests (in Microsoft’s Case, It’s an Attack on Reciprocal Licensing and Persistent Manipulation) | Techrights ⦿ Dr. Andy Farnell on Teaching Cybersecurity in an Age of ’Fake Security’ | Techrights ䷼ Bulletin articles (as HTML) to comment on (requires login): http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/appeasing-provocateurs/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/balabhadra-alex-graveley-and-tomboy/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/irc-log-281121/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/linus-sebastian-and-pop_os/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/microsoft-vidal/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/microsoft-vs-copyleft/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/teaching-cybersecurity/#comments ䷞ Followed by Daily Links (assorted news picks curated and categorised): http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/crossover-21-1-0/#comments http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/openzfs-3-0/#comments ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 66 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/appeasing-provocateurs/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/11/29/appeasing-provocateurs/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ [Meme]_Trying_to_Appease_Provocateurs_and_Borderline_Trolls⠀✐ Posted in FUD, GNU/Linux at 2:18 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Last year: Bryan_Lunduke_is_Still_100%_Trolling_With_His_Facts-Free_Provocation ‘Masterpiece’_Called_‘Linux_Sucks’ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇It’s Time More Linux Distros and DEs Become ‘Linus-Proof’⦈ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇I can't play my Windows things and gadgets⦈ Summary: GNU/Linux isn’t just a clone of Microsoft Windows and it oughtn’t be a clone of Microsoft Windows, either; some_people_set_themselves_up_for_failure, maybe_by_intention ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣾⣾⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣾⣷⣶⣶⣾⣷⣾⣾⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣷⣿⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠻⡿⢿⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⢿⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⢿⠟⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⡅⢨⣧⣿⠩⢭⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⢹⡏⣭⠉⣍⢹⠋⠍⢹⣿⡇⡈⠟⡀⢸⢋⣍⢻⠉⣭⠋⠍⢻⣿⡇⣿⣿⠉⡏⣩⠉⡏⢽⠉⣍⠛⣩⣿⡇⣿⣷⠈⡏⡏⠩⢽⡀⣭⠉⣭⠋⣭⠙⠋⠭⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣀⣧⣈⣿⣿⣁⣠⣿⣿⣇⣸⣿⣸⣇⣿⣀⣿⣸⣄⣉⣹⣿⣇⣷⣴⣇⣸⣌⣉⣼⣀⣿⣄⣉⣹⣿⣇⣉⣹⣀⣇⣿⣇⣧⣈⣀⣋⣤⣘⣿⣇⣉⣩⣼⣇⣏⣁⣠⣆⣉⣀⣿⣄⣉⣴⣉⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⢛⠛⡟⢛⡛⡿⢛⡃⢸⣿⠀⣶⣆⢹⠀⠶⢶⠟⣛⣻⣿⠀⠶⠈⡿⢛⠻⡿⢛⢻⠟⡛⢿⠛⡛⢛⡛⢿⢛⡛⢿⣿⣠⡇⢸⣿⡗⡞⢛⡛⢿⢻⡟⠻⢛⣛⣿⣿⣿⠀⣶⢈⠛⢛⠟⣛⠻⡟⢛⠻⡃⢐⣃⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣏⠀⠂⡇⢸⡇⢀⠘⠃⢸⣿⠀⠛⢃⣼⠀⠛⠛⠒⠀⣹⣿⠀⠛⢂⣇⠀⠀⣇⠛⢻⡘⠛⣸⠀⣿⢸⡇⢠⡀⠀⣾⣿⣿⡇⠘⠛⡇⡇⢸⡇⢸⠘⠃⢸⠂⢈⣷⣶⣾⠀⣶⣾⠀⣿⡄⠛⢀⣄⠛⢀⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡟⠹⠋⠫⡍⠫⡟⢹⠫⠉⠿⢹⡏⠫⣿⠙⠙⠹⡝⢻⢯⠛⠋⠯⠙⣿⠋⣿⠙⢹⢻⡛⠙⢟⠛⢫⠙⢿⠉⠻⡏⡫⡋⣽⠹⣿⠉⠻⣟⢿⠫⡟⡛⠋⠛⠝⠛⢟⡏⠫⣿⠋⠋⣟⠙⢹⡟⢿⡽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⠟⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡟⠉⠀⠠⣿⣿⣴⣼⣮⣬⣦⣤⣦⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⡙⢿⠋⡉⠙⣿⣿⢿⣿⠟⢉⠙⡿⠋⠉⠻⡟⣉⡙⢿⠋⣉⠙⣿ ⣿⣷⣄⣰⣂⣼⣿⣍⣉⣫⣉⣉⣹⣉⣗⣇⣿⣚⣪⣺⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣘⣁⣼⣌⣒⣠⣿⣧⣴⣿⣄⣐⣀⣶⣀⣀⣰⣧⣑⣁⣼⣌⣚⣠⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⠄⠀⢀⣀⣀⡀⡀⢀⣀⣀⠀⢀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⡏⠉⣿⣷⠀⢰⣿⡟⠉⢿⣿⡔⠈⣿⣿⣿⣆⠌⣿⡏⡄⠘⠀⠘⠋⢹⣿⡏⠙⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⠈⢸⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⡇⠙⣿⣧⣿⡇⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣧⣴⡿⠟⠀⠈⠿⣷⣤⣿⠿⠁⢠⣿⣧⠀⠈⢿⣿⡇⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣶⣶⠶⢶⣮⡠⠀⣠⣶⡿⠿⣶⣕⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⣶⣶⢁⠀⢀⣶⣿⠿⢷⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠲⣿⣯⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣷⠆⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⡟⠸⣿⣇⡀⠈⢿⣿⣶⣤⡀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣀⣸⣿⠏⠀⢿⣿⣄⣠⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣿⡏⢉⣿⣿⡀⢠⣤⣄⣹⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠈⠉⠉⠁⠈⠉⠙⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣇⠀⠀⠀⠰⢿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣤⣤⣤⡄⠀⠀⢠⣤⣤⡄⡀⠀⢠⣤⣤⡴⣤⣤⡄⢠⣤⡄⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣄⡩⠁⠀⠀⣾⡏⢻⣿⣀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡄⣼⡟⠀⠘⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⢻⣿⣧⠂⢰⣿⠇⢼⣿⣇⡀⠀⠀⢻⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠿⠿⠆⠀⠀⠀⠘⠿⠷⠿⠿⠋⠀⠿⠿⠆⠰⠿⠿⠾⠀⠀⠾⠿⠷⠀⠀⠀⠶⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸ ⣿⣧⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣦⣶⣶⣤⣴⣶⣤⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣻⣧⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡆⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣾⣿⣾⣴⣷⣿⣿⣶⣄⣄⣤⣠⣀⣴⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣟⠃⠀⠔⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⡇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣬⣀⡀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠁⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠻⣷⣤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣮⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⠇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠂⢀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠂⠀⠉⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠀⠘⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣻⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⠿⠏⠁⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣦⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡉⠉⠙⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡘⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠈⠛⠷⣶⣤⣄⣀⣀⣈⣻⣿⣿⣿⣟⡋⠈⠙⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⢿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣟⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⠖⣶⡆⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠏⢰⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣟⠀⣸⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⡟⢻⣿⣿⠛⠋⠉⠙⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢶⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠒⠲⡀⢄⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⢀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣦⣴⣶⣷⣾⣿⣿⠿⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡄⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣾⣗⣿⣻⣶⣿⣦⣤⣠⣠⣀⣀⣀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⢋⠅⠀⠀⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠃⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠻⣷⣤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⢰⣿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⠇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠉⢉⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⠉⠁⠉⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⢸⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣧⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠂⠀⠉⣿⣿⣿⡿⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠀⠈⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⠁⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⠿⠏⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠈⠛⠷⣶⣤⣄⣀⣀⣈⣻⣿⣿⣿⡟⠋⠀⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⢿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣟⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⠀⣶⡆⠰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠃⢰⣿⠇⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡟⠀⣰⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠉⠉⠉⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⡶⠟⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠟⠋⠛⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⢿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢶⠾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⡀⢀⠀⠀⢛⠀⢠⣦⡤⠾⠿⠖⠊⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠈⠛⠷⣶⣤⣄⣀⣀⣈⣻⣿⣿⣿⡟⠋⠀⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣟⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⠄⣶⡆⠠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⠓⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠃⠰⣿⠇⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡟⠀⣰⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠉⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⣴⣤⣄⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣶⡶⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⡿⠻⠿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⢿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢶⠾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣠⠀⠀⠀⠀⣟⠁⢠⣦⡤⣼⡿⡿⠗⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡥⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⢀⣠⣄⣠⣤⣴⣶⣾⠿⠿⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣧⣄⣠⣠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣷⣶⣶⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣴⣧⣥⣲⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠛⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠻⢷⣤⡠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣮⣍⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣬⣽⣿⣿⣿⠃⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠉⠉⣽⣿⣿⡟⠉⠀⠀⠐⠒⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣃⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣉⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠉⣿⣿⣿⡿⢱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠈⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⠁⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⠿⠏⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⢿⣯⡉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠈⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣮⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⣸⣿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⠇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⢰⠃⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠉⢉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⠀⢰⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣀⣀⣉⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⢈⡅⠀⣸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠂⠀⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠀⠈⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣤⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣯⣄⣀⣀⣈⣻⣿⣿⣿⣟⡏⠀⠈⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⢉⡉⠉⠛⠿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣟⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠒⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡆⣶⡆⠰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⡀⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠋⢰⣿⠇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⡿⣁⣀⣀⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣟⠀⣸⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠙⠉⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢻⡿⣿⠟⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠼⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢶⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⢥⣄⣄⣀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣾⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⣴⣤⣄⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠴⠶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣉⡀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣿⣿⣷⣤⣀⠉⠙⠻⣷⣤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⢠⣿⠁⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⠇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⢰⠇⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⢰⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣀⣀⣀⣀⣉⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢘⡇⠀⣸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠀⠈⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠁⠀⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⠁⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠉⠀⣿⣿⠿⠏⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⡏⡛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣥⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣆⣼⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠙⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⡍⠛⠷⣶⣤⣄⣀⣀⣀⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣀⣀⣾⣿⣿⣇⣀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⢉⡽⠏⠁⠉⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣟⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡆⣶⡆⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠋⢰⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣟⠀⣸⣿⠀⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠹⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡯⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠹⠻⢻⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢶⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡽⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣥⣠⣀⣄⡀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣄⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣷⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣤⣤⣀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠶⠴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣁⡀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣿⣿⣷⣤⡀⠉⠙⠻⣷⣤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⢠⣿⠃⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣾⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⠇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⢰⠆⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣀⣀⣀⣀⣉⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢨⡇⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠈⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⠃⠀⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⠁⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠉⠀⣿⣿⠿⠏⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⡟⡛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣥⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣆⣾⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠙⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠈⢹⣿⣿⡉⠛⠷⣶⣤⣄⣀⣀⣀⣹⣿⣿⣿⣟⠏⠀⠀⠉⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣀⣀⣾⣿⣿⣇⣀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⢉⡽⠏⠁⠉⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣟⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡆⣶⡆⠰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠋⢰⣿⡇⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣟⠀⣸⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠟⠻⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢶⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣭⡅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣝⡠⡄⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⢀⣀⣄⣤⣦⣶⣶⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡆⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣥⣴⣄⣀⣀⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡍⠀⠲⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣀⡀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⡇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠉⠙⠻⣷⣤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⢠⣿⠃⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⡜⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⢠⠃⠀⣾⡿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⠀⢀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣃⣀⣀⣀⣀⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢘⡇⠀⢸⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠉⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠃⠀⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⠀⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣹⡇⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣁⡀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠻⢷⣤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠆⠀⣾⡇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀⢀⣿⡇⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⡈⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠇⠀⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠚⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠐⠁⠀⣸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠋⠉⢹⡇⠀⠈⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⣿⣿⣿⡇⣀⣴⣿⣿⣷⣦⡀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣿⣿⣿⢀⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣄⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣥⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣿⣝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣴⣤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⡟⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⠇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⣼⠇⠀⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠉⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⠀⢰⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⣼⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠐⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⠀⠈⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⡚⠀⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⠙⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠿⠏⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢯⣥⣀⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⡞⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠈⠉⣽⣏⣴⣾⣿⣿⣷⡄⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠙⢿⣯⣽⠏⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢼⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠈⠛⠷⣶⣤⣄⣀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣿⠿⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠸⣄⠙⠿⢿⣿⣯⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣏⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡆⣶⡆⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠋⢳⣿⡇⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡋⠛⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣟⠀⣸⣿⠀⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢶⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣧⣤⣀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣠⣤⣤⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡄⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡇⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣋⡁⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⠉⠙⠻⣷⣤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⢠⣤⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣤⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⣾⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⣾⠁⢠⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠉⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢀⡿⠀⢸⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠚⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⢿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠉⠙⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠿⠏⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣥⣤⣿⠇⠀⣀⣀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⡞⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠈⠉⣽⣏⣴⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠱⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡙⢿⣯⣿⠏⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠈⠛⠷⣶⣤⣄⣀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠹⣆⠙⠻⢿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡖⣾⡆⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣋⡁⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠻⣷⣤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣶⣾⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣤⣤⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⠇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠉⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣋⣙⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠺⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⠋⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⠿⢏⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣾⣶⣦⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠙⢿⣯⡉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠈⠛⠷⣶⣤⣄⣀⣀⣀⣀⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⢉⡥⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣏⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⠖⣶⡆⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠋⢱⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠉⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣟⠀⣸⣿⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡸⠀⠀⣀⣤⣶⣦⠸⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣤⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣄⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠸⣛⣽⣿⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢶⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠁⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⣀⣠⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⣠⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣴⣆⣀⣀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡭⠅⠰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣉⡀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡛⠛⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠻⣷⣤⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠉⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠰⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠓⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣟⠋⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⠿⠏⠀⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠼⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣄⠀⠙⢿⣯⡉⠉⠉⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠷⣶⣤⣄⣀⣈⣻⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠛⠷⠂⠀⣠⡙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣏⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⡶⠀⠀⢀⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⡿⠄⢶⡆⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣤⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢁⡀⠉⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠙⢿⣯⡉⠉⠉⠈⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠷⣶⣤⣄⣈⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠿⠟⠋⠉⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣏⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⠆⣶⡆⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⡿⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠃⢰⣿⡇⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠋⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡄⠀⠀⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣟⠀⣸⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠛⠢⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠁⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⢶⣾⣇⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⠉⢉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠙⠿⠿⠋⠀⠀⠉⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣏⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡆⣶⡆⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⠯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠃⢰⣿⡇⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡻⠛⠉⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣟⠀⣸⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠣⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣳⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠓⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⠉⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢶⢾⣿⣿⣿⠷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠛⠿⠻⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣤⣴⣾⠿⠟⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣄⣤⣤⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⣄⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣦⣦⣆⣤⣴⣉⢠⣤⣶⣾⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⠁⣴⣿⣿⣷⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣦⣉⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⡄⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣬⣽⣿⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣀⣠⣤⣶⣷⣧⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢋⣁⠙⠛⣋⣙⠛⣛⣉⠁⣀⡀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⡀⢀⣀⠙⣛⣛⢛⡛⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⢿⡇⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⠻⠉⣿⡏⠀⢸⣏⣿⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿⡼⣷⡿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⣶⣆⣿⢾⣧⣿⢿⣿⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⢸⡏⠉⢸⣟⣰⣿⢿⡇⣿⡇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⡀⠀⠈⠩⠴⠦⠉⢉⠈⠉⠈⠉⠉⠈⠉⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠉⢉⡀⠈⠉⡉⠭⣬⣥⡭⠵⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⣉⠻⢿⣿⣷⣴⡂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣬⣽⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣴⣦⣤⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠏⠻⠇⠀⠀⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⢀⣀⠀⠀⣀⣀⠀⣀⣀⠀⣉⡉⣉⣉⣛⣋⣛⠛⢛⣉⡉⢀⣀⠀⣈⣙⢛⡛⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⢿⡇⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⠻⠉⣿⡏⠀⢸⣏⣿⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿⡼⣷⡿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⣶⣆⣿⢾⣧⣿⢻⣿⠀⠀⣿⡇⡀⢸⡏⠉⢸⣟⣰⣿⢿⡇⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠉⠉⠈⠉⠈⠉⠉⠈⠉⠀⠀⠉⠱⠷⠭⣭⡶⠌⠉⠉⠉⠈⢁⠉⠵⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢰⣶⣶⣶⡖⣶⣴⡆⢰⣶⢰⣶⣶⡖⣶⢰⣶⣰⡆⣶⢶⣦⣴⣿⣶⢰⡆⣶⡆⣶⢲⡞⣶⠌⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢸⣿⣿⢿⡇⢹⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡿⣿⣿⢘⡻⣶⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⡏⢸⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⡇⠸⠟⠿⠸⠇⡸⠟⠀⠀⠿⠟⠸⠿⠀⠿⠸⠇⠻⠇⠿⠾⠋⠙⠿⠟⠈⠿⠇⠿⠟⠘⠷⠟⢁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⡄⣤⣬⣭⢡⣄⣤⡄⣠⣤⡉⣡⣤⣄⠀⢠⣤⡄⢠⣄⣤⣤⣤⣤⡀⠀⣩⣥⣄⢀⣤⣄⢠⣤⣤⡀⣠⣤⡌⢠⣤⣤⣤⣬⣍⣭⣭⠻⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠁⠀⣦⠀⣿⡇⢸⣧⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣘⡃⢿⣮⣉⠀⢸⡿⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⠀⣿⣟⣛⢸⡟⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⣿⣘⣛⢸⣧⡄⣿⡇⠸⣷⣍⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡏⠀⠀⣿⠀⣿⡇⣸⡇⣿⣿⣿⢸⡟⣿⡟⣿⣼⡇⢿⣿⡿⠀⣿⡟⣿⣸⡟⣿⣿⣿⣼⡇⠀⢿⣿⣿⣼⡟⣿⣼⣿⣿⡇⣿⣼⣿⢸⣧⡄⣿⡇⢸⣯⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⢽⣿⣯⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⣶⣤⣴⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡿⠿⣷⡿⢶⠶⠴⠶⠶⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣤⣴⡶⠿⠟⠋⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣠⣤⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⣀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣤⣄⣄⣀⡀⣀⢀⡀⣠⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣦⣍⠻⢿⣿⣿⣼⡂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣬⣽⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣠⣤⣦⣶⣦⣤⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢳⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠏⠿⠇⠀⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⢀⣀⠀⠀⣀⣀⠀⣀⣀⠀⣉⡉⣉⣉⣙⣛⣛⠛⢛⣉⡉⢀⣀⠀⣈⣙⢛⡛⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⢿⡇⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⠻⠉⣿⡏⠀⢸⣏⣿⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿⡼⣷⡿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⣶⣆⣿⢾⣧⣿⢻⣿⠀⠀⣿⡇⡀⣸⡏⠉⢸⣏⣰⣿⢿⡇⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠉⠉⠈⠉⠈⠉⠉⠈⠉⠀⠀⠉⠱⠷⠭⣭⡶⠌⠉⠉⠉⠈⠁⠉⠵⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢰⣶⣶⣶⡖⣶⣰⡆⢰⣶⣰⣶⣶⡖⣶⢰⣶⣰⡆⣶⢶⣦⣴⣿⣶⢰⡆⣶⡆⣶⢲⡾⣶⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⢸⣿⣿⢿⡇⢹⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡿⣿⣿⢘⡻⣶⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⡏⢸⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⡇⠸⠟⠿⠸⠇⡸⠟⠀⠀⠿⠟⠸⠿⠀⠿⠸⠇⠻⠇⠿⠾⠋⠙⠿⠟⠈⠿⠇⠿⠟⠘⠷⠟⢁⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⡄⣤⣬⣭⢠⣄⣤⡄⣠⣤⡉⣡⣤⣄⠀⢠⣤⡄⢠⣄⣤⣤⣤⣤⡀⠀⣩⣥⣄⢀⣤⣄⢠⣤⣤⡀⣠⣤⡌⢠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣍⣭⣭⠻⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠁⠀⣦⠀⣿⡇⢸⣧⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣘⡃⢿⣮⣉⠀⢸⡿⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⠀⣿⣟⣛⢸⡟⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⣿⣘⣛⢸⣧⡄⣿⡇⠸⣷⣍⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡏⠀⢀⣿⠀⣿⡇⣸⡇⣿⣿⣿⢸⡟⣿⡟⣿⣼⡇⢿⣿⡿⠀⣿⡟⣿⣸⡟⣿⣿⣿⣼⡇⠀⢿⣿⣿⣼⡟⣿⣼⣿⣿⡇⣿⣼⣿⢸⣧⡄⣿⡇⢸⣯⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⣶⣶⣤⣴⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡿⠶⣾⡿⢶⠴⠴⠶⠶⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⣀⢄⣤⣤⣶⣶⣿⡿⠟⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣥⣦⡀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⢀⡀⢀⠀⣠⣤⣴⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠛⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠋⠁⠐⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣦⣍⠻⢿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣬⣽⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣠⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣗⣿⡇⠀⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠸⠟⠿⠸⠇⠸⠿⠀⠀⠿⠿⠹⠿⠐⠿⠸⠟⠻⠗⠿⠿⠟⠹⠿⠟⡘⠿⠇⠿⠟⠘⠷⠿⢃⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⠆⡆⢩⣭⣭⣭⡍⣭⣭⣭⢩⣄⣤⡄⣤⣤⡀⣠⣤⣄⠀⢠⣤⡄⢠⣄⣤⣤⣤⣤⡀⠀⣠⣤⣄⢀⣭⣄⢠⣤⣤⡀⣠⣤⡌⣥⣤⣤⣤⣤⣄⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠋⢸⣿⠈⣿⡇⢹⣷⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣘⣓⢿⣯⣏⠀⣸⣿⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣷⠀⣿⣟⣛⢸⡿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⣿⣘⣛⣿⣯⡄⣿⡏⠹⣷⣝⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠀⣸⣿⠀⣿⡇⣼⣇⣿⣿⣿⢸⡟⣿⡟⣿⣼⣧⢿⣿⡿⠀⣿⡟⣿⣸⡟⣿⣿⣿⣼⡏⠀⢿⣿⣿⣼⡟⣿⣼⣿⣿⡇⣿⣼⣿⣿⣧⡄⣿⡇⢸⣯⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠠⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⣦⡤⣤⣤⣀⣤⣤⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⠿⠶⠶⠶⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⣷⢰⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣶⣤⣄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣄⣀⣤⣴⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣤⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠵⠾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡛⠻⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠛⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣷⣶⣾⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣭⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣶⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⢰⡶ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣶⣶⣦⡀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⠛⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢻⣇⣿⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⡿⠟⠿⠇⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠙⠛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⣁⣁⠀⢀⣀⠛⣛⡛⣁⣀⣀⣀⣈⠛⢛⣛⡛⢛⣛⠿⣛⣛⢛⡛⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣼⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⢿⡇⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⠻⠉⣿⡏⠀⢸⣏⣿⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿⡼⣷⡿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⣶⣆⣿⢾⣧⣿⢻⣿⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⢸⡏⠉⢸⣟⣰⣿⢿⡇⣿⡇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣄⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠉⠉⠈⠉⠈⠉⠉⠈⠉⠀⠄⠉⠡⠷⠭⣭⡶⠈⠉⠉⠉⠨⠡⠍⠵⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣶⣶⣶⡖⣶⣰⡆⢰⣶⣰⣶⣶⡖⣶⢰⣶⣰⡆⣶⢶⣦⣴⣿⣶⢰⡆⣶⡆⣶⢲⡞⣶⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⢿⡇⢹⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡿⣿⣿⢘⡻⣶⡈⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠈⠛⠻⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡃⠘⢻⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠟⠿⠸⠇⠸⠟⠀⠀⠿⠟⠸⠿⠀⠿⠸⠇⠻⠇⠿⠾⠋⠙⠿⠟⠈⠿⠇⠿⠟⠘⠷⠟⣡⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁ ⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⢠⣥⣬⣭⡍⣤⣤⣤⢠⣄⣤⡄⣠⣤⡀⣠⣤⣅⠀⢠⣤⡄⢠⣄⣤⣤⣤⣤⡀⠙⣩⣥⣄⢀⣤⣄⢠⣤⣤⡉⣡⣬⡍⢡⣬⣭⣭⣤⣄⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ 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⣿⣿⣿⡃⠇⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠸⠟⠿⠸⠇⠸⠟⠀⠀⠻⠟⠸⠿⠀⠿⠸⠇⠻⠇⠿⠾⠋⠙⠿⠟⠈⠿⠇⠿⠟⠘⠷⠟⣡⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠃ ⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⢨⣭⣤⣤⡄⣤⣬⣭⢩⣄⣤⡄⣠⣤⡀⣠⣤⣄⠀⢠⣤⡄⢠⣄⣤⣤⣤⣤⡀⠀⣨⣥⣄⢀⣤⣄⢠⣤⣤⡉⣡⣤⡍⢩⣭⣭⣥⣤⣄⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⢸⣧⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣘⡃⢿⣮⣉⠀⢸⡿⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⠀⣿⣟⣛⢸⡟⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⣿⣘⣛⢸⣧⡄⣿⡇⠸⣷⣍⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⢸⡇⣿⣿⣿⢸⡟⣿⡟⣿⣼⡇⢿⣿⡿⠀⣿⡟⣿⣸⡟⣿⣿⣿⣼⡇⠀⢿⣿⣿⣼⡟⣿⣼⣿⣿⡇⣿⣼⣿⢸⣧⡄⣿⡇⢸⣯⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡇⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⣤⣤⡤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⠿⠷⣶⠏⢷⠄⠠⠰⠖⠆⠘⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠾⣿⣶⠶⣶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠖⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣤⣤⡴⠟⠛⠉⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣴⣶⣶⣿⡿⠿⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣀⢀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠙⠛⠛⠛⠿⠿⢶⣤⣤⣀⣀⡈⢻⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣦⣤⣉⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣉⡈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠃ 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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢸⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣈⠙⠛⣋⣙⠛⣋⣉⠉⣀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣉⡛⢛⣛⠿⣛⣛⢛⡛⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣾⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⢿⡇⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⠻⠉⣿⡏⠀⢸⣏⣿⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿⡼⣷⡿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⢠⡄⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⣶⣆⣿⢾⣧⣿⢻⣿⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⢸⡏⠉⢸⣟⣰⣿⢿⡇⣿⡇⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰⡿⠐⠁⠈⠉⠠⠤⠉⠉⠈⠉⠈⠉⠉⠈⠉⠴⠀⠉⠁⠀⠉⢩⡶⠌⠉⡩⢭⠬⠥⠉⠡⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠘⠋⠁⢰⣶⣶⣶⡖⣶⣰⡆⢰⣶⣰⣶⣶⡖⣶⢰⣶⣰⡆⣶⢶⣦⣴⣿⣶⢰⡆⣶⡆⣶⢲⡞⣶⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⢿⡇⢹⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢘⡻⣶⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠉⠛⠻⣿⡿ ⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡸⠟⠿⠸⠇⠸⠿⢠⡀⠿⠟⠸⠿⠀⠿⠸⠇⠻⠇⠿⠾⢋⠙⠿⠟⠈⠿⠇⠿⠟⠘⠷⠟⢁⣿⣿⣿⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃ ⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⢩⣥⣤⣤⡄⣤⣤⣤⢨⣍⣭⡍⣡⣤⡀⣠⣤⣄⠀⢠⣤⡄⢠⣄⣤⣤⣤⣤⡘⠟⣩⣥⣄⢀⣤⣄⢠⣤⣤⡀⣠⣤⡌⢡⣤⣬⣥⣤⣄⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⢸⣧⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣘⡃⢿⣮⣉⠀⢸⡿⣷⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⡇⠀⣿⣟⣛⢸⡟⣿⢸⣿⣿⡇⣿⣘⣛⢸⣧⡄⣿⡇⠸⣷⣍⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⢸⡇⣿⣿⣿⢸⡟⣿⡟⣿⣼⡇⢿⣿⡿⠀⣿⡟⣿⣸⡟⣿⣿⣿⣼⡇⠀⢿⣿⣿⣼⡟⣿⣼⣿⣿⡇⣿⣼⣿⢸⣧⡄⣿⡇⢸⣯⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⠗⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣶⣶⣶⣶⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣦⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⠿⠿⣶⠏⢷⠄⠠⠠⠖⠆⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⡗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢀⣀⣠⣤⣴⠾⠛⠉⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⣀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⠿⠛⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣴⣄⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢤⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠛⠛⠿⠿⠿⠶⣧⣤⣤⣤⣝⣻⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣸⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⡉⠻⢿⣿⣿⢷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⣌⡍⢹⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠃ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣴⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⢰⣶ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢠⣰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⡇⠀⠀⢰⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠛⠋⣿⡇⠀⠂⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠉⠛⠛⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⣀⣉⠁⣀⣀⠈⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣁⠀⢀⣉⡙⢛⣛⠿⣛⣛⢛⡛⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣰ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⠟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⢸⣿⢿⡇⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⠻⠉⣿⡏⠀⢸⣏⣿⢸⣿⠀⣿⣿⡼⣷⡿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿ 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Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/11/29/balabhadra-alex-graveley-and-tomboy/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_VIII_—_Mr._Graveley’s_Long_Career_Serving Microsoft’s_Agenda_(Before_Hiring_by_Microsoft_to_Work_on_GitHub’s_GPL Violations_Machine)⠀✐ Posted in GNU/Linux, Microsoft, Mono, Novell at 7:24 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Series parts: 1. Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_I_—_Inside_a_Den_of_Corruption_and Misogynists 2. Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_II_—_The_Campaign_Against_GPL_Compliance and_War_on_Copyleft_Enforcement 3. Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_III_—_A_Story_of_Plagiarism_and_Likely Securities_Fraud 4. Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_IV_—_Mr._MobileCoin:_From_Mono_to Plagiarism…_and_to_Unprecedented_GPL_Violations_at_GitHub_(Microsoft) 5. Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_V_—_Why_Nat_Friedman_is_Leaving_GitHub 6. Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_VI_—_The_Media_Has_Mischaracterised_Nat Friedman’s_Departure_(Effective_Now) 7. Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_VII_—_Nat_Friedman,_as_GitHub_CEO,_Had_a Plan_of_Defrauding_Microsoft_Shareholders 8. YOU ARE HERE ☞ Mr. Graveley’s Long Career Serving Microsoft’s Agenda (Before Hiring by Microsoft to Work on GitHub’s GPL Violations Machine) 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GitHub: Where everything comes to die⦈ Summary: Balabhadra (Alex) Graveley was promoting .NET (or Mono) since his young days; his current job at Microsoft is consistent with past harms to GNU/ Linux, basically pushing undesirable (except to Microsoft) things to GNU/Linux users; Tomboy used to be the main reason for distro ISOs to include Mono THE LAST part took note of Nat Friedman and Alex_Graveley (“best friends” in Graveley’s eyes; Miguel_de_Icaza_said_they_go_back_20_years). Today we look more closely at what Mr. Graveley had done before Microsoft/GitHub enlisted him to promote a GPL violations tool (a tool for encouraging — not detecting — copyleft violations). “All this stuff needs daylight, as the media completely failed to report about what had actually happened earlier this year.”Based on long conversations with a source, “on LinkedIn [he makes] claim to Copilot,” but that goes further back to things we covered over a decade ago. “It sounds like you might know more about that than me,” the source said, as “the timeline starts with the Tomboy stuff.” (We called them “Team Mono”) That was ages ago, but many of the same people are still involved and they are officially under Microsoft’s umbrella, with a salary from Microsoft as well. “From my understanding,” the source noted, “Alex wasn’t even 18 when this stuff started” because he “dropped out of high school at 15″ and later met “Nat [Friedman] through an IRC[-based] Linux channel or something…” They also did some podcasts together (Friedman and Graveley), as we noted here before. Friedman had worked for Microsoft as an intern (mid 90s, seems to be when he met Miguel_de_Icaza). It took many years before he worked directly for Microsoft once again. A lot of the time was spent hooking up companies like Novell with Microsoft and then promoting .NET through Xamarin, which also led to a “payday” from Microsoft. Our source said, “he hides that and I wonder why?” He would then attack Free software through shells and proxies, the latest of which was GitHub. We’ve already covered a number of scandals related to this. “I know almost nothing about his personal life,” our source noted, but Richard “Stallman [said] that his dad was a stock broker though…” “I just thought that was super weird,” the source said, “saw on some email to Richard” [Stallman] that said: “It seems that your efforts to build resistance to Amazon’s ludicrous one-click patent are really paying off! My father is a stock broker, and tonight he showed me a news item which came over his company’s internal wire service describing (fairly accurately) the boycott and your roll in it. Apparently it has been widely distributed among the brokerage firms, and AMZN was down 7 points today on the news (at least, there was no other readily-apparent reason for the downturn). Perhaps now that Amazon is getting hit in the pocketbook, they’ll pay more attention.” Mr. stock market… But this series isn’t so much about Friedman but about the issues, notably Copilot (connected to GitHub and proprietary spyware for desktops, Visual Studio). We’re going to focus on GPL violations they enable and who’s promoting this practice; that’s the role of Alex Graveley. Visual Studio ‘Code’ is proprietary spyware (the so-called ‘telemetry’ has become notorious enough) and a certain “Nathaniel_Dourif_Friedman” has a software_patent_on_spyware. Spyware like this: “During the course of a computer session, many actions may be performed on a computer. For several reasons, including increasing workforce productivity, it may be desirable to monitor these actions.” If it sounds like a SOFTWARE patent, bear in mind it is with Novell, which openly bragged about its software patents and tried to leverage them to attack rival GNU/Linux vendors in collusion with Microsoft. Our moral objections aside (those are patents which we oppose), Mr. Graveley too has_such_patents. All the Hackpad patents are listed there. “For clarification, Alex’s legal name is Balabhadra Graveley,” our source noted, and “to further clarify he is a white man and not Indian despite the sound of his name” because of his “hippie Hare Khrishna parents…” His LinkedIn (Microsoft) account suggests he still works for Microsoft: 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Alex_Graveley⦈_ “Team Mono or whatever you want to call it,” our source noted, is “alive and well…” Except Friedman is gone, likely forced to resign to save face. All this stuff needs daylight, as the media completely failed to report about what had actually happened earlier this year. One less important aspect of it all is, Alex Graveley was inadvertently the subject of many old posts of ours. Because of Mono and Tomboy. Readers might want to get some context, assuming they never heard about this controversy before. Here’s an article from 2013: * Canonical_Neglects_Tomboy_(Mono) And half a dozen (among more) from 2009: * Gnote_is_a_Lot_Faster_and_a_Lot_Lighter_Than_Tomboy * Tomboy_is_Afraid_of_Gnote,_Its_Mono-free_Sibling * Red_Hat_Replaces_Tomboy_with_Gnote,_Removes_Mono_Dependency * Did_Tomboy_Learn_from_TomTom?_Project_Forked,_Moves_Away_from_Microsoft ‘Standards’ * Announcement:_Mono-Free_Tomboy_Replacement_(Gnote)_Releases_Version_0.2.0 * In_Fedora,_Tomboy_and_Banshee_Depend_on_Winforms “I do have this message where Alex calls Tomboy his life’s work,” our source said. The above articles spoke about technical issues, not just legal issues. And sure, those are old… as the site was a lot younger back then (about 2.5 years old) and nowadays we do deeper investigations. It certainly seems like Friedman and others set him up for richness; by sucking up to Microsoft, with Mono, he was swimming close to the sharks. Tomboy as a piece of software is junk. That’s why someone else from Novell (alumnus) rewrote it in C++; there’s just nothing special about it, which makes sense considering he wrote it as a high school dropout with little experience in software engineering. “I’ve seen his code,” the source said, calling it “very procedural”. Gnote’s developer rewrote the whole thing in a better language, not controlled by Microsoft. Yes, his whole program was re-written as a hobby in C++ — a process which didn’t take long — and then it run much faster (details in the above links). The original implementation (Tomboy) was technically weak. Among the quotes we heard about Graveley: “He is so insecure”; “Full of doubts and strong opinions”; “Fun to be around, but also very self destructive” (attributed to Miguel de Icaza, speaking on experiences with Alex Graveley). “Based on his code,” our source added, “Alex is the kind of engineer that doesn’t understand easy to read doesn’t mean it’s simple…” “I write easy to read code that is well organized and get underestimated for it…” Tomboy was apparently so bad that someone simply rewrote the whole program in another language, C++, and did so very quickly; the technical improvements were vast. So is Graveley even good at software development? He didn’t finish school. He is insecure but (now) well connected, so he’ll try to use the current status to compensate for a weak background. “I suspect that Alex and Nat share darker secrets,” our source added. “I don’t even understand why Alex is working. [...] In regards to Github, the Github hate community has already been in touch on Twitter, mostly in regard to the ICE stuff…” GitHub does_worse_than_ICE, but the media seldom talks about that. The media suppressed that and more, whereas it actively helped ‘pacify’ the ICE protesters by shoveling up “Arctic Vault” puff pieces. We wrote about it back then. █ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣠⣤⣄⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣤⣤⣤⣤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠛⠓⠐⠿⠿⣿⣷⣶⣦⣤⣤⣤⠀⠀⣤⣄⠤⢄⣀⡄⠈⢻⣿⣿⠋⢁⣀⣀⣽⡏⢙⣿⠛⢻⣿⠉⢹⣯⡄⠀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⡄⠀⣠⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠈⣿⡇⠀⣾⡟⠛⢻⡏⠉⣏⠀⢈⣹⡀⠘⠛⠃⠀⡏⠉⣿⡏⠉⡇⠀⣉⡉⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠘⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⢰⣿⣧⠀⢿⣷⡆⢸⡇⠀⣿⠀⢸⣿⠂⢸⣿⡇⠀⡗⠀⣿⡇⠀⡇⠀⣿⡇⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⡙⠦⢼⣿⣿⠀⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣶⣤⣤⣤⣼⣧⣤⣿⣦⣤⣼⣤⣼⣿⣧⣤⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣧⣤⣤⣤⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⡟⢿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⢿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⡿⠿⡿ ⠷⣿⣷⣷⣯⣄⣍⠻⣿⣿⣿⣯⣽⡽⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⢿⣿⣟⠛⠻⢿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣿⣟⣿⣿⣷⣶⢶⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⣬⣵⣶⣷⣴⣲⣆⣌ ⠞⢅⣵⣒⣾⣬⠺⡟⣿⣾⣿⡯⣷⣽⣗⣿⣗⣝⣿⣯⣮⣿⡞⣿⢭⣓⣿⣏⡿⡈⣿⢿⢷⣿⠏⣿⢿⣿⣻⡿⣽⣿⣿⢯⣿⣿⣫⣿⣟⣯⣿⣿⢻⡿⢷⣿⣿⣿⣟⢹⣟⢻⢿⡯⣿⣿⢻⣯⣻⣿⣿⢿⠿⠙⠯⠿⠿⠛ ⠋⠃⠀⠈⠚⡁⠓⠱⠿⠆⠘⠛⠑⠮⠿⠡⠿⠹⣿⡧⣪⠿⠡⠿⣭⣏⣿⣭⣿⣤⣿⣤⣆⣼⣠⠿⣬⣆⠫⠿⠷⠸⢿⣶⣶⣿⣌⠷⣯⠿⢿⠖⠼⢧⠶⣿⡄⣼⣧⣼⣧⡼⣴⡿⢇⡝⢧⠼⠫⠏⠍⠛⢻⡂⠄⡀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⢀⡀⣀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣴⠒⣲⢨⡖⠺⣍⢻⣿⠩⣵⡟⢻⡟⡻⣻⣷⡺⡙⠲⠖⢺⣞⢏⡷⠒⣮⢳⣄⣲⡞⢲⡌⣲⣖⢲⡖⣲⣄⠉⠌⠉⠁⠁⠒⣁⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢃⠀⠀⠈⠀⠐⠀⠀⠈⢿⣩⡢⡸⣇⣢⡟⣸⡘⠟⣸⣇⣸⣏⣅⣠⣉⣻⠆⠈⠐⣸⡟⢘⣯⣖⡿⠀⠋⣹⣏⣹⠇⣸⡏⣸⣏⣫⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠉⠁⠐⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠴⠤⠴⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⢀⣾⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣸⣿⣫⣻⢸⣺⣸⣾⣾⣿⣸⣿⣸⣿⣸⣿⣹⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⠉⠉⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣽⡏⡟⣿⢻⣻⢹⣿⠫⢻⢻⢻⡏⡟⡟⡏⡟⣟⣟⣿⢹⣿⣿⢹⢿⢻⢹⢙⡋⣿⢻⢹⢻⣟⢽⡟⡟⡟⡟⣿⢹⢻⢻⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡿⠀⣸⣷⣿⣶⣿⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣇⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣦⡳⢼⣿⡇⠀⣠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1535 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/irc-log-281121/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/11/29/irc-log-281121/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ IRC_Proceedings:_Sunday,_November_28,_2021⠀✐ Posted in IRC_Logs at 2:07 am by Needs Sunlight Also available via the Gemini protocol at: * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/tr_text_version/irc-log-techrights- 281121.txt * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/tr_text_version/irc-log-281121.txt * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/tr_text_version/irc-log-social-281121.txt * gemini://gemini.techrights.org/tr_text_version/irc-log-techbytes- 281121.txt Over HTTP: 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_HTML5 #boycottnovell_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇H 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇HTML5_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_HTML5 #techbytes_log_as_HTML5 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #techrights_log_as_text #boycottnovell_log_as_text 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_ #boycottnovell-social_log_as_text #techbytes_log_as_text Enter_the_IRC_channels_now =============================================================================== § IPFS Mirrors⠀➾ CID Description Object type IRC log for  QmUvnoZX4Gw6HBXhBkc2T84Epn7PUVTfxjjkgtpVh4r4VV #boycottnovell 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #boycottnovell  QmTjPVvcYnvQUdy4uobvveNTg365ExmnVaT8gEbYuWoLF3 (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for #boycottnovell-  QmWStgqqzUkQZSpCQ6DbK1hJzJPJ1mLi2msxv5tv1UymCF social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #boycottnovell-  QmcF3JiNEE8gUeRrBDPw3knTqzEpFw38TNuLvQSvhWbNsd social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ (full IRC log as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for  QmdY6NjCcXLKksjdwc49GGyHj3nLyY4VEiQFSe9SUt248T #techbytes 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #techbytes  QmRDSUFPtikUWPc4BCsPKvahaxpvkz9e4nAZPhe9j1f5q3 (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) IRC log for  QmbRLk2fp1aP2uXzyVrcx5AHL5QRQEmjQGqj17sJcB3maS #techrights 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈ (full IRC log as HTML) IRC log for #techrights  QmbwkD6wfRDar7ahgsqkqtgmZ334sd8JYy3euLpExfmJgB (full IRC log 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈ as plain/ASCII text) 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇IPFS logo⦈ § Bulletin for Yesterday⠀➾ Local_copy | CID (IPFS): QmUS4fYkvuMboBGcVkEMNHsnTxKWQm7WKvLr6wGqwSsgk1 ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1664 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/linus-sebastian-and-pop_os/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/11/29/linus-sebastian-and-pop_os/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ This_Apt_Has_Super_Dumbass_Powers._Linus_Sebastian_and_Pop_OS!⠀✐ Posted in FUD, GNU/Linux at 3:11 pm by Guest Editorial Team Guest post by Ryan, reprinted with permission from the_original The “tech media” including It’s FOSS, have been on a tear about Linus Sebastian breaking a copy of Pop_OS! by doing something incredibly stupid with it. Linus Sebastian is a Youtube personality who is not a GNU/Linux or Free Software expert. He mostly (~99.9% and maybe then some) deals with Windows, and he decided to “review” a “Linux” distribution from the POV of a gamer. Fair enough. GNU/Linux runs many games, either native, Steam, or with some TLC in a copy of Wine or Proton. Unfortunately, Mr. Sebastian chose a very odd GNU/Linux distribution called Pop_OS!, which is produced by System76. They’re known for packaging a distribution with bugs. GNOME and GTK developers even had to explain the “problem with themes” because of them (tl;dr, GTK doesn’t have themes, and this hacked up theme Pop_OS! shipped caused visual corruption in GTK apps and GNOME), so it’s little wonder that Pop_OS! managed to break Apt as well. See, when Mr. Sebastian told Apt to install Steam, it warned that it would remove system packages that were vital to running GNOME or even using a graphical login to the system, and Apt (being from Debian, where such a situation is almost unheard of) stopped him from breaking his system. It said that, to continue breaking the system, you had to type “Yes, do as I say!” after explaining that the system, would indeed, be broken. So he did it and his system broke. What a complete shock. Then instead of reporting it as a Pop_OS! bug, he and other bloggers picked up on it to pretend there was something wrong with Linux (which is a kernel), GNU/ Linux distributions, Apt, and everything except what the problem was. Pop_OS! isn’t a very good OS, and Linus Sebastian told it to break his system. See, had Pop_OS! not been based on Ubuntu, which is in turn based on Debian, and had Pop_OS! and Ubuntu not both done crazy stuff to the system, the package manager wouldn’t have gotten fouled up like that. Pop_OS! didn’t bother to update their own copy of some 32-bit x86 dependencies, and so Apt found a solution. It could downgrade to the Ubuntu version, but to do so, it had to remove packages from GNOME and other things that couldn’t co- exist with that version. Had he stopped where he was, or had just been using Debian, or even Ubuntu, then this would never have happened. Pop_OS! will now patch their Debian to have “stupid dumbass mode” because of Linus Sebastian, where you have to put a special file somewhere to enable “Yes, do as I say.”, which shouldn’t even have come up except that they’re shipping a broken fork of a broken fork of Debian, and Linus Sebastian appears to be some sort of anti-GNU/Linux troll looking for Youtube hits. I have literally never looked at Pop_OS!, nor have I recommended it to anyone. The fact that the OS is based on Ubuntu should kind of be a hint that it won’t end well. Just because a distribution is out there doesn’t mean that the developers know what they are doing. I’ve probably seen more distributions get big things wrong than get almost everything right. Pop_OS isn’t the first and probably won’t be the last. For Steam’s part, Valve doesn’t make very good software. I went over SteamOS a while back, and_why_not_to_use_it. If the only thing installing it with Flatpak did was prevent it from being a hazard to the system, you should use Flatpak if you really want it. █ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1771 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/microsoft-vidal/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/11/29/microsoft-vidal/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ President_Biden_Wants_to_Put_Microsofter_in_Charge_of_the_Patent_Office,_Soon to_Penalise_Patent_Applicants_Who_Don’t_Use_Microsoft’s_Proprietary_Formats⠀✐ Posted in IBM, Microsoft, Open_XML, Patents at 8:24 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Microsoft_and_Kathi_Vidal⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇IAM_and_Microsoft_Kathi_Vidal⦈_ 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Vidal_profile⦈_ Summary: The tradition of GAFAM or GIAFAM inside the USPTO carries on (e.g. Kappos_and_Lee; Kappos lobbies for Microsoft and IBM, whereas Lee now works for Amazon/Bezos after a career at Google); it’s hard to believe anymore that the USPTO exists to serve innovators rather than aggressive monopolists, shielding their territory by patent threats (lawsuits or worse aggression) and cross- licensing that’s akin to a cartel THE company known as “Microsoft” isn’t just some ordinary firm. It is widely reviled because it is uniquely_malicious and outright_criminal. It was founded and run by criminals. What Microsoft is not: a software company. What Microsoft is: a cult, a military_contractor, and an_espionage_partner_of_the_NSA_et_al. It’s also a lingering,_ongoing_threat_to_national_security. The company controlled by a very famous criminal (Gates) has caused massive financial damage to hundreds of countries. “The company controlled by a very famous criminal (Gates) has caused massive financial damage to hundreds of countries.”A few days ago Patent Docs took_note of the fact that in spite of the US patent office being hijacked by the Microsoft ‘cult’/’religion’ (it has the hallmark of entryism), OOXML being made almost compulsory (otherwise penalties!) is a move that’s being delayed. Did they curb implementation due to backlash? Who knows… It is clear, however, that people are protesting. Some write to us about it. It’s bad enough that Microsoft already_controls (even illegally!) the EPO. The staff of the EPO is very unhappy about that! “The Director chosen by President Obama would later lobby for IBM and Microsoft, going as far as exploiting a pandemic to push for software patents.”Now the Corporate_President wants to put a person who worked for Microsoft part of the time… in charge of the US patent office, the world’s largest and most important patent office, which Microsoft relies on for blackmail of competitors, including GNU/Linux. “Vidal has extensive experience as a patent litigator, and has represented companies including Microsoft Corp,” said this_article_a_month_ago. IAM spoke of a company or “plaintiff who sued Microsoft, another Vidal client.” So President Biden wants to put a Microsofter in charge of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), just like President Obama put a deputy there who had come from Microsoft. The Director chosen by President Obama would later lobby for IBM and Microsoft, going as far as exploiting_a_pandemic_to_push_for software_patents. A reader of ours, who uses GNU/Linux (Linux Mint I believe), decided to write about_this (“letter to USPTO nominee and firm”), attributing the Microsoft capture to David_Kappos although this OOXML scheme emanated from or started during Andrei_Iancu‘s term. █ ⣿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣦⣤⣧⣤⣤⣮⣤⣄⣼⣧⣤⣤⣽⣤⣤⣇⣤⣥⣤⣧⣤⣤⣼⣴⣥⣧⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣾⣤⣴⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣷⣤⣤⣧⣄⣰⣤⣦⣤⣴⣼⣠⣤⣤⣴⣤⣿⣤⣀⣤⣼⣼⣾⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣽⣤⣦⣿ ⣿⣉⣉⣨⣈⣬⣈⣉⣁⣻⣡⣁⣘⣁⣈⣌⢸⣈⣈⣀⣹⣔⣱⣇⣡⣁⣇⡁⣁⣈⣁⣜⢁⣉⣈⣩⣁⣇⣭⣉⣁⣡⣘⣾⣀⣉⣼⣌⣠⣠⣧⣄⣉⣀⣠⣁⣡⣉⣈⣙⣇⣁⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣅⣉⣉⣉⣈⣩⣏⣡⣟⣉⣉⣉⣩⣉⣉⣉⣽⣉⣏⣉⣉⣉⣩⣉⣩⣉⣉⣹⣙⣛⣹⣉⣹⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣏⣩⣉⣙⣻⣉⣈⣉⣏⣉⣉⣹⣉⣍⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣇⣉⣏⣉⣍⣭⡉⣅⣍⣉⣹⣉⣉⣉⣩⣸⣁⠉⣍⣉⣻⣉⣉⣉⣏⣈⣉⣏⣉⣹⣠⣇⣈⡈⣋⣈⣉⣇⣉⣁⣉⣉⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣉⠉⢉⡝⢹⠉⠉⢹⢍⣋⢉⠭⢉⣭⢹⡫⡯⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣌⣈⣈⣿⣨⣉⣹⣉⣉⣉⣈⣏⣭⣉⣉⣹⣁⣉⣩⣿⣀⣀⣙⡉⡉⣉⣉⣩⣉⣍⣉⣉⣏⣉⣏⣹⣈⡈⢉⣉⣉⣽⣋⣉⣁⣇⣃⣌⣹⣩⣬⣩⣉⣉⣉⣍⣉⣩⣩⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠩⠉⠉⢫⠫⡯⠉⢙⠉⢻⠉⢙⠍⢋⠉⣯⠏⡏⠋⡏⠉⢝⢝⣭⠫⡋⠉⢹⠿⢉⣉⡿⠉⠉⠉⡉⠉⠉⣏⢫⠋⠋⡩⠩⠉⡯⠉⠉⢻⡝⠉⢹⡍⠫⢩⠉⠉⢫⡩⢙⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠛⠛⢛⢛⠟⠙⠛⠻⢿⠙⡻⠛⡛⠛⠋⢿⠛⡛⢹⠛⠛⠛⠙⠛⣿⠋⠛⠏⠛⢻⠛⠛⣛⠛⠟⠛⠙⠛⢿⢛⠛⡿⠟⢹⡛⢻⢩⣻⢻⠩⡛⠛⣛⠛⠛⢛⠟⢙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⠟⢛⢻⡿⣻⠻⠳⣶⠾⠻⠛⡟⠛⢟⠛⠟⠟⠛⡟⡻⠻⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣷⣾⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠉⠙⠛⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠙⠛⠻⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣒⡒⠤⠠⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠙⠛⠻⢿⡟⢁⣀⡀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡢⠉⠀⢒⡒⠭⠥⢐⣒⠠⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⣰⠏⠀⠸⠿⠿⠿⠿⠀⡶⡀⣴⢐⢀⠄⡀⡀⡀⡀⢀⣀⣰⣢⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⠀⠀⢐⡒⠤⠭⠀⢐⠨⠅⢐⣒⡪⠀⢾⣅⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠃⠑⠸⠸⠡⠄⠇⠣⠜⠽⠸⠼⠸⠸⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡒⠬⠤⢀⣐⡂⠉⠥⠀⢐⠈⠭⢕⢒⡂⠀⠀⠈⠳⢦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠐⠒⠂⠭⠍⢐⣒⠀⠨⠅⢐⡂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣽⡷⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⢶⢶⢶⣶⡶⠶⠠⠤⣤⠄⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠐⠂⠅⠀⠀⢠⣾⣯⣒⠄⢐⠀⠂⠀⠋⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⠟⠩⠑⠊⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣷⣦⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠈⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡶⢶⣶⡶⣾⣿⢷⣶⠶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡿⠿⠿⠿⡿⢿⡿⣿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⡿⠿⣿⡿⢿⡿⠿⡿⠿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣧⣀⣂⣠⣵⣘⣇⣬⣸⣀⣲⣠⣀⣄⣀⣢⣰⣐⣧⣛⣀⣀⣸⣧⣃⣄⣆⣷⣀⣄⣅⣸⣇⣃⣅⣨⠀⣀⣸⣔⣀⣄⣿⣘⣰⣠⣡⣀⣄⣂⣄⣔⢌⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡟⢻⡟⡿⢿⣻⣛⢿⠿⡿⣟⢻⣻⠿⣿⡿⣿⢿⠻⣿⣿⡿⢻⠛⠿⣿⡿⠟⡿⡿⢿⣿⡟⣿⠿⠻⣿⠿⣿⠿⡟⣿⡟⢿⣿⠿⠻⣿⣟⢿⣿⠿⢿⢿⣿⠿⡿⢻⠿⣿⢿⡛⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢿⢿⣿⢿⡟⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣟⣹⣋⣿⣟⣻⣟⣟⣯⣟⣛⣻⣻⣟⣻⣏⣿⣛⣛⣟⣻⢻⣛⣟⣟⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣛⣏⣟⣟⣻⣛⣻⣟⣻⣿⣿⣻⣟⣿⣿⣿⣛⣿⣿⣟⣹⣟⣟⣟⣻⣛⣟⡿⣛⣟⣻⣿⣿⣻⣟⣿⣻⣿⣛⣟⣻⣛⣻ ⣿⣿⡟⣻⣻⣛⣿⣻⣛⣿⣻⣛⣿⣿⣻⣟⣿⣟⣛⣻⣿⣟⣻⣻⣿⣻⣿⣻⣛⣟⣛⣻⣻⣛⡛⣟⣛⣛⣛⣟⣛⣻⣟⣛⣻⣟⣟⣛⣛⣿⣻⣛⣻⣿⣛⣛⣟⣛⡛⣛⣛⣟⣻⣛⣛⣛⣟⣻⣛⣿⣻⣟⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣟⣿⣻⣻⣟⢻⠛⣿⣻⡟⣿⢻⣛⢻⢛⡿⣿⡟⣿⣟⣛⡟⣿⣟⣿⢛⢛⣿⣟⣻⣟⡿⠛⣿⣿⢻⡟⡿⢻⣻⣻⢛⣻⣻⠛⣟⣿⣻⣻⢟⣻⣿⣟⣿⣟⡟⣻⣿⣟⣿⡛⡟⣛⣟⣟⣟⣻⡟⣻⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠻⣿⣻⠟⣿⣿⣻⡿⠟⢿⡿⢿⡿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡏⣛⣛⣿⣛⣟⣛⣛⣻⣻⣟⣛⣹⣛⣛⣻⣻⣛⣻⣟⣋⣛⣿⣻⣛⣻⣛⣟⣻⣟⣋⣙⣻⣿⣿⣟⣙⣟⣛⣋⣿⣛⣿⣿⣟⣟⣻⣿⣟⣛⣻⣛⣛⣛⣿⣟⣻⣙⣏⣿⣛⣛⣛⣻⣻⣽⣻⣿⣛⣟⣟⣟⣟⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣟⣻⣛⡿⣛⣿⣛⣟⣛⣛⡟⠙⠙⢻⣟⣿⣻⣿⣿⣻⣟⣻⣟⣻⣛⣿⣻⣿⣛⣟⣻⣿⣻⣟⣻⣿⢿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣛⣻⣻⣛⣟⣟⣻⣻⣛⣿⣟⣛⣿⡿⣿⣟⣻⣟⣿⣻⣻⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢀⢠⡄⡀⡄⣄⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⢠⡀⢠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠔⠢⠀⠇⠀⠁⠇⠉⠀⠀⠡⠀⠠⠸⠈⠸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠢⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠠⡢⠀⠔⠂⢲⠂⠒⠄⠠⠄⡀⠤⢠⢠⠀⢰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠨⠐⠄⠠⠅⠸⠀⠑⠤⠁⠈⠔⠉⠂⠸⠈⠺⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠔⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢀⡀⠀⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡀⠀⢀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⡀⠀ ⠀⠸⠣⠧⠟⠽⠸⠘⠀⠳⠁⠸⠼⠢⠇⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⡟⠀⠄⠀⢰⢰⣿⡇⠁⠀⠀⡲⣜⣠⢶⠀⠀⠌⢸⣿⠈⠀ ⠀⠶⠤⠀⠠⠤⠀⠀⡢⢰⡠⣠⡄⡔⣴⢤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠊⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠑⠁⠀⠀⠐⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠈⠊⠉⠊⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠐⠒⠀⠘⠿⠇⠀⠀⠦⠖⠰⠆⠀⠰⠄⠶⠖⠲⠆⠶⠆⠔⠤⠖⠶⠀⠀⠲⠰⠴⠠⠰⠶⠴⠀⠆⠦⠲⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣼⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣿⣇⣿⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣷⣽⣷⣥⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣶⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣽⣿⣿⣻⣿⣏⣽⣟⣿⣭⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣯⣿⣿⣻⣯⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣻⣿⣿⣿⣙⣽⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ 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⣿⣿⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣯⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣷⣧⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣾⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢾⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣭⣿⣷⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣽⣯⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣯⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡟⣻⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⡏⣿⡟⣻⣿⡿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠁⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠿⠟⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1937 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/microsoft-vs-copyleft/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/11/29/microsoft-vs-copyleft/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Centralised_Git_Hosting_Has_a_Business_Model_Which_is_Hostile_Towards Developers’_Interests_(in_Microsoft’s_Case,_It’s_an_Attack_on_Reciprocal Licensing_and_Persistent_Manipulation)⠀✐ Posted in Deception, Free/Libre_Software, Microsoft at 1:40 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz Video_download_link | md5sum f61d9673d5ccbe9adaa4a962ab98031c http://techrights.org/videos/github-attack-on-copyleft.webm Summary: Spying, censoring, and abusing projects/developers/users are among the perks Microsoft found in GitHub; the E.E.E.-styled_takeover is being misused for perception_manipulation and even_racism, so projects really need to take control of their hosting (outsourcing is risky and very expensive in the long run) THIS thing called "Copilot" is weaponising the userbase and codebase Microsoft acquired from GitHub 3 years ago. We took a moment to look at who’s behind it (Microsoft_GitHub_Exposé_—_Part_VIII) and next Monday we’ll dive a little deeper into those matters. “Gitlab.com is controlled by one company (indebted to shareholders) and sites that self-host with its software typically use some intentionally-crippled “community” [sic] edition of the same software…”The video above was recorded a couple of hours later to add some personal thoughts; it mentions that GitHub must be stubbornly avoided and GitLab isn’t really a suitable replacement, either. Gitlab.com is controlled by one company (indebted to shareholders) and sites that self-host with its software typically use some intentionally- crippled “community” [sic] edition of the same software, which includes a lot of JavaScript (the Web was supposed to be pages, not some canvas for programs to run on like Flash). Next week should be interesting because we’re planning to get closer to the scandals which likely resulted in expulsion (they never frame it like that; it would make both the company and the employee look bad, repelling clients/ shareholders) of Mr. Friedman [1, 2]. Is his friend still at GitHub? Where is his wife working now? Stay tuned. We have catching up to do. █ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1998 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕ (ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2021/11/29/teaching-cybersecurity/#comments Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2021/11/29/teaching-cybersecurity/ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Dr._Andy_Farnell_on_Teaching_Cybersecurity_in_an_Age_of_‘Fake_Security’⠀✐ Posted in GNU/Linux, Security at 6:34 am by Guest Editorial Team By Dr. Andy Farnell [http://techrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/book.jpg]I teach cybersecurity. It’s something I really believe in, but it’s hard work for all the wrong reasons. First day homework for students is watching Brazil, No Country for Old Men, Chinatown, The Empire Strikes Back, or any other film where evil triumphs and the bad guys win. This establishes the right mindset – like the medics at the Omaha beach landing in Saving Private Ryan. Not to be pessimistic, but cybersecurity is a lost cause, at least as things stand today. If we define computer security to be the combination of confidentiality, integrity, and availability for data, and as resilience, reliability and safety for systems, then we are failing terribly on all points. As a “proof” after a fashion, my students use a combination of Blotto analysis from military game theory, and Lubarsky’s law (“there’s always one more bug”). It is a dispiriting exercise to see how logic stacks up against the defenders, according to which “the terrorists always win”. Fortunately, game theory frequently fails to explain a reality where we are not all psychopathically selfish Bayesian utility maximisers (unlike corporations which are programmed to be). Occasionally hope, compassion, gratitude, and neighbourly love win out. Could things be worse than having mathematics against you? Actually yes. You could live in a duplicitous culture antithetical to security but favouring a profitable facsimile of it. Perhaps that’s a means for obsolete power hierarchies to preserve themselves, or because we don’t really understand what “security” is yet. Regardless, that’s the culture we have, and it’s a more serious problem than you might think, much more so than software complexity or the simple greed of criminals. My optimism is that if we can face up to facts, we can start to change and progress. It is in the nature of teachers, doctors and drill instructors that we must believe people can change. So I’ll try to explore here how this mess happened, how Linux, BSD and free open source software with transparent standards are a plausible even necessary way out of the present computer security crisis, and why the cybersecurity courses at most universities are not helping. We have to keep faith that complexity, bad language design and reckless software engineering practices are surmountable by smart people. Maybe one day we’ll build computers that are 99.9% secure. But that is unlikely to happen for reasons recently explained by Edward Snowden, who describes an Insecurity Industry. Indeed, I was a little disappointed by Snowden’s essay which does not go nearly far enough in my opinion. For me, the Insecurity Industry is not located in a few commercial black-hat operations like Israel’s NSO Group, but within the attitudes and practices running through every vein of mainstream computing. As with its leaders, a society gets the technology it deserves. As we revel in cheap imported goods, surveillance capitalism, greed, convenience, manipulation, and disempowerment of users, we reap the security we deserve. Blaming the cyber-arms trade, the NSO or NSA for answering the demands of cops and criminals alike, is distracting. Without doubt what they are doing is wrong and harmful to everyone, but we can’t have secure computing while those who want it are an educated minority. That situation will not change so long as powerful and fundamentally untrustworthy corporations with business models founded on ignorance dominate our digital lives. Projects of digital literacy started in the nineteen eighties. They kick- started Western tech economies, but faltered in the mid nineties. Programming and “computer studies” which attempted to explain technological tools were replaced by training in Microsoft Word and Excel spreadsheets. Innovation tailed-off. A generation taught to be dependent on tech, not masters of it, are fit only for what David Graeber described as Bullshit Jobs Graeber18. Into this vacuum rushed “Silicon Valley values” of rent seeking, piggybacking upon established standards and protocols. With a bit of spit, polish, and aggressive marketing, old lamps could be foisted upon consumers. Twenty years later we have a culture of depressed, addicted, but disenfranchised technology users Lanier11. We have moved from “It’s more fun to compute” to “If you’ve nothing to fear you’ve nothing to hide”. In other words, we’ve transformed digital technology from a personally empowering choice into systems of near-mandatory social command and control (see Neil Postman’s Technopoly postman93). What advantage would any group have in securing their own chains and the weapons ranged against them? A sentiment only half-disguised in young people today is utter ambivalence toward tech. As states move to reclaim control from social media platforms, public debate has been framed around whether Facebook and suchlike are threats to democracy and ought to be regulated. But this is merely a fragment of a larger problem and of a discussion that has never been properly widened to examine the general dangers of information technology in all its manifest forms, in the hands of governments, businesses, rogue groups and individuals alike. For me, an elephant in the room is the colossal distance between what we teach and what we practice. Twice convicted monopolists Microsoft set back computing by decades, and in particular their impact on security has been devastating. Yet their substandard wares are still pushed into schools, hospitals and safety-critical transport roles. Even as embarrassing new holes in their products are exposed daily, lobbying and aggressive misinformation from Microsoft and other Big-Tech companies, all of which suffer from appalling privacy and security faults, continues unabated. Big-tech corporations are insinuating themselves into our public education and health systems without any proper discussion around their place. It is left to well educated individuals to opt-out, reject their systems, and insist on secure, interoperable choices. Advisories like the European Interoperability Framework (EIF is part of Communication COM134 of the European Commission March 2017) recognise that tech is set to become a socially divisive equality issue. The technical poverty of the future will not separate into “haves and have- nots”, but “will and the will-nots”, those who will trade their privacy and freedom for access and those who eschew convenience for digital dignity. As the word “infrastructure” (really vertical superstructure) has slyly replaced ICT (a horizontal service) battles have raged between tech monopolies and champions of open standards for control of government, education and health. The idea of public code (see_the_commentary of David A Wheeler and Richard Stallman) as the foundation of an interoperable technological society, has been vigorously attacked by tech giants. Germany fought Microsoft tooth and nail to replace Windows systems with 20,000 Linux PCs in 2015, only to have Microsoft lobby their way back in, replacing 30,000 desktops with Windows 10 in 2017. Now the Germans seem poised to switch again, this time taking back all public services by mandating support for LibreOffice. In the UK, several institutions at which I teach are ‘Microsoft customers’. I pause to use the term “Microsoft Universities”, but they may as well be. Entirely in the pocket of a single corporation, all email, storage networks, and “Teams” communication are supplied by the giant. Due to de-skilling of the sector, the ICT staff, while nice enough people, lack advanced IT skills. They can use off-the-shelf corporate tools, but anything outside lockstep conformity allowed by check-box webmin interfaces is both terrifying and “not supported”. I met a secondary school headmaster who seemed proud to tell me that they were not in the pockets of Microsoft, because they had “become a Google Academy”. I responded that “as a Linux child”, my daughter woudn’t be using any of that rubbish either. Here’s a problem; I don’t use Microsoft or Google products. At one level it’s an ethical decision, not to enrich aggressive bullies who won’t pay proper taxes in my country. It’s also a well informed technical position based on my knowledge of computer security. For me to teach Microsoft to cybersecurity students would bring professional disgrace. I won’t be the first or last person to lose work for putting professional integrity first. They say “Nobody ever got fired for choosing Microsoft”. At some institutions that is not merely advice, it’s a threat. Security in the shadow of Big-Tech now means job- security, as in the iron rice bowl from which the compliant may feed, but educated independent thinkers must abstain. A more serious problem is not just that companies like Google and Microsoft are an expensive, controlling foreign corporations supplying buggy software, or that university administrators have given away control of our networks and systems, it’s that commercial products are increasingly incompatible with teaching and research. They inject inbuilt censorship and ideological micromanagement into academies and schools. Another is that “choice” is something of an illusion. Whatever the appearance of competition between, say, Apple and Facebook, Big-Tech companies collude to maintain interlocking systems of controls that enforce each others shared values including sabotage of interoperability, security and inviting regulation upon themselves to better keep down smaller competitors. Big-Tech comes with its own value system that it imposes on our culture. It restricts the learning opportunities of our kids, limits workplace innovation and diversity, and intrudes into our private activities of commerce and health. In such a hostile environment for teaching cybersecurity (which is to teach empowering knowledge, and why we call it “Ethical Hacking” 1) one may employ two possible methods. First, we can buy in teaching packages reliant entirely on off-site resources. These are the “official” versions of what computer security is. Two commonly available versions come from Cisco and the EC Council. Though slickly presented these resources suffer the same problems as textbooks in fast-changing disciplines. They very quickly go out of date. They only cover elementary material of the “Cyber Essentials” flavour, which ultimately is more about assurance than reality. And they are partial, perhaps even parochial versions of the subject arrived at by committee. Online courses also suffer link-rot and patchy VM service that breaks lessons. Unlike in-house setups, professors or students cannot debug or change the system, itself an important opportunity for learning. Besides, the track record of Cisco with respect to backdoors no_longer_inspires_much_confidence. The other method is to create “suitcase data-centres”. A box of Raspberry Pi single board computers saves the day! The_Raspberry_Pi_Foundation, perhaps modelled after the early digital literacy drives of Acorn/BBC has done more for British education than any dozen edu-tech companies by promoting (as much as it can) openness of hardware and GNU/Linux/Unix software. Junk laptops running Debian (Parrot Linux) and SBCs make a great teaching setup because a tangle of real network cables, wifi antennas and flashing lights helps visualise real hacking scenarios. Professors often have to supply this equipment using our own money. I rescued a pile of 1.2GHz Intel Atom netbooks from the garbage. Because we are not allowed to connect to university networks, 3/4G hotspots are necessary, again using bandwidth paid for out of my own pocket in order to run classes. Teaching cybersecurity feels like a “forbidden” activity that we sneakily have to do despite, not because of, university support. Teaching cybersecurity reflects a cultural battle going on right inside our classrooms. It is a battle between two version of a technological society, two different futures. One an empowering vision of technology, the other a dystopian trap of managed dependency. Dan Geer, speaking_in_2014 described cybersecurity as a manifestation of Realpolitik. Nowhere does the issue come so clearly to a head as in the schism between camps of Snowden or Assange supporters and the US State, each of which can legitimately claim the other a “traitor” to some ideal of “security”. At the everyday level there is a tension between what we might call real_versus fake_security. The latter is a festival of form over function, a circus of phones, apps and gizmos where appearance triumphs over reality. It’s a racket of productised solutionism, assurance, certification and compliance that’s fast supplanting actual security efforts. By contrast, the former is a quiet anathema to “security industry” razzle. It urges thoughtful, modest simplicity, slow and cautious change. It’s about what you don’t do. So, in our second lesson we analyse the word “security” itself. Security is both_a_reality_and_a_feeling. There are perhaps masculine and feminine flavours of security, one following a military metaphor of perimeters, penetration and targets, the other, as Eve Ensler Ensler06 and Brene Brown Brown12 allude, an inner security that includes the right to be insecure and be free from patrician security impositions “for your own good”. Finally, there is the uncomfortable truth that security is often a zero-sum affair – your security means my insecurity. While “good” security is a tide that raises all ships, some people misuse security as a euphemism for wielding power. None of these social and psychological realities fit well into the lacklustre, two dimensional models of textbook computer security. Fortunately a mature discipline of Security Engineering which does not dodge social and political factors has emerged in the UK. Ross Anderson Anderson08 is part of a team leading such work at the Cambridge_Cybercrime_Centre. One take-away from lesson two is that the word “security” may not be used as a bare, abstract noun. One must ask; security for who? Security from who or what? Security to what end? Once we begin to examine the deeper issues around device ownership, implied (but infirm) trust models, forced updates, security theatre, and conflicting cyber-laws, we see that in every important respect tech is anarchy. It’s a de facto “might is right” free-for-all where much of what passes for “security” for our smartphones, online banking and personal information is “ignorant bullshit” (in the strict academic sense of bullshit according to Harry Frankfurt; that vendors and politicians don’t know that they do not know what they are talking about – and care even less Frankfurt05). Consequently, much of what we teach; the canonical script of “recon, fingerprinting, vulnerability analysis, vector and payload, clean-up, pivoting, escalation, keeping root…”, and the corresponding canon of blue team defence (backup, intrusion detection, defence in depth, etc…) – has no context or connection to a bigger picture. It is ephemeral pop that will evaporate as technology changes leaving students with no deeper understanding of what we are trying to do by testing, protecting and repairing systems and data, or why that even matters. We create more guards for the castles of tech-feudalism – obedient, unthinking security guards employed to carry out the whims of the management class. Leveraged by the unspoken carrot of preferential technical privilege and enforced by the stick of threatened removal of their “security status”, they become administrators of new forms of political force. Challenges to grey-area behaviours beyond the legal remit of managers, are proclaimed “security breaches” unless pursued through intractable administrative routes or through appeals that can be deflected with allusions to “policy” or the abstract “security” of unseen authorities. Some of our smartest people are ultimately paid well to shut up and never to think for themselves. There is a very serious concern that our “Ethical Hacking” courses (which contain no study of ethics whatsoever) are just creating fresh cyber-criminals. Despite the narrative that “we are desperately short of cybersecurity graduates and there are great jobs for everyone”, the reality is that students graduate into an extremely competitive environment where recruitment is often hostile and arbitrary. It doesn’t take them long to figure that their newfound skills are valuable elsewhere. Years ago, it became clear to me that we must switch to a model of “Civic Cyber Security”. I became interested in the work of Bruce Schneier not as a cryptographer but as an advocate of Technology In The Public Interest. National security is nothing more than the sum-total of individual earned and learned security. That means teaching children as young as five foundational attitudes that would horrify industry. There is no room to lie back and hope Apple or Google can protect us. Organisations like the UK’s National Cyber Security Centre, or US National Security Agency, which have conflicted remits, might wish to be seen as benevolent guardians. Their output has been likened by comedian Stuart Lee to “Mr Fox’s guide to hen-house security”. Cybersecurity can never be magically granted by those who have a deep and lasting interest in withholding it. The business of “personal computing” has become ugly. Cybersecurity, in as much as it exists, is a conflicted and unreliable story we tell ourselves about power and tribal allegiances. We can’t put on a “good guys” hat and beat “cyber-criminals” so long as we are competing with them for the same thing, exploitable clueless users. The only questions are whether they are to be sucked dry by ransomware, “legitimate” advertising, or manipulated for political ends. If we are to engage in sincere, truthful education, then we have to call-out Big-Tech for what it is; more a part of the problem than a solution. Those of us who want to explore and teach must still circumvent, improvise and overcome within institutions that pay only lip service to authentic cybersecurity because they are captured by giant corporations ⚓ Bibliography⠀⇛ * [Graeber18] David Graeber, Bullshit Jobs: A Theory, Simon and Schuster (2018). * [Lanier11] Jaron Lanier, You Are Not a Gadget, Vintage (2011). * [postman93] Neil Postman, Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology, Vintage Books. N.Y. (1993). * [Ensler06] Ensler, Insecure at last, Villard (2006). * [Brown12] Brené Brown, The Power of Vulnerability: Teachings on Authenticity, Connection and Courage, Sounds True (2012). * [Anderson08] Ross Anderson, Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems, Wiley (2008). * [Frankfurt05] Harry Frankfurt, On Bullshit, Princeton University Press (2005). ⚓ Footnotes:⠀⇛ 1 A term made up to attract young students to cybersecurity while assuring parents and politicians. =============================================================================== About the author Dr. Andy Farnell is a computer scientist, author and visiting professor in signals, systems and cybersecurity at a range of European universities. His recent book “Digital_Vegan” uses a dietary metaphor to examine technology dependency and over-consumption. ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠋⠁⠻⣿⣿⣿⠟⢋⣡⣄⣀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣬⣛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⢉⣴⣷⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠟⢋⣤⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⣜⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣓⠶⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠔⠀⠀⠠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡌⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⡆⠀⠀⠐⠲⣶⣄⣀⣤⣤⡤⠖⠉⠀⠀⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⠛⠛⠛⠉⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣔⣙ ⣿⣿⣿⢿⣯⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠁⠠⠤⠀⠀⠈⠻⠿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⡀⠀⠀⣀⡀⢺⡄⠀⠀⠀⠉⣉⣉⢡⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⢻⣿⠏⠀⠊⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⡤⣤⡀⢰⡂⢀⣤⣠⡄⣿⠐⣿⠂⣻⠽⣷⠸⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠯⢸⣿⣿⣿⠟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠂⠁⠀⣤⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⣿⢸⡇⢻⣄⣸⡇⠸⠇⠹⠖⠛⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⢸⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠱⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⡀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠛⠁⠀⠉⠐⠿⠖⠃⢀⡀⢀⣤⣤⠀⣶⠞⢷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠇⠾⠿⠿⠿ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣄⣠⣼⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠘⣧⠀⣼⢃⣴⢲⣦⢰⡏⠙⣧⢨⣗⣻⡇⢿⠄⠸⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⢀⣐⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣧⡟⠈⢿⣭⠗⠈⣓⣚⡿⠈⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠆⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣈⠡⠄⢀⣖⢒⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣶⢆⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠩⠉⠂⠒⠛⠉⠈⠀⠀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣴⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣩⣾⠏⠀⠀⠀ ⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⠀⢀⣀⣠⣤⢤⣴⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⠀⡄⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠾⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⡄⢿⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⠛⠉⢿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⠿⣿⢿⣿⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡏⠸⡇⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣶⣶⣦⣤ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡿⠈⠻⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⡇⢰⠷⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⣀⣀⣀⣠⣴⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣿⠀⠀⣽⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⡠⢤⠰⠰⠶⠊⠛⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣠⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠉⢡⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣤⣤⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⢠⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣤⡴⠶⠶⠟⠛⣛⣛⣉⣉⣭⣥⣤⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠋⢰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣤⣶⣶⣚⣛⣛⣉⣭⣭⣤⣴⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣌⣉⣛⡟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⢀⣿⣯⠌⢉⠉⣑⠰⣿⣶⡴⣤⠞⢟⢛⣻⢿⢿⠻⢿⣷⣿⢿⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⣼⣿⣿⡍⢙⣵⠓⠁⢀⠀⢄⡄⠱⣨⣭⣆⣍⣺⠛⣠⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⡏⢱⣐⣬⡝⡺⠶⠂⢾⠏⢦⣵⣮⡩⡉⢈⢠⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⡿⠩⠄⢈⢁⠀⢄⠞⢨⡵⣮⡄⣶⡽⢣⢘⡤⢀⠆⠀⠘⢿⢻ ⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⢸⣿⣿⣵⣶⣶⣶⣾⣦⣤⣤⣤⣥⣤⣅⡀⢦⡀⠀⠀⢀⠃⠀⠀⠈⢉ ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 2406 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Links_29/11/2021:_NuTyX_21.10.5_and_CrossOver_21.1.0⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 6:01 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o § Desktop/Laptop⠀➾ # ⚓ It’s_Time_More_Linux_Distros_and_DEs_Become_‘Linus-Proof’⠀⇛ The past few weeks have rattled the desktop Linux community. Popular tech YouTuber Linus, not Torvalds but Sebastian, decided to use Linux on desktop for a month. Linus Sebastian wanted to see if Linux has gotten to the point where it is user friendly enough that any tech nerd can pick it up and run? His focus was also on gaming on Linux because PC gaming is an area Sebastian covers a lot. That’s an interesting concept and many in the Linux community got excited because it was free publicity for desktop Linux to a wider tech audience. o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ Late_Night_Linux_–_Episode_153⠀⇛ A Russian distro teaches some of us a valuable lesson, plus the great email client debate, and your thoughts on documenting and discarding collections. # ⚓ Destination_Linux_254:_Giving_Thanks_For_Jill’s_Treasure Hunt⠀⇛ This week’s episode of Destination Linux, we are going on a TREASURE HUNT in Jill’s Computer Museum because the community’s most loved segment is back! Then we’re going to discuss iconic open-source software. Plus we’ve also got our famous tips, tricks and software picks. All of this and so much more this week on Destination Linux. So whether you’re brand new to Linux and open source or a guru of sudo. This is the podcast for you. # ⚓ Festival_Text_To_Speech:_The_Better_Linux_TTS_–_Invidious⠀⇛ It’s very rare that I find myself using Text to speech on linux but when I do it’s usually through espeak, sadly espeak doesn’t come with the best tts package so how about we try something else, that something else being festival tts also known as festvox # ⚓ How_to_install_Telegram_on_Elementary_OS_6.0_–_Invidious⠀⇛ In this video, we are looking at how to install Telegram on Elementary OS 6.0. # ⚓ Simple_Tips_to_Get_Involved_in_KDE!_–_Kockatoo_Tube⠀⇛ o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # ⚓ How_a_performance_boost_in_Linux_kernel_for_one_family_of Intel_chips_slowed_its_latest_Alder_Lake_processors⠀⇛ The mixture of performance and efficiency CPUs in Intel’s 12th-gen Core processors, code-named Alder Lake, hasn’t just been causing problems for some Windows gamers – it almost led to complications for Linux. Phoronix’s Michael Larabel noticed a performance hit in the kernel a fortnight ago – in a work-in- progress release candidate, we should stress – and a fix for the scheduling code landed a little later. It turned out the kernel suffered on Alder Lake chips due to a performance-enhancing tweak for another Intel processor family: the multiple-Atom- core-based Jacobsville. This year, Intel officially canned its Lakefield chips. These consisted of a performance core called Sunny Cove as well as Atom-class efficiency cores dubbed Tremont. Crucially, there are still multi- Tremont-core embedded processors out there, such as Snow Ridge. These are server and infrastructure- oriented components with up to 24 cores. The first proposed cut of kernel 5.16, specifically 5.16-rc1, contained a revision to the scheduler that makes it aware that some clusters of cores share a block of L2 cache – as seen in Snow Ridge and Jacobsville. # ⚓ Testing_the_Linux_Kernel_CephFS_Client_with_xfstests⠀⇛ I do a lot of testing with the kernel cephfs client these days, and have had a number of people ask about how I test it. For now, I’ll gloss over the cluster setup since there are other tutorials for that. # ⚓ Major_Rewrite_Of_Linux’s_FS-Cache_/_CacheFiles_So_It’s Smaller_&_Simpler_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ As part of David Howells of Red Hat long-term work on improving the caching code used by network file- systems, he today posted a big patch series rewriting the fscache and cachefiles code as the latest significant step on that adventure. Howells posted a set of 64 patches for rewriting the kernel’s fscache and cachefiles code. Linux’s fsache is a general purpose cache used by network file-systems while cachefiles is for providing a caching back-end for mounted local file-systems. The Red Hat engineer has been working on this rewrite for more than the past year. o § Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ System_Monitoring_Center_is_an_Ideal_Task_Manager_& Resource_Monitor_for_Linux⠀⇛ Graphically monitoring the system resources may not be the best experience on Linux. The system monitoring tool that comes baked in with your desktop environment might limit the details. For instance, GNOME’s system monitor does not display the CPU frequency and temperatures. In addition, the default system monitor applications available for Linux usually aim for simplicity instead of providing detailed insights. # ⚓ Best_Open_Source_Gantt_Chart_Software_for_Linux⠀⇛ Gantt chart is the simplest way to assign resources, manage timelines, and visualize dependencies. It helps you to avoid confusion and cut unproductive events. With a glance, you can have all activities, allocated assets, and the scheduled dates of each. While a Gantt chart is a must for any complex project, in general, you need this project management tool… o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ So_this_is_why_Deepin_requires_so_much_disk_space_for installation_–_LinuxBSDos.com⠀⇛ Deepin is a desktop Linux distribution with roots in China. It is based on Debian, but ships with its own graphical interface called Deepin Desktop Environment and a set of Deepin-developed tools to go with it. The last version I installed was from 2015, so since I’m gradually coming back to writing for this blog, I decided to test drive the latest edition – Deepin 20.3, which was released on Nov. 25. For me that means installing it in a virtual environment using VirtualBox. For such installations I typically assign the virtual disk 20GB of disk space. And so it was with Deepin 20.3. But that didn’t end well because at some point the installation failed, with the message shown in Figure 2: “You need at least 64 GB of disk space to install Deepin. To get better performance, 128 GB.” # ⚓ 13_exercises_to_boost_your_Linux_skills_|_Enable_Sysadmin⠀⇛ Work through this Linux fundamentals checklist to make sure you’re ready for whatever comes your way at home, at work, or on certification exams. # ⚓ BASH_01_–_Script_Basics_|_Linux.org⠀⇛ This article is the first in a series of articles to cover Bash Scripting. More articles will follow which will build on each other, so make sure you look over each article. It is preferable to read the articles in order (which is why I will number them). Scripting is a very useful ability for someone using Linux. Making scripts is especially useful for Administrators. Everyone should benefit from Bash Scripting. Bash is the most common shell interpreter on Linux systems. When you open a Terminal, you are in an interactive shell environment. To verify that your system is using the Bash shell using the command: ‘echo “$SHELL”‘. # ⚓ What’s_the_Difference_Between_Exposing_and_Publishing_a Docker_Port?_–_CloudSavvy_IT⠀⇛ Exposed and Published container ports are two different but related concepts in Docker. Exposed ports are defined in your Dockerfile as simple metadata. You must publish them when your container starts if you want to enable outside access. # ⚓ How_to_set_up_high-refresh_rate_monitors_on_Linux⠀⇛ Do you have a high refresh rate monitor? Are you running Linux? Can’t quite figure out how to change the refresh rate? We can help! Follow along with this guide as we go over how to change the refresh rate on popular Linux desktop environments! # ⚓ How_to_Install_pgAdmin_4_on_CentOS_8_–_NextGenTips⠀⇛ In this tutorial guide, I will be taking through the installation of pgAdmin 4 version 6.2 on CentOS 8 pgAdmin 4 is a free and open-source management tool for Postgres. Its desktop runtime written in NWjs allows it to run standalone for individual users, or the web applications code may be directly deployed on a web server for use by the web browser. pgAdmin 4 is a complete rewrite of pgAdmin, built using Python and Java. # ⚓ How_to_Update_to_MATE_Desktop_1.26_on_Ubuntu_21.04⠀⇛ Ubuntu MATE is a more retrospective version of Ubuntu, one that largely lets you continue using Ubuntu in the way it functioned over a decade ago. But despite how things may look, updates do continue to roll out for the MATE desktop environment that is Ubuntu MATE’s namesake. The latest iteration is MATE 1.26. Here’s how you can update the MATE desktop in Ubuntu 21.04 to the latest version. # ⚓ How_to_Change_a_Users_Shell_in_Linux_–_Unixcop_the_Unix_/ Linux_the_admins_deams⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to change the shell of a user in Linux. The shell is a program that accepts and interprets commands. there are several shells such as bash, sh, ksh, zsh, fish and many other lesser known shells available on Linux. Bash is a Unix shell and command language for the GNU Project as a free software replacement for the Bourne shell. First released in 1989,it has been used as the default login shell for most Linux distributions. # ⚓ How_to_use_shutdown_command_with_examples_–_Unixcop_the Unix_/_Linux_the_admins_deams⠀⇛ “Shutdown” refers to the process of stopping and shutting down a computer or server. This involves cutting the power to the main components of the system using a controlled process. Applications are closed, active processes and protocols are saved to the hard drive, device drivers are removed, and user settings are saved in the process. There are several options to do so, including scheduling a shutdown at a specific time, shutting down immediately, broadcasting a unique message, and so on. # ⚓ How_to_Install_MySQL_Database_on_Ubuntu_20.04_| RoseHosting⠀⇛ MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS), it’s widely used and part of the popular LAMP/LEMP stacks. The data is organized in one or more tables in which the data types may be related to each other and MySQL uses SQL Structured Query Language to manage its data. Considering its part of the LAMP/LEMP stack it is used by many database-driven web applications such as WordPress, Magento, Drupal, and Joomla. Today we will install MySQL on our server and create a database and user with chosen permissions on this database, let’s get started! # ⚓ How_to_install_deepin_20.3_–_Invidious⠀⇛ In this video, I am going to show how to install deepin 20.3 o § Games⠀➾ # ⚓ The_Trials_And_Tribulations_Of_SLA_Printing_A_Portable_Wii Handheld_|_Hackaday⠀⇛ The G-Boy kit revolutionized the subculture around building portable home consoles, allowing an entire Wii to be crammed into a form factor the size of a original Game Boy. [Chris Downing] is no stranger to the field, and sourced a G-Boy kit of his own to build it to the best of his abilities. (Video embedded after the break.) However, he wanted to step up above the FDM-printed parts of the original kit. Thus, he contacted the kit developer Gman, who provided him with the 3D model files so he could attempt a higher-quality SLA print himself. [Downing] had some experience with SLA printing in the past with the Form 2, but found some unique challenges on this build with the Form 3. # ⚓ Announcing_CrossOver_21.1.0⠀⇛ Hi folks, I’m thrilled to announce that we have released CrossOver 21.1 for macOS, Linux and Chrome OS! In addition to a suite of fixes for a variety of applications, CrossOver 21.1 also includes some pretty cool enhancements. We’re very excited about them, and we hope you will be too. Our big reveal for this release is much-awaited support for Grand Theft Auto V (including GTA Online) on both macOS and Linux. Starting with CrossOver 21.1, you can now run Grand Theft Auto V via either the standalone Rockstar Games Launcher or Steam. # ⚓ CrossOver_21.1_Released_With_GTA_V_Support,_Restores Outlook_2016_&_365_Support_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ CodeWeavers is kicking off the new week by releasing CrossOver 21.1 for Linux, macOS, and Chrome OS users wanting to enjoy Windows games and applications. CrossOver 21.1 finally has working Grand Theft Auto V support (GTA Online is working as well) for both Linux and macOS. GTA V could already work with Steam Play’s Proton but hadn’t worked with CrossOver or upstream Wine. This CrossOver support works both via Steam or the standalone Rockstar Games launcher. CrossOver 21.1 also has a number of macOS-specific improvements, including support for macOS 12 “Monterey” and getting more Windows games working nicely on macOS. # ⚓ Ubisoft_encourages_fans_to_show_interest_in_‘Rainbow_Six Siege’_Steam_Deck_support⠀⇛ On November 20, a Rainbow Six Siege fan shared a post on the Ubisoft discussion board asking about the possibility of Proton support for the game when the Steam Deck releases, as it runs a Linux-based operating system. “Recently, Steam has announced that BattleEye will work with proton on an opt-in basis from game developers,” said Garlic_Kasparov. “R6: Siege is definitely a game I want to play, but unfortunately can’t as I use Linux. This thread is to express concern and voice support for enabling Proton support for R6 Siege as I would love to see it be done.” Proton is the compatibility layer that allows Windows games to be run on a Linux device, and as the Steam Deck is Linux-based, Siege and several other games won’t be able to run properly without Proton. o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # § GNOME Desktop/GTK⠀➾ # ⚓ Dockeye_–_New_Graphical_App_to_Manage_Docker Containers_/_Images_in_Linux_|_UbuntuHandbook⠀⇛ Running applications via Docker in Ubuntu Linux? Dockeye is a free open-source tool to manage your containers and images via a graphical user interface. Dockeye is written in Rust programming language. It provides a dark UI (light mode is also available) that list Docker containers and images in tabs. For each container, it provides options to control start, stop, pause, and remove operations. User may also check the detailed information about a container, including ID, image, maintainer, labels, environment, network info, CPU, Memory and other system resource usage. And, app running log is available in tab for debugging purpose. o § Distributions⠀➾ # § New Releases⠀➾ # ⚓ NuTyX_21.10.5_available_with_cards_2.4.140⠀⇛ The NuTyX team is happy to announce the new version of NuTyX 21.10.0 and cards 2.4.138. The xorg-server graphics server version 21.1.1, the Mesa 3D library in 21.2.5, Gtk4 4.4.0 and Qt 5.15.2. The python interpreters are en 3.10.0 et 2.7.18. The XFCE desktop environment is updated to version 4.16. The MATE desktop environment is a 1.26 version . The GNOME desktop environment is also updated to version 40.1.1 The KDE desktop environment is available in Plasma 5.23.3, Framework 5.88.0 and applications in 21.08.3. Available browsers are: Firefox 94.0.2, Chromium 96.0.4664.45, Epiphany 40.3, etc Many desktop applications have been updated as well like Thunderbird 91.2.0, Scribus 1.5.7, Libreoffice 7.1.5.2, Gimp 2.10.28, etc. # § SUSE/OpenSUSE⠀➾ # ⚓ Adaro_Energy_optimizes_business_efficiency_with_SUSE Ed: SUSE is shilling SAP’s proprietary software as_is typical]⠀⇛ “The deployment of SAP S/4HANA on SLES for SAP Applications is an important step that provides real-time analytics for business insights throughout the enterprise, thereby aiding agile monitoring and decision making.” Eka Suharto Head of IT Adaro Energy. # ⚓ SUSE_joins_the_Graviton_Launch_|_SUSE_Communities⠀⇛ AWS Graviton is an amazing technology. Custom built 64-bit Arm processors that helps to optimize price performance for a variety of cloud workloads running in Amazon EC2. Compared to general-purpose instances, Graviton delivers major cost savings for scale-out applications such as web servers, containerized microservices, data/log processing and much more. # § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾ # ⚓ Workforce_development_–_we’re_leveling_the_playing field_for_good_IT_jobs⠀⇛ I’m part of a grassroots team at Red Hat that came up with an idea to solve both problems at once. Introduced in August 2021, the Red Hat workforce development program allows colleges and universities to help non-degree seeking students, who may want to change careers, enter the IT industry via certification or get an IT certification. # ⚓ How_to_build_stronger_teams_in_2022:_10_must-read books_|_The_Enterprisers_Project⠀⇛ The pandemic tested IT teams in entirely new ways and shed new light on the importance of taking care of employees’ very human needs in a difficult time. As former Best Buy CEO Hubert Joly recently wrote for the Harvard Business Review, that attention will shift to higher level needs like clarity, truth, connection, and growth. Leading and managing teams may take more nuance in this remade work environment, so we’re recommending ten books to help you build stronger teams for the days ahead, from better understanding (and even celebrating) the very human nature of teams to fostering high-performing teams in distributed environments to making the shift from team member to leader. # ⚓ When_the_open_source_ecosystem_thrives_in_the_cloud: IT_leader_insights⠀⇛ Software is eating the world and open source has become the default way to build software. Public cloud has accelerated the proliferation of open source technologies, and has led to an adjustment in both the enterprise procurement and monetization of software. After a few years of seismic realignment (the aftershocks are still reverberating through the ecosystem), we have reached a point where there are paths for software vendors to partner with or live in the marketplaces of the hyperscalers, says Jerry Chen, a venture capitalist at Greylock. Chen has a long history with open source – he was on the VMware team that made Cloud Foundry an open source project, and later funded Docker as a VC – and has written a series of articles called Castles in the Cloud. I recently spoke with him as part of Red Hat’s livestreaming show, In The Clouds. # ⚓ Digital_transformation:_Are_you_working_toward_the right_goals?⠀⇛ For any digital transformation project to succeed, you need a well-laid-out road map, a clear objective, and bite-sized goals to mark the milestones. And it’s important to put those plans into action and measure their success against the pre-defined relevant metrics. The pandemic made the pace of digital transformation a key performance metric by making it urgent for enterprises to embrace and accelerate digital. Now it’s time to think beyond speed and measure the success of digital transformation against metrics that align with business goals. Here are five key digital transformation metrics that hold value for enterprises across industries. # ⚓ Automating_content_management_in_Red_Hat_Satellite 6.9_with_Red_Hat_Ansible_Automation_Platform:_Planning the_workflow⠀⇛ There are hundreds of thousands of tasks required to administer a large fleet of servers. Automation can take some of the more mundane tasks off your plate. As an example, once you have built your Standard Operating Environment (SOE) and need to manage the care and feeding of it, you may want to run this through an automation pipeline to get the grunt work done while you are focused on more critical tasks. So let’s look at automating the initial publication of our monthly content in Red Hat Satellite. # ⚓ Red_Hat_Developer_roundup:_Best_of_November_2021_| Red_Hat_Developer⠀⇛ November brought a full plate of new features written by developers working at Red Hat, and we are here to share the harvest. Keep reading for some of our reader’s top picks and a few we really like, including updates for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.5 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 Beta and developer guides to choosing your best Java garbage collector, building machine learning models in the cloud, bringing Kubernetes workloads to the edge, and so much more. # ⚓ More_Features_Begin_Lining_Up_For_Fedora_36_– Phoronix⠀⇛ With a few weeks having passed since the Fedora 35 debut, more feature work and planning around next spring’s Fedora 36 are underway. Already accepted for Fedora 36 are some of the usual package updates that come as little surprise for living on the bleeding-edge. Among those updates are the likes of Autoconf 2.71, Java OpenJDK 17 as the system JDK, PHP 8.1, OpenSSL 3.0, and others. Some of the planned changes for Fedora 36 include using DNS-over-TLS where supported, replacing FBDEV kernel drivers with SimpleDRM, DNF/RPM copy-on-write enablement for all variants when running on Btrfs, and more. This Wiki page continues tracking the Fedora 36 changes that have been approved by the Fedora Engineering and Steering Committee (FESCo). # § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾ # ⚓ Ubuntu_Weekly_Newsletter_Issue_711⠀⇛ Welcome to the Ubuntu Weekly Newsletter, Issue 711 for the week of November 21 – 27, 2021. The full version of this issue is available here. # ⚓ Launch_Ubuntu_Desktop_on_Google_Cloud⠀⇛ This tutorial shows you how to set up a Ubuntu Desktop on Google Cloud. If you need a graphic interface to your virtual desktop on the cloud, this tutorial will teach you how to set up a desktop environment just like what you can get on your own computer. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # ⚓ Raspberry_Pi_CM4-based_panel_PC_offers_DAQ_inputs_and_M.2 NVMe⠀⇛ Sensoper’s 7-inch “SC-PC” HMI panel PC runs Linux on a Raspberry Pi CM4 and supplies GbE, M.2 for NVMe, RS-485, 3x USB, 8x digital inputs, 7x transistor outputs, and 8x analog inputs with a choice of 0-10V or 4-20mA ranges. Michigan-based Sensoper Controls has launched a 7- inch, industrial panel-PC in two variants: an SC- PC-AV8-TO7 model with 8x 0-10V analog inputs and an SC-PC-AM8-TO7 with 4-20mA analog inputs. The otherwise identical panel PCs run Raspbian (Raspberry Pi OS) Linux with pre-installed Node-RED on the Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4. # ⚓ ModBerry_500_CM4_updated_with_more_GbE,_M.2,_USB_3.0,_and more⠀⇛ Techbase has updated its RPi CM4-based ModBerry 500 CM4 controller with options including a second GbE, 4x USB 3.0 ports, a second M.2 slot for NVMe, double the Excard I/O slots, PoE, and two outdoor enclosures. Techbase has announced an updated version of its ModBerry 500 CM4 industrial controller, which once again runs Linux on the Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4. Highlights include options for more GbE, M.2, and Excard expansion slots, as well as options for PoE and a 4x USB 3.0 port hub. There are also two new outdoor enclosures, one of which offers IP68 protection. # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ Wireless_thermal_printer_kit_features_M5Stack_ATOM Lite_controller_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛ This is certainly not the first ESP32 thermal printer solution, as there are various implementations including bitbank2 thermal printer Arduino connecting ESP32 and nRF52 boards to the printer over Bluetotoh LE, or a Arduino sketches to print bitmaps over serial or MQTT. # ⚓ Generate_Fully_Parametric,_3D-Printable_Speaker Enclosures_|_Hackaday⠀⇛ Having the right speaker enclosure can make a big difference to sound quality, so it’s no surprise that customizable ones are a common project for those who treat sound seriously. In that vein, [zx82net]’s Universal Speaker Box aims to give one everything they need to craft the perfect enclosure. # ⚓ Z80_Video_Output_Via_The_Raspberry_Pi_Pico_| Hackaday⠀⇛ Building basic computers from the ground up is a popular pastime in the hacker community. [Kevin] is one such enthusiast, and decided to whip up a video interface for his retro Z80 machine. # ⚓ The_Calculator_Charm:_Calculatorium_Leviosa!_| Hackaday⠀⇛ Have you ever tried waving your hand around like a magic wand and summoning a calculator? We would guess not since you’d probably look a little silly doing so. That is unless you had [Andrei’s] cool gesture-controlled calculator. [Andrei] thought it would be helpful to use a calculator in his research lab without having to take his gloves off and the results are pretty cool. His hardware consists of a PocketBeagle, an OLED, and an MPU6050 inertial measurement unit for capturing his hand motions using an accelerometer and gyroscope. The hardware is pretty straightforward, so the beauty of this project lies in its machine learning implementation. # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Winners_and_losers:_Fairphone_and_the_fragmentation of_Android_|_NextPit⠀⇛ # ⚓ The_budget_Nokia_T20_Android_tablet_is_now_even cheaper⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_Redesigns_Wear_OS_‘System_Updates’_Screen_to Mention_the_Android_Version_|_Technology_News⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_Play_Store_names_best_Android_apps,_games_of 2021_–_9to5Google⠀⇛ # ⚓ Xiaomi_testing_MIUI_13_based_on_Android_11_and_12, list_of_devices_in_tow_–_GSMArena.com_news⠀⇛ # ⚓ Latest_Android_Auto_update_finally_adds_dual_SIM support⠀⇛ # ⚓ AYN_Odin_shipments_delayed_until_January_(handheld Android_game_console)_–_Liliputing⠀⇛ o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # ⚓ Best_8_Open-source_Email_clients_for_Android⠀⇛ An email client app is responsible for accessing your email messages on the server from your device. Mail clients are available for desktop, or can even come in a self-hosted web-based form, which the user can install and use on their own servers local or remote. We have covered self-hosted email client apps and open-source email servers in previous articles. # ⚓ Create_your_own_YouTube_alike_website_with_MediaCMS⠀⇛ MediaCMS is released as an open-source project under AGPL-3.0 License. # ⚓ The_Apache_Weekly_News_Round-up:_week_ending_26_November 2021⠀⇛ We’re wrapping up another great week with the following activities from the Apache community… # ⚓ Apache_Month_in_Review:_September_2021⠀⇛ # § SaaS/Back End/Databases⠀➾ # ⚓ Top_13_Open-source_SQLite_Database_clients_and managers⠀⇛ SQLite is an embedded lightweight database engine, first appeared 21 years ago and was released as an open-source project under the Public domain. It is widely used as a client-side database in the browser, for desktop applications, and mobile apps. Some web frameworks come with built-in support for SQLite, like Django (Python). SQLite is famously used by big enterprises like Adobe, Microsoft, Airbus, Apple, Google, and more. SQLite is part of Android and Google Chrome/ Chromium Web browsers. # ⚓ PostgreSQL_Weekly_News_–_November_28,_2021⠀⇛ Nordic PGDay 2022 will be held in Helsinki, Finland at the Hilton Helsinki Strand Hotel on March 22, 2022. The CfP is open through December 31, 2021 here # § FSFE⠀➾ # ⚓ Children‘s_book_published_about_software, skateboards,_and_raspberry_ice_cream⠀⇛ Today, 29 November, O’Reilly Germany publishes the book “Ada & Zangemann – A fairy tale about software, skateboards and raspberry ice cream” written by FSFE President Matthias Kirschner and illustrated by Sandra Brandstätter, among other things, character designer for the series “Trudes Tier” from the show “Sendung mit der Maus”. The famous inventor Zangemann lives in a huge villa high above the city. Adults and children alike love his inventions and are desperate to have them. But then something happens: when Zangemann once again wants to take a close-up look at his inventions during a walk through the cityand with a loud thud, a child riding a skateboard hits him in the shin! Enraged, the inventor makes a momentous decision… The clever girl Ada sees through it all. Together with her friends, she forges a plan. # § Programming/Development⠀➾ # ⚓ Automating_Mobile_Games_With_A_Robot_Arm_|_Hackaday⠀⇛ My Singing Monsters is one of those mobile titles that has users play simple games to earn coins and gems in the usual way. [Anykey] found that his son was a fan of the game, but that sometimes it felt a little rigged. Thus, rather than waste time playing themselves, he set up a robot to do the job for them. # ⚓ Dima_Kogan:_GL_image_display⠀⇛ I just spent an unspeakable number of days typing to produce something that sounds very un-impressive: an FLTK widget that can display an image. The docs and code live here. The big difference from the usual image-drawing widget is that this one uses OpenGL internally, so after the initial image load, the common operations (drawing, redrawing, panning and zooming) are very fast. I have high-resolution images in my projects, and this will make my tools much nicer. # ⚓ Anyone_can_compile_open_source_code_in_these_three simple_steps_|_Opensource.com⠀⇛ There are many ways to install software, but you get an option not available elsewhere with open source: # § Perl/Raku⠀➾ # ⚓ Rakudo_Weekly_News:_2021.48_Raku_at_FOSDEM 2022⠀⇛ Good news from the FOSDEM organizers: there will be an online Raku DevRoom at FOSDEM 2022. Please stay tuned for more information on how to make sure you can get a presentation in. And of course, this should not prevent you from submitting a presentation to any of the other tracks to spread the word of the Raku Programming Language. Such as the Declarative and Minimalistic Computing track to name but one example. # ⚓ gfldex:_Symmetric_code⠀⇛ While reading Arne`s solution for Challenge #140.2, I spotted a nested simple loop. o § Standards/Consortia⠀➾ # ⚓ But_Think_Of_The_(World_Wide)_Users!_|_Hackaday⠀⇛ History is full of stories about technology that makes sense to the designer but doesn’t really fit the needs of the users. Take cake mixes. In 1929, a man named Duff realized that he could capitalize on surplus flour and molasses and created a cake mix. You simply added water to the dry mix and baked it to create a delicious cake. After World War II General Mills and Pillsbury also wanted to sell more flour so they started making cakes. But sales leveled out. A psychologist who was a pioneer in focus groups named Dichter had the answer: bakers didn’t feel like they were contributing to the creation of the cake. To get more emotional investment, the cake mixes would need to have real eggs added in. Actually, Duff had noticed the same thing in his 1933 patent. It is easy to imagine a bunch of food… scientists? Engineers? Designers?… whatever a person inventing flour mixes in the 1930s was called… sitting around thinking that making a mix that only requires water is a great thing. But the bakers didn’t like it. How often do we fail to account for users? * § Leftovers⠀➾ o § Hardware⠀➾ # ⚓ Wireless_LEDs_Aren’t_Really_Magic_|_Hackaday⠀⇛ [Atomic14] bought some wireless LEDs that receive power from a base station. They were very neatly packaged, but — we like it — he took one apart and made his own versions. They may not look as polished, but they work and they are undeniably cool. The LEDs work by receiving power from an induction coil. Once you have power, lighting up an LED is no big deal. Reverse engineering found the transmitter sends 217 kHz into a 2.2 mH inductor. A capacitor resonates the coil and drives the attached LED. Some experiments found that the circuit could supply about 2 mA -3 mA of current. [Atomic14] used two LEDs to get work out of each half of the AC waveform. He also dissects the transmitter, so you could roll your own there, too. o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # ⚓ How_to_Search_DuckDuckGo_From_the_Linux_Terminal [Ed: MakeUseOf irresponsibly suggests to GNU/Linux users that they use surveillance site and Microsoft proxy to search things; as if it’s a geek’s tool; DuckDuckGo_is an_elaborate_scam,_a_privacy_fraud,_an_expensive_ploy that_poisons_sites_with_bribes]⠀⇛ # § Security⠀➾ # ⚓ The_other_victims_of_FluBot:_How_cybercriminals exploit_WordPress_to_distribute_malware⠀⇛ Netcraft has to date identified nearly 10,000 websites used in the distribution of the FluBot family of Android malware. As detailed in our previous articles on FluBot, these sites are unwittingly hosting a PHP script that acts as a proxy to a further backend server, allowing otherwise legitimate sites to deliver Android malware to victims. When visited by the intended victim, a “lure” is displayed that implores them to download and install the FluBot malware. The most common lure themes are parcel delivery and voicemail messages, where the user is told to install the malicious app to track a parcel or listen to a voicemail message. One particularly interesting lure took advantage of FluBot’s infamy, by offering a fake “Android security update” that claimed to protect against the malware family. Users installing this “security update” would instead be infected with FluBot. # ⚓ A_masterclass_in_responding_to_vulnerability disclosure:_The_Buddi_app_and_tracker_|_Pen_Test Partners⠀⇛ The Buddi tracker https:// www.buddi.co.uk/ is used for tracking elderly and vulnerable people. It’s a GPS/GSM-based clip-on device that reports wearer position to an app via a platform. It means that the wearer can easily be found by their carer or the emergency services, should they become lost and unable to make their own way home. The device also features a panic button that automatically calls their carer and allows the wearer to speak to them. The device is popular in the care market, allowing the wearer a greater degree of independence and the ability to live independently for longer. The business behind Buddi has recently listed successfully on the UK AIM stock market (AIM:BIG), reflecting significant growth in the tracking markets in both UK and US. # ⚓ Security_updates_for_Monday⠀⇛ Security updates have been issued by Debian (bluez, icu, libntlm, libvorbis, libvpx, opensc, roundcube, and tar), Fedora (kernel, kernel-headers, kernel- tools, puppet, slurm, stargz- snapshotter, and suricata), openSUSE (netcdf), Oracle (bluez, kernel, kernel-container, krb5, mailman:2.1, openssh, python3, and rpm), Red Hat (samba), and SUSE (xen). # ⚓ Cyber_Security_Today,_Nov._29,_2021_–_Ikea under_phishing_attack,_evasive_JavaScript_loader discovered_and_malware_found_hiding_in_Linux calendars [Ed: Linux is a kernel, it does not do "calendars"]⠀⇛ Ikea under phishing attack, evasive JavaScript loader discovered and malware found hiding in Linux calendars. # ⚓ Awesome_Linux_Tools:_Lynis_from_CISOfy_– Invidious⠀⇛ In this episode of Awesome Linux Tools, the spotlight is on Lynis – a really awesome utility you can use to get a better understanding of the overall security hygiene of your server. In this video, Jay will show you how to install it, and also how to run an audit. # ⚓ CronRat_Magecart_malware_uses_31st_February date_to_remain_undetected_|_IT_PRO⠀⇛ Security researchers have discovered a Linux-based remote access trojan (RAT) that uses an unusual stealth technique to remain out of sight from security products. The malware, dubbed CronRat, hides in the calendar subsystem of Linux servers (“cron”) on a non-existent day, 31 February, according to a blog post by security researchers at Sansec. # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ Personal_data_bill_not_enough_to_protect citizens’_rights:_Advocacy_group_|_Business Standard_News⠀⇛ A proposed legislation does not prioritise the rights of Indians over their data in the public and has instead expanded to areas beyond its ambit and without sufficient consultation, senior executives at digital rights organisation Access Now have said. The Personal Data Protection (PDP) legislation–in the making since 2018—will be tabled in Parliament’s Winter Session beginning Monday. Reports and dissent notes filed by the members of the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) deliberating the Bill suggest several changes from its initial draft in 2019. Social media seems to have been included in the legislation. “Based on the reports so far and the details shared by MPs involved in the process, it is clear that this is not currently the Privacy and Data Protection law that India needs. The current draft does not adequately protect people’s right to privacy and autonomy or enable strict accountability, particularly from the government,” said Raman Jit Singh Chima, Asia Pacific Policy Director and Senior International Counsel, and Namrata Maheshwari, Asia Pacific Policy Counsel, at Access Now. o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ NSO_blacklisting:_It_is_time_for_the_US_to_end_its_Cold_War ways_|_Privacy_|_Al_Jazeera⠀⇛ On November 3, the United States Department of Commerce announced it was blacklisting the Israeli technology firm, NSO Group. The decision to add the company to a list of entities engaging in activities contrary to US national security or foreign policy interests was momentous. In its press release on the subject, the commerce department noted: “[there is] evidence that these entities developed and supplied spyware to foreign governments that used these tools to maliciously target government officials, journalists, businesspeople, activists, academics, and embassy workers. These tools have also enabled foreign governments to conduct transnational repression, which is the practice of authoritarian governments targeting dissidents, journalists and activists outside of their sovereign borders to silence dissent. Such practices threaten the rules-based international order.” o § Misinformation/Disinformation⠀➾ # ⚓ India’s_parliamentary_panel_calls_for_a_regulator_for Facebook,_Twitter,_South_Asia_News_&_Top_Stories_–_The Straits_Times⠀⇛ An Indian parliamentary panel has recommended setting up a regulator to oversee social media companies including Facebook (now known as Meta) and Twitter, and make them liable for posts by unverified accounts. The recommendation comes as Facebook is facing scrutiny over its role in the 2020 Delhi riots, even as new allegations emerge about the company’s troubles in its largest market. The high-level parliamentary committee made those recommendations on Monday, asking for tighter rules to treat them as publishers, and for personal data to come under better protection, Bloomberg reported. o § Digital Restrictions (DRM)⠀➾ # ⚓ Samsung_Bricks_Smart_TVs⠀⇛ Earlier this Fall, a Samsung warehouse in South Africa was robbed and the thieves got away with a quantity of smart televisions. Samsung proceeded to implement a little-known feature called “TV Block” which is installed on all of their TV products. The serial numbers of the stolen TV sets are flagged in their servers, and if one of these sets tries to connect the internet in the future, it will recognize that it is stolen and proceed to brick itself, disabling all television functionality. So while this real-life scenario makes sense, it is a bit alarming to realize the implication of such a feature — the manufacturer can reach into your TV and disable it from afar. One can assume that Samsung won’t abuse this capability, because acting otherwise would harm their reputation. In a press release, Samsung announced that any consumers whose sets were incorrectly bricked can have their sets un-bricked after demonstrating proper ownership. ䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 3870 ╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕ ⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 11.29.21⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧ Gemini_version_available_♊︎ ✐ Links_29/11/2021:_FWUPD’s_‘Best_Known_Configuration’_and_Glimpse_at_OpenZFS 3.0⠀✐ Posted in News_Roundup at 12:50 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈ § Contents⠀➾ * GNU/Linux o Distributions o Devices/Embedded * Free_Software/Open_Source * Leftovers * § GNU/Linux⠀➾ o ⚓ 9to5Linux_Weekly_Roundup:_November_28th,_2021⠀⇛ This week has been full of great releases, despite the fact that it was Thanksgiving week in the US. We managed to test drive the MX Linux 21 AHS edition, new Deepin Linux, Alpine Linux, Endless OS, IPFire, and Clonezilla Live versions, as well as to update our VirtualBox, LibreOffice, Tux Paint, and Proton installs. On top of that, this week brought us a new Linux laptop from TUXEDO Computers targeted at business users. You can enjoy these and much more in 9to5Linux’s Linux weekly roundup for November 28th, 2021, below! Don’t forget to also check out our YouTube channel for the latest reviews. o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾ # ⚓ Chill_out._The_Steam_Deck’s_immutable_filesystem_solves_our biggest_problem._–_Invidious⠀⇛ I’ve seen a lot of comments complaining about the Steam Deck’s immutable filesystem on the Dev Stream Deep Dive video. We need to clear up the misconceptions. # ⚓ Open_Source_Security_Episode_299_–_Experts_From_A_World That_No_Longer_Exists_–_Open_Source_Security⠀⇛ Josh and Kurt talk about an article about how expertise has a limited lifetime. We are all experts in something, but some of us will find our expert knowledge to be outdated eventually. We discuss what that means in the context of security and tech and disagree about how to best keep your skills up to date. # ⚓ WP_Briefing:_Episode_21:_All_Things_Block_Themes!⠀⇛ In episode 21 of the WordPress Briefing, Executive Director, Josepha Haden Chomphosy, talks all things block themes with developers and theme specialists Maggie Cabrera and Jeff Ong. # ⚓ Linux_Action_News_217⠀⇛ Fedora’s massive endorsement this week that went unnoticed, why RISC-V mobile devices might be getting near, and the significant change coming to a critical open-source tool. o § Kernel Space⠀➾ # ⚓ Kernel_prepatch_5.16-rc3_[LWN.net]⠀⇛ The 5.16-rc3 kernel prepatch is out for testing. “So rc3 is usually a bit larger than rc2 just because people had some time to start finding things. So too this time, although it’s not like this is a particularly big rc3.” # ⚓ Bootlin_contributions_to_Linux_5.14_and_5.15⠀⇛ It’s been a while we haven’t posted about Bootlin contributions to the Linux kernel, and in fact missed both the Linux 5.14 and Linux 5.15 releases, which we will cover in this blog post. Linux 5.14 was released on August 29, 2021. The usual KernelNewbies.org page and the LWN articles on the merge window (part 1 and part 2) provide the best summaries of the new features and hardware support offered by this release. # ⚓ Richard_Hughes:_Firmware_“Best_Known_Configuration”_in fwupd⠀⇛ I’ve just deployed some new functionality to the LVFS adding support for component s. These are used by server vendors to identify a known-working (or commercially supported) set of firmware on the machine. This is currently opt-in for each vendor to avoid the UI clutter on the components view, and so if you’re a vendor reading this post and realize you want this feature, let me know and it’s two clicks on the admin panel. # ⚓ FWUPD_Linux_Firmware_Updater_Prepares_“Best_Known Configuration”_Feature_–_Phoronix⠀⇛ The Linux Vendor Firmware Service (LVFS) and FWUPD on their great upward trajectory has in recent times been expanding beyond their initial focus of desktop/laptop hardware to supporting more server platforms for firmware updating. The latest feature driven by their growing server interests is “best known configuration” handling for where there are multiple independently-versioned firmware packages for a given system and may be support recommendations or potential version conflicts between the the different firmware packages. # ⚓ OpenZFS_3.0_Introduced_at_Developer_Summit⠀⇛ The ninth annual OpenZFS Developer Summit took place November 8th and 9th online with iXsystems proudly returning as a Gold sponsor. The OpenZFS community remains vibrant and is continuing to develop features at a rapid pace. This blog summarizes some of the more interesting talks. o § Benchmarks⠀➾ # ⚓ Amazon_Linux_2022_Benchmarks_–_Offers_Competitive Performance_Against_Ubuntu,_CentOS⠀⇛ Last week Amazon Web Services released Amazon Linux 2022 in preview form and since then I’ve been trying out their new cloud-optimized Linux distribution. It’s been working out well on AWS (to no surprise) but also great was the level of performance provided by this now-Fedora-based distribution. Amazon Linux 2022 transitions to being a Fedora- based Linux distribution that AWS intends to support for at least the next five years. Amazon Linux to this point had been based on a combination of RHEL and Fedora packages. Besides shifting the package base to Fedora, AWS engineers have adjusted various defaults of the distribution, employed extra kernel hardening, other package updates/ changes, forthcoming kernel live patching, and other alterations in the name of security and AWS performance. o § Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Best_Free_and_Open_Source_Alternatives_to_Apple_Photos⠀⇛ In 2020, Apple began the Apple silicon transition, using self-designed, 64-bit ARM-based Apple M1 processors on new Mac computers. Maybe it’s the perfect time to move away from the proprietary world of Apple, and embrace the open source Linux scene. Apple Photos is a photo management and editing application. It lets you organize your collection into albums, or keep your photos organized automatically with smart albums. What are the best free and open source alternatives? o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾ # ⚓ How_To_Install_Apache_Server_on_Fedora_35_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install Apache Server on Fedora 35. For those of you who didn’t know, Apache HTTP is a popular web server for Linux servers. It is a free cross-platform web server that is supported on various operating systems. Developers prefer Apache for its speed, security, reliability, robustness, and ease of customization. In addition, Apache is able to meet the needs of many environments as it allows the installation of various extensions and modules. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you through the step-by- step installation of the Apache webserver on a Fedora 35. # ⚓ How_To_Easily_Set_Up_Secure_OTA_Firmware_Updates_On_ESP32_| Hackaday⠀⇛ Fortunately, over-the-air (OTA) firmware updates are a thing, allowing embedded devices to be reprogrammed over their wireless data connection instead of with a physical hardware device. Security is of course a concern, and thankfully [Refik] explains how to set up a basic framework so that ESP32 OTA updates can happen securely, allowing one to deploy devices and still push OTA updates in confidence. [Refik] begins by setting up a web server using Ubuntu Linux, and sets up HTTPS using a free SSL certificate from Let’s Encrypt, but a self-signed SSL certificate is also an option. Once that is done, the necessary fundamentals are in place to support deploying OTA updates in a secure manner. A bit more configuration, and the rest is up to the IoT devices themselves. [Refik] explains how to set things up using the esp32FOTA library, but we’ve also seen other ways to make OTA simple to use. # ⚓ How_To_Install_UVdesk_on_Debian_11_–_idroot⠀⇛ In this tutorial, we will show you how to install UVdesk on Debian 11. For those of you who didn’t know, UVdesk is a free, open-source, and SaaS-based helpdesk solution for any business process to deliver the best customer service. It is a simple, flexible, user-friendly, and alternative to other popular support platforms. Uvdesk supports Enterprise service desk features like workflow, Email piping, knowledgebase, Mailbox, Ecommerce and Multichannel Integration. This article assumes you have at least basic knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and most importantly, you host your site on your own VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes you are running in the root account, if not you may need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root privileges. I will show you through the step-by- step installation of the UVdesk helpdesk system on a Debian 11 (Bullseye). # ⚓ How_to_Copy_Files_Between_Kubernetes_Pods_and_Your_Machine –_CloudSavvy_IT⠀⇛ Containers running in Kubernetes Pods are meant to be self-contained compute units that you don’t need to manually interact with. Sometimes you might have to copy files to or from a Pod’s filesystem though, perhaps because you’re debugging a problem and want to archive logs, config files, or caches stored in a container. Here’s how to move files between your machine and containers in a Pod, using Kubectl’s built-in transfer feature or a manual alternative. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Firefox_Next_(Beta)_or_Firefox_Quantum_ (Nightly)_on_Linux_Mint_–_LinuxCapable⠀⇛ Mozilla Firefox is a free and open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation. Firefox utilizes the Gecko rendering engine to display web pages, which implements current and future anticipated web formats and standards. For the most part, Firefox is often up to date with the latest stable release on Linux Mint and Ubuntu- based desktops, however non-stable builds such as beta or the more bleeding edge nightly builds can be installed tested the new features or test your websites before its hits the stable repository. For the most part, the beta build is what curious users should be installing, and the nightly build should never be used by anyone other than sysadmins or developers looking to test a particular feature. In the tutorial, you will learn how to add and install the beta and nightly build for Firefox using a PPA maintained by the Mozilla team. # ⚓ How_to_Install_Grafana_8_on_Ubuntu_20.04⠀⇛ Grafana is a tool for monitoring, analysis, and visualization of real-time system data. From a series of data collected, we will obtain a graphical panorama of the situation of a company or organization. It generates graphs and dashboards from a time-series database (Graphite, InfluxDB, or OpenTSDB). It also allows you to share them as snapshots with other users. # ⚓ How_to_Repair_File_System_Errors_in_Debian_Based_Systems⠀⇛ In Linux, using heavy hardware components can be checked and recovered. Specifically, on Ubuntu and Debian systems, finding out the hard-disk bad sectors is easy. Once your hard disk or drive gets some bad sectors or gets corrupted, it gets spread day by day. On Ubuntu and other Debian Linux machines, you can use a few tools or commands to find out the file system errors and repair the errors. Not fixing errors or bad sectors might make your system boot slower and can also affect initialization. # ⚓ How_to_Securely_Transfer_Files_between_Ubuntu_Systems_Using Croc_–_VITUX⠀⇛ Croc is an open-source CLI-based tool that allows to securely transfer files between systems. During file transfer, a code is generated for the sender and the receiver systems to use for end-to-end encryption. Whether the sender and receiver are on the same network or the different networks, Croc can easily and quickly transfer files between them without the need for port forwarding. Croc can be installed and used on Linux, Windows, and MacOS, allowing you to share files between different operating systems. In today’s tutorial, we will install Croc to securely transfer files between Ubuntu systems. To install Croc on Ubuntu, you should have root or sudo privileges. Note: The procedure has been demonstrated on Ubuntu OS. You can use the same installation procedure for Debian OS. # ⚓ How_to_Set_or_Change_Hostname_in_Linux_System⠀⇛ Hostname is the label of a system or in other words it is a human readable name of a system, after setting up the hostname of the device then it becomes easy to manage and access based on their label or hostname. # ⚓ How_to_Setup_SSH_Login_Without_Password⠀⇛ In this article I will show you how to setup SSH login without passwords in a Linux operating system by using key-based authentication. SSH is used to remotely log into servers for running the commands and programs. However, sometimes you might want or even need to automatically log in to an SSH server without entering your username and password. The two most popular mechanisms to log into remote systems via SSH are password-based authentication and key-based authentication. Username and password combination is the most common authentication method for SSH and is a suitable method for most people. But if you regularly use SSH to connect to remote servers, the key-based authentication method is best for you. So, can you SSH without a password? In short, yes! Here’s how to do it. # ⚓ How_to_create_a_VPC_Peering_between_2_VPCs_on_AWS⠀⇛ A VPC peering connection is a connection between two VPCs that enables you to route traffic between them. We can create a VPC peering connection between our VPCs, or with a VPC in another AWS account. The VPCs can also be in different regions. We can peer the VPCs across accounts to create a network filesystem and we can also use a VPC peering connection to allow other VPCs to access resources we have in one of our VPCs. # ⚓ How_to_install_Travis_CI_on_Ubuntu_20.04_–_NextGenTips⠀⇛ In this tutorial, I am going to take you through the installation of Travis CI on UIbuntu 20.04. Travis CI is a hosted continuous integration service used to build and test software projects hosted on Github and Bitbucket. Travis CI provided services to Open-source projects for free. Travis CI enables teams to test and ship apps with confidence. You can easily sync your projects with Travis CI. Travis CI automatically detects when a commit is made and pushed to the GitHub repository that is using Travis CI, and each time this happens, it will try to build the project and run tests. # ⚓ How_to_list_all_running_&_stopped_Docker_containers_–_Linux Shout⠀⇛ Docker is the popular platform to run container virtual machines using the pre-built app images. The installation and its usage are pretty simple, yet, if you are new to it and want to know how to list all the created or stopped Docker containers to delete or manage them easily. Then here are the commands to follow. # ⚓ How_to_monitor_domain_expiry_date_using_shell_script_in Linux⠀⇛ The shell is an interface that helps users to operate the system through different commands, scripts, and utilities provided by Linux and Unix- based operating systems. For most of the Linux distros, Bash shell is the popular and default shell. You can identify your current shell using the following command. # ⚓ Getting_access_to_somebody_else’s_Ansible_Galaxy_namespace |_die-welt.net⠀⇛ TL;DR: adding features after the fact is hard, normalizing names is hard, it’s patched, carry on. I promise, the longer version is more interesting and fun to read! Recently, I was poking around Ansible Galaxy and almost accidentally got access to someone else’s namespace. I was actually looking for something completely different, but accidental finds are the best ones! # ⚓ Fedora_Magazine:_Use_Diffoscope_in_packager_workflows⠀⇛ In the role of a packager, updating packages is a recurring task. For some projects, a packager is involved in upstream maintenance, or well written release notes make it easy to figure out what changed between the releases. This isn’t always the case, for instance with some small project maintained by one or two people somewhere on github, and it can be useful to verify what exactly changed. Diffoscope can help determine the changes between package releases. Diffoscope is a “smart binary diff” tool that was born in the Reproducible Builds project in Debian, which is also available in Fedora. It “knows” about various types of text and binary formats, and will try to recursively unpack and compare two blobs. In particular it knows that some objects need to be decompressed before comparing, that archives need to be unpacked, and how to deconstruct binary objects like ELF programs and libraries, Java .jar files, Windows .cab files, etc. # ⚓ A_Step-By-Step_Guide_to_Installing_Xubuntu_20.04_Linux⠀⇛ Xubuntu is a popular lightweight Linux distribution that is based on Ubuntu. It ships with an Xfce desktop environment which is light, stable, and highly configurable. Being a lightweight distribution, Xubuntu is a perfect choice for users who are running modern PCs with low RAM and CPU resources. It also works quite well on older hardware. # ⚓ How_to_Install_PostgreSQL_14_in_Ubuntu_20.04⠀⇛ There are specific database software attributes that make PostgreSQL stand out against other database platforms. The first and obvious attribute is its open-source nature. This PostgreSQL trait puts it on continuous developmental milestones. Both its community and developers seek to evolve PostgreSQL into an enterprise-class performing software. Existing PostgreSQL community platforms help users deal with emerging bugs, and also understand its various functionalities and use cases. Other PostgreSQL strengths are in its unique functions like Store Procedure, Diverse Indexing Techniques, Flexible Full-text search, Diversified Extension Functions, and Diverse kind of Replication. # ⚓ How_to_upload_an_ISO_image_to_the_Proxmox_Server_–_Unixcop the_Unix_/_Linux_the_admins_deams⠀⇛ Hello, friends. We have already shown you how to install Proxmox and we noticed that the process is easier than you might think. Now I will show you how to upload an ISO image to the Proxmox server. To do this, I will use the graphical method or through the terminal. With Proxmox we will be able to virtualize systems professionally and to do many things more like cluster, backups, and others. However, to start with the virtualization we have to have an ISO image of the system. So, with a server that is far away from our location, how to do it? How to have the ISO image on the server so that Proxmox can manage it? Well, that’s what I will show you today. Let’s go for it. # ⚓ How_to_install_FreeOffice_2021_on_Ubuntu_20.04_Linux_– Linux_Shout⠀⇛ One of the best free alternatives to Microsoft Office is FreeOffice, developed by a German software company- SoftMaker. Recently, they have upgraded their Office suite to version 21. And here we learn the steps to install FreeOffice 2021 version on Ubuntu 20.04 Linux using the command terminal. This free office suite is a part of the commercial one from the same developers known as SoftMaker Office 21 (also available for Linux), of course, the premium will have more features but that doesn’t mean the free version- FreeOffice 2021 deprives to full fill all daily office documents (MS-Word alternative) related requirements. It offers a Microsoft office ribbon-like interface and three modules- TextMaker 21 to create documents; PlanMaker 21 to create sheets (Excel alternative) and Presentations 21 for making slides like MS- Powerpoint. # ⚓ How_to_verify_checksum_on_Linux_|_FOSS_Linux⠀⇛ A checksum is small-sized data obtained from a block of digital data used to detect errors. The checksum value uses a transmission message to represent bit numbers. Extensively, it has been used and still is in use by IT experts to detect high-level errors that might happen during data transmission. Before transmission, every bit of data is assigned a checksum value after running a cryptographic hash function. Checksum sometimes is termed as a hash sum or hash value. It is a long data string that contains various numbers and letters. They work by providing the receiving end information about the data transmission to deliver the full range of data. Checksum acts as a fingerprint for files since it contains a long string of numbers and letters. It aids in obtaining the number of bits included in a transmission. Suppose the checksum value calculated by the end- user is slightly different from the original checksum value of the file. In that case, it alerts all parties involved in the transmission that a third party corrupted the file. The receiver can then investigate what went wrong or try re- downloading the file. Standard protocols used to determine checksum numbers are the transmission control protocol (TCP) and the user diagram protocol (UDP). TCP is more reliable for tracking transmitted packets of data, but UDP may be beneficial to avoid slowing down transmission time. # ⚓ How_to_create_and_extract_cpio_archives_on_Linux_Examples⠀⇛ Although the cpio archiving utility is nowadays used less than other archiving tools like tar, it is still good to know how it works, since it is still used, for example, to create initramfs images on Linux and for rpm packages, which are used mainly in the Red Hat family of distributions. In this tutorial we see how to create and extract cpio archives using the GNU cpio utility, and how to obtain a list of the files they contain. # ⚓ How_to_hash_passwords_on_Linux⠀⇛ Passwords should never be stored as plain text. Whether we are talking about a web application or an operating system, they should always be in hash form (on Linux, for example, hashed passwords are stored in the /etc/shadow file). Hashing is the process through which, by the use of some complex algorithms, a password is turned into a different string. Such process is one-way: there is no way to revert an hashed password to its original, plain text form. Hashing often involves the use of random data as additional input for the hash algorithm, so that the same password, hashed two times, doesn’t produce the same result. This random data is called salt. In this tutorial we explore some methods we can use to hash passwords on Linux. # ⚓ A_Decade_with_Jekyll⠀⇛ Today I’d like to look back on my experience with Jekyll, the static site generator (SSG) that I’m using to publish this site and my other blogs Meta Redux and Emacs Redux. Back in the day Jekyll was a trend-setter – it basically defined the SSG category and every subsequent tool in it was compared to Jekyll. A lot has happened since 2011: [...] # ⚓ ZFS_Storage_pool_layout:_VDEVs⠀⇛ The storage pool of ZFS constitutes one or more virtual devices that are, in general, called vdevs. A Vdev is either a single disk, or two or more disks which mirrors each other, or a group of disks that organizes together. The RAID layout sets on each vdev as opposed to the storage pool. Similarly, data that is present in the storage pool strips across all vdevs which also means that the loss of one vdev would result in pool failure. # ⚓ [Old] The_Basic_Guide_to_Working_with_ZFS⠀⇛ RAID-Z1 replaces RAID5 in a traditional setup. Performance is pretty equivalent, but the benefit is in some of the features. As mentioned before, you get healing or at least detection of bit rot or a bad sector, it’s a lot easier to set up with mixed drives, etc. RAID-Z2 (equivalent to RAID6) performs better from my experience than any traditional RAID6 setup I’ve used with equivalent drives on an equivalent machine. o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾ # ⚓ Top_15_Window_Managers_for_Linux⠀⇛ A window manager is a software responsible for the placement and appearance of windows of various applications. It allows you to use any number of displays and utilize the screen to its full potential. The advantage is that it increases your productivity and improves your multitasking experience. But what exactly can one do with a window manager? The article describes some of the best floating and tiling window managers available for Linux. # § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾ # ⚓ Kalendar_Beta_v0.3.0_Introduces_a_Windows_Version Along_With_Essential_Improvements⠀⇛ Kalendar is KDE’s open-source calendar app that is still in development as of now. It could potentially replace the calendar that you get with KOrganizer. There have been a few beta releases already. But, with the 0.3.0 beta release, it looks like the Kalendar app might be gearing up to add essential features while heading to its v1.0 release. Furthermore, an exciting development follows—a Windows version is also available? Let us take a look at it. o § Distributions⠀➾ # § Reviews⠀➾ # ⚓ Endless_OS_Review_–_Desktop_Linux_Done_Right_for_the Masses⠀⇛ We review the popular Endless OS as Linux Desktop with the new features and updates of the latest version 4.0.  # ⚓ Review:_LockBox_1.0⠀⇛ LockBox is one of the most recent additions to the DistroWatch database. LockBox (sometimes referred to as LBX) is a Linux distribution derived from Ubuntu and elementary OS. It is especially intended for storing and managing cryptocurrencies. It includes several hardened configuration changes for security purposes, a highly restrictive firewall setup, several applications designed for data backups, a password manager, and the Brave Internet browser. LockBox is available for x86_64 machines exclusively and its install media is 3.4GB in size. In a curious case of life imitating art, the LockBox website currently describes the project using a quote from the DistroWatch information page about the distribution. One of the first things I discovered about the distribution is LockBox will not boot in Legacy BIOS mode. A boot menu will appear and begin a countdown from five seconds. When the countdown reaches zero, or when we select any of the boot options, the counter simply resets to five seconds again. The boot menu offers to let us “Try or install elementary OS” or “Check disks for defects” and both options simply reset the boot menu counter. When trying to launch the distribution in UEFI mode, only the Try/Install option is presented and choosing it boots the distribution’s live environment. When the live system boots we are shown a graphical window where we can choose our preferred language from a list. We are given the choice to try the live desktop, which loads the Pantheon desktop. Alternatively we can launch the system installer. I’ll talk about the Pantheon desktop later in this review. # § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾ # ⚓ How_Ubuntu_Boosts_Developer_Desktop_Productivity_| Ubuntu⠀⇛ Seventeen years after its first release, Ubuntu is firmly established as the Linux developer desktop of choice around the world. From education through to enterprise, Ubuntu delivers the tools developers need to succeed across their careers. In this blog, we will cover the main aspects that contribute to this success. [...] Developers start their careers with Ubuntu, and 69% of student developers reported that they prefer Ubuntu as an OS. It’s not surprising. With Ubuntu, they gain access to the best of open source, including AI/ML frameworks, such as Pytorch and TensorFlow, ROS for robotics and LXD and multipass for virtualisation. Open source technology is now a critical part of any enterprise, and familiarity with open source is a key consideration in hiring. As a result, getting new developers onboarded and productive quickly is easier with Ubuntu. It’s a system they’re familiar with. It’s flexible and customisable. And, as an operating system, it spans both the workstation and the cloud, providing a consistent development experience across your technology stack. o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾ # ⚓ CaribouLite_RPi_HAT_open-source_SDR_Raspberry_Pi_HAT_tunes up_to_6_GHz_(Crowdfunding)⠀⇛ CaribouLite RPi HAT is an open-source dual-channel software-defined radio (SDR) Raspberry Pi HAT – or rather uHAT – that works in the sub-GHz ISM range and optionally the 30 MHz – 6 GHz range for the full version. Developed by Israel-based CaribouLabs, the micro HAT is equipped with a Lattice Semi ICE40LP1K FPGA, a Microchip AT86RF215 RF transceiver, two SMA antenna connectors, a Pmod expansion connector, and designed for any Raspberry Pi board with a 40-pin GPIO header. # § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾ # ⚓ Our_12_favorite_Arduino_UNO_projects_|_Arduino_Blog⠀⇛ The UNO wasn’t Arduino’s first board, and it won’t be its last. There have been many varieties of microcontroller and maker boards before and after the UNO, but none have been as iconic. As we cross the epic milestone of 10 million UNOs sold and the launch of the UNO Mini Limited Edition, we decided it was time to take a look back at some of our favorite UNO projects from the last 10 years. And we want to hear about yours, too. Join us over on social media to share your favorite UNO projects, whether you built them yourself or marveled at someone else’s electronic creation. # ⚓ Personal_computer_maker_Raspberry_Pi_plans_London listing⠀⇛ The company behind Britain’s best-selling personal computer is preparing the ground for a spring listing which is expected to value it at more than £370m. The trading arm of the Raspberry Pi Foundation has hired bankers from Stifel and Liberum to advise on a London float after securing a $45m (£33m) investment in September. The Cambridge-based foundation offloaded stakes to Lansdowne Partners and the Ezrah Charitable Trust to fund product development and marketing after seeing booming demand for its miniature personal computers during lockdown. # § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾ # ⚓ Octo4a_app_installs_OctoPrint_server_on_Android smartphones_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛ # ⚓ Best_gear_to_switch_from_iPhone_to_Android_– 9to5Google⠀⇛ # ⚓ Wear_OS_gets_redesigned_‘System_updates’_screen_– 9to5Google⠀⇛ # ⚓ Android_users_warned_of_dangerous_malware_which_has infected_nine_million_phones_–_is_yours_at_risk?⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_download_applications_on_the_television_with Android_TV_from_the_mobile_–_How_smart_Technology changing_lives⠀⇛ # ⚓ How_to_Play_Steam_Games_on_an_Android_TV_|_Beebom⠀⇛ # ⚓ Samsung_One_UI_4.0_(Android_12)_update_tracker: Eligible_devices_&_more⠀⇛ # ⚓ List_of_Nokia_smartphones_eligible_for_Android_12, release_date-_Nokiapoweruser⠀⇛ # ⚓ Google_Pixel_Android_12_bugs,_problems,_&_issues tracker⠀⇛ # ⚓ Xiaomi_is_testing_MIUI_13_internally,_with_Android_11 and_Android_12_bases⠀⇛ # ⚓ TWRP_3.6.0_released_with_support_for_devices_that launched_with_Android_11⠀⇛ # ⚓ android:_Vivo’s_next_Android_device_to_be_powered_by Snapdragon_870_chipset_–_Times_of_India⠀⇛ # ⚓ Save_serious_money_on_these_Android_and_Chromecast streaming_sticks_|_Android_Central⠀⇛ # ⚓ Wallpaper_Engine_for_Android_is_finally_available_on the_Google_Play_Store⠀⇛ o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾ # § Web Browsers⠀➾ # § Mozilla⠀➾ # ⚓ Mozilla_Privacy_Blog:_Mozilla_files_comments_on UK_Data_Protection_Consultation⠀⇛ Mozilla recently submitted its comments to a public consultation on reforming the UK’s data protection regime launched by the UK Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport. With the public consultation, titled ‘Data: A New Direction’, the UK government set out to re-evaluate the UK’s approach to data protection after no longer being bound by the bloc’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). We took this opportunity to share our thoughts on data stewardship and the role effective regulation can play in addressing the lopsided power dynamics between large data collectors and users. For Mozilla, privacy is not optional. It is an integral aspect of our Manifesto, which states that individuals’ security and privacy on the internet are fundamental and must not be treated as optional. This is why privacy is at the core of our product work and why we have long promoted robust data protection in our policy and advocacy work. Further, Mozilla’s Data Futures Lab is exploring alternative approaches to data governance and promoting data stewardship through original research and support to builders. # § SaaS/Back End/Databases⠀➾ # ⚓ 42_things_I_learned_from_building_a_production database⠀⇛ In 2017, I went to Facebook on a sabbatical from my faculty position at Yale. I created a team to build a storage system called Delos at the bottom of the Facebook stack (think of it as Facebook’s version of Chubby). We hit production with a 3-person team in less than a year; and subsequently scaled the team to 30+ engineers spanning multiple sub-teams. In the four years that I led the team (until Spring 2021), we did not experience a single severe outage (nothing higher than a SEV3). The Delos design is well-documented in two academic papers (in OSDI 2020 and SOSP 2021). Delos is currently replacing all uses of ZooKeeper at Facebook. Here are some of the things I learned as the tech lead for Delos. My intent in publishing this is to help others in similar roles (leading teams that are building new infra at large companies); much of it may not generalize to different settings. * § Leftovers⠀➾ o ⚓ A_Film_for_Our_Time⠀⇛ What hype? “We’re just doing our job.” What job? Terrorizing an old man because he lives in a NY tenement, and says no? They imagine lurid crimes occurring behind all the cheap slum doors with their many locks and sheet- steel façade reinforcements. It took the cops 40 minutes to break in, to finally invade the apartment of a low income retired black former Marine whose only need for attention was a heart condition. And shoot him to death. The name of the film is “The Killing of Kenneth Chamberlain” [Directed by David Midell, Produced by Morgan Freeman and Lori McCreary]. It is about an incident, correctly represented in the film’s title, which occurred in White Plains, NY, on November 19, 2011. You can watch it on YouTube. It has won many film festival awards. o ⚓ YouTube_Comments_Discontinuation⠀⇛ I have disabled the ability for people to comment on my YouTube videos directly on YouTube and the rest of this will explain why. If you want to contact me, please email me at [email protected] or any of the other contact methods listed at christine.website/contact. o § Health/Nutrition/Agriculture⠀➾ # ⚓ Pain_Machine⠀⇛ The American health care system is a notorious disaster. On the one hand, even “good” private employer-based insurance is often a nightmare to actually use, while tens of millions of people have much worse coverage or none at all. At the same time, our system is also incredibly expensive—eating up 17 percent of the US gross domestic product, or nearly twice what peer rich nations spend on average. # ⚓ WHO,_South_Africa_Urge_Nations_to_Lift_‘Naive’_Omicron Travel_Bans⠀⇛ The World Health Organization on Sunday echoed calls by South Africa’s president for countries to eschew travel bans targeting southern Africans amid the spread of the heavily mutated Omicron variant of the coronavirus. “The cat’s already out of the bag, so to speak.” # ⚓ Instead_of_Travel_Bans,_Let’s_Defeat_Omicron_Variant_With Global_Vaccination⠀⇛ o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾ # § Proprietary⠀➾ # ⚓ Israel_and_Iran_Broaden_Cyberwar_to_Attack_Civilian Targets⠀⇛ The latest attacks are thought to be the first to do widespread harm to large numbers of civilians. Nondefense computer networks are generally less secure than those tied to state security assets. No one died in these attacks, but if their goal was to create chaos, anger, and emotional distress on a large scale, they succeeded wildly. # § Security⠀➾ # § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾ # ⚓ [Old] GDMR:_this_one_simple_regulation could_end_surveillance_capitalism_in_the EU⠀⇛ No, you didn’t misread it and, no, it’s not a typo. GDMR – the General Data Minimisation Regulation – can end surveillance capitalism in the EU. The problem is that no such regulation exists. So, let’s change that, starting now. # ⚓ [Old] International_coalition_calls_for action_against_surveillance-based advertising⠀⇛ In a new report, the Norwegian Consumer Council (NCC) sheds light on the negative consequences that this commercial surveillance has on consumers and society. Together with 55 organizations and more than 20 experts, NCC is asking authorities on both sides of the Atlantic to consider a ban. In Europe, the upcoming Digital Services Act can lay the legal framework to do so. In the US, legislators should seize the opportunity to enact comprehensive privacy legislation that protects consumers. # ⚓ One_year_of_#ProjectPanoptic⠀⇛ IFF’s Project Panoptic was launched on November 27, 2020 to track and raise public awareness around the rapid proliferation of facial recognition technology (FRT) in India. In this post, we take a look at what we have been able to achieve in the one year since as well as how we aim to take this project forward. o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾ # ⚓ Opinion_|_The_US_Military_Does_Not_Truly_Care_About Civilian_Casualties⠀⇛ So far, the Democratic-led Senate Armed Services Committee has refused to open an investigation into the Baghuz attack or any other possible war crimes by U.S. forces in the war against ISIS. # ⚓ The_White_Supremacy_Lie:_The_Rittenhouse_Trial_and Rightwing_Media_Fabrication⠀⇛ # ⚓ EU_Joins_Rights_Group_in_Condemning_Israel’s_‘Day_of Destruction’_of_Palestinian_Homes⠀⇛ The European Union on Friday joined a prominent Israeli human rights group in condemning last week’s demolition of multiple homes in occupied East Jerusalem, an illegal action that displaced 22 Palestinians including 15 children. “We reiterate our call to halt demolitions and any other unlawful practices that coerce Palestinians out of their homes,” the European Union Delegation to the Palestinians (DPAL) tweeted. # ⚓ Opinion_|_Death_in_Texas⠀⇛ Texas once again demonstrates that it can show the rest of the country the way and is now doing so at considerable expense to itself, by arguing a death penalty case in the United States Supreme Court. # ⚓ US_Islamist_Groups_Call_for_‘Lady_al-Qaeda’_to_Be_Set Free⠀⇛ The Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR), American Muslims for Palestine (AMP), the Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA), and the Muslim American Society (MAS) all have their foundings linked inseparably with militant Islamic ideologies. For CAIR and AMP it was Hamas, ICNA, Jamaat-e-Islami, and MAS, the Muslim Brotherhood. This month, not unlike numerous occasions in the past, the four have come out in support of terror. This time, it is to call for the freedom of female al-Qaeda operative Aafia Siddiqui, who was convicted for attempted murder of US officers in Afghanistan. The agenda of these four groups could not be any clearer. # ⚓ Over_137,000_People,_100_Security_Agents_Have_Been_Killed By_Fulani_Herdsmen_In_Benue—Governor_Ortom⠀⇛ It also decried its involvement in the arrest and incarceration of Yoruba Nation agitator, Sunday Igboho in Benin Republic, while failing to arrest bandits and herdsmen whom he said no longer wear masks when they kidnap and kill innocent Nigerians. The governor also lamented that about 137,000 residents and over 100 security personnel have been killed by ravaging bandits in Benue State. Ortom revealed this while briefing journalists in a video clip obtained by SaharaReporters on Wednesday. o § Environment⠀➾ # ⚓ Opinion_|_This_Is_How_Amazon_Is_Fueling_the_Climate Crisis⠀⇛ One benefit that Amazon has provided society with is a reduction in shopping-related violence. The once legendary fights over low-priced electrical items have moved online, and the fight is now between who has the fastest fingers and the fastest internet connection. Black Friday, however, continues to supercharge an already hyper- consumerist society and push us closer to climate breakdown. Extinction Rebellion (XR) decided to call out the major online retailer on its most profitable day by blocking fifteen fulfillment centers in the UK, Germany, and the Netherlands. The fulfillment centers blockaded account for 50% of Amazon deliveries in the UK. In all, more than thirty arrests were made as the environmental group brought attention to Amazon’s wasteful business practices, tax avoidance and worker exploitation. # § Energy⠀➾ # ⚓ [Cryptocurrency]_enthusiasts_want_to_buy_an_NBA_team, after_failing_to_purchase_US_Constitution⠀⇛ Thousands of cryptocurrency investors recently raised more than $40 million and nearly — but ultimately fell short of — purchasing a copy of the U.S. Constitution. Now, a separate group of crypto fans is building momentum with another acquisition target: An NBA franchise. o § Finance⠀➾ # ⚓ Workers_Deserved_Bernie’s_Build_Back_Better,_But_They’ll Likely_Get_Manchin’s⠀⇛ # ⚓ Disability_Advocates_Give_Tepid_Welcome_to_Build_Back Better’s_Home_Care_Funding⠀⇛ # ⚓ Omar_Condemns_GOP_for_Letting_Boebert’s_“Anti-Muslim Bigotry”_Go_Unpunished⠀⇛ o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾ # ⚓ Trump_Has_Already_Laid_the_Groundwork_to_Subvert_the_2024 Election⠀⇛ # ⚓ Uber_Survived_the_Spying_Scandal._Their_Careers_Didn’t.⠀⇛ The men who gathered intelligence for Uber were supposed to be ghosts. For years, they were un- Googleable sentries, quietly informing executives about the actions of competitors, opponents and disgruntled employees. But the secrecy of the tightknit team ended abruptly in 2017 when one of its members turned on the others, accusing them of stealing trade secrets, wiretapping and destroying evidence. They flouted the law while carrying out Uber’s dirtiest missions, their former co-worker, Richard Jacobs, claimed in an April 2017 email sent to top Uber executives. His lawyer followed up with a letter that said the team went so far as to hack foreign governments and wiretap Uber’s own employees. # ⚓ Huge_fines_and_a_ban_on_default_passwords_in_new_UK_law⠀⇛ Recent research from consumer watchdog Which? suggested homes filled with smart devices could be exposed to more than 12,000 attacks in a single week. Default passwords for internet-connected devices will be banned, and firms which do not comply will face huge fines. o § Misinformation/Disinformation⠀➾ # ⚓ Generation_Z_Is_Forging_Healthy_Social_Media_Practices_for the_Benefit_of_All⠀⇛ o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾ # ⚓ Iran:_Release_arbitrarily_detained_rights_activist_at imminent_risk_of_flogging⠀⇛ Narges Mohammadi is the vice president of the Centre for Human Rights Defenders in Iran and worked with the Campaign for Step-by-Step Abolition of the Death Penalty (known as Legam, its Persian acronym). Following the November 2019 nationwide protests and unlawful killing of hundreds of protesters, Narges Mohammadi vocally supported bereaved family members seeking truth and justice for their loved ones’ killings. In May 2021, Branch 1188 of Criminal Court Two in Tehran sentenced Narges Mohammadi to two-and-a-half years in prison, 80 lashes and two separate fines for charges that include “spreading propaganda against the system.” Four months later, in September, Narges Mohammadi received a summons to begin serving this sentence, but she did not respond as she considered the conviction unjust. # ⚓ Jailed_Iranian_Rights_Defender_At_‘Imminent_Risk’_Of Flogging,_Amnesty_Warns⠀⇛ Amnesty International is calling on the Iranian authorities to immediately release prominent human rights defender Narges Mohammadi, who it said is at imminent risk of receiving 80 lashes following her arrest earlier this week. The London-based human rights watchdog said on November 18 that Mohammadi was arbitrary arrested in the city of Karaj, west of Tehran, two days earlier while attending a memorial for a man killed by Iranian security forces during nationwide protests in November 2019. # ⚓ [Old] EU_condemns_Iran_sentence,_lashes_for_rights campaigner⠀⇛ The new charges against Mohammadi include “propaganda against the system,” defamation and rebellious conduct while incarcerated. She had issued a statement against the death penalty and alleged torture and harassment while in prison, which the Etemad newspaper reported. o § Monopolies⠀➾ # ⚓ EU_Companies_File_Formal_Complaint_Against_Microsoft,_Fight For_A_Level_Playing_Field_–_TFiR⠀⇛ In a repeat from earlier monopolistic actions, Microsoft is bundling its OneDrive, Teams and other services with Windows and aggressively pushing consumers to sign up and hand over their data to Microsoft. This limits consumer choice and creates a barrier for other companies offering competing services. Nextcloud, along with almost 30 other European companies, has formally complained to the European Commission (EC) about Microsoft‘s anti- competitive behavior in respect of its OneDrive (cloud) offering. The European Commission’s Directorate-General for Competition exists precisely for the purpose of preventing this kind of abusive behavior and keeping the market competitive and fair for all players. Nextcloud said that it has filed an official complaint with the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Competition about the abusive practices of Microsoft related to OneDrive. # § Copyrights⠀➾ # ⚓ “The_Pirate_Bay_Can’t_Be_Stopped_,”_Co-Founder_Says⠀⇛ The Pirate Bay quietly turned 18 this year. The site survived several shutdown attempts and remains online. Nonetheless, one of the lawyers who fought The Pirate Bay in court says that the lawsuits and raids were worth it. Pirate Bay co-founder Peter Sunde disagrees and believes that the torrent site can’t be stopped by rightsholders. ╘══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╛ ¶ Lines in total: 5465 ➮ Generation completed at 02:41, i.e. 84 seconds to (re)generate ⟲